Question 1:

Option (D): Getting a new idea adopted, even when it has obvious advantages, is difficult.
Many innovations require a lengthy period of many years from the time when they become
available to the time when they are widely adopted. Therefore, a common problem for many
individuals and organizations is how to speed up the rate of diffusion of an innovation.

Question 2:
Option (C): Most individuals who write on a computer do not realize that their fingers tap
out words on a keyboard that is known as QWERTY, named after the first six keys on the
upper row of letters. The QWERTY keyboard is intentionally inefficient and awkward. This
keyboard takes twice as long to learn as it should and makes us work about twenty times
harder than necessary. But QWERTY has persisted since 1873, and today unsuspecting
individuals are taught to use the QWERTY keyboard, unaware that a much more efficient
keyboard is available.
Question 3:
Option (D): QWERTY was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes, who designed this
keyboard to slow down typists. In his day, the type bars on a typewriter hung down in a sort
of basket and pivoted up to strike the paper; then they fell back into place by gravity. When
two adjoining keys were struck rapidly in succession, they jammed. Sholes rearranged the
keys on a typewriter to minimize such jamming.
Question 4:
Option (C): The search for an improved design was led by Professor August Dvorak at the
University of Washington, who in 1932 used time-and-motion studies to create a much more
efficient keyboard arrangement. Dvorak filmed people while they were typing and spent a
decade analyzing which operations slowed them down.
Question 5:
Option (A): The Dvorak keyboard is much more efficient for typists than the QWERTY
keyboard, which was designed more than a century ago to slow down typists so as to prevent
the jamming of keys on early typewriters. Yet almost no one has adopted the Dvorak
keyboard. Superior technological innovations do not necessarily diffuse themselves.

Question 6:
Option (B): In the early 1990s, the California and Arizona state governments mandated that
at least 10 percent of the total sales of automobiles would have to be nonpolluting, which
meant that they would have to be electric vehicles or some combination of electric/gasoline
vehicles. The purpose was to determine smog levels in cities such as Los Angeles and
Phoenix.
Question 7:
Option (C ): Auto engineers in General Motors research and development unit in Detroit
created a sleek, powerful auto that operated entirely on battery power, it was called the
IMPACT. Due to the limited battery technology at the time, the IMPACT was limited to a
range of 100 miles. Then the vehicle had to be plugged into a 220-volt electrical outlet for
three or four hours to recharge the batteries.
Question 9:
Option (C ): At a rather high cost, General Motors gained important lessons about how
diffusion scholars would stimulate interpersonal communication about a new vehicle. Some
of these lessons were immediately put to work in marketing another GM innovation, onboard global positions systems (GPS) that allowed an automobile driver to always know
his/her exact location
Question 10:
Option (B): The needs of marketers are usually given priority over those of consumers.
Sources often wish to know how they can influence consumers adoption behavior. In
contrast, consumers may wish to know how to insulate themselves from such influence
attempts or, more generally, how they can evaluate new products. The source bias in
marketing diffusion studies may lead to highly applied research that, although
methodologically sophisticated, deals with trivial diffusion problems in a theoretical sense.
As a result, we may know more about consumer preferences for deodorant scents and the
taste of beer than about how to best advance the theory of diffusion.