Soil Dynamics

11/26/2015

Retaining Walls

Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Soil Dynamics

11/26/2015

v h

h K 0 v

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Failure of Retaining Walls

Collapse of side walls

Foundation failure

Heave due to water pressures

Settlement due to groundwater lowering

Seepage carrying fines into base of excavation

( - ) -

K0

K 0 1 sin( )

Jaky 1948

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

De wet

K 0 K 0 5.5( d / d (min) 1)

seidek

K 0 0.95 sin( )

15/2/1390

10

K 0 K 0 Roc

15/2/1390

Brooker & Ireland 1965

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Wroth&Houlsby 1985

11

Cantilever Walls

:
1773 -1

40
d 17.3 kN/m 3
d (min) 15.5 kN/m3

1857 -2
3m

1941 -3

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

12

Soil Dynamics

11/26/2015

3m

40
d 17.3 kN/m 3
d (min) 15.5 kN/m3

h
Excavation

P0

K 0 1 sin( ) 5.5( d / d (min) 1) 0.991
h 0 v 0 *17.3 0
h k0 v 0
h 3 v 3 *17.3 51.9 h k0 v .991* 51.9 51.43

P0 (1 / 2)(51.43)(3) 77.15 kN/m

Active

h K 0 v

15/2/1390

Direction of wall movement

13

Wall frictionless - principal

stresses are vertical and
horizontal

Passive

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

16

Rankine Active and Passive pressures

c v tan( )

Direction of wall movement

Excavation

v
h (min)
15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

14

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

17

Rankine Active and Passive pressures

Direction of
wall movement

Excavation

h k0 v

c v tan( )

Active pressures

Passive pressures

h (min)
15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

15

15/2/1390

h k0 v
Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

h (max)
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Soil Dynamics

11/26/2015

Rankine Active and Passive pressures

For most walls the long term, fully drained, condition governs the stability.
Use effective stress strength criterion with

Soil type

passive

Sand (dense)

0.001H-0.002H

0.05H- 0.1H

Sand (loose)

0.002H-0.004H

Large

0.01H-0.02H

Large

Clay (over consolidated)

Clay (normally consolidated)

15/2/1390

0.02H-0.05H

Large

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

c 0 ,

The effective lateral stresses on the wall are then

Active

19

ACTIVE

a k a v tan ( 45 / 2) v

PASSIVE

p k p v tan 2 (45 / 2) v

15/2/1390

Rankine Active and Passive pressures

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

22

Rankine Active and Passive pressures

Rankine failure zones

45 / 2

c v tan( )
H

45 / 2

a k a v tan 2 ( 45 / 2) v

c 0 ,

h (min) a

15/2/1390

Macquorn Rankine

a k a v 2c k a
p k p v 2c k p
Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

h (max) p

45 / 2

k a tan 2 45 / 2
k p tan 2 45 / 2
20

45 / 2

p k p v tan 2 (45 / 2) v

c 0 ,
15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Rankine Active and Passive pressures

23

For most walls the long term, fully drained, condition governs the stability.

Use effective stress strength criterion with

bH

c 0 ,
aH
H

a 0 .4

4q

a 2b
2

a 0 .4 (a 0 .4 )

Boussinesq equation modified by experiment

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

21

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

b
q
H

2q
a 2b
2
H a b 2

0 .2 0 5 b

0 .1 6 b
2

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Soil Dynamics

11/26/2015

q
sin cos 2
H

Pp

H/3

2q
sin cos 2
H

K p cos

p p 1 / 2 K pH 2
15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

25

c=0

15/2/1390

cos cos 2 cos 2

cos cos 2 cos 2

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

28

Pa(max)

Pa

c=0
to R

z H sin cos 2
q

2q
sin cos 2
H
q
P H ( 2 1 )
90
1 tan 1 (b / H ) 2 tan 1 (( a b) / H )
H 2 ( 2 1 ) (a b) 2 (90 2 ) b 2 (90 1 ) 57.3aH
z
2 HDr.(Hasan
1 )
15/2/1390
2 Ghasemzadeh

H/3

Pa

p a 1 / 2 K a H 2
sin 2 ( )

Ka

26

sin( ) sin( )
sin 2 sin 2 ( ) 1

sin(
Ghasemzadeh
) sin( )
15/2/1390
Dr. Hasan

29

Charles Augustin Coulomb

Ka

sin 2 ( )

sin( ) sin( )
sin 2 sin 2 ( ) 1

sin( ) sin( )

Pa

H
H/3

p a 1 / 2 K a H 2
15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

K a cos

c=0

H/3

sin 2
Kaq

sin( a)

cos cos 2 cos 2

pa 1 / 2 K a eq H 2

cos cos 2 cos 2

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Pa

27

15/2/1390

K aH sin( )

sin 2 2q
eq

sin( a ) H

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

30

Soil Dynamics

11/26/2015

Pp(min)

c=0

to

Pp
H

H/3

p p 1 / 2 K pH

15/2/1390

Kp

Pp

sin 2 ( )

sin( ) sin( )
sin 2 sin 2 ( ) 1

sin( ) sin( )

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

31

Generalized determination of active pressures (after Navdock)

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

34

Coulomb earth pressure

coefficient vs. -angle for level
backfill and dredge line

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Active and passive coefficients with

wall friction (sloping backfill) (after
Caquot and Kerisel21)
10

32

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

35

Generalized determination of passive pressures (after Navdock)

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

33

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

36

Soil Dynamics

11/26/2015

Mononobe-Okabe Method
p a 1 / 2 K a H 2
pae 1 / 2H 2 (1 kv ) K ae

Pae
Pae
Pa

H
.6H

H/3

pae pae pa
z
15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

37

15/2/1390

0.6 H (Pae ) ( H / 3) Pa
Dr.P
Hasan
ae Ghasemzadeh

40

Mononobe-Okabe Method

Pp(min)

kv

Horizental acc. of earthquake

gravity
Vertical acc. of earthquake
kv
gravity

kh

kh
H

z
K pe

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

38

K ae

15/2/1390

Pa

Horizental acc. of earthquake

gravity
Vertical acc. of earthquake
kv
gravity

pae 1 / 2H 2 (1 kv ) K ae

sin ( )
2

sin( ) sin( )
cos sin 2 sin 2 ( ) 1

sin( ) sin( )

tan ( k h /(1 Dr.kHasan

v )) Ghasemzadeh

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

p pe 1 / 2H 2 (1 kv ) K pe

tan ( k h /(1 Dr.kHasan

v )) Ghasemzadeh

41

Considerable movement of the wall is required to mobilise the

limiting passive stresses
The movements required to reach the active and passive conditions
depend on the soil type.
For example, for retaining walls of height H the movements required
are

kh

W
H/3

kv
kh

sin( ) sin( )
cos sin 2 sin 2 ( 90) 1

sin( ) sin( )

Cantilever wall serviceability

Pa(max)

Ppe

sin 2 ( )

15/2/1390

Soil type

Active

passive

Sand (dense)

0.001H-0.002H

0.05H- 0.1H

Sand (loose)

0.002H-0.004H

Large

Clay (over consolidated)

0.01H-0.02H

Large

Clay (normally consolidated)

0.02H-0.05H

Large

39

15/2/1390

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

42