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Single-phase Circuits
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this class, the student
should be able to:
Analyze the single phase series and parallel RLC
BEKG 2433
BEKG 2433
1.
Introduction
2.
Resistive circuit
3.
Inductive circuit
4.
Capacitive circuit
5.
Series circuit
6.
Parallel circuit
1. Introduction
Basic knowledge of:
1) Circuit Theory 1
2) Engineering Math
Ohms Law, Kirchoffs Law, Voltage divider, current divider will
also be used in AC circuit analysis
Weve learnt that AC voltages and currents can be expressed as :
Time domain (Function of time)
Frequency domain (Phasor)
Also have learnt 3 type of relationships between waveforms:
1. In-phase
2. Leads
3. Lags
4
(t ) Vmax sin(t )
Instantaneous
value
Max value
Phase angle
Radial frequency or
angular velocity (rad/sec)
Current as a function of time (time variant):
i ( t ) Im a x s in ( t i )
6
Frequency (Hz)
2f and
1
f
T
Period (sec)
V Vrmse
j v
ji
I I
I rmsi I rms cosi jI rms sin i
rmse
exponential
polar
rectangular
note : Vrms
Vmax
VR
iR
R
Vm sin t
R
Vm
sin t
R
I m sin t
10
Example:
Consider a purely resistive circuit. If iR = 12 sin(t 18o)A and
R=5, determine VR and draw the waveform
Solution:
VR = IR x R = 12 sin(t 18o)A x 5
= 60 sin(t 18o) V
11
diL
VL is proportional to the
VL L
dt
rate of change of current
Mathematically:
Take IL = Im sin t
di L
d
VL L
L I m sin t L I m cos t
dt
dt
90o
90o
13
Example:
Consider a purely inductive circuit. The voltage across a 0.2H
inductance is VL = 100 sin (400t + 70o)V. Determine iL and sketch it.
Solution:
400 rad/s
Therefore,
X L L 400 0 .2 80
Vm
100
Im
1 .25 A
XL
80
14
dvC
IC C
dt
dv C
d
iC C
C ( Vm sin t ) CVm cos t
dt
dt
But we know capacitive reactance (Unit in ) of a capacitor
XC = 1/C, thus C Vm = Vm/XC = Im
Again, cos x = sin (x + 90o), substituting.
iC = Im sin (wt + 90o).when VC = Vm sin t
15
16
Example:
Consider a purely capacitive circuit. The current through
a 0.1F capacitor is IC = 5 sin (1000t + 120o)mA. Determine VC.
Solution:
Therefore,
1000 rad/s
1
1
XC
10 k
C 1000 0 .1
Vm Im X C ( 5mA )(10 k ) 50 V
The voltage lags current by 900, therefore
VC = 50sin(1000t+30o)V
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18
07/09/2016
Conclusion
Pure
Resistive
V and I
in-phase
Pure
Pure
Inductive Capacitive
V leads I I leads V
by 900
by 900
I lags V V lags I
by 900
by 900
C I V I L
19
B
Parallel connection? Connect all the components to make them
in parallel between point A & B. Voltage is the reference
20
BEKP 2323
Z 1000 o ()
Inductor 100mH
Capacitor 10uF
f = 159.15Hz
f = 159.15Hz
R = 0
R = 0
XL = L = 2f L
XC = 1/C
= 2(159.15)(100m) = 1/2fC
= 100
= 1/(2 x 159.15 x 10u)
Z = R+jXL
= 100
= 0+j100
Z = R - jXC
= j100
= 0 -j100
(complex no)
= j-100
(complex no)
o
Z 100 90
22
Z 100 90 o
R & L in series
V VR VL
Applying KVL
V R IR
XL
23
V I( R X L )
Also
V V R2 V L2
VL
VR
I (Reference)
Impedance Triangle:
V L IX L
Thus
Phasor diagram:
and
tan 1
XL
R
cos 1
R
Z
tan
VL
VR
Example:
Find:
12
100V,
50Hz
100mH
a) Reactance and
impedance
b) The current
c) Phase between current
and supplied voltage
Answer:
a) 31.42 / 33.63
b) 2.97A
c) 69.1
24
R & C in series
V V R VC
Applying KVL
V R IR
VR
Phasor diagram:
V I( R X C )
Also
V V R2 VC2
I (Reference)
VR
VC
Impedance Triangle:
Z
25
tan
XC
cos
V C IX C
Thus
and
XC
R
R
Z
tan 1
VC
VR
Example:
0.5 A
C = 8F
V = 230V
86.5Hz
Answer: 398
26
R, L & C in series
If VL>VC [XL>XC]
Apply KVL
V V R V L VC
V R IR V L IX L and V C IX C
Thus V I ( R X L X C )
Also
V V R2 ( V L VC )2
Phasor diagram:
V [Z]
VL-VC
[XL-XC]
I (Reference)
VR [R]
VL VC
1 X L X C
1 R
tan
tan
cos
VR
R
Z
1
where Z R j ( X L X C ) and
27
Z R 2 ( X L X C )2
R, L & C in series
If VC>VL [XC>XL]
Apply KVL
V V R V L VC
V R IR V L IX L and V C IX C
Thus V I ( R X L X C )
Also
V V R2 (VC V L ) 2
Phasor diagram:
V [Z]
VC-VL
[XC-XL]
I (Reference)
VR [R]
Vc VL
1 X C X L
1 R
tan
tan
cos
VR
R
Z
1
where Z R j ( X C X L ) and
28
Z R (XC X L)
2
Example:
A circuit having a resistance of 12, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100F in series, is connected across a 100V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate the magnitude of
a) the impedance;
b) the current;
c) the voltages across R, L and C;
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
Ans:
a) 19.439
b) 5.1443A
c) VR=61.7316V, VL=242.4195V VC=163.7482V
d) 51.88
29
V reference
V
IR
IL
IL
IR
I
IR
V
IC
IC
IR
V reference
30
R & L in parallel
I IR IL
V
IR
and
Applying KCL
R
V
Voltage is the Ref.
Thus I
R
1
Also I V
R2
V
IL
XL
V
XL
1
2
XL
Phasor diagram:
(Reference)
tan
tan
cos 1
31
IL
IR
R
XL
Z
R
1
1
1
2
2
R
XL
R & C in parallel
Applying KCL
I IR IC
V
IR
and
R
V
Thus I
R
1
Also I V
R2
IC
XC
V
XC
1
2
XC
Phasor diagram:
tan 1
tan
cos 1
(Reference)
32
IC
IR
R
XC
Z
R
1
1
1
2
2
R
XC
Example:
Three branches, possessing a resistance of 50, an inductance of
0.15H and a capacitance of 100F respectively, are connected in
parallel across a 100V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate:
a) the current in each branch
b) the supply current
c) the phase angle between the supply current and the supply
voltage
33
34
Solution:
First, draw the circuit:
X L 2 f L 2 50 Hz 0.15H 47.12
35
Phasor Method:
IR
V 100 0 (V )
R 50 0 ( )
I & V in phase in R
I R 2 0 0 A
IL
200 A
V
100 0
X L 47 .12 90
I lags V by 900
I L 2 .12 90 A
0
IC
V
100 0
X C 31 .83 90
I leads V by 900
I C 3 .14 90 0 A
36
V
100
IR
2 j0
Z1 (50 j0)
IL
V
100
j 2 . 12
Z2
( 0 j 47 . 12 )
2 . 12 90 o A
V
100
IC
j 3.14
Z 3 (0 j 31.83)
3.14900 A
I S I R I L IC
Phasor Method:
I
IR = 2A
V ref
2 A2 1.02 A2 2.25 A
1.02 A
o
27.02
2A
I 2.25 27.02 0 A
I I R I L IC
2 ( j 2.12) ( j 3.14)
2 j1.02
I 2.25 27.02 0 A
tan1
37
Same Answer..
Example:
A circuit having a resistance of 12, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100F are connected in series across a 100V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate
a) the impedance;
b) the current;
c) the voltages across R, L and C;
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
Solution:
First, draw the circuit:
R = 12
100V, 50 Hz
L = 0.15H
C = 100F
38
X L 2 f L 2 50 0 .15 47 .12
X C 1 /( 2fC ) 1 /[ 2 (50 )(100 )] 31 .83
a) the impedance;
Complex Number Method:
Phasor Method:
V [Z]
VL-VC
[XL-XC]
I (Reference)
Z R j( X L X C )
VR [R]
Z
47.12-31.83
= 15.29
I
12
12 2 15 .29 2 19 .44
15.29
o
0
tan
51.87 Z 19 .44 51 .87
12
1
39
b) the current;
Complex Number Method:
Phasor Method:
Apply Ohms Law
V
I
Z
10000
19.4451.87 0
5.14 51.87 0 A
40
V
I
Z
100
3.1764 j 4.0473
12 j15.29
5.14 51.87 0 A
Phasor Method:
100
)(12 )
(
12 j15 .29
62 51 .87 0 V
VL= I x Impedance across L only
100
(
)( j 47.12)
12 j15.29
24238.130 V
VL= I x Impedance across C only
100
(
)( j 31.83)
12 j15.29
41
164 141.87 0 V
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
Complex Number Method:
Phasor Method:
I 5 .14 51 .87 0 A
V 100 0 0 V
V leads I by 51.87o or I lags V by 51.87o
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