DMS 544 Part 11-4 For PC - Oct 2014

DRAFT
MALAYSIAN
STANDARD
MTIB14TC2002R0
STAGE: PUBLIC COMMENT (40.20)

DATE: 01/10/2014 - 30/11/2014
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL USE

OF TIMBER - PART 11: RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR THE CALCULATION BASIS FOR SPAN
TABLES - SECTION 4: DOMESTIC RAFTERS
OFFICER/SUPPORT STAFF: (SY / )
ICS: 91.080.20
Descriptors: permissible clear span, domestic rafters, overhangs, design limitations, bearing
length, timber size, spacing, sample calculations, span tables
Copyright 2014
DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA
MTIB14TC2002R0
CONTENTS
Page
Committee representatives...................................................................................................
ii
Foreword...............................................................................................................................
iii
Scope.......................................................................................................................
Normative References.............................................................................................
Terms and Definitions..............................................................................................
Symbols...................................................................................................................
Design considerations.............................................................................................
Permissible spans...................................................................................................
Bearing length.........................................................................................................
21
Overhang members................................................................................................
21
Information to be given in span tables....................................................................
26
Tables
A1
Recommended average densities of timber for purpose of calculation.
27
D1
Permissible clear span on slope for continuous span domestic rafter SG4 wet
standard structure (short term).. 34
D2
standard structure (medium term).. 35
D3
standard structure (long term) 36
Figures
1
Typical rafter construction 3
2
Typical raftered hip end roof construction
Types of rafters.
Notional bearing length, permissible effective and permissible span.
20
Type of rafter with overhang members. 23
Annexes
A
Recommended average densities of timber for purpose of calculation.
27
Sample calculations for a domestic rafter 28
Sample calculations for overhang. 31
Permissible clear span (on slope) for continuous span domestic rafter. 37
Bibliography. 38
STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved
MTIB14TC2002R0
Committee representation
The Industry Standards Committee on Timber, Timber Products and Timber Structures, under whose authority this
Malaysian Standard was developed, comprises representatives from the following organisations:
Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
Forest Research Institute of Malaysia
Department of Standards Malaysia
Institution of Engineers Malaysia
Jabatan Kerajaan Tempatan
Malaysian Furniture Promotion Council
Malaysian Panel-Products Manufacturers Association
Malaysian Public Works Department
Malaysian Timber Council
Malaysian Timber Industry Board (Secretariat)
Malaysian Wood Industries Association
Malaysian Wood Moulding and Joinery Council
Malaysian Wood Preserving Association
Sabah Timber Industries Association
Sarawak Timber Association
Sarawak Timber Industry Development Corporation
Timber Exporters Association of Malaysia
University Putra Malaysia
UniversityTeknologi Mara
The Technical Committee on Timber Structures which supervised the development of this Malaysian Standard
consists of representatives from the following organisations:
Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Institute of Engineers Malaysia
Malaysian Institute of Architects
Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing & Local Government
Multinail Asia Sdn Bhd
Public Works Department
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Wood Industry Skills Development Centre
The Working Group on Structural Use of Timber Part 11 which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of
representatives from the following organisations:
Pryda (M) Sdn Bhd
Setiawood Industries Sdn Bhd
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Universiti Malaya
ii
MTIB14TC2002R0
FOREWORD
This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Working Group on Recommendations for the
Calculations Basis for Span Tables established at the Malaysian Timber Industry Board
(MTIB) under the authority of the Timber, Timber products and Timber Structures Industry
Standards Committee. Development of this standard was managed by the Malaysian Timber
Industry Board (MTIB) which is a Standards Development Agency (SDA) appointed by
Standards Malaysia to develop standards for the timber industry.
In the development of this standard, reference was made to BS 5268: Part 7: 1990
Recommendations for the calculation basis for span tables Section 7.5: Domestic rafters
MS 544 consists of the following parts and sections, under the general title Code of practice
for structural use of timber:
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 10
Part 11
Part 12
:
:
:
:
General
Permissible stress design of solid timber
Permissible design of glued laminated timber
Timber panel products
Section 1: Structural plywood
Section 2: Marine plywood
Section 3: Cement bonded particleboard (CBP)
Section 4: Oriented strand board (OSB)
: Timber joints
: Workmanship, inspection and maintenance
: Testing
: Design, fabrication and installation of prefabricated timber roof trusses
: Fire resistance of timber structures
Section 1: Method of calculating fire resistance of timber members
: Preservative treatment of structural timbers
: Recommendations for the calculation basis for span tables
Section 1: Domestic floor joists
Section 2: Ceiling joists
Section 3: Ceiling binders
Section 4: Domestic rafters
Section 5: Purlin supporting rafters
Section 6: Purlin supporting deckings and sheetings
: Structural laminated veneer lumber for structural application.
The G value (shear modulus) is not considered in the calculation for all calculation of
permissible spans; this is because the shear factor has already been considered in the E
value used in the calculation.
The E value was based on small clear specimen instead of full scale specimen which has
been used by BS 5268:1990.
Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
iii
MTIB14TC2002R0
Code of practice for structural use of timber - Part 11: Recommendations for
the calculation basis for span tables - Section 4: Domestic rafters
1.
Scope
This section of MS 544 part 11 recommends a calculation basis for the permissible clear span for
roof rafter with a slope from 15 to 45. The recommendations apply to rafters at a maximum
spacing of 1 200 mm centre-to-centre. The method of calculation makes no allowance for any
contribution of other parts of the roof to the load resistance of the rafters although it is assumed that
the tiling battens are capable of providing lateral load distribution and lateral support.
It does not cover the design of rafters taking account of a structural contribution by sheet material
supporting the roofing where such action can be provided by adequate design of its attachments as
in a stressed skin panel roof. The uniform and concentrated loads of Uniform Building By-Laws
1984 are considered. This section also covers the overhang calculation. Typical examples of roof
construction are given in Figures 1 and 2, and examples of rafters in Figure 3.
This Section of MS 544: Part 11 is applicable to the species, strength groups and grades of timber
given in MS 544: Part 2.
2.
Referenced documents
The following referenced documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Malaysian Standard. For dated references, where there are subsequent
amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to
agreements based on this Malaysian Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of
applying the most recent editions of the referenced documents. For the undated references, the
latest edition of the publication referred to, applies.
BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008, Eurocode 5. Design of timber structure. General. Common rules
and rules for buildings
MS 544: Part 1 to Part 11, Code of practice for structural use of timber.
Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL), 1984,
3.
Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this Section of MS 544: Part 11, the definitions given in MS 544: Part 1 and the
following apply.
3.1
Bearing length
Length at each end of the rafter in contact with the support.

3.2
Effective span
Span measured on the slope from centre-to-centre of the minimum bearing lengths at each end.
3.3
Grade stress
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Stress that can safely be permanently sustained by material of a specific section size and of a
particular strength group and grade.
3.4
Load sharing system
Assembly of pieces or members that are constrained to act together to support a common load.
3.5
Notional bearing length
Bearing length required for the calculation of permissible clear spans.

3.6
Overhang
Part of the rafter member extending from wall plate to the unsupported end (also eaves).
3.7
Permissible clear span
Permissible unsupported span of a rafter, measured between the faces of the support at its two
ends.
NOTE.
Permissible clear span is equal to permissible effective span less the notional bearing length.
3.8
Permissible effective span
Lowest value of effective span found from the calculations for bending strength, shear strength and
deflection.
3.9
Permissible stress
Stress that can safely be sustained by a structural material under a particular condition.
NOTE. For the purpose of this Section of MS 544, it is the product of the grade stress and the appropriate modification
factors for section size, service and loading.
3.10
Point Load
Concentrated load regarded as acting at a point for calculation purpose.

3.11
Purlin
Beam parallel to the eaves giving intermediate support to rafters.

3.12
Rafter
Member extending the full distance from eaves to ridge.

NOTE.
The rafter may be continuous or jointed over the purlin, i.e. non-continuous.
3.13
Strength group
Grouping of solid timber based on particular values of grade stress.
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NOTE. Spans of purlin and ceiling binders are not shown.
Figure 1. Typical rafter Construction
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Figure 2. Typical raftered hip end roof construction
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Purlin
a)
Rafter continuous over purlin
b)
Rafter non-continuous over purlin
c)
Rafter without intermediate purlin support
Figure 3. Types of rafters
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4.
Symbols
For the purposes of this Section of MS 544: Part 11, the following symbols apply:
a
notional bearing length;
breadth of rafter;
modulus of elasticity;
total load per metre length on slope, resolved perpendicular to the rafter;
Fd
dead load per square metre applied by mass of roofing materials (excluding rafter selfweight), measured on slope;
Fi
imposed uniformly distributed load per square metre, measured on plan;
Fj
self-weight of rafter per metre length;
Fp
point load;
depth of rafter;
second moment of area;
radius of gyration;
modification factor (always with a subscript);
effective span;
Ladm
permissible effective span;
Lcl
permissible clear span;
Le
effective length in buckling calculations;
length of overhang;
bending moment;
spacing of rafters, centre-to centre;
deflection;
section modulus;
roof slope (pitch);
eccentricity factor (see Appendix D of MS 544 : Part 2);
density;
slenderness ratio;
stress; and
shear stress.
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The following subscripts are used:
a)
b)
c)
Type of force, stress etc.

c
compression;
bending; and
tension.
Significance:
a
applied;
adm
permissible;
cl
clear;
grade;
max
maximum; and
min
minimum.
Geometry
parallel (to the grain); and
perpendicular (to the grain).
It is recommended that where more than one subscript is used, the categories should be separated
by commas.
Subscripts may be omitted when the context in which the symbols are used is unambiguous except
in the case of modification factor K.
5.
Design considerations
5.1
General
The design calculations recommended by this Section of MS 544 Part 11 are based on engineers'
bending theory and are consistent with the recommendations of MS 544: Part 1 to Part 7. The
design method ensures that the permissible bending, shear and compression stresses, as given in
MS 544: Part 2, are not exceeded and that the deflection due to bending and shear does not
exceed the recommended limit of 0.003 times the effective span (see Clause 11.7 of MS 544: Part
2).
NOTE.
Sample calculations are given in Annexes B and C. Annex D provides specimen span tables.
5.2
Qualifying assumptions
The calculations given in this Section of MS 544: Part 11 relates to pitched roofs having a single
purlin on each side of the ridge. The rafter may be continuous or non-continuous over the purlin,
which is centrally placed so that the upper and lower portions of the rafter have equal spans.
The calculations given in this standard apply to:
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a)
load sharing system with at least four rafters at a maximum spacing of 610 mm centre-tocentre and having tiling battens adequate to provide lateral load distribution where
modification factor K2 = 1.1 and the mean modulus of elasticity are used.
b)
non-load sharing system with spacing more than 610 mm centre-to-centre where K2 = 1.0
and minimum modulus of elasticity are used.
Because load sharing takes place, the load sharing modification factor K2 should be used and the
mean modulus of elasticity is applicable in deflection calculations. The formula derived are based
on rafters having two equal spans and lateral restraint sufficient to prevent lateral buckling in
accordance with Clause 11.8 of MS 544: Part 2. It is also assumed that ceiling joists will be used to
transmit the horizontal component of thrust occurring at eaves level to complementary rafters.
The bearing length required at each end of the rafter, calculated in accordance with Clause 6.6 of
this standard, may be increased for practical construction purposes.
5.3
Loading
The design calculations provide for roof loads which consist of the following:
a)
Imposed load.
2
1)
For a roof slope of 30 or less: a uniformly distributed load of 0.25 kN/m , measured
on plan or a 0.9 kN concentrated vertical load, whichever governs the design.
2)
The concentrated load is assumed to act in the position which produces maximum
stress or deflection. However, the effects of deflection under the concentrated load
need to be considered only when it would affect the finishes.
3)
For a roof slope greater than 30 and not exceeding 75 an imposed load obtained
2
by linear interpolation between the values of 0.25 kN/m for 30 roof slope, and
zero for a 75 roof slope. No concentrated load is applied.
The imposed distributed load should be considered as a medium term load. The
imposed point load should be considered as a short term load, as given in Table 5
of MS 544: Part 2.
b)
Dead Load.
2
Dead load per square metre on slope Fd (in kN/m ) to provide for the mass of roofing
materials, insulation, etc. Weights of materials are given in UBBL: 1984.
c)
Self-weight.
Self-weight per metre length, Fj (in kN/m), to provide for the mass of the rafters. The timber
3
densities, (in kg/m ) given in Annex A should be used.
5.4
Design loads
Three loading conditions should be considered:

a)
A uniform imposed load condition, the loading consisting of uniformly distributed imposed
load, dead load and member self-weight. This loading should be considered as medium
term;
b)
A point imposed load condition, the loading consisting of a concentrated imposed load plus
uniformly distributed dead load and member self-weight; this condition may be omitted for
roof slopes greater than 30. This loading condition should be considered as short term;
and
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c)
A long term load condition, the loading consisting of uniformly distributed dead load and
member self-weight with no imposed load. This loading should be considered as long term.
For the uniform imposed load condition, the total load per metre length of rafter, F (in kN/m)
resolved perpendicular to the rafter is given by the equation
F (Fi cos2
s
Fd cos )
Fj cos
(1)
1000
For the point imposed load condition, the load (in kN) resolved perpendicular to the rafter is given
by:
Fp cos 0.9 cos

acting together with uniform dead load and self-weight (in kN/m)
s
Fd cos
Fj cos
1000
(2)
For the long term load condition, i.e. dead load and self-weight alone, F (in kN/m) resolved
perpendicular to the roof slope is given by the equation
s
F Fd cos
Fj cos
1000
(3)
where,
is the roof slope (pitch);
Fi
is the imposed load (in kN/m ) measured on plan;
is the rafter spacing (in mm);
Fd
is the dead load (in kN/m ) measured on slope; and
Fj
is the self-weight of the rafter (in kN/m).
The value of Fj (in kN/m) may be found from the equation
Fj 9.80665 x 10 -9 bh
(4)
where,
3
is the timber density (in kg/m );
is the rafter breadth (in mm); and
is the rafter depth (in mm).
6.
Permissible spans
6.1
General
The permissible effective span of a timber rafter subjected to the applied loads given in Clause 5.3
should be the shortest effective span resulting from calculations for bending strength, shear
strength and deflection, as given in Clauses 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5.
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The permissible clear span should be calculated as the permissible effective span less the notional
bearing length, calculated in accordance with Clause 6.6.
6.2
Basis of formulae
6.2.1
General
The formulae given are derived for a construction incorporating a single purlin at the centre of the
rafter on each side of the ridge. The purlin reaction is perpendicular to the rafter length (see Figures
1, 2 and 3). A ceiling joist transmits the horizontal thrust occurring at eaves level to the
complementary rafter, and the eaves joint and ceiling tie splice must be of adequate strength to
transmit this force.
6.2.2
Non-continuous rafters
The calculations for a non-continuous rafter (see Figure 3(b)) assume that the rafter is jointed over
the purlin in a manner allowing compressive force to be transmitted through the joint, but not
bending moment. The most severe combination of compressive and bending stresses is taken as
occurring at the centre of the lower portion of the rafter and the effective length used (Le) is the full
length of this portion.
In deflection and shear stress calculations, the same portion is treated as a simply-supported beam.
For roof slopes not exceeding 30 a point load is applied at the centre of the lower rafter.
6.2.3
Continuous rafters
The calculations for a continuous rafter assume that the rafter is continuous over the purlin so that
bending moment as well as compressive force may be transmitted. When there is no point load, the
combined stress calculation is made at the point of maximum bending moment, and also at the
purlin. For pitches not exceeding 30, the point load is applied at the centre of the lower span and
the combined stress calculation is made for this point and for the point supported by the purlin. The
effective length in each of the two calculations (Le) is taken as the relevant distance between points
of contra flexure.
Deflection and shear stress calculations are made in the same way as for a horizontal two-span
continuous beam with simple supports at its ends. However, for simplicity the maximum separate
deflections due to the uniformly-distributed and point load (when applied) are added together
although they do not occur at exactly the same point in the rafter length.
6.2.4 Rafters without support from purlins
The spans derived from the formulae for non-continuous rafters may be used conservatively for
rafters without support from purlins. The derived spans may also be used for jack rafters. (see
Figures 2 and 3(c)).
6.3
Limitation of combined bending and compression parallel to the grain stresses
6.3.1
Permissible bending and compression parallel to the grain stresses
Provided that lateral support is given to the member in accordance with Clause 11.8 of MS 544:
2
Part 2, the permissible bending stress m,adm (in N/mm ) is given by the equation:
m,adm = m,g K1K2K6
(5)
where,
m,g
is the grade bending stress (in N/mm ) (see MS 544 : Part 2);
K1
is the load duration modification factor, 1.0 for long term, 1.25 for medium term, 1.5 for
short term or 1.75 for very short term (see Table 5 of MS 544 : Part 2);
10
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K2
is the modification factor 1.1 for load sharing or 1.0 for non-load sharing (see 10 of MS 544:
Part 2); and
K6
is the section depth modification factor (see Clause 11.6 of MS 544: Part 2).
From MS 544: Part 2, the permissible compression parallel to the grain stress,
given by the equation:
c,//,adm (in N/mm2) is
c,//,adm = c, //, g K2K8
(6)
where,
2
c, //, g
is the grade compression parallel to the grain stress (in N/mm ) (see MS 544 : Part 2); and
K8
is the modification factor calculated from the equation (7) or from Table 10 (MS 544:Part 2).
2
1 1 1 2
2
1 1 1
k8

2
2
2
2 2 1.5 c
2 2 1.5 c
1.5 c
(7)
where,
c
is c, g k1
is the minimum modulus of elasticity (in N/mm )
is the slenderness ratio, Le / i
Le
is the effective length
is the eccentricity factor taken as 0.005 in calculating spans for the

specimen span tables in Annex D
The combination of applied bending and compression parallel to the grain stresses is limited by the
equation:
m,adm
m,a
1.5
1
c,//,a
K 8
c,//,a
(8)
c,//,adm
where,
m,a,
is the applied bending stress (N/mm );
m,adm, is the permissible bending stress (N/mm2) ;

c,//,a
is the applied compression stress (N/mm ) ;
c,//,adm is the permissible compression stress (N/mm 2) (including K8) and;

e
is the Euler critical stress
2E
i
Le
(N/mm ).
11
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When values for m,a, and c,II,a are inserted in equation (8) , the maximum permissible span may
be obtained by incrementing the span L, until the left-hand side of equation (8) becomes equal to
unity.
6.3.2
Applied bending and compression parallel to the grain stresses
a)
Uniform imposed load condition
The applied bending stress is given by the equation:
m,a
FL2
8Z
(9)
where, L is the effective span of the lower portion of the rafter.

The applied compression parallel to the grain stress is given by the equation:
FL
cot 3 tan
2bh
c, //,a
(10)
Point imposed load condition
FL2
FpLcos
8Z
4Z
m,a
c, //, a
(11)
(12)
FL
cot 3 tan Fpsin
2bh
bh
Long term load condition, i.e. dead load and self-weight alone
m,a
c,//,a
FL2
8Z
As in (9)
FL
cot 3 tan
2bh
As in (10)
Expanding equations (9) to (12) by inserting the appropriate expression for F leads to the following
equations:
12
m,a
c,//,a
6L2
s
Fj cos
Fi cos Fd
1000
8bh 2
L
cot 3 tan Fi cos Fd s Fj cos
2bh
1000
(13)
(14)
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6L2 s
6L2
F
F
cos
900 cos
d
j
8bh 2 1000
4bh 2
m,a
c,//,a
(15)
L
900
(cot 3 tan ) Fd
sin
Fj cos
2bh
bh
1000
(16)
m,a
b)
6L2 s
F
Fj cos
2 d
8bh 1000
L
(cot 3 tan ) Fd
Fj cos
2bh
1000
c,//,a
(17)
(18)
Continuous rafters
At purlin
m,a
FL2
8Z
c,//,a
3 FL
8
(cot tan )
8 bh
3
As in (9)
(19)
m,a
c,//,a
FL2
3 Fp L cos
8Z
32
Z
(20)
F sin
3 FL
8
(cot tan ) p
8 bh
3
bh
(21)
m,a
c,//,a
As in (9)
FL 2
8Z
3 FL
8
( cot
tan )
8 bh
3
As in (19)
In lower portion of rafter

m, a
9 FL2
128 Z
(22)
13
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c,//,a
3 FL
13
(cot
tan )
8 bh
3
(23)
m,a
c,//,a
FL2
13 FpLcos
16Z 64
Z
(24)
F sin
3 FL
(cot 4 tan ) p
8 bh
bh
(25)
2
m,a 9 FL
128 Z
c, //,a
3 FL
8 bh
(cot
13
tan )
3
As in (22)
As in (23)
Expanding equations (19) to (25) by inserting the appropriate expression for F leads to the following
equations:
At purlin
m, a
c,//,a
6L2
s
( Fi cos Fd )
Fj cos
2
8bh
1000
(26)
3 L
8
s
cot tan ( Fi cos Fd )
Fj cos
8 bh
3
1000
(27)
(28)
m, a
6L2 s
3 6L
F
900 cos
Fj cos
2 d
32 bh 2
8bh 1000
c, //,a
Fp sin
3 L
8
s
cot tan Fd
Fj cos
bh
8 bh
3
1000

(29)
m, a
6L2 s
F
Fj cos
2 d
8bh 1000
(30)
c,//,a
3 L
8
s
cot tan Fd
Fj cos
8 bh
3
1000
(31)
The effective length Le for buckling calculations should be taken as
L
for the uniform imposed load
2
and long term conditions, or

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Le
7
25 Fp cos
L
8
32
F
2
9
F Lcos
9 Fp cos
12
F
F
64
(32)
where,
F Fd
Fj cos
1000
for the point imposed load condition.

m,a
c,//,a
9 6L2
Fi cos Fd s Fj cos
2
128 bh
1000
3 L
13
s
tan ( Fi cos Fd )
cot
Fj cos
8 bh
3
1000
(33)
(34)
m,a
6L2 s
13 6L
F
900 cos
Fj cos
2 d
64 bh 2
16bh 1000
c,//,a
3 L
cot 4 tan Fd s Fj cos 900 sin
8 bh
bh
1000
(35)
(36)
m,a
9 6L2 s
F
Fj cos
2 d
128 bh 1000
(37)
3 L
13
s
tan Fd
cot
Fj cos
8 bh
3
1000
(38)
c,//,a
The effective length Le for buckling calculations should be taken as
3
L for the uniform imposed
4
load and long term load conditions, or
Le
2
9
F Lcos
3
19 Fp cos
19 Fp cos
p
L L 8
32
F
12
F
F
64
(39)
where,
F Fd
Fj cos
1000
for the point imposed load condition.

15
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6.4
Limitation of shear stress
From MS 544 : Part 2, the permissible shear stress
adm (in N/mm2) is given by the equation
adm = g K1K2
(40)
where,
is the grade shear stress (in N/mm ) (see MS 544 : Part 2);
K1
is the load duration modification factor, 1.0 for long term, 1.25 for medium term or 1.5 for
short term (see Table 5 of MS 544: Part 2); and
K2
is the modification factor 1.1 for load sharing or 1.0 for non-load sharing (see Clause 10 of
MS 544: Part 2).
Expanding the equation
adm
(41)
3 max shear force

x
2
bh
leads to the following equations.

a)
g x 1.25 x K 2 3 Fd cos Fd
L
s
cos
Fj
1000
2bh
(42)
g x 1.5 x K 2
3 F s F L cos 3 x 900 cos

j
2 d 1000
2
bh
2bh
(43)
g x 1.0 x K 2
b)
L
3 s
cos
Fj
Fd
2 1000
2bh
(44)
Continuous rafters
g x 1.25 x K 2
3
5 L
s
Fj cos x
Fi cos Fd
2
1000
8 bh
(45)
g x 1.5 x
K2
3 s
5 L 3 900 cos
x
Fj cos x
Fd
2 1000
8 bh 2
bh
(46)
Long term load condition, i.e dead load and self-weight alone
g x 1.0 x K 2 3 Fd
2
16
s
5 L
Fj cos x
8 bh
1000
(47)
MTIB14TC2002R0
NOTE.
These equations lead to the following polynomials in L.
Non continuous rafters

3cos
s
Fj L g x 1.25 x K 2 0
Fi cos Fd
4bh
1000
(48)
3cos s
1350cos
g x 1.5 x K 2 0
Fj L
Fd
4bh 1000
bh
(49)
3cos s
Fj L g x 1.0 x K 2 0
Fd
4bh 1000
(50)
Continuous rafters
15cos
s
F j L g x 1.25 x K 2 0
Fi cos Fd
16bh
1000
(51)
15cos s
3
900cos
g x 1.5 x K 2 0
Fj L x
Fd
16bh 1000
2
bh
(52)
15cos s
F j L g x 1.0 x K 2 0
Fd
16bh 1000
6.5
Limitation of deflection
From Clause 11.7 of MS 544: Part 2, the recommended deflection limitation

by the equation.
max
a)
(53)
max (in mm) is given
= 0.003L
(54)
The design equation limiting deflection is:
max
5 FL4
384 EI
(55)
NOTE: The calculation does not include the shear deflection.
max
5 FL4 1 FpL3
384 EI 48 EI
(56)
where,
17
MTIB14TC2002R0
E is the mean or minimum modulus of elasticity depending upon load sharing condition.
With a deflection limitation of 0.003L:
5 L4
s
0.003 L cos F i cos F d
Fj
1000
384 EI
(57)
L3
s
5 L4
Fp cos
0.003L cos F d

Fj
1000
384 EI
48EI
b)
(58)
Continuous rafters
The design equation limiting deflection is:
max
FL4
185 EI
(59)
max
FL4
FpL3
0.015
185EI
EI
(60)
With a deflection limitation of 0.003 L:

L4
s
0.003 L cos F i cos Fd
Fj
1000
185EI
(61)
s
L4
L3
0.003 L cos Fd
0.015
Fp cos
Fj
EI
1000
185EI
NOTE.
(62)
These equations lead to the following polynomials in L.
Non continuous rafters

3
5cos
s
Fj L 0.003 0
Fi cos Fd
384EI
1000
(63)
3 75cos L2
5cos s
0.003 0
Fj L
Fd
384EI 1000
4EI
18
(64)
MTIB14TC2002R0
Continuous rafters
3
s
Fj L 0.003 0
Fi cos Fd
185EI
1000
cos
(65)
s
3 54cos 2
L 0.003 0
Fj L
Fd
185EI 1000
4EI
cos
6.6
(66)
Permissible clear spans
The calculation of clear span requires the deduction of a notional bearing length from an effective
span.
The calculation of the notional bearing length to be deducted from the permissible effective span to
produce the clear span is made after finding Ladm, the smallest of the effective spans for a given
cross section, as limited by:
a)
bending stress under uniform imposed load;
b)
bending stress under point imposed load;
c)
bending stress under long term load alone;
d)
shear stress under uniform imposed load;
e)
shear stress under point imposed load;
f)
shear stress under long term load alone;
g)
deflection under uniform imposed load; and
h)
deflection under point imposed load.
This permissible compressive stress perpendicular to the grain can be computed as follows:
c,, adm = c,,g K1K2
(67)
where,
c,,g
is the grade compression perpendicular to the grain stress (in N/mm ) (see Table 4 of MS
544 : Part 2);
K1
short term (see Table 5 of MS 544: Part 2); and
K2
is the modification factor, 1.1 load sharing or 1.0 for non load sharing (see Clause 10 of
MS 544: Part 2).
In the following equation (75) to (82), the notional bearing length is calculated as though the rafter
were supported in the manner as shown in Figure 4, taking account only of the load components
perpendicular to the rafter. In practical constructions, the clear span of the lower rafter portion may
be taken as the distance from the birds-mouth to the nearest face of the purlin.
19
MTIB14TC2002R0
The upper portion of the rafter, extending from purlin to ridge, will be a conservative design because
the calculations of effective span are made for the lower portion of the rafter where thrust is greater.
However, for simplicity the clear span of the upper portion of the rafter may be taken as the
distance from the upper face of the purlin to the first cut board, this first cut will be the bottom end of
the vertical cut at the top of the rafter.
Figure 4. Notional bearing length, permissible effective and permissible span

The notional bearing length a (in mm) required at each end should be found from the following
equations:
a)
Non - continuous rafters

c, ,g
x 1.25 x K 2 x ba
Ladm cos
Fi cos Fd
2
s
Fj
1000
(68)
Point imposed load condition with bending stress or deflection governing
c, ,g
x 1.5 x K 2 x ba
Ladmcos
2
Fj 450 cos
Fd
1000
(69)
Point imposed load condition with shear stress governing
c, ,g
x 1.5 x K 2 x ba
Ladmcos
2
Fd
Fj 900 cos
1000
(70)
20
c, ,g
x 1.0 x K 2 x ba
Ladm cos s
Fj
Fd
2
1000
(71)
MTIB14TC2002R0
b)
Continuous rafters
x 1.25 x K 2 x ba
c, ,g
Ladm cos
Fi cos Fd
2
s
Fj
1000
As in (68)
Point imposed load condition with bending stress or deflection governing
x 1.5 x K 2 x ba
c, ,g
Ladmcos
2
Fj 337.5 cos
Fd
1000
(72)
Point imposed load condition with shear stress governing
c, ,g
x 1.5 x K 2 x ba
Ladm cos
2
Fj 900 cos
Fd
1000
As in (70)
c, ,g
x 1.0 x K 2 x ba
Ladm s
Fj
Fd
2 1000
(73)
The equations (68) to (73).

a
is the notional bearing length (in mm)
is the breadth of the rafters (in mm)
Ladm
is the permissible effective span (in mm)
The equation corresponding to the loading condition governing the permissible effective span
should be solved for a, and half the value of a should be deducted from each end of the span (total
deduction a, see Figure 4) to give the permissible clear span, Lcl (in mm) which is given by the
equation:
Lcl = Ladm - a
7.0
(74)
Bearing length
Although correct for the calculation of clear span the procedure given in Clause 6.6 for the
calculation of notional bearing length may not ensure that the permissible compression
perpendicular to the grain stress is not exceeded for all loading cases.
The design of some members may be governed by a loading case which does not represent the
greatest total load of all loading cases. For example, the governing design case may include a
concentrated load, but another less critical loading case may consist of a greater total load
uniformly distributed along the span.
21
MTIB14TC2002R0
8.0
Overhang members
8.1
General
Rafters with overhangs are shown in Figure 5. Although rafters with overhang when loaded will
reduce the amount of bending moment, shear force and deflection in the rafter members, such
reductions are not considered in this standard. As such the calculations assuming no overhangs as
given in the previous clauses on rafter members remain unchanged.
The timber used for the overhang should ideally be continuous over at least two supports of the
rafter. If splicing is required proper calculation must be carried out to ensure the strength of the joint
is adequate. The overhang length, , is dependent on the span, L, of the adjacent portion of the
rafter due to a possible rotation of the member at the overhang support.
8.2
Design considerations
The provision as in Clause 5 of this section also applies to the overhang members.
8.3
Permissible lengths
8.3.1
General
The permissible length of an overhang length, , subjected to the applied loads given in Clause 5.3,
should be the shortest length resulting from calculations for bending strength, shear strength and
deflection as given in Clauses 8.3.2.1 to 8.3.2.5.
The permissible bending and compression parallel to the grain is given in Clause 6.3.1 while the
permissible bending and tension parallel to the grain is given in the following Clause 8.3.2.
8.3.2
Limitation of combined bending and tension parallel to the grain stresses
8.3.2.1 Permissible bending and tension parallel to the grain stresses

Provided that lateral support is given to the member in accordance with Clause 11.8 of MS 544:
Part 2, then the permissible bending stress, m,adm (N/mm ) is given by the equation:
2
22
MTIB14TC2002R0
Lc
Lc
Lc
(a)
Rafter continuous over purlin
Lc
Lc
(b)
Rafter non -continuous over purlin
(c)
Rafter without intermediate purlin supports

Figure 5. Type of rafter with overhang members
23
MTIB14TC2002R0
m,adm = m,g K1K2K6
(75)
where,
m,g
is the grade bending stress (in N/mm ) (see MS 544 : Part 2);
K1
short term (see Table 5 of MS 544 : Part 2);
K2
is the load sharing modification factor 1.1 for long term or 1.0 for non-load sharing (see 10
of MS 544 : Part 2); and
K6
is the section depth modification factor (see 11.6, MS 544 : Part 2).
From MS 544: Part 2, the permissible tension parallel to the grain stress
by the equation:
t,//,adm
t,adm (in N/mm2) is given
t,g K1K2
(76)
where,
t,//,g
is the grade tension parallel to the grain stress (in N/mm ) (see MS 544 : Part 2)
The combination of applied bending and tension parallel to the grain stresses is limited by the
equation:
m, a
m, adm
t, //, a 1
t, //, adm
(77)
where,
m,a
m,adm
t,//,a
t,//,adm
is the applied bending stress (in N/mm );

2
is the permissible bending stress (in N/mm );

2
is the applied tension parallel stress (in N/mm ); and

2
is the permissible tension parallel stress (in N/mm ) .
8.3.2.2 Applied bending and compression parallel to the grain stresses

m,a
6 2
F cos Fd s Fj cos
2 i
2bh
1000
(78)
m,a
6 2 s
6
F
Fj cos 2 900 cos
2 d
2bh 1000
bh
(79)
Long term load condition i.e. dead load and self-weight alone
24
m,a
6 2 s
F
Fj cos
2 d
2bh 1000
(80)
MTIB14TC2002R0
8.3.2.3 Applied bending and tension parallel to the grain stresses
m,a
6 2
F cos Fd s Fj cos
2 i
2bh
1000
As in (78)
m,a
6 2
2bh 2
6
Fj cos 2 900 cos
Fd
bh
1000
As in (79)
Long term load condition i.e dead load and self-weight alone
m,a
6 2 s
F
Fj cos
2 d
2bh 1000
As in (80)
8.3.2.4 Limitation of shear stress

3cos
s
Fj
Fi cos Fd
2bh
1000
g 1.25 K 2 0
(81)
3cos
L2 2
s
F
cos
F
g 1.25 K 2 0
i
d
j
2bh
1000
2L
(82)
Whichever is more severe

3cos
Fd
2bh
2700 cos
s
g 1.5 K 2 0
Fj
1000
bh
(83)
3cos s
Fj
Fd
2bh 1000
g 1.0 K 2 0
(84)
8.3.2.5 Limitation of deflection

Only permanent loads (i.e. dead load are considered in the deflection calculation. Therefore
imposed loads are omitted.
For overhangs the limit of 0.004 is used instead of 0.003 for the rafter members. This is because
the effect of deflection on the overhang is not as critical as for internal members. The recommended
overhang deflection limitation, max (in mm) is given by the expression:
max = 0.004
25
MTIB14TC2002R0
However, this overhang deflection limitation may be increased to 0.006
curvature is acceptable.
provided the resultant
cos
s
2
3
3
Fj 4 L L 3
Fd
24EI
1000
9.
- 0.004
(91)
Information to be given in span tables
There are many possible formats for span tables. A typical format suitable for domestic rafters at
predetermined centres and for quoted loading is given in Annex D.
This Section of MS 544 does not recommend formats for different components, but whatever format
is used, the following information should be given in the heading or in the main body or in the
footnotes of the span tables, or in an introduction to the tables:
a)
the loading;
b)
details arrangement of the members;
c)
the member sizes and their maximum permissible deviations and/or the standards
that define these quantities;
d)
the species, stress grade or strength group and/or the standards that define these
properties;
e)
a statement specifying any requirement additional to those given in the stress grading rules,
e.g. whether wane is prohibited at bearings;
f)
a statement that the spans have been calculated in accordance with the recommendations
of MS 544 :Part 2 ;
g)
a statement specifying any structural requirements that may be necessary to comply with
the qualifying assumptions made in Clause 5.2, e.g. lateral support requirements,
accommodation of lateral thrust at supports; and
h)
the permissible clear spans.
26
MTIB14TC2002R0
Annex A
(normative)
Recommended average densities of timber for purpose of calculation
Table A1. Recommended average densities of timber for purpose of calculation
Units in kg/m3
Strength Group
Recommended average densities

Dry Condition
19%MC
Wet Condition
>19%MC
SG1
1050
1200
SG2
950
1100
SG3
850
1000
SG4
750
900
SG5
650
800
SG6
550
700
SG7
450
600
27
MTIB14TC2002R0
Annex B
(normative)
Sample calculations for a domestic rafter
The objective is to determine the permissible clear span (on slope), given the following data as applicable
to a particular design case.
Timber
Strength group, SG 4,
Standard Structural Grade
Wet
(see Table 4 of
MS 544 : Part 2)
Rafter type
Continuous, slope
= 25
Dimensions
Rafter breadth, b
Rafter depth, h
Rafter spacing, s
= 38 mm
= 100 mm
= 600 mm
Loading
Dead load per square metre on

slope , Fd
Imposed load
= 0.5 kN/m
[see 5.3 (b)]

2
= 0.25 kN/m
or = 0.9 kN point load
[see 5.3 (a)]

[see 5.3 (a)]
The following data are given in MS 544: Part 2: 2001

MS 544 : Part 2
Grade stress and density

2
Table 4
Table 4
Table 4
Table 4
Table 4
Standard Structural grade bending stress, m,g

Standard Structural Grade compression stress
parallel to the grain, c,II ,g
Standard Structural grade shear stress, g
Mean modulus of elasticity, E
Minimum modulus of elasticity, E
Standard Structural grade compression stress
perpendicular to the grain (with wane permitted),
c,,g
11.2 N/mm
=
=
=
=
9.5 N/mm
2
1.19 N/mm
2
10700 N/mm
2
7400 N/mm
1.46 N/mm
Density (Wet),
900 kg/m
Modification factors
Uniform load, Load duration, K1
1.5 short term

1.25 medium term
1.0 long term
Table 5
Load sharing, K2
Depth, K6
=
=
1.1
1.0 (h <300mm)
Clause 10
Clause 11.6
Permissible stresses and recommended deflection limitation

Permissible bending stress,
2
m,adm (in N/mm )

28
m,gK1K2 K6
12.32 N/mm for (long

term)
Annex A (MS 544

Part 11)
MS 544 : Part 11 :
Section 4
Clause 6.3
MTIB14TC2002R0
or =
or =
Permissible compression stress
2
parallel to the grain, c,//,adm (in N/mm )
c,g K1K2K8
10.45 K8 N/mm
for uniform load (long term)
2
13.07 K8 N/mm
for uniform load (medium
term)
2
15.68 K8 N/mm
for point load (short term)
or =
or =
The value of c adopted for calculating
2
K8 (equation 7) is (N/mm )
c,gK1
9.50 N/mm for uniform load

(long term)
2
11.88 N/mm for uniform
load (medium term)
2
14.25 N/mm for point load
(short term)
or =
=
=
or =
or =
Clause 6.4
gK1K2
2
(long term)
2
(medium term)
2
(short term)
0.003L
Permissible compression perpendicular
c,,g K1K2
deflection
to the grain stress, c,,adm (in N/mm )
=
or =
or =
Clause 6.3
2
limitation
Recommended
max (in mm)
Clause 6.3
or =
Permissible shear stress,adm (in

2
N/mm )
15.40 N/mm for

(medium term))
2
18.48 N/mm for (short
term
Clause 6.5
Clause 6.6
2

(long term)
2
(medium term)
2
(short term)
Application of the design equations from 6.3 to 6.5 leads to the following solutions for effective span, L:
(a)
Limitation of combined bending and compression stress

At purlin
Uniform imposed load
Point imposed load
Long term load
L = 2737 mm
L = 2698 mm
L = 2933 mm
(equation 7)
(equation 7)
(equation 7)
L=
L=
L =
(equation 7)
(equation 7)
(equation 7)

Point imposed load
Long term load
(b)
3267 mm
2227 mm
3535 mm
29
MTIB14TC2002R0
L = 9690 mm
L = 12067 mm
L = 11035 mm

Point imposed load
Long term load
(c )
(equation 58)
(equation 59)
(equation 60)
Limitation of deflection (0.003L)

L = 2675 mm
(equation 72)
Point imposed load
L = 1696 mm
(equation 73)
The permissible effective span Ladm is therefore

Ladm =
1696 mm
However if the effect of deflection under the concentrated load is disregarded (see 5.3), the lowest
remaining value is
Ladm = 2227 mm
Using this value, the appropriate equation is selected from clause 6 to calculate the notional bearing
length, a as 8.04 mm. The permissible clear span Lcl for the joists is then
LcI = Ladm a
= 2219 mm
The point load deflection is disregarded in computing the tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
30
MTIB14TC2002R0
Annex C
(normative)
Sample calculations for overhang
C1
Objective
The objective is to determine the stresses of an overhang of 900 mm length, given the following
data for a particular design case.
Timber
Rafter type
Dimensions
Loadings
Strength group, SG 4 Wet

Standard Structural
Rafter slope
Rafter breadth, b
Rafter depth, h
Rafter spacing, s
Rafter Length, L
Overhang length,
Dead load on slope, Fd
Imposed load, F I
Self-weight, F j
Point imposed load, Fp
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(see Table 4 of MS
544 : Part 2 )
25
38 mm
100 mm
600 mm
2000 mm
900 mm
2
0.5 kN/m
2
0.25 kN/m
9
9.8065 x 10 bd
10 8
2.497 x
kN/m
0.9 kN
[see 5.3 (b)]

[see 5.3 (a)]
[see 5.3 (c)]
The following data are given in MS 544: Part 2: 2001

C2
Grade stress and density
MS 544 : Part 2
Table 4
Table 4
Standard Structural grade bending stress, m,g

Standard Structural grade shear stress, g
Standard Structural grade tension stress, t,g
Standard Structrural grade compression parallel
to the grain stress c,///g
=
=
=
=
11.2 N/mm
2
1.19 N/mm
2
6.7 N/mm
2
9.5 N/mm
Mean modulus of elasticity, E

Minimum modulus of elasticity, E
Standard Structural grade compression
perpendicular to the grain stress (with wane
permitted), c,,g
=
=
=
10700 N/mm
2
7400 N/mm
2
1.46 N/mm
Density (dry),
900 kg/m
C3
Modification factors
Load duration, K1
Load sharing, K2
Depth, K6
=
=
1.0 long term

1.25 medium
term
1.5 short term
1.1
1.0
C4
Permissible stresses and recommended deflection limitation
Permissible bending stress,

2
m,adm (in N/mm )
=
=
m,gK1K2
2
load (medium term)

(short term)
Table 4
Table 4
Table 4
Appendix A (MS 544

Part 11 )
Table 5
Clause 10
Clause 11.6
MS 544 : Part 11 :
Section 4
Clause 6.3
31
MTIB14TC2002R0
The value of c for calculating K8
11.55 N/mm for

long term load
c,gK1
11.00 N/mm for

uniform load
2
Value of K8, taking Le = L
Permissible compression stress,
8.8 N/mm for

long term load
2000 mm
0.104 for medium term
0.088 for short term
0.125 for long term
c,g K1K2K8
=
=

load
2
1.21 N/mm for long term load
t,g,// K1K2
6.93 N/mm for long term load
Clause 6.3
c,adm (in N/mm )
Permissible tension stress,
Clause 8.3.2.1
t,//,adm (in N/mm )
C5
Limitation of combined bending and compression parallel to grain

2
=
1.94 N/mm
(equation 87)
m,a
2
=
0.55 N/mm
(equation 88)
c, //,a
2
=
13.45 N/mm
m,a
2
=
0.324 N/mm
c,//,a
(equation 89)
(equation 90)
Long term load condition i.e dead load & self-weight alone.
2
=
1.34 N/mm
(equation 91)
m,a
2
c,//,a
C6
Combined bending and tension parallel to the grain
0.38 N/mm
(equation 92)

m,a
1.94 N/mm
(as in equation 87)
t,//,a
0.25 N/mm
(equation 93)

2
=
13.45 N/mm
m,a
32
(as in equation 89)

MTIB14TC2002R0
t,//,a
0.28 N/mm
(equation 94)
m,a
1.34 N/mm
(as in equation 91)
0.17 N/mm
(equation 95)
t,//,a
C7

2
= - 1.26 N/mm < 0
or
2
= - 1.011 N/mm < 0
- satisfactory
(equation 96)
- satisfactory
(equation 97)
- satisfactory
(equation 98)
2
= - 1.02 N/mm < 0
- satisfactory
(equation 99)

2
= - 0.84 N/mm < 0
C8
Limitation of deflection

act
= 0.00036 mm < adm = 0.004 mm
- satisfactory
(equation 100)

act
C9
= 0.037 mm > adm = 0.004 mm
- not satisfactory
(equation 101)
Permissible combined bending and compression parallel to the grain stresses

2
= 0.736 N/mm 1
- satisfactory
(equation 7)

2
= 1.26 N/mm > 1
- not satisfactory
(equation 7)
- satisfactory
(equation 7)
Long term load condition

= 0.460 N/mm
C10
Permissible combined bending and tension

= 0.163 N/mm
- satisfactory
(equation 8)
- satisfactory
(equation 8)
- satisfactory
(equation 8)

= 0.909 N/mm
Long term load condition

= 0.140 N/mm
33
MTIB14TC2002R0
Annex D
(normative)
Permissible clear span (on slope) for continuous span domestic rafter
D1
Permissible clear span (on slope) for continuous span domestic rafter SG4 wet standard structure (short term)
2
Table D1. Permissible clear span (in mm) for continuous span rafter, roof slope 25, uniformed imposed load on plan 0.2 kN/m .
Dead Load (in kN/m2) supported by rafter excluding the self-weight of the rafter
Size (mm)
0.5 kN/m
0.75 kN/m
1.0 kN/m
Centre to centre spacing of rafter (in mm)
34
600
900
1200
600
900
1200
600
900
1200
38 x 75
1575
1523
1473
1540
1441
1346
1479
1346
1249
38 x 100
2098
2029
1962
2051
1960
1866
2003
1866
1727
38 x 125
2621
2533
2449
2560
2447
2345
2500
2368
2197
38 x 150
3143
3035
2936
3068
2932
2811
2997
2838
2649
38 x 175
3662
3536
3421
3575
3417
3275
3492
3307
3098
38 x 200
4179
4036
3904
4080
3900
3739
3986
3775
3545
38 x 225
4696
4535
4387
4584
4383
4201
4478
4242
3990
50 x 75
1731
1685
1634
1702
1633
1526
1666
1526
1415
50 x 100
2306
2244
2176
2266
2174
2090
2218
2098
1943
50 x 125
2881
2800
2716
2828
2713
2609
2768
2632
2456
50 x 150
3454
3355
3254
3388
3251
3126
3316
3154
2956
50 x 175
4027
3908
3791
3947
3787
3642
3863
3675
3452
50 x 200
4599
4460
4326
4503
4322
4157
4408
4194
3945
50 x 225
5169
5009
4859
5058
4855
4670
4952
4711
4436
MTIB14TC2002R0
D2
63 x 150
3738
3647
3545
3680
3541
3415
3607
3443
3232
63 x 175
4357
4247
4128
4285
4125
3977
4201
4010
3770
63 x 200
4975
4844
4710
4888
4706
4538
4793
4576
4304
63 x 225
5592
5440
5289
5489
5284
5097
5382
5139
4835
75 x 200
5278
5153
5018
5197
5013
4844
5101
4882
4589
75 x 225
5932
5785
5634
5835
5629
5440
5727
5482
5150
Permissible clear span (on slope) for continuous span domestic rafter SG4 wet standard structure (medium term)
2
Table D2. Permissible clear span (in mm) for continuous span rafter, roof slope 25, uniformed imposed load on plan 0.2kN/m .
2
Dead Load (in kN/m ) supported by rafter excluding the self-weight of the rafter
Size (mm)
0.5 kN/m
0.75 kN/m
1.0 kN/m

600
900
1200
600
900
1200
600
900
1200
38 x 75
2157
1846
1647
1927
1642
1460
1762
1497
1328
38 x 100
2856
2450
2188
2555
2181
1942
2339
1990
1767
38 x 125
3545
3047
2725
3177
2716
2420
2911
2480
2204
38 x 150
4225
3639
3257
3792
3247
2896
3478
2966
2638
38 x 175
4896
4225
3786
4401
3774
3369
4041
3450
3071
38 x 200
5558
4805
4311
5003
4298
3839
4598
3932
3502
38 x 225
6211
5381
4832
5599
4817
4307
5151
4410
3930
50 x 75
2389
2053
1837
2140
1831
1633
1962
1673
1489
50 x 100
3156
2720
2437
2834
2429
2169
2601
2222
1979
50 x 125
3910
3379
3032
3518
3022
2702
3233
2766
2466
50 x 150
4651
4029
3620
4193
3609
3230
3858
3307
2951
35
MTIB14TC2002R0
D3
50 x 175
5380
4518
4070
4859
4058
3639
4476
3724
3329
50 x 200
6098
5308
4782
5517
4768
4276
5088
4375
3911
50 x 225
6804
5936
5355
6166
5339
4793
5693
4903
4387
63 x 150
5026
4378
3947
4549
3935
3533
4198
3614
3234
63 x 175
5804
5070
4578
5264
4555
4103
4864
4196
3760
63 x 200
6567
5752
5202
5969
5187
4668
5523
4773
4281
63 x 225
7315
6425
5819
6662
5803
5229
6173
5345
4799
75 x 200
6926
6098
5532
6319
5517
4979
5862
5088
4575
75 x 225
7705
6804
5532
7045
6166
5573
6546
5693
5126
Permissible clear span (on slope) for continuous span domestic rafter SG4 wet standard structure (long term)
2
Table D3. Permissible clear span (in mm) for continuous span rafter, roof slope 25, uniformed imposed load on plan 0.2 kN/m .
Dead Load (in kN/m2) supported by rafter excluding the self-weight of the rafter
Size (mm)
38 x 75
38 x 100
38 x 125
38 x 150
38 x 175
38 x 200
38 x 225
50 x 75
50 x 100
50 x 125
36
0.5 kN/m
600
2146
2840
3523
4197
4862
5517
6164
2389
3154
3906
900
1821
2415
3003
3585
4162
4733
5298
2036
2697
3349
0.75 kN/m
1200
600
900
1200
600
1614
1905
1608
1421
1733
2143
2525
2136
1889
2300
2668
3138
2659
2354
2862
3189
3745
3179
2816
3419
3706
4345
3694
3275
3970
4219
4938
4205
3732
4517
4728
5525
4713
4186
5059
1811
2128
1805
1599
1941
2402
2816
2394
2124
2573
2987
3495
2977
2645
3197
1.0 kN/m
900
1458
1938
2415
2889
3359
3827
4292
1640
2178
2712
1200
1285
1709
2131
2551
2969
3385
3799
1450
1927
2401
MTIB14TC2002R0
50 x 150
50 x 175
50 x 200
50 x 225
63 x 150
63 x 175
63 x 200
63 x 225
75 x 200
75 x 225
4645
5370
6083
6785
5039
5815
6576
7322
6955
7733
3393
4499
5256
5877
4358
5044
5721
6388
6083
6785
3566
4028
4708
5271
3907
4530
5146
5755
5491
6135
4164
4824
5475
6117
4537
5248
5948
6637
6316
7039
3555
4016
4693
5254
3894
4516
5130
5737
5475
6117
37
3161
3579
4183
4688
3475
4035
4590
5140
4913
5498
3814
4424
5027
5623
4169
4829
5481
6124
5837
6515
3240
3667
4286
4802
3560
4132
4699
5261
5027
5623
2872
3256
3806
4268
3166
3679
4188
4694
4493
5033
MTIB14TC2002R0
Bibliography
BS 5268: Part 7: Section 7.5: 1980 Structural use of timber Domestic rafters
MS 544: Part 1: 2001 General
MS 544: Part 2: 2001 Code of Practices of structural use of timber Permissible stress
design of solid timber ( First Revision)
38
MTIB14TC2002R0
Acknowledgements
Members of TC on Timber Structures
Prof Dr Zakiah Ahmad (Chairman)
Mr Muhammad Shaiful Nordin (Secretary)
Mr Mohd Idrus Din
Dr Tan Yu Eng
Ir Lai Sze Ching
Ar. Chris Yap Seng Chye
Ms Hamidah Abdullah
Ir. Ahmad Redza bin Ghulam Rasool
Mr Ng Wun Pin
Ir Azman Jamrus
Mr Nicholas Andrew Lissem
Mr Lee Leh Yew
Assoc Prof Dr Hng Paik San
Assoc Prof Dr Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar
Assoc Prof Dr Abd Latif Saleh
Assoc Prof Dr Mohd Ariff Jamaluddin
Assoc Prof Dr David Yeoh Eng Chuan
Mr Mohd Nor Zamri Mat Amin
University Teknologi Mara

Malaysian Timber Industry Board
Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Institute of Engineers Malaysia
Malaysian Institute of Architects
Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing & Local
Government
Public Works Department
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Wood Industry Skills Development Centre
Members of WG on Structural Use of Timber, Part 11

Assoc. Prof. Dr.Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar
(Chairman)
Ms Syafinaz Abd Rashad/
Ms Nor Shahira Mat Nasir (Secretary)
Mr Harris
Ms Pang Suet Kum
Mr Ng Wun Pin
Mr Lim Kai Soon
Mr Corsia Tan Koh Siar
Prof.Ir.Dr.Mohd Zamin Jumaat
Assoc. Prof. Dr Abd Latif Saleh
Assoc. Prof. Dr Mohd Ariff Jamaludin
Assoc. Prof. Dr Zakiah Ahmad
Cik Nor Ashikin Muhamad Khairussaleh

Malaysian Timber Industry Board
Pryda (M) Sdn Bhd
Setiawood Industries Sdn Bhd
Universiti Malaya
Universiti Malayisia Pahang
39

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DRAFT

STAGE: PUBLIC COMMENT (40.20)

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL USE

OFFICER/SUPPORT STAFF: (SY / )

Terms and Definitions..............................................................................................

Information to be given in span tables....................................................................

Typical raftered hip end roof construction

Notional bearing length, permissible effective and permissible span.

Type of rafter with overhang members. 23

Sample calculations for a domestic rafter 28

Sample calculations for overhang. 31

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

Terms and definitions

Length at each end of the rafter in contact with the support.

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

Load sharing system

Notional bearing length

Bearing length required for the calculation of permissible clear spans.

Permissible clear span

Permissible effective span

Concentrated load regarded as acting at a point for calculation purpose.

Beam parallel to the eaves giving intermediate support to rafters.

Member extending the full distance from eaves to ridge.

Grouping of solid timber based on particular values of grade stress.

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

NOTE. Spans of purlin and ceiling binders are not shown.

Figure 1. Typical rafter Construction

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

Figure 2. Typical raftered hip end roof construction

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

Rafter continuous over purlin

Rafter non-continuous over purlin

Rafter without intermediate purlin support

Figure 3. Types of rafters

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

notional bearing length;

imposed uniformly distributed load per square metre, measured on plan;

self-weight of rafter per metre length;

second moment of area;

modification factor (always with a subscript);

permissible effective span;

permissible clear span;

effective length in buckling calculations;

spacing of rafters, centre-to centre;

roof slope (pitch);

eccentricity factor (see Appendix D of MS 544 : Part 2);

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

Type of force, stress etc.

parallel (to the grain); and

perpendicular (to the grain).

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

Three loading conditions should be considered:

STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2014 - All rights reserved

Fp cos 0.9 cos

is the roof slope (pitch);

is the imposed load (in kN/m ) measured on plan;

is the rafter spacing (in mm);

is the dead load (in kN/m ) measured on slope; and

is the self-weight of the rafter (in kN/m).

The value of Fj (in kN/m) may be found from the equation

is the timber density (in kg/m );

is the rafter breadth (in mm); and