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5/5/2016

BEKG 2433
Transmission Line Model

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Introductionwhat well learn


Analyze the performance of single-phase and balanced three-

phase transmission lines under normal steady-state operating


conditions.
Expression of voltage and current at any point along the line
are developed, where the nature of the series impedance and
shunt admittance is taken into account.
The performance of transmission line is measured based on
the voltage regulation and line loadability.

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Why do we need to learn all these?


PLANNING
Engineers need to design & model the system on computer & carry out simulation

to ensure the correct specifications is used for safe & effective operation as stated in
the utility requirements , regulations/standards (e.g. grid code)
Challenge of securing right-of-ways for the construction of transmission lines (as
evident in a recent case in Selangor) rerouting of transmission lines have resulted in
additional costs incurred as they involve longer routes & also more losses.
ANALYSIS & TROUBLESHOOTING
When problems occur (e.g. fault, tower collapse etc) the line parameters will change,
the profile will also change & will affect the operation of the system (e.g. loadibility).
MAINTENANCE & UPGRADE
T-line are built to last for 50 years++, aging transmission lines need to be maintained
, upgraded or replaced after performance evaluation to meet ever increasing demand
of power supply

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Transmission Line Representation


Is

IR

Vs
-

ABCD

VR
-

A line is treated as two-port network which the

ABCD parameters and an equivalent circuit are


derived.
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Transmission Line Representation


Transmission lines are represented by an equivalent circuit

with parameters on a per-phase basis


Voltages are expressed as phase-to-neutral (VLN)
Currents are expressed for one phase
The three phase system is reduced to an equivalent single-phase

All lines are made up of distributed series inductance and

resistance, and shunt capacitance and conductance


Line parameters: R, L, C, & G

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Transmission Line Representation


The relation between sendingend and receivingend quantities

of the twoport network can be written as:

VS AVR BI R
I S CVR DI R
VS A B VR
I C D I
R
S

Is

IR

Vs
-

ABCD

VR
-

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Remember!

Complex Power

VLL 3 VLN

Sending end power

S S 3 3VS LN I S* LN
or
S S 3 3VS LL I S* LL

Receiving end power

S R 3 3VR LN I R* LN
or
S R 3 3VR LL I R* LL

Transmission Line Efficiency


Total FullLoad Line Losses

S L3 S S 3 S R 3
Transmission Line Efficiency

PR 3
PS 3

PR 3
PS 3

100

Note that only Real Power are taken into account!


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Voltage Regulation
ABCD parameters can be used to describe the

variation of line voltage with line loading.


Voltage regulation is the change in voltage at the
receiving end of the line when the load
varies from noload to a specified fullload
at a specified power factor, while the
sending end is held constant.

Voltage Regulation
%VR

VR ( NL) VR ( FL )

VR ( NL)
Noload
receivingend voltage

VR ( FL )

VS
A

100

VR ( FL ) VR
Fullload
receivingend voltage

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VS AVRNL BI R
No Load Condition : I R 0
Vs
A
Thus, forShort Line VRNL VS

VRNL

Thus, medium Line


Long Line

VRNL

VS
ZY
1

??

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Voltage Regulation
The effect of load power factor on voltage regulation is

illustrated in phasor diagram.


The phasor diagrams are graphical representation of lagging,
unity and leading power factor.

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Transmission Line Representation


Short Line Model
< 80 km in length
Shunt effects are neglected.

Medium Line Model


Range from 80240 km in length
Shunt capacitances are lumped at a few predetermined points along

the line.

Long Line Model


>240 km in length.
Uniformly distributed parameters.
Shunt branch consists of both capacitance and conductance.
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Short Transmission Line Model

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Short Line Model


Z
IS

XL

IR

VR

VS

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Short Line Model


Z z r jL
R jX L
where :
r per - phase resistance/ km
L per - phase inductance / km
line length
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Summary for Short Line Model


Thus, the ABCD parameters for short line are easily obtained

from KVL and KCL equations as below:


VS VR ZI R

IS IR

Z
IS

XL

IR

VR

VS

VS 1 Z VR
I

S 0 1 I R
where :

remember:
VS AVR BI R
I S CV R DI R

A D 1 ;

VS A B VR
I C D I
R
S

B Z ( r j L ) ;
C0

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Example Short TL
A 40 km, 220 kVLL transmission line has per phase as follows:
Find VS, SS,3, V.R. (voltage regulation), and (efficiency) at the

sending end of the line for 381 MVA (SR,3 )load at 0.8 lagging p.f. at
220 kVLL (VR )
Z=R+jL

Is
+

19

IR
jXL

Vs

VR

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Short Transmission Line Example


Solution:

VS VR ZI R

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Short Transmission Line Example..contd

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Medium Transmission Line Model

Medium Line Model Nominal Circuit


Z
R

IS

VS

XL

Y/2

IR

Y/2

VR

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Medium Line Model


Additional Shunt capacitor is considered
of shunt capacitor considered to be lumped at each end of the

line circuit
Total shunt admittance,Y

Y g jC
where :
C line to neutralcapacitance per km
g line conductance per km
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line length

Medium Line Model


Under normal condition,
shunt conductance per unit length (the leakage current)
over the insulators and due to corona is negligible
Thus, g = 0

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Medium Line Model


To obtain ABCD parameters, the current in the series branch is

denoted as IL.
Using KCL and KVL, the sendingend voltage is:
VS VR ZI L
Y
VR
2
From 1 and 2

IL IR

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VS VR Z I R VR
2

ZY
1
VR ZI R
2

..1

..2

..3

Medium Line Model

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Medium Line Model

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Medium Line Model


Using KCL to obtain equation for sendingend current:

Y
VS
2
Substitute 2 and 3 into 4
IS IL

..4

Y
VRY YZ
1
VR ZI R
2
2

2
YZ
YZ
Y 1
..5
VR 1
I R
4
2

IS IR

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Summary for Medium Line Model


Thus, the ABCD parameters for medium line model (aka

nominal -circuit can be obtained from equation [3] and [5];


Z

ZY
Z
1

VS
2

I
S Y 1 ZY 1 ZY

4
2
where :

V
R
I R

IS

VS

ZY
ZY
A D 1
pu ; B Z ; C Y 1
S
2
4

note : Z (r jL) and Y (g jwC)


Note : If we ignore the shunt capacitance of
the above, the shunt admittance, Y=0, it
30become the short transmission line constant!!!

XL

Y/2

IR

Y/2

VR

remember:
VS AVR BI R
I S CV R DI R
VS A B VR
I C D I
R
S

Medium Transmission Line Example


130 km, 345 kV transmission line has per phase as follows:
Find V and S at the sending end of the line for:
270 MVA load at 0.8 lagging pf at 325 kV

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Medium Transmission Line Example..contd


ZY
Z
1

VS
2
I ZY ZY
S Y 1
1

4
2

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V
R
I R

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Medium Transmission Line Example..contd

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