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Hemoragia
Hemoragia digestiva inferioara este cea mai comuna prezentare a diverticulului Meckel la copii,
cu o rata de incidenta de aproximativ 50%. (17).Varsta la prezentare este in medie 2 ani, dar
poate aparea si la copii mai mari. [3,10]. La adulti este mai rar intalnita, dar a fost documentat un
caz de hemoragie la un pacient de 91 ani. 5
Tesutul ectopic gastric sau pancreatic din interiorul diverticulului Meckel produce o secretie
acida respectiv bazica pancreatica, care cauzeaza ulceratii la nivelul mucoasei mucoasei ileale
adiacente. Acesta este principalul mecanism patologic.
Datorita timpului mai lung de tranzit colonic, populatia adulta se prezinta cu crampe intestinale
si melena. Copiii au insa frecvent scaune de culoare rosu inchis pana la maron sau prezinta striuri
sanguinolente si mucus.( 14,18)
La copii este importanta excluderea altor cauze de hemoragie digestiva inferioara reprezentate de
polipi intestinali, deficite de coagulare, malformatii arterio-venoase si Boala Crohn.
99
Colonoscopia nu poate asocia hemoragia cu diverticulul Meckel din cauza ca nu poate vizualiza
intestinul prea mult in amonte. Insa un colon plin cu sange fara etiologie vizibila colonoscopic ne
poate duce cu gandul la un diverticul Meckel hemoragic.
Angiografia poate fi utila in evaluarea unui pacient adult cu hemoragie gastrointestinala ,ea
indica locul sangerarii, diagnosticul specific si face posibila embolizarea terapeutica
preoperatorie. O hemoragie activa in timpul angiografiei apare ca o extravazare intraluminala de
substanta de contrast.( Fig.) (23)
Cand hemoragia este masiva si nu poate fi controlata prin metode conservative, ea reprezinta o
situatie de urgenta ce trebuie tratata cu promptitudine implicand rezectia chirurgicala a
diverticulului Meckel, precedata fiind de transfuzia sanguina. [24,25].
Fig
ura. Diverticul Meckel diagnosticat prin scintigrafia cu
ani cu hemoragii rectale nedureroase, la un minut dupa injectare se observa o zona focala de activitate care isi
schimba forma si localizarea in timpul procedurii.( sageti)
Sursa: Levy, A.D. & Hobbs, C.M., 2004. From the archives of the AFIP. Meckel diverticulum: radiologic features
with pathologic Correlation. Radiographics: a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc,
24, pp.565587.
Fig. - Scintigrafii la un pacient de 4 ani cu multiple episoade de sangerare rectala, sange de culoare rosu aprins. Se
observa o zona focala persistenta in cadranul abdominal drept inferior. Activitatea intestinului subtire apare cu
intarziere (sageata) cel mai probabil datorita activitatii intense la nivelul stomacului.
Figura a). Angiografie obtinuta prin cateterizarea AMS.- Diverticul Meckel la un barbat de 22 ani, cu durere
abdominala cronica si anemie. Se observa artera vitelo-intestinala cu origine in una din ramurile ileale ale AMS.
(sageata)
Sursa: Levy, A.D. & Hobbs, C.M., 2004. From the archives of
the AFIP. Meckel diverticulum: radiologic features with
pathologic Correlation. Radiographics: a review publication of
the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 24, pp.565587.
Figura
b). O
faza
arteriala
tarzie la
acelasi
pacientse
observa
o forma
angiografica tubulara in locul predilect de
localizare a DM. (sageata).
Figura. Angiografie la un pacient de sex masculin de 26 ani cu hematochezie. Injectarile selective ale arterei
ileocolice evidentiaza hemoragia dintr-o ramura proximala. (sageata). Se observa extravazarea substantei de contrast
intraluminal. (varf uri de sageata).
Sursa: Levy, A.D. & Hobbs, C.M., 2004. From the archives
of the AFIP. Meckel diverticulum: radiologic features with
pathologic Correlation. Radiographics: a review
publication of the Radiological Society of North America,
Inc, 24, pp.565587.
Ocluzia intestinala
Cand este responsabil de obstructia intestinala, diverticulul Meckel este rareori diagnosticat prin
tehnici imagistice, fiind de cele mai multe ori descoperit in timpul interventiei chirurgicale.
Ocluzia intestinala cauzata de prezenta diverticulului Meckel este cea mai frecventa forma de
prezentare la adult si a doua ca frecventa la copii. [11,10]. Exista diverse situatii in care
Diverticulul Meckel poate cauza ocluzia intestinala, dintre care enumeram:
(a) Volvulusul intestinului subtire in jurul unei aderente fibroase dintre diverticul si ombilic
(cordon ileo-ombilical)
(b) Intususceptia in care DM se invagineaza in lumenul intestinal si actioneaza ca un punct de
conducere pentru telescoparea intestinului subtire, initial in ileonul distal, ulterior in intestinul
gros, cauzand astfel intususceptie ileoileala si ileocolica.
(c) Hernia Littre Incarcerarea DM intr-o hernie inghinala sau femurala, cauzand obstructia
intestinala.
Fig. Torsiunea diverticulului Meckel cauzand ocluzia intestinala la un barbat de 30 ani ce acuza ditensie abdominala
si varsaturi. Radiografie abdominala simpla in clinostatism(stanga) si ortostatism(dreapta) ce prezinta caracteristici
ale obstructiei abdominale si o colectie aeriana ovala cu multiplii calculi(sageti) in cadranul abdominal drept
inferior.
Fig. Sectiuni tranzversale obtinute prin CT cu contrast, se obderva distensia intestinala difuza( stanga). Imaginea din
dreapta este unCT de zona pelvina -se observa intususceptia ileoileala ce apare ca un segment ingrosat, edematiat al
intestinului subtire (varfuri de sageata) cu benzi alternante de tesut moale si lichid. Sageata indica o concentrare
scazuta a tesutului adipos.
Sursa: Levy, A.D. & Hobbs, C.M., 2004. From the archives of the AFIP. Meckel diverticulum: radiologic features
with pathologic Correlation. Radiographics: a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc,
24, pp.565587.
Diverticulita
Cele mai frecvente manifestari asociate diverticulului Meckel sunt hemoragia, obstructia
intestinala si diverticulita. Hemoragia de cauza diverticulara apare cel mai frecvet la copii si
reprezinta 50% din complicatiile asociate cu diverticulul Meckel la pacientii cu varsta sub 18 ani.
Obstructia intestinala este coplicatia cea mai frecvent asociata la adulti. Diverticulita se
manifesta la 20% din pacientii cu diverticul Meckel simptomatic si este frecvent confundata cu
un simptom al apendicitei acute.
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