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Developing a standard for the use of recycled aggregate concrete, the

case of Spain
Presentation November 2015
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4561.7040

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1 author:
Carlos Thomas
Universidad de Cantabria
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DEVELOPING A STANDARD
FOR
CURSOS DE VERANO
2012THE USE OF
RECYCLED STRUCTURAL CONCRETE: THE CASE
OF SPAIN

Conference for the Korea Recycled Construction Resource Institute, November 2015

Prof. Dr. Carlos Thomas

LADICIM University of Cantabria, Spain
1

CONCEPTS

Construction and Demolition Wastes (CDW or C&DW): is any non-hazardous

waste, according to The Waste Framework European Directive 2008/98/EC,
generated in a construction or demolition site, excluding excavation material.
Recycled aggregate (RA): is the aggregate resulting of the processing
(selection, crushing and screening) of the CDWs and with some technical
requirements for a specific application.
Concrete recycled aggregate (CRA): is the recycled aggregate derived
of concretes: its composition is almost concrete.
Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC): is the concrete made with a
partial or total substitution of the aggregate (coarse) by recycled
aggregate (of concrete).

Construction and demolition wastes generation

The Spanish National Program of Construction and Demolition Wastes (PNRCD) sets
the rate of the production of this kind of wastes in year 2005 in 25 million tons:
0.62 ton/year per capita.

A study by Euroconstruct for Spain, in 2006, sets the contribution of

the construction and demolition activities on the production of wastes
around the 28% of the total:
35 million tons for this year: 0.87 ton/year per capita.

Regarding to the Spanish Association of C&DW the production of C&DW (GERD) in the
year 2006 is situated over the 38 million de tons: 0.95 ton/year per capita.

Estimates of C&D waste in Europe

Motivation and objectives

Reducing a high rates waste

Saving natural aggregates

Decreased space occupied by landfills

Savings rate of discharge to landfills

Decreased demand for transport

International standards
RILEM - International Union of
Testing and Research Laboratories
for Materials and Structures - 1986
British standards. BSG
6543 (1995); BRE Digest
433 (1985)
Austria: Guidelines for Recycled
Construction Materials from
Building Construction, 1992.
United states: ACI Committee 555,
Removal and Reuse of Hardened
Concrete, 2001.
Australia: Construction and
Demolition Waste, 2000.

Japan(JIS A 5021, JIS A 5022

y JIS A 5023) 2005
(Referencia de 1977)
Normativa alemana.
DIN 4226-1
Betonzuschlag, 2000.
France: Guide technique pour
lutilisation des matriaux
rgionaux dIle-de-France, 2003.
Holland: CUR report nr. 125
Crushed Concrete Rubble and
Masonry Rubble as Aggregate
for Concrete, 1986.

Denmark: Use of recycled demolition rubble, 1989 y Recommendations for

the use of recycled aggregates for concrete in passive environmental class,
1990.

There is not related guides or standard

about the use of recycled aggregates and
their applications before 2001 in Spain.

National Plan for Construction and

Demolition Waste (PNRCD):
2001-2006

There is no guides or standard related to

the use of recycled aggregates in
concrete before 2008 in Spain.

II National Plan for Construction and

Demolition Waste (II PNRCD):
2007-2012

2/5 Working Group of the Permanent Commission of Concrete, Spain

In November 2002, the report "Recycled Concrete" in which a
review of the literature and about what other country is doing, in
order to propose a legal framework in Spain is written.

Spanish research projects RECNHOR (06-08) CLEAM (09-10)

The project objective was to develop an appendix for

the EHE instruction (Spanish standard) about the use
of recycled aggregate concrete for structural
applications.

WHAT SUPPOSE?
Securing to the designer and builder who use this new
material.
A benefit for the sector of production of recycled
aggregates, which has long been calling for the
regulation of its uses: oportinuty.

Other Spanish research projects

Study of durability of recycled concrete in its application as structural
concrete (Spanish) (1996)
Autor: Marilda Barra
Characterization of waste from construction and demolition of the
Community of Madrid as recycled aggregates for concrete production
(Spanish) (2001)
Autor: Jos Luis Parra Alfaro
Stress-strain behavior of instantaneous and delayed recycled aggregate
concrete (Spanish) (2001)
Autor: Jos Manuel Gmez Sobern
Concrete with recycled aggregates from demolition: dosages, mechanical
properties and structural shear behavior (Spanish) (2002)
Autor: Beln Gonzlez Fonteboa
Design of new materials from recycling construction and demolition debris. RUE
(urban waste building) and RAHA (waste water and asphalt mix) (Spanish) (2003)
Autor: Gilbert Francisco
9

Other Spanish research projects

Study on the use of recycled aggregate for the manufacture of structural
concrete (Spanish) (2004)
Autor: Marta Snchez de Juan
Study on construction and demolition waste in Galicia: method of
estimating annual production and possible uses for recycling
(Spanish) (2006)
Autor: Isabel Martnez Lage
Spanish Guide Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition
Waste (Spanish) (2006-2010)
Autor: Proyecto GEAR
Influence of variation of the parameters of dosage and manufacture of
structural recycled concrete on its physical and mechanical properties
(Spanish) (2008)
Autor: Fernando Lpez Gayarre
Behaviour of concrete with recycled ceramic aggregate: physico-mechanical,
microstructural and durability study (Spanish) (2011)
Autor: Csar Medina Martnez
10

From the bibliography

UNANIMOUSLY ABOUT NO USE THE FINE FRACTION
OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONTRADICTIONS ABOUT HOW THE RECYCLED AGGREGATE AFFECT
THE DURABILITY
CONTRADICTIONS ABOUT HOW THE RECYCLED AGGREGATE AFFECTS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
THE RESULTS OF DIFFERENT AUTHORS ARE NOT COMPARABLE
EACH OTHER

THERE ARE VERY FEW REFERENCES ON FATIGUE BEHAVIOR

OF CONCRETE AND ONLY TWO ABOUT THE RECYCLED CONCRETE
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From the bibliography

Can be solved the contradictions found in the literature about the
durability?

How
reliable
the recycled
aggregate
for use in properties
structuralof
How
influences
theisrecycled
aggregate
on the mechanical
concrete?
concrete?

How is recycled concrete fatigue behavior? Can be applied be the

techniques often used with other materials? Can we improve these
techniques?

12

AGGREGATES CHARACTERIZATION
Mineralogical composition

XRF

X-Ray fluerescence.

Attack by magnesium salts

X-Ray diffractometer, detail of the

goniometer.

Elemental chemical composition

Scanning Electron Microscope

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AGGREGATES CHARACTERIZATION
Macroscopic composition

Visual separation of the components

of the recycled aggregate.

Grading analysis

Sieves of the EN series.

Fines content

Fine found in a sample of recycled

aggregate.

Form coefficient

Grading separation

Flakiness index

Sieve with bars.

Density and Porosity

Vacuum cell.

14

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL AND RECYCLED AGGREGATES

Contents of soft particles

Wear coefficient of Los Angeles

The test is performed on the 10/14 fraction of

aggregate, in this case using 3.000 g of the
fraction 10 / 12.5 to 2000 grams of the 12.5 / 14,
with a total initial mass of 5000 g sample.

The test is performed on 20

particles of each of the following
fractions: 10 / 12.5; 12,5 / 20; 2025; 25/40 and 40/50.
15

Characterization program of the recycled concrete

Objectives for each phase: 3 mixture methods

16

Characterization program of the recycled concrete

Objectives for each phase: 3 mixture methods
Mixing methods

Phase of project

First
Second
Third

Concrete

Recycled aggregates

Natural aggregates

Sand

H-0,65

Laboratory conditions

Laboratory conditions

Laboratory conditions

H-0,50

Laboratory conditions

Laboratory conditions

Laboratory conditions

H-0,65AS

Saturated

Saturated

Extended (dry)

H-0,50AS

Saturated

Saturated

Extended (dry)

H-0,55ARS

Saturated

Laboratory conditions

Extended (dry)

H-0,45ARS

Saturated

Laboratory conditions

Extended (dry)

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Fresh concrete propierties

Water/cement ratio

II

III

w
=
c ef .

w
=
c ef .

w
=
c ef .

0 ,7 CL
CL
(PG AG + PgCL Ag + PAR
A AR )
100
Dry crecycled aggregate: reduction in the amount of water
0 ,7 CL
CL
SAT
CL
(PG AG + PgCL Ag + PAR
A AR ) + (PAG
PAG
)
100
Presaturated
c aggregate: no negative effect of recycled aggregate
0 ,7 CL
CL
SAT
CL
(PG AG + PgCL Ag + PAR
A AR ) + (PAR
PAR
)
100Presaturated recycled aggregate: increasing the amount of water
c

w es la relacin agua/cemento efectiva de la fase i: I; II y III.

c ef .
It is recommended the presaturation of recycled aggregate
es
la
cantidad
de agua
empleada
en la dosificacin
sineffective
cuantificar lawater/cement
humedad.
w
Being
careful
in calculating
the
ratio!!

Pi CL

es el peso en condiciones de laboratorio del rido i: grava (G); gravilla (g) y rido reciclado (AR).

Pi SAT es el peso del rido i tras la condicin de presaturacin: rido grueso (AG) y rido reciclado (AR).
Ai
es la absorcin total del rido i: grava (G); gravilla (g) y rido reciclado (AR).
18

Durability of the recycled concrete

Water permeability

Carbonation
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 >

+ H2O

Experimental
device for
testing water
penetration
under
pressure.

Inner surface of a standardized specimen

concrete tested by indirect tensile, which has
been applied a thin layer of phenolphthalein.

Profile of deepening water tests water

penetration under pressure.

19

Mechanical propierties of the recycled concrete

Elastic modulus

Compresive strength

Photography of a
specimen
instrumented with
strain gauges and
placed between
the plates of the
press for the trial.

Tensil test

Standardized spot
faced concrete
specimens (above)
and tested
specimen.
Diagram of forces (left.) And cylindrical specimen
tested (r.) To indirect traction.
20

Spanish Standard EHE-08

Recycled concrete (HR): concrete made with recycled coarse (>4 mm) aggregate from the
crushed waste concrete.
It is recommended to limit the content of recycled coarse aggregate to 20% by weight of
the total content of coarse aggregate
It is recommended to limit the content of recycled coarse aggregate to 20% by weight of
the total content of coarse aggregate. For higher rates, the performance of specific studies and
additional testing is required.
The recycled aggregate concrete can be used both as mass and reinforced concrete with a
characteristic strength not exceeding 40 MPA, being excluded its use in prestressed concrete.
OUT OF THE STANDARD:
The concrete made with recycled aggregates of different types of Concrete (mostly ceramic
aggregates, asphalt, etc.)
The concrete made with recycled aggregates from concrete structures with pathologies such as
alkali-aggregate, sulfate attack, fire, etc.
Concrete made with recycled aggregates from special concretes such as aluminous fibers,
polymers, etc.
21

Spanish Standard EHE-08

Density: When the percentage of recycled aggregate is less than 20%, characteristic values of
the densities can be used.
Absorption: In recycled concrete containing less than 20% recycled aggregate, it must have an
absorption no more than 7%. Additionally, natural aggregate must have an absorption no
greater than 4.5% and the combination of them less than 5%.
Durability: The durability of recycled concrete with a percentage of recycled aggregate less
than 20% is similar to that of a conventional concrete.
Elasticity: The formula for calculating the modulus of elasticity of concrete is valid for concrete
with recycled coarse aggregate if the percentage of substitution not exceeding 20%. For
substitutions above 20%, the longitudinal module decreases as the percentage of recycled
aggregate. As a guideline, 100% recycled coarse aggregate, concrete module will be 0.8 times
the modulus of conventional concrete.
Elasticity: The formula for calculating the creep, retraction and strength of concrete is valid for
concrete with recycled coarse aggregate if the percentage of substitution not exceeding 20%.
For substitutions above 20%, specific tests should be performed.

Thank you!

CURSOS DE VERANO 2012

thomasc@unican.es
@cthomasg
Carlosthomas.com
www.LADICIM.es
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