Desmond DURKIN-MEISTERERNST SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES, LONDON THE USES OF BAW- IN PARTHIAN RESUME Les usages variés de baw- dans les fragments publiés de Tourfan sont ici présentés et classés. L"auteur y étudie Ja relation entre baw- “devenir, étre’ et afi- *étre’. Des exemples illustrent les combinaisons de bid ayee des verbes auxiliaires ainsi que celles de baw- avec des adjectifs, adverbes, substantifs et participes passés, Enfin, l'auteur discute le contraste entre des formes du passé composé avec kar- ‘faire’ (mode potentiel) et avec baw-, puis ‘attache A des questions de séquence des temps. Mots-clés; Moyen iranien manichéen occidental ; langue parthe ; syntaxe ; linguis- ABSTRACT various uses of baw- in the published Parthian material from the Turfan are presented and sorted. The relationship between baw- “to become, be’ and is “( ith auxiliary verbs, combinations of baw- of presenting to you, I will deal Parthian on the basis of the corpus of n, the largest collection of Parthian main published material. The otherD, DURKIN- MEISTERRRNST ae , early Sasanid kings and the more or loys p, = pace tradition, the Draxt I astirig, vai neglected here. Beyond the scattered remarks of Ohilain 1939, | 5p.) 7 Moléanova 1981, 221f., 225 und Sundermann 1939, 128¢ fous uses of baw- in Parthian have not been systematicay), ‘examples given below are numbered for ease of reference -d with « for Parthian. -yarious forms of the verb baw- in Parthian with each form is displayed in the following table, about baw- in Middle Persian is also fragments are marked with a ions covers the published material the precise number is in any case bution that is interesting. The reflect the general character of the d, bawend and Mid) or hymns 2nd sg. bawa(h)). The conj, ard sg.See THE USES OF B4W- IN pag 49 Opt. |Opt. | bawenaay Tama iat © [awendeth) | bwyndyk | 1a Tas wyndyh | beh) by, B 7 aa poate in [Ph by [37 bat fie a PL T 7 ek bwyd 12. | bawed nom. | PPr HE at bawan | bw la bawe ig ” ds 5 awandag | bwnde 1 [bawandag | bondg ii E | PPL | bad |bwd,bur asa [bad Towa badag budg 1 | badag | bwae | Infin. | bidan | Buda 3 | badan | oman * bawam in Parthian can be the indic. 1st se., oe Ist pl. or the conj. Ist pl. A decision on each case is not always possible. 2. BASIC MEANING AND FORM OF baw- The first question concerns the precise meaning of baw- 2.1. Does baw- mean ‘to be' or ‘to become’ ? Most attestations of baw- show the verb in the meaning ‘to become’. Many of these can be translated by the future. The examples given below with the numbers 2. 4, 9, 32, 43 and 16, 26, 30 show thi: But sometimes baw- is simply ‘to be’ and supplements the ‘normal’ verb ‘to be’ ah-. This-is particularly clear in the examples with the numbers 1, 11-14 and 20-25 given below. 2.2. baw- is suppletive to ah- 7. L Baw- supplies forms missing in the paradigm of ah-. This is certainly the case in the imperative where the pl. bawed supplies a form not occurring in ah-, The imperative sg. is not attested for either verb. Baw- also supplies the conjunctive, In the 3rd sg. conjunctive. in the optative and in the imperfect (at least to a certain extent with the PP bid ’) there is an overlapping of forms. I do not assume an overlapping of forms in the indicative because of the different meanings of ah- and baw-. 1 Pointed out by Gersheviteh 1975, 204.Dp, Du RKIN-MEISTERERN sT bawan bawa(h) bawa(h) ahénd- e(h) bawam ? bawed ? Though the Parthian verb ah- has a form in the past tense — the imperfect ahaz — this is seldom used. Skjervg 1997, 180-83 showed that ahad cannot be regarded as a past tense form of @h-; rather it is consistently and only the conjunctive. Instead of the past tense of ah- we find bad, the PP of baw-. 2.3. Combination of bid with the copula : As with the PP of other verbs biid can be combined with the copula. Since bid itself can be combined with a PP thi: ain : PP + biid + copula. iS case produces a chain : P Form: warad 6 ; oc - the copula occurring immediately after bid are (with theTHE USES OF BAW=1N PARTHIAN = Particularly seldom are axdz ahéndé (only in M5815 (121)): axdz 1 * ... kil ahremen ud déwan az bid Zafrestar bitd ahénd, “. Where Ahremen and the Déws were living/staying in the five hells, and one was deeper than the other”. ahéndé 2 + ud 6h candh : kit kaé 10 wxad éd andar mary ahéndéh, né parmayam : kit lin 0 frihift ud aryawift pad mary paydag bid ahéndé, Cawayon kad awas”. (only > KPT 1191 witha Sogdian ) and Parxast bid axdz pad panj magadagan, ud ew “And you should know, that if you yourself were (= had been) here in Marg Ido not believe that your love and respect (= the love and respect for you) would have become so clear in Marg as now |”, 2.3.1. Note : bird + ift- tarely are other auxiliary verbs to be found instead of the copula, with the auxiliary verb ig1-: panj kdrwan ahramenagan s[...] pad rdin grift ‘pad [anguben]*. five ahramen-like armies ... were held fast by fact that the action grift, marked as past 1 adjective, an adverb/preposition, a sub- adjective aa subject with a predicate adjective, The e the verb, only a negation can stand 7 belongs together and is not to be Feemct ont sn tagialng ato wns fdyw'l(n) pore )8t bwd 'x°(2) / papa pA Chg" d wb / en'b kw kd ww vexed ay fg a52 D, DURKIN-MEISTERERNST ‘The commonest adjectives are dru(1 wi)st, Sad, paydag and dgas by a wide range is attested, Examples : 4 + pad 16 afriwan purr biid hemad *. “We have become full with your praise”. 5 + pad panj magddagan, ud ew at bid Zafrestar bid ahénd’. * .. in the five hells, and one was deeper than the other”. 6 = ws kirbakkar wat: ki hre dibirift ahénd, ké a% harwin hasestar bid ‘ahénd BGs «oct way of denominalising *maydnag the won “ma yonag biid is basically equivalent to the PP may be a difference in the sense of a progression If at PPs combined with Fe - We will discuss this alternative to biid in the con: but it must be pointed text of the above quote. POw)rbwd hym()a °. ee *e by)a jcinyyste bwt / Phynd °°. . ry dbyryf{t} / shynd ky °c hrwy(n) / Beha De yway(s) / with Sundermann’s i Schriften sind es, die friiherTHE USES OF BAW. 1 PARTHIAN 3.2. baw- in combination with an adverb or Preposition There are a few rare cases of baw. in combination with an adverb or preposition/postposition : IL * ud fragen pad déxambat éd nazd bawed ? 1 “And early on Monday be near here ge 12 * yazadan harwin bid handémén 6 10 wispuhr, Sahr8ar zadag “All the gods were before you, prince, son of the ruler”. 3.3, baw- in combination with a Substantive In combination with a substantive baw- is used as an expression of ex- istence, In a genetive or dative Construction baw- expresses possession. In the possessive construction the distribution of the tenses of baw- is particu- larly clear: Baw- is here only used in the future (and conjunctive) and the - past ; in the present ah- is used. ; 1. Expression of existence u-5 kirbakkar waxt : kia niyOsagcan éw amwast bid. ‘The Beneficent One said to him: “There was a (female) Listener, a f d nad b(wyd) / Pe ahs 2 ear mptlalen (Kw ngwgen [yw mst botD, DuRKIN-MEISTERERN ST future ad Micon steps as you will come in our di i and sin will accrue to us” (= we will have so much 17 + ud ma bawah awartég abar kadag dizwarift. * “Let there be no desire for the house of afflictio , 5 18 + u-§ ad any paclizag zarnbag ud dyozag né bawak *.. and that he may have no struggle and strife 3.3.2.3, past 19 + abydd-om bid 6 réi izgamig”'. “I had a memory for/of the departure day”, For further examples in the past tense, see below numbe 3.3.3. Note : contrast bid and ahaz There is a small number of occurrences of bid and ahaz in parallel sentences, all at the start of an account 2, In the following example a new episode the first of which has bid and the second ahaz. The sentence w Possessive, the sentence with ahdz introduces a name : 20 * bid Sabubr Sahan sah brad bit Is introduced by two (his) name was Mihréah”, The same distinction can be made in the next example : ai existence and bid is here used in a possessive Sentence except pécted enclitic -§ ‘his missing, AL ud freitag 6 tran sah dzond ware . “The Apostle told Taran. sons””, Sundermann translates literally ; “Es i sieben Sohne”. On this use of ahd: soo also Skjanag oe mard éw ahdz, ud h There was a man, and , yf. Na DIee 8S 09 f Daves amos we Oy iin Méa/UV/17-18/ (Boyee 1975, 161) - “by dwm bwd / sw nce Fran the prior contest to example no, Tape mea, ahaa has a particular function there. 1g any case ahd: then follows on two participles, Si a 2 MKG (1381-83) : byd ®bwhr Phin © Ohze, oe + Owe J fryStg °w twrn Th / *zyna w xt > mmiann 1971, 103) + ‘wd ewnd p'd wonh byryd / E x at 2 °Y tw pdye “Ww bP /bwd (imysien xwet ¥ w MEd yw ty 3THE USES OF BAW: IN PARTHIAN 55 But despite the Seemingly clear diree there are sentences with bid de above (13), here are some more : 220 + mard niydsag bia “There was aman, a Listener’, Sundermann translates in the same way : 23 + mard éw wayog bid, ké was “There was a man, a hunter, Sundermann : “es war ein Tiere fing”, However, a common feature of these sentences is that they always contain two terms in apposition. In some cases the figure introduced is further characterised by adjectives ; (24 * bh waténd : ki dew ew bazzakkar ud appar bid ™. “They say there was a demon, evil and thievish”, Sundermann’s translation avoids isolating the adjectives : “Man erzihit, _ daB ein biser und riuberischer Damon war", t contrast between bid and ahaz Noting existence, An example was given “Es war ein Mann, ein Horer, muryan ud daméddan grift ahénd”. who caught many birds and wild animals”. Mann, ein Jager, der viele Végel und wilde iskoh .{?)] *. aman, of low birth (?)"”, a it gesagt : Es war ein Mann (von geringer ic of the verb baw- is its use as an auxiliary verb P. Just like other PPs bitd, the PP of baw-, can in turn s of the copula, giving a chain of three forms ; PP + we for the origin of this use of ahdz “in explanatory remarks rae ee a prince’)” is little weak, since in the ‘a whole tale. Watkins’ reference given in Skjervo old Indian Af after a verb answering a question one S solution : mard éw ald: means “There was (indeed) a man’, cf, ae ane Pie cue ae pate yak » ‘indeed’, or ‘you know’. wae bwd° |. eas Veena) ‘yey wtovwg) BOWL) / (Ly ws (dora wd) syw b(zk)[F] C)wt pr /bwa ®.D. DuRKIN-MEISTERERNST 56 es ae ion PP + baw- is essentially not different from the com, bination adjective + baw-: The PP is a predication which through the for, of the word as a PP is characterised as past tense or as a completed action, 26 sud harwin murd bawénd®. they all will be dead”, combination PP as a completed or past action and baw- as an ex. he future (i.e. baw- in the indic.) yields as the sum of its parts a “will have died’ = ‘will be dead’. combination PP + PP bigd is accordingly a pluperfect. Sundermann Contrasts the preterite* grift hém ‘I was captured’ and the grift bild (a)hém ‘I had been captured’, which he further terms past’ (‘vollendete Vergangenheit’) *2. this the construction seems to be passive. Furthermore the fulfills certain functions in a sequence of tempora. in can te equivalent to a passive constructio tar-zadagan, é pad dard ispud bawénd, ud bid né Idren of darkness that are Scared off with pain und ) be understood as a future and translated as: 1) scared off with Pain and do/will not grow for the common Phrase xrd5t baw- shows e ie a the same construction : Ee oo = hamag Sahr. ud widefiag ud es in the whole World, an in the whole world”. d they cameTHE USES OF BAW=iN PARTHIAN S7 29 + be sardag ud garmag, bit Wimexséd, sard ud earm xrat awed a “But coldness and warmth, where/when they are mixed, are (lit. ‘is’) called ‘cold’ and “warm’”, Similarly : 300 + wan *karmbas witandd bawéd 6 hd w “And their refuse will be Scattered in the A place where suitable”, In the following example the passive character is confirmed by the use "dg, kit niyabag *, ‘of the preposition pad : Sot udhamé Strift € pad Tréitagan wifrast bawéd, isxandénd, ud 6 ardawift iskarénd “And equally they laugh at the wisdom that is taught by the apostles and putt the righteous” Here a temporal ‘on this at all, Sequence is imaginable, but the text does not seem to rather wifrait bawéd and isxandénd are contempora- e lesser’ is just one of many examples of peri- i baw-. In these constructions baw- is used to if a transitive verb is needed, kar- is e followed by baw- or kar- is in the Kar- are rare. Apart from the first example, ms to express a potenti: myxsyd © snd ()Lwd g]irm) xrw9(t) bw(y)[d *] ‘bwyd (OW) / (aw wy's kw ny’bg /. -pE/ fryStg’n wyfr't bwyd / ‘sxndynd ° w: °w t “hynd *2 mn und AR VI 32b : °wd dwr ‘éry)win) / hoynj)'m’d w: ow (mb) /D. DURKIN-MEISTERERNST 58 with did karéd and amboyad karan instead of the Ete cied wenéd and ambéyan. In this text, which contains details about Mani’s death, the speaker is probably Mani, so presumably the unusual construction is 4 reflection of the Semitic language he spoke (or of what passed for the game), A more forceful translation might be appropriate : “See to it that you complete my praise, and I will certainly kiss you, a ’ " ‘The following two examples were identified as containing a potentialis by Sunderman, who pointed out that a literal translation does not really make sense *. 4 * ... a]# imin panj iran kaéad andar im zadmurd winddd karénd bay ate can find none of these five things ever in this rebirth” (lit. ‘they make found’), d hd vask burd : ki-s tat at kirbag kirdagan framarg kird eee: ‘of her: ‘If only I could make her negligent the PP is almost entirely restored and in any a 2) verb Sah- ‘can’ follows on kird : (pad] tanbar ast nayn pfoxt] kird Sahendeh ...*. he could [bake] the flesh that is on his body into h baw- ? in the use of kar- and baw- Potentialis with PP and baw-, would seem to open But there are no certain Sand 1989, 129, )‘ymyn pri) / [yr Pe) Reet NOYES CS) a0 ym shia Cey)naid hw tsk bwrd / Awl pre 5:30): °° twa>g Ci pana en, W5 PYd ey (pd) / inb’r "ayibe / qyrdcgyen 'd tr wewnTHE USES OF BAW- IN PARTHIAN 39 But the context does not demand such a translation ; ‘that it will not be(come) separated from it again’ fits just as well. Similarily : ‘m bozah az imin ud a¥ harwin widarah | kil xd2ad né bawdn pad tang éé hawin narah Zafran 24 |[* “Who will save me from these and take me beyond them all, so that I shall Rot be devoured in the distress of those hell-deeps ?” (Boyce). An interpretation of kit xazdd né bawan as a dubitative potentialis (‘so that I cannot/may not be devoured’) is not impossible but has no real ad- vantage over an analysis as future. 38 ted above a PP + baw- in the indic. would seem to be a future t whereas a PP + bid would be a pluperfect. The precise use of the s, though, depends on the context. “sadydn kirbakkar 6 zadagan waxt: kit kad amward

bawéd, ud Anig saxwan wifrasénd, agdm nibég padfursénd, ... *. t said to (his) children : “Wenn you have gathered or they read the book, ...”’. three clauses, the first of which is the next two. This is expressed by a PP with v would be simply indic. expressing a und and foreground action. 'harwin tar xanig. | rft hém pad tars, || * Darkness had all been opened. a) /2w zidg(?n] (wy'(xt) kw kd mwr(d) / bwyd g’m n(byg p)ld] / pwrsynd. hw / phrgb'n ky ’d hw bs(tg) / blw]tt z)yneyhe 's m'jsy’e'n © pdgryftD DURKIN-MEISTERERNST 60 The following example seems to be resultative : + um tird andesign, KE wisp [oJ Cll) s\vihird pad harwin, wd niyust io griw. Hl 2 *s évOvynots, which .. a ns itself within the soul” (after Boyce) (jj, ‘came to be concealed’). : In the following example we have a sequence in an adversative ‘sentence, an adjective + bidd refers to a time prior to the present but set in mn to a timeless state : af ro’n ud yazadan hém, ud izdeh bid hém az hawin , from the Light and the gods (= I belong to the Light and the gods), e become an exile from (among) them”. There are also cases where bid seems to be redundant : bid ay Cawayon puhr. ud parxast ay Cawayon ispasag. /*! ‘Were sent as a son, and you stayed as a servant”. ion is prior to the second the text does not seem to $ a passive or is redundant. In the latter case et that the text is a verse text or it could be a : ie Syriac copula and auxiliary (h)wa 2 tempus : Coe ud né abé-ndm bid ©. 5 é ee le ae * Because the soul, indeed, has a name. tr: « ae gece ‘became’ : “And it did/has not further possibilities see Sundermann 1997, 102 "Wy? © ie ine, €Y Bn ti a oe eR 3 above e °by . (Oy Pdgyewynd © bia as oe "2 OW’ dant use of kap- 4 "8 myhrjd wa iTHE USES OF BAW: IN PARTHIAN 61 And also with regard to the gift which they receive, have they become embezzlers, contract breakers and debtors, ...”, Here the tenses of padyirwend and bid ahénd are not put in direct sequence because the indicative is in a general relative clause describing an ongoing fact, 5. CONCLUSIONS Baw-, meaning “to become’, has a wide range of uses. It supplements the verb ah- by Supplying the future, but also other forms not or only sparsely present in the paradigm of ah-. Because of the very limited use of the imperfect ahdz, the PP bad is the only readily usable past tense form for both baw- and ah- with the result that bid does not automatically mean _ ‘became’, but also simply ‘was’. A particular use of baw- with PP is the cL ve. The sequence of ‘tempora’ involving PPs with bid seems to -Context-sensitive rules and a PP + bid is therefore not automatically but occasionally resultative, Desmond DURKIN-MEISTERERNST 11 Enniskillen rd. ‘Chesterton GB ~ Cambridge CB4 1SQ g, 1934: Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch- 348-912 [= Henning, Selected Papers I, 275-340]. an Hymn-Cycles in Parthian, London/New York! [Middle Persian and Parthian (AcIr 9), Leiden. -parthischer Parabelsammlungen », AoF 14, frogplain », Mélanges linguistiques offerts a E. ‘ parthe, son systeme verbal @aprés les textes Louvain (repr. 1966].62 D. DURKIN-MEISTERERNST Henning, W. B., 1947: «Two Manichaean Magical Texts, with an Excursus on The Parthian ending -éndéh », BSOAS 12, 39-66 [= Selected Papers Il, 273-300] — 1965: «A Grain of Mustard», AION, 29-47 [= Selected Papers II, 597-615] Miller, F. W. K., 1904: Handschriften-Reste in Esirangelo-Schrift aus Turfan Chinesisch-Turkistan. II. Teil, Anhang zu APAW, 1904. Rastorgueva, V. S. and E. K, Mol%anova, 1981: « Parfjanskij jazyk », Osnovy iranstogo jazykoznanija U1, Moskva, 147-232. 5 Skjerys, P. O., 1997 : « On the Middle Persian Imperfect », in E. Pirart (ed.), Syntaxe des langues indo-iraniennes anciennes (Aula Orientalis - Supplementa 6), Bar- celona, 161-88. Sundermann, W., 1971: «Zur fruhen missionarischen Wirksamkeit Manis », AOH 2 79-125, — 1913: Mittelpersische und parthische kosmogonische und Parabeltexte der __ Manichaer (Berliner Turfantexte IV), Berlin. [KPT] 1031 | Mitteliranische manichdische Texte kirchengeschichtlichen Inhalts (Berliner a ‘Torfantexte XI), Berlin. [MKG] —_— ee S R. Schmitt (ed.), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, — Bae om Licht-Nows. Eine Lehrschrife des astlichen Manichdismus ee iy ischen und sogdischen Version (Berliner Turfantexte XVI), —— 1997; Der Sermon von der Seele. Eine i e ? Lehrsch stliche! jismnus a (Berliner Turfantexte XIX), Tamhout, aw pe Reelin aldschmidt, E. and W. Lentz, 1926 : Die Stellung Jesu im Manichdi: 2 Nr4), Berlin, 's lanichdismus (APAW 1926.