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BEKG 2433
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Chapter 4
Per-Unit System

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Overview

Single line diagram

Impedance diagram
Per Unit Quantities

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Single Line Diagram

Single-line diagram is a simplified notation for
representing a three- phase power system
The theory of three-phase power systems tells us that as
long as the loads on each of the three phases are
balanced, we can consider each phase separately.

Instead of representing each of three phases with a

separate line or terminal, only one conductor is
represented
Largest application in power flow studies

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Single Line Diagram

It is a form of block diagram graphically depicting the paths for power flow
between entities of the system
Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus
bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols
Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of
the electrical equipment
A one-line diagram is usually used along with other notational
simplifications, such as the per-unit system
Advantage the simpler diagram leaves more space for non-electrical, such
as economic, information to be included.
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Symbols

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Symbols

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Impedance Diagram

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Single Line
Diagram

Impedance
Diagram

Per-Unit
System

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The Per-Unit System

The Per-unit value of any quantity is defined as
Quantity in per - unit

actual quantity
base value of quantity

For example,

S pu

S
SB

V pu

V
VB

I pu

I
IB

Z pu

Z
ZB

The three-phase base are given by

IB

SB
3VB

ZB

and

VB / 3
IB
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The Per-Unit System cont.

Substituting IB from equation before, the base impedance becomes
ZB

VB 2
SB

or

ZB

kVB 2
MVAB

The circuit law are valid, i.e.,

S pu V pu I *pu and V pu Z pu I *pu

Per-unit for the complex load power, S L (3 ) given by

S L (3 ) 3V p I *p

And the phase current

Ip

Vp
Zp
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The Per-Unit System cont.

The load impedance

Zp

3V p

S L* (3 )

VL L

S L* (3 )

The load impedance in per-unit

Z pu

Zp

LL
ZB
VB

Z pu

V pu

SB
S L* (3 )

S L* (3 )
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Change of Base
The load impedance

old
pu

new
Z pu

Z
S Bold
old Z old 2
ZB
(VB )
Z
S Bnew
new Z new 2
ZB
(VB )

Relationship between the old and new per-unit value:

new
pu

old
pu

S Bnew VBold

S Bold VBnew

If the voltage bases are the same:

new
pu

old
pu

S Bnew
S Bold
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Per-Unit System
The advantages of the per-unit system:
The per-unit system gives us a clear idea of relative
magnitudes of various quantities, such as voltage, current,
power and impedance.
The per-unit impedance of equipment of the same general type
based on their own ratings fall in a narrow range regardless of
the rating of the equipment.

The per-unit values of impedance, voltage and current of a

transformer are the same regardless of whether they are
referred to the primary or the secondary side. The different
voltage levels disappear and the entire system reduces to a
system of simple impedance.
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Per-Unit System
The per-unit system are ideal for the computerized analysis
and simulation of complex power system problems.
The circuit laws are valid in per-unit system, and the power
and voltage equations as given are simplified since the factors
of 3 and 3 are eliminated in the per-unit system.
based on their own ratings fall in a narrow range regardless of
the rating of the equipment.

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Four quantities involved

Kilovoltampers (S, MVA)
Voltage (V, kV)
Current (I, kA)
Impedance (Ohm, )

Selection of base values for any two of them determines the

base values of the remaining two

Normally, we specify Sb (MVA) and Vb (kV)

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Choice of Base Values

Need base value for all quantities

Power, Voltage, Current, Impedance, Admittance

Base values do not have to be the same for all equipment in the
system
Wise choice helps simplify the analysis

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Rules for Choosing Base Values

Choose ONE base power for the entire system
Arbitrary choice
Eg. 400V use 100kVA, 11kV use 10 MVA, 132kV use 100MVA and 400kV use
1000MVA
If network contains multiple voltages, select base power based on section of
most interest

Choose ONE base voltage for each voltage level

Choose the nominal voltage

Other base value chosen to get the same relations between per unit
quantities as between actual quantities

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Example 1

A three-phase, Y-connected, 75-MVA,

27-kV synchronous generator has a
synchronous reactance of 9 per
phase. Using rated value MVa and
voltage as base values, determine the
per unit reactance. Then refer this per
unit value to a 100-MVa, 30-kV base.

9
0.926 pu
9.72

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Example 2
A 40-MVa, 20kV/400-Kv, single phase
transformer has the following series
impedance:
Z1 0.9 j1.8

and

Z 2 128 j 288

Using the transformer rating as base,

determine the per unit impedance of the
transformer from the ohmic value referred
to the low-voltage side. Compute the per
unit impedance using the ohmic value
referred to the high-voltage side.

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Example 3
3 zones of a single phase circuit are identified in Figure 6.11. The zones are connected by transformers T1 and T2,
whose ratings are also shown. Using base values of 30 kVA and 240Volts in zone 1, draw the per-unit circuit and
determine the per-unit impedance and the per-unit source voltage. Then, calculate the load current both in per-unit
and amperes. Transformer winding reactance and shunt admittance branches are neglected.
Determine:
Per-unit impedances
Per-unit source voltage
Draw the per-unit current
Load current (in per-unit and amperes).

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Solution-3
Solution;
Step 1 :
Select common base:
Sbase

= 30kVA

Vbase = 240V ( in zone 1)

Step 2 :
Find voltage base for each zone:
VB1

= 240V

VB2

= 480V x 240V
240V

......Zone 1
= 480V .......Zone 2

VB3

= 115V x 480V
460V

= 120V ........zone 3

Step 3 :
Calculate Xpu for generator and transformers:
Zpu new= Zpuold x [ SBnew ] x [ VBold ]2
SBold
VBnew

Formula:

Xg1 = Zpuold is not given = not necessary to calculate because there is

no generator

impedance.
XT1 = 0.1 x [ 30 ] x [240 ]2
30
240

= 0.1pu

XT2 = 0.1 x [ 30 ] x [460 ]2

20
480
Or

= 0.1378pu

= 0.1 x [ 30 ] x [115 ]2
20
120

= 0.1378pu

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Step 4:
Find Xline pu

= Xact
Zbase

Z act 2
2

Z base

VB
480 V 2

7.68
SB
30 kVA

X Line, pu

2
0.2604 pu
7.68

Step 5 :
Find Xpu load:
2

Z base

VB
120V 2

0.48
SB
30 kVA

X load, pu

0.9 j 0.2
1.875 j 0.4167 pu
0.48

Step 6 :
Draw the per-unit impedance circuit.
j0.1
I

XT1

j0.2604
XLINE

0.9167<00

j0.1378
XT2

XLOAD=1.875 + j0.4167

Fig. 6.12

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Step 7 :
Find per-unit source voltage:
V pu

Vact
22000 V

0.916700 pu
Vbase( zone1)
240V

Step 8 :

0.91670

Find the load current:

I =
=

0.9467 0o
( j0.1 + j0.2604 + j0.1378 + 1.875 + j0.4167 )

0.9167 0o .
1.875 + j0.9149

= 0.4395 - 26.01o pu.

Step 9 :
Find the actual load current:

;.

S B 30 kV

250 A
VB 120
140 V

Ibase

Iact

= ( 0.4395 -26.01o ) x 250 A

Iact

= 109.875 -26.01o A #

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Tips

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Example 4

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Solution

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