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How do we Control?
It is known that atmospheric attenuation of noise is higher for high frequencies than that for low
frequencies.
Similar Application
The flow-induced vibration of air duct can always be controlled by providing a tubular flow smoothener
at the exit of the fan feeding the duct. The flow smoothener reduces the turbulent pressure fluctuations
exciting the duct walls.
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Fig 4.3: Variation in friction force with relative velocity
Figure 4.3 shows the variation of the dry friction force (between two bodies in relative motion) with a
relative velocity. The negative slope of this curve, as opposed to the positive slope for viscous damping,
is important. It implies that the friction force does positive work in every cycle of oscillation of the driven
member. This work manifests itself in the oscillatory instability of the driven member, i.e., the member
oscillates at its natural frequency with its amplitude increasing gradually. This type of oscillation,
normally referred to as chatter, is frequently encountered in machining and similar situations. Such
friction-induced oscillations in disc brakes of automobiles give rise to "brake-squeal", control of which is
an important topic of current research. Providing a lubricant which essentially reduces the friction at the
tool-job interface, sometimes controls the chatter of a cutting tool.
A machine can be made less susceptible to chatter by improving the
surface finish
dimensional tolerance and
lubrication standard of the machine elements (e.g., guideways) that are in contact but
move
relative to each other.
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Let us look at an interesting example of a huge drawbridge that failed due to dry-friction.
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D = diameter of the cylinder (m), and V = free stream velocity of the fluid (m/s), S =Strouhal
number .The value of the Strouhal number is approximately 0.2 for a cylinder.
where
For a noncylindrical body, Eqn.(4.1) can still be used when D represents the maximum width of the
cross-section normal to the free stream. The value of the Strouhal number for such a body varies from
0.12 to 0.17, depending on the cross-sectional geometry. If the vortex-shedding frequency is close to a
natural frequency of the structure, excessive vibration is generated.
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b. The helical spoiler (Fig. 4.7) has been found to be successful in breaking the regular vortex
pattern in the wake of a tall cylindrical stack (chimney), thus preventing a clearly defined
excitation.
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As compared to a stack, a marine cable requires a larger vortex-interfering device. This is because the
density of water is much higher than that of air.