0

INDEX
Sr.
No Name of Experiment
.

Date of
Experim
ent

Pag
e
No.

Signat
ure

Remar
ks

Cement
1.

Consistency Of Cement

2.

Fineness Of Cement

3
Aggregate

3.

Aggregate Abrasion Value

4.

Elongation And Flakiness

Index Of Aggregate

5.

Aggregate Impact Value

6.

Particle Size Distribution Of

Course Aggregate

10
Sand

7.

Particle Size Distribution Of

Fine Aggregate

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12

M.TECH (C.T.)

EXPERIMENT 1
OF CEMENT

CONSISTANCY

AIM:
Test to Check Consistency of Cement
CONSISTENCY:
The basic aim is to find out the water content required to produce a
cement paste of standard consistency as specified by the IS: 4031 (Part 4)
1988. The principle is that standard consistency of cement is that
consistency at which the Vicat plunger penetrates to a point 5-7mm from
the bottom of Vicat mould. Apparatus Vicat apparatus conforming to IS:
5513 1976, Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g
should be +1.0g, Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 1982.
APPARTUS:
1. VICAT apparatus with plunger 10 mm diameter
2. Weighing balance
3. Trowel weighing 210g

10 g

4. Measuring Glass 200 ml

5. Clean platform to make cement paste
MATERIAL:
Cement 3 to 4 kg
Water
PROCEDURE:
i) Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity
of water. The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
ii) Fill the Vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel.
iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.
iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
v) Note the reading on the gauge.
vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and
different quantities of water until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.

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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Sr.
No.

Wt. of water
gms
(W1)

Wt. of cement
gms.
(W2)

w2
100
w1

Position of
VICAT needle
point after
penetration
from bottom

1.
2.
3.
4.

RESULT:
The percentage of weight of water with respect to cement to produce
standard consistency is
Pn = ___________%

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EXPERIMENT 2
FINENESS OF CEMENT
AIM :
Test to Check Fineness of Cement
FINENESS:
So we need to determine the fineness of cement by dry sieving as per IS:
4031 (Part 1) 1996.The principle of this is that we determine the
proportion of cement whose grain size is larger then specified mesh size.
The apparatus used are 90m IS Sieve, Balance capable of weighing 10g
to the nearest 10mg, A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to
40mm, bristle, for cleaning the sieve. Sieve shown in pic below is not the
actual 90m seive.
APPARTUS:
1. 90 micron IS sieve
2. Weighing balance accurate to 0.1 gram, with weights
MATERIAL:
Cement Sample weighing about 100 gms.
PROCEDURE:
i) Weigh approximately 10g of cement to the nearest 0.01g and place it on
the sieve.
ii) Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movements, until no
more fine material passes through it.
iii) Weigh the residue and express its mass as a percentage R1 of the
quantity first placed on the sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent. Gently brush
all the fine material off the base of the sieve.
v) Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10g sample to obtain R2.
Then calculate R as the mean of R1 and R2 as a percentage, expressed to
the nearest 0.1 percent. When the results differ by more than 1 percent
absolute, carry out a third sieving and calculate the mean of the three
values.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
1. Weight of cement sample
2. Weight of residue
Percent Residue = P =

W2
100
W1

= _____________ W1 gms
= _____________ W2 gms
= _____________ %

RESULT:
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Percent of residue of cement sample by gry seiveing = P = __________ %. It

is less than/ more than 10%.

EXPERIMENT 3
ABRASION VALUE

AGGREGATE

AIM:
To find abrasion value of Aggregate
AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE:
This test helps to determine the abrasion value of coarse aggregates as
per IS: 2386 (Part IV) 1963. The apparatus used in this test are Los
Angles abrasion testing machine, IS Sieve of size 1.7mm, Abrasive
charge 12 nos. cast iron or steel spheres approximately 48mm dia. and
each weighing between 390 and 445g ensuring that the total weight of
charge is 5000 +25g and Oven.
PROCEDURE:
The test sample and the abrasive charge should be placed in the Los
Angles abrasion testing machine and the machine rotated at a speed of 20
to 33 revolutions/minute for 1000 revolutions. At the completion of the
test, the material should be discharged and sieved through 1.70mm IS
Sieve.
Table - 1 Grading of Test Sample

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Table 2 Specified Abrasive Charge

RESULT:
Aggregate abrasion value = (A-B)/B x 100%.

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EXPERIMENT 4
ELONGATION
INDEX OF AGGREGATE

AND

FLAKINESS

AIM:
To determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Course
Aggregates.
ELONGATION AND FLAKINESS INDEX:
Particle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly
mixed concrete more than the properties of hardened concrete. Roughtextured, angular, and elongated particles require more water to produce
workable concrete than smooth, rounded compact aggregate.
Consequently, the cement content must also be increased to maintain the
water-cement ratio. Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided or
are limited to about 15 % by weight of the total aggregate.
APPARATUS:
1. The Metal

3. Balance

2. Gauging Trowel

4. Stop Watch

PROCEDURE:
1. Sample - A quantity of aggregate shall be taken sufficient to provide
the minimum number of 200 pieces of any fraction to be tested.
2. Sieving - The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method.
3. Separation of Flaky material- Each fraction shall be gauged in turn for
thickness on a metal gauge of the pattern or in bulk on sieves having
elongated slots. The width of the slot used in the gauge or sieve shall be
of the dimensions for the appropriate size of material.
4. Weighing of Flaky Material - The total amount passing the gauge shall
be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of the weight of the test
sample.
5. The flakiness index is the total weight of the material passing the
various thickness gauges or sieves, expressed as a percentage of the total
weight of the sample gauged.
6. Sieving - The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method
with the sieves specified.
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7. Separation of Elongated Material- Each fraction shall be gauged

individually for length on a metal length gauge of the pattern.
8. Weighing of Elongated Material - The total amount retained by the
length gauge shall be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of
the weight of the test sample.
9. The elongation index is the total weight of the material retained on the
various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of
the sample gauged.

OBSERVATION:
1. FLAKINESS INDEX:
Total weight of course aggregate ____________ g
Size
of
Thickness
Passing
through
IS Sieves

Aggregate Thickne
ss
Retained
Gauge
on
mm
IS Sieves

Weight
Retained
on
Thickness
Gauge

Percentage
of
Weight
Retained
(%)

Rema
rk

Percentage
of
Weight
Retained
(%)

Rema
rk

2. ELONGATION INDEX:
Total weight of course aggregate ____________ g
Size
of
Thickness
Passing
through
IS Sieves

Aggregate Length
Gauge
Retained
mm
on
IS Sieves

Weight
Retained
on
Length
Gauge

CALCULATION:

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=
CONCLUSION:
i) The flakiness index of a given sample of fine aggregate is _________ %
ii) The elongation index of a given sample of fine aggregate is _________%

EXPERIMENT 5
IMPACT VALUE

AGGREGATE

AIM:
This method of test covers the procedure for determining the aggregate
impact value of coarse aggregate.
IMPACT VALUE:
The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of
an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs
from its resistance to a slow compressive load.
APPARATUS:
1. A cylindrical steel cup of internal dimensions: Diameter 102 mm, Depth
50 mm and not less than 6.3 mm thick
2. A metal hammer weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg, the lower end of which shall
be cylindrical in shape, 100.0 mm in diameter and 5 cm long, with a 2 mm
chamfer at the lower edge, and case-hardened. The hammer shall slide
freely between vertical guides so arranged that the lower (cylindrical) part
of the hammer is above and concentric with the cup.
3. Means for raising the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between the
vertical guides from a height of 380.0 mm on to the test sample in the
cup, and means for adjusting the height of fall within 5 mm. Sieves-The IS
Sieves of sizes 12.5, 10 and 2.36 mm, Tamping Rod, balance of capacity
not less than 500 g, Oven etc.
PROCEDURE:
1. The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a
12.5 mm IS Sieve and is retained on a 10 mm IS Sieve. The aggregate
comprising the test sample shall be dried in an oven for a period of four
hours at a temperature of 100 to 110C and cooled.
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2. The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate and
tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod. The net
weight of aggregate in the measure shall be determined to the nearest
gram (Weight A)
3. The impact machine shall rest without wedging or packing upon the
level plate, block or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns
are vertical.
4. The cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and
the whole of the test sample placed in it and compacted by a single
tamping of 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
5. The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the
upper surface of the aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely on to
the aggregate. The test sample shall be subjected to a total of 15 such
blows each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.
6. The crushed aggregate shall then be removed from the cup and the
whole of it sieved on the 2.36 mm IS Sieve until no further significant
amount passes in one minute. The fraction passing the sieve shall be
weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (Weight. B).
7. The fraction retained on the sieve shall also be weighed (Weight C)
and, if the total weight (C+B) is less than the initial weight (Weight A) by
more than one gram, the result shall be discarded and a fresh test made.
Two tests shall be made.
CALCULATION:
The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each
test shall he expressed as a percentage, the result being recorded to the
first decimal place:
Aggregate Impact Value =

B
100
A

A = Weight in gram of saturated surface dry sample

B = Weight in gram of fraction passing through 2.36 mm IS sieve

CONCLUSION / RESULT:

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10

The aggregate Impact value of given sample of coarse aggregate is

___________ %
The aggregate impact value should not be more than 45 per cent for
aggregate used for concrete other than for wearing surfaces, and 30 per
cent for concrete used for wearing surfaces such a runways, roads and air
field pavements.

EXPERIMENT 6
COURSE AGGREGATE

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF

AIM:
To determination of particle size distribution of coarse aggregates by
sieving or screening.
THEORY:
Grading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for
aggregate. Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified
because grading and size affect the amount of aggregate used as well as
cement and water requirements, workability, pumpability, and durability
of concrete. In general, if the water-cement ratio is chosen correctly, a
wide range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength.
When gap-graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of
aggregate are omitted from the size continuum. Gap-graded aggregate
are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed aggregate concrete. Close
control of mix proportions is necessary to avoid segregation.
APPARTUS:
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11

1. Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 80 mm, 40 mm,

20 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm,
2. Balance
3. Gauging Trowel
PROCEDURE:
1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing
and sieving. This may be achieved either by drying at room temperature
or by heating at a temperature of 100 to 110C. The air-dry sample shall
be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting
with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean
before use.
2. Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more
than a trace passes, but in any case for a period of not less than two
minutes. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand
forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with
frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface
in frequently changing directions.
3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps
of fine material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers
against the side of the sieve.
4. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together
with any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.

OBSERVATION:

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CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT 7
OF FINE AGGREGATE

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

AIM:
To determine fineness modulus of fine aggregate.
FINENESS:
This is the name given to the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate
into various fractions each consisting of particles of the same size. The
sieve analysis is conducted to determine the particle size distribution in a
sample of aggregate, which we call gradation. Many a time, fine
aggregates are designated as coarse sand, medium sand and fine sand.
These classifications do not give any precise meaning. What the supplier
terms as fine sand may be really medium or even coarse sand. To avoid
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13

this ambiguity fineness modulus could be used as a yard stick to indicate

the fineness of sand.
The following limits may be taken as guidance:
Fine sand : Fineness Modulus : 2.2 - 2.6,
Medium sand : F.M. : 2.6 - 2.9,
Coarse sand : F.M. : 2.9 - 3.2
Sand having a fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be unsuitable for
making satisfactory concrete.
APPARATUS:
1. Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 4.75 mm, 2.36
mm, 1.18 mm, 600
micron, 300 micron, 150 micron
2. Balance
3. Gauging Trowel
PROCEDURE:
1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing
and sieving. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively
on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to
ensure that the sieves are clean before use.
2. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand
forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with
frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve
surface in frequently changing directions.
3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps
of fine material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers
against the side of the sieve.
4. Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150micron and 75-micron IS Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and
blinding of apertures.
5. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together
with any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.
OBSERVATION:

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CALCULATION:

CONCLUSION:
i) Fineness modulus of a given sample of fine aggregate is ________ that
indicate Course sand/ Medium sand/Fine sand.

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