Presented By:

- Gassab Oussama.

Dedication

.

.

I dedicate this humble work to my

adorable parents whom help me and stand with
me in every moment in my life , to my sisters for
their support and their advices to my friends and
specially to my special friends whom I love so
much , to all my teachers and to all inelec
students.
Oussama Gassab

CONTENTS
Dedication ....I
contents ........II
Abstract ....,..III

INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................1
1- Realities About Partial Differential Equations.................2
2-Some Needed Concepts....4
2-1 The dependent and independent variables is relativistic concept .........4

3- Some Concepts About Variable Conversion ...4

3-1 Proving the relativistic variable conversion equation.....5

4- The New Method To Solve PDE Equations ...7

4-1 How the conversion happens between the variables u,x ,y?........8

5- Solving Some PDE Equations By Using This New

Method..........................................................................................9
6- Solving Non-linear PDE Equations....11

General Conclusion.13

II

Abstract

In this small work our purpose is to represent small new unused

method to solve partial differential equations , this new method is better
and more general than characteristic equation method. Because the
characteristic equation method is not complete logical steps and it
contains many jumping mysterious methods , and it is unsatisfactory to
many new learner students.
This new method which I called the relativistic variable conversion
to solve PDE equations is more easy to handle and more comfortable ,
because it consist from logical "continuous" amazing steps, and it don't
need any high mathematical background .
We will start proving some basic concepts that this method depend
after that we will explain some realities , and we will solve some PDE
equations by using that new method.
When you know this new method to solve PDE , you will realize
that the characteristic method is non-complete logical method . and this
new method is more handily than it.

III

Introduction

This world around us contains concepts and realties that are

amazing , why because all the phenomena that happens in this world can
be understand it and formulated mathematically , that is mean everything
happens in this world it happens for a reason and under a reason and it
happen under organized manner formulated mathematically .
So our universe it consists from two different worlds : the
mathematical world and the physical world, the mathematical world is
vast than physical world and we can say that the physical world exist
inside the mathematical world . and there is a relation between, the
physical world ,the mathematical world and the human mind . the human
mind can interact with the mathematical world by thinking and the human
can interact with physical world by the sensors.
In reality the mathematic is another amazing world that we can
feel it by our mind. We can understand this world deeply by using our
logical thinking. to make this mathematical world easy to understand and
easy to handle it have been formulated in papers by using logical
symbols. In reality if we haven't use any symbols for math it would be
just a complicate logical thinking in mind and we would not understand it
deeply. Because we are human we understand the realities by our mind
and our sensors , so if we formulate the mathematical world in handily
symbols this we will enhance our understanding because in this case we
are able to use our vision , writing with mind not mind alone .
To understand a such phenomena in complete way we need to see
it from different sides . also mathematic in order to understand it deeply
we have to handle with its concepts by using different methods .

1-Realities About Partial Differential Equations :

All the partial differential equations are solved by using the characteristic
equation method which is just a concept of geometric interpretation. If
u
u
we take for example this simple PDE x + y = 0 which is first
order PDE with constant coefficient , we know from calculus that the
directional derivative is given by
D u = .
v

If we put

where = +

D u = 0 this result .

Where =

=0

. = 0

i + y j
x
u

So . = 0

x + y = 0
u

That is mean x + y = 0 is equivalent to D u = 0

v

It means that u is constant when we differentiate in the direction of ,

we can say that when we move in direction of our function (, ) is
constant , by using this fact we have to know the equation of the lines
dy
b
dx
dy
with the directional vector so dx = a it can be written as a = b which
is the characteristic equation .
Its solution is in the form = where c is constant and we
obtain the general solution of our first PDE
, = where F(s) is any function with one variable s
All the method that are used to solve PDE equations are characteristic
equation method
If we take the general equation
u

(, ) x + (, ) y = 0
dx

dy

Its characteristic equation is (,) = (,) it also emerged from the

geometric interpretation that we are not able to put them when we
solving the PDE equation (( because they are bulky and long and with
geometric talking and interpretations)) .
2

Characteristic equation means converting PDE to ODE(ordinary

differential equation ) by using the geometric interpretation , but almost
students see that the characteristic method is mysterious method , because
we have jumped from PDE to ODE with unconvinced steps (( may be is
convinced to higher degree mathematics)).
Also when we found the general final solution we have done some
mysterious jumps
Before we have found the solution of ODE characteristic equation as
= after that we have said that the general solution is
, = how we found this result? ! why we have chosen
a function F(s) and we operate it to the characteristic equation ? all this
will be as mysterious to new learner . and all this steps is not general
steps and new learner is not able to realize them clearly. And this steps
are not always available to other kind of PDE s . it looks like that the
Partial differential equations became complicated field and it needs an
high experiment. And it looks like we need to memorize characteristic
method (( learn by heart)) to solve some specified equations not all
equations.
I don't like to use the characteristic method because there is
another algebraic method that I have formulated , this method is short and
easy to understand . you may ask yourself how I could found this new
algebraic method .
In reality before I study PDE I have took a simple partial
differential equation and I have tried to solve it many times , because I
don't have high experiment with geometric interpretation (( gradients ,
directional derivatives )) , I have never thought about this geometric
interpretations and never come to my mind . I have worked with that PDE
equation with only algebraic steps and I have found its general solution
with specified steps , no geometrical talking or explaining sentences at
all. The amazing thing that this method is more general and simpler than
the characteristic method.
Imagine that I have studied PDE before I try solving that simple
partial differential equation , yes that will put me in characteristic
equation cage (( barrier)) and I will not discover anything new .
Now we will explain this algebraic method with all its concepts
and realities .

2-Some Needed Concepts

2-1 The dependent and independent variables is relativistic
concept :
We start by simple example :
If we take the function with two variables = (1 + 2 )
z : is dependent variable , (x,y) are independent variables

we can write the equation in other form = 1+ 2

y : is dependent variable , (x,z) are independent variables
result: the concept of dependent and independent variables is not absolute
concept, but it is relativistic .
so we can make a change between dependent and independent variables ;
by making one is dependent and others are independents
We can use this conversion between variables to solve partial
differential equation with very easy and beautiful method
(( algebraic method no geometric interpretation ))
3-Some Concepts About Variable Conversion :
We take our example = (1 + 2 ) so we have
y
z
y

And we have = 1+ 2

Where

y
x

)
1+ 2
1+ 2

2(

z
x

= 2

1+ 2
2xz

= (1+ 2 )2

since =
z
x

1+ 2

y
x

2
1+ 2

= 1+2 where

y
x

that is mean

= 2

y
x

= 1+2

So we have got the following z = 1+2

So when we calculate

z y

1
1+2

= 2
x z
4

2
1+ 2

z y

So we have found that

= x I call this equation as "dependent
x z
and independent relativistic variable conversion equation "
3-1 Proving the relativistic variable conversion equation :
Let's take a function (, , ) with three independent variables
So if we put , , = 0 for all the values so the variables x, y, and z
are not independent any more that means one of them become dependent
variable ( we can choose any one of the variable to become dependent
and two other are independent )
1- we choose "z" to be the dependent variable so there exist a function
such that = , that satisfy , , , = 0 .
By using the chain rule
( , ,)

(, ,)
x

(, ,)
y

(, ,)
z

This is the general equation for chain rule

=x
=y

We put

where x, y are independent variables z is the

= z = f(x , y)
dependent variable
Where , , , = 0
So the chain rule is reduced to

0 = + + where

So 0 = +

=1
= 0 because y and x independent

= with the same method =

2- we choose "x" to be the dependent variable so there exist a function g

such that = (, ) that satisfy (, ) , , = 0
With the same steps that we have done before we got

0 = + + where

So we have

= so we have

=1

So 0 = +

= 0 because z and y are independent

= =

Which is equivalent to

= 1.. (*)

The equation (*) is known , but the question that come to my mind : why
it have been not used at all to solve partial differential equations ?
Because this equation help us to handle PDE with easy specified steps
without any mysterious or geometrical talking . and we will not use the
characteristic equation method because it seems unsatisfactory to all
students .

4- The New Method To Solve PDE Equations :

Let's take the simple PDE x + y = 0 where the u is dependent

variable and x,y are the independent variables
u

u y

x + y = 0

x u + = 0 where

u y
x u

= x

So we obtained x + = 0 where y became the dependent variable

and x , u became the independent variables (( variable conversion is
performed ))
y

The equation x + = 0 it is looks like characteristic equation

because we can write it in the form

y
b

but it is more general than

the characteristic equation because it has partial derivatives . partial

derivatives means there exist another independent variable which is u
Yes ,we have found a new equation more general than the characteristic
equation . the amazing thing that we have reached this general equation
by using easy specified algebraic steps.
y

x + = 0
a dy =

y
b

a y = b x

a y =

b x

b dx + 1 () because u is independent variable where

F is any function and its inverse is put for need it purpose

ady =

bdx + 1

= + 1

= 1

So the PDE have the general solution

= that is why we have used the inverse function in order
to make the analysis beautiful
I think this method is more handily and more understood because
there is no mysterious jumps and any new learner will like it and
understand it easily (( also this method does not need any geometric
background))

4-1 How the conversion happens between the variables u,x ,y?
u y

In reality the equation

= x is the relativistic conversion equation

x u

and it can be written generally as

u(x,y) y(x,u)
x

u(x,y) 1

Because

y(x,u)

y(x,u)
u

The proof :
x

We have proved before that

y

that x = so
y
x
x

Since

So

=
=

x(y,z) 1

y(x,u)
u
u x,y

u(x,y) 1
y
u x,y y(x,u)
x

y(x,z)

x 1

Our equation is

Where

x
x(y,z)

Where

y
1

y(x,z)

u(x,y) 1

= with the same steps we can prove

y(x,u)
u

u x,y
y

so

y(x,u)
x

=0

u x,y

u x,y

u x,y y(x,u)
x

+b=0

+=0

here the conversion between variables is

happened
So we will obtain

y x,u
x

+=0

y x,u
x

, = + 1 () since the variable concept is relativistic as

we proved before , we can write that = + 1 ((, ))
8

And the general solution is , = ( )

This is the detailed solution that shows how the conversion is happened
between the dependent and independent variables , ,

5- Solving Some PDE Equations By Using This New Method

Example 1:
u

u
x

=0

u y

x + y = 0
x =

x u + = 0

y = x

= + 1

x + = 0

dy = dx + 1

+ = 1

So the general solution is in the form

= ( + ) where F is any function .
u

Example 2 : x + y + c z = 0
u

u z

x + y + c z = 0
z

u z

x u + y u + c = 0

x y + = 0

x + y = c

Note that = , , where the solution is can be written in the form

= + where

z H
x
z P
x

+
+

z H
y
z p
y

=0
=c

The homogenous solution

z H
x

z H
y

=0

z H x,y,u
x

z H x,y,u
y

=0

z H x,y,u

z H x,y,u

y x,z H ,u
x

y x, zH , u =

+=0

y(x,z H ,u)
x

+=0

y x, zH , u = x
+ ( zH , u)

= zH , u

We have dealt before with the relativistic concept of the variable

If we have , = , there exist a function g such that
, = , " dependent and independent variable conversion"
The same for = zH , u if we call = so we have
(zH , u) = zH , u so there exist a function 2 such that
zH = 2 , = 2 ,

The particular solution can be found easily as =

So = zH + = 2 , +

= 2 ,

By using dependent and independent variable conversion there exist a

function 3 such that = 3 ( , )

Since 3 is any function we can write the solution in beautiful form as
, , = ( , ) where F is any function of two
variables
We have obtained the general solution without any mysterious jumps
Result : this method help us to solve the PDE equations with amazing
specified steps .

10

6- Solving Non-linear PDE Equations

This new method is very handily when we deal with non-linear
equations, we only applied without any other generalization because that
method is already is a general method.
Example 01 :

+ = 0 which is non-linear PDE equation.

We just apply that method directly without any hesitation

+ = 0

+ =0

+ = 0

The variable became an dependent variable and , are the

independent variables
So we have

= + 1

= 1

+ 1 ()
= where F

is any one variable function

The general solution of the non-linear PDE equation is :

=
We remark that the dependent variable is also exist inside the
operating function , because this is nonlinear solution.
The "general" solution of non-linear PDE equation cannot be written in
terms of the independent variable only , because this is the property of
linear equation. The nonlinear solution of PDE it must be written in terms
of the dependent variable.

11

Example 02 :

+ + = 0 non-linear PDE

+ + = 0

+ + = 0

+ = 0

+ =

= not that u is dependent variable

So we have

= + 1

+ 1
+ = 1

So the general solution can be written in the form

= +
Where F is any one variable function
If we try to solve the nonlinear equation PDEs with the
characteristic equation method we have to face some generalization and
we will also face some unsatisfactory jumping steps. All these will bother
new learners students and also will tire teachers when they are trying to
explain to the new learners students.
Result :
The characteristic equation is not complete logical method because
it contains many unsatisfactory steps that we have to understand them
geometrically in order to overcome them.
The new method which I called the relativistic variable conversion
to solve the PDE equations is easy to understand and easy to handle, and
it is complete logical method.
the relativistic variable conversion method is better than the
characteristic equation method in all the cases. (( solving equations or
teaching students ))
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General Conclusion

In order to get complete understanding to such mathematical

concept, we have to understand it deeply and we need to feel that it
became a part of us, that is mean we have to feel that there is nothing
bothering us about it. Since the mathematical symbols is the logical
representation of the mathematical world, we have to use this symbols to
represent the mathematical concepts with simplest satisfactory way.

I want to say that there is a difference between the understanding

and the accustoming . the understanding means that you feel comfortable
to that concept after a certain logical thinking that you perform, and you
feel that you have liked that concept and you have a desire to learn more
about it. But if you feel many things bother you about a such concept ,
and you try to realize this bothering concepts by using the logical
thinking and other new steps, you are in the way of understanding ,but if
you just try to repeat many things about that concept without any deep
thinking you are just accustoming not understanding , and the bothering
feeling will stay with you.

This new method to solve PDE equations may didn't bring so much
to the mathematic, but it will help many new learner students to realize
how to solve PDE equations with easy and satisfactory way without any
bothering concepts or mysterious jumps. It also will help teachers to teach
their students by using easy short steps no need to geometrical
interpretation or multivariable calculus backgrounds.
We are not learning just for ourselves, we have also to know and
formulate satisfactory methods to teach others with easy and short way,
and make them understand clearly without any mysterious.

13