LTE Air Interface

Frame 1

Voice Over (VO)

On-Screen Text (OST)

Visual description for

media developer

In this module, you will

learn about:

GLOBAL: All visuals

provided are just for
reference and should
be re-created.

INTRODUCTION
1m1

In this module, you

will learn about:

1m2

Channel coding,
multiplexing and
interleaving
processes <pause>
Concepts of channel
coding and Forward
Error Correction
<pause>

Radio Interface
Structure <pause>
Physical Layer
Structure <pause>
Modulation Schemes
in Long Term
Evolution <pause>
Long Term Evolution
Radio Interface
Protocol Stack
<pause>

1m3

1m4
1m5
1m6
1m7

Frame
2

Voice Over
(VO)

On-Screen
Text (OST)

Channel coding,
multiplexing and
interleaving
processes
Concepts of
channel coding
and FEC
(Forward Error
Correction)
Radio Interface
Structure
Physical Layer
Structure
Modulation
Schemes in LTE

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LTE Radio
Interface
Protocol Stack

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Visual description for media developer

IMPORTANCE OF DATA PROTECTION

2m1

For any
communication
method to
work properly,
data
transmitted by
a transmitter
should reach
the receiver,
without any
error.

2m2

To ensure this,
all
communication
standards use
some concept
of data
protection.

2m3

You will learn

different
mechanisms
used by the
LTE technology
standard for
the error
correction over
noisy or
unreliable data
transmission
medium such
as air.

Fram
e3

Voice Over
(VO)

For any
communicat
ion method
to work
properly,
data
transmitted
by a
transmitter
should
reach the
receiver,
without any
error.
To ensure
this, all
communicat
ion
standards
use some
concept of
data
protection.

Please show data moving from A to B.

Make an animation.
Keep same visual as 2m1 and show a lock
in between. That lock should appear when
the VO is data protection.

Make an animation by first making all the

objects visible on screen and then,
showing transmission between them.

On-Screen Text (OST)

Visual description for media

developer

CONCEPT OF CHANNEL CODING

3m1

3m2

3m3

3m4

3m5

3m6

Lets start
with the
concept of
channel
coding.
Channel
coding
technique is
a process
which is
followed at
both ends of
the
transmission
system in
any digital
communicati
on
technology.
The basic
methodology
behind the
channel
coding
technique is
to add extra
parity bits to
be compared
with the
original
digital data.
These parity
bits are used
to identify
the errors
that occur
during the
transmission
of data from
one node to
another.

Concept of
Channel Coding

There are
two types of
coding
algorithms:
Block codes,
which adds
fixed parity

There are two types

of coding algorithms:

Channel coding
technique is a
process which is
followed at both
ends of the
transmission system
in any digital
communication
technology.

Block Codes

Sync OST with VO.

Keep the image static and highlight

both A and B when VO says both
ends of the transmission system in
any digital communication
technology.

Update text in diagram, Single Bit

Changed During Transmission
and Calculated Parity Bits
Disagree, Indicating the Row and
Column of the Error
Sync with OST.

3m7

3m8

bits known to
both the
transmitter
and the
receiver.
Separate
registers are
there for the
original data
and the
parity bits.
Convolutional
codes, which
uses memory
and the
original data
as parity bit,
keeping
same register
for both data
and parity
bits.
This is similar
to taking few
additional
pictures,
thinking that
some of
them might
be of bad
quality.

Convolutional
Codes

Show 4-5 pictures and then cross any

2 of them.

Frame 4

Voice Over (VO)

On-Screen Text (OST)

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media developer

CHANNEL CODING TECHNIQUIES

4m1

There are two

different policies to
make use of
channel coding for
the improvement
of any
communication
system,

4m2

Automatic Repeat
Request or ARQ

4m3

In ARQ, the system

will ask for a retransmission of
data, in case any
error is identified
in the received
data.
Forward Error
Correction or FEC

ARQ

In FEC, the system

will fix the error
prone data, if the
errors are
identified at the
time of reception
of digital data.

FEC

4m4

4m5

4m6

Lets study FEC in

detail.

There are two

different policies to
make use of channel
coding:

Automatic
Repeat Request
(ARQ)

System will ask for a

re-transmission of
data, in case any
error is identified in
the received data.
Forward Error
Correction
(FEC)

System will fix the

error prone data, if
the errors are
identified at the time
of reception of digital
data.

Keep same visual as 4m4.

Frame 5

Voice Over (VO)

On-Screen Text (OST)

Visual description for

media developer

FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION OR FEC

5m1

5m2

5m3

5m4

5m5

The concept of FEC

was brought in by
the American
mathematician
Richard Hamming,
who invented the
first FEC code in
1950 and was
named as
Hamming (7, 4)
codes.
This technique is
used for controlling
and correcting the
data transmitted
over any unreliable
medium or on a
noisy channel like
wireless medium.
FEC follows the
mechanism in
which some error
correction bits are
added along with
digital data and the
redundant copies of
the same are
transmitted
simultaneously
over the noisy
channel.
Since the parity
bits are known to
both, transmitter as
well as the
receiver, the errors
in the original data
can be easily
identified and
corrected.
The main
advantage of using
FEC method is that
it removes the
need of a reverse

The concept of FEC

was brought in by the
American
mathematician
Richard Hamming,
who invented the first
FEC code in 1950 and
was named as
Hamming (7, 4)
codes.
FEC Technique:
Used for controlling
and correcting the
data transmitted over
any unreliable
medium or on a noisy
channel like wireless
medium.

Keep same visual as 5m4

and highlight errors.

Advantage:

Removes call
for a reverse
channel for

Sync OST with VO.

5m6

Frame 6

channel for the retransmission of

data, in case of an
error during the
data transmission.
The disadvantage
of using FEC is that
it is an overhead to
the available
bandwidth, since
the same amount
of bandwidth which
was used to
transmit the parity
bits and the
redundant codes,
can be used to
transmit the
original data.
Voice Over (VO)

data retransmission.

Disadvantage:

Sync OST with VO.

An overhead to
the available
bandwidth.

On-Screen Text (OST)

Visual description for

media developer

DIFFERENT METHODS OF FEC:

CONVOLUTIONAL CODES
6m1
6m2

Different types of
FEC methods used
in LTE are:
Convolution coding
for the signaling
data
Interleaving
Turbo coding for the
user data

6m3

6m4

HARQ
Convolutional codes
are used to map the
signaling data in
LTE along with some
codes, defined by
the DSP circuits.
They make use of
some shift registers
with a pre- defined
algorithm and add

Different types of FEC

methods used in LTE
are:
1. Convolution
coding for the
signaling data
2. Interleaving
3. Turbo coding for
the user data
4. HARQ

Sync OST with VO.

Sync OST with VO.

Convolutional Codes
They are used to map
the signaling data in
LTE along with some
codes, defined by the
DSP circuits.
Keep same visual as
6m2.

6m5

6m6

6m7

6m8

Fram
e7

patterns of
redundancy to the
data.
Lets take an
example to better
understand this
concept.

Suppose you need

to transmit one one
zero one. For this,
you take a parity bit
one, which will be
compared with the
original data and
Exclusive OR
operation and the
combination of both
will be sent 3 times.

1101 XOR 1 = 0010

Due to unreliable
noisy channel at the
receivers end, you
received 0010
1010 0010
By comparing the
parity bit at the
receiver end, the
system can very
easily identify that
an error has
occurred on the fifth
bit and will rectify
the same by
averaging out the
three versions.

You received
0010 1010 0010

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0010 0010 0010

Sent

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Voice Over
(VO)

On-Screen
Text (OST)

Sync OST with VO.

Parity Bit
0010 will be
transmitted three times
as
0010 0010 0010
1

0010 1010 0010

Received
Error

Visual description for media developer

DIFFERENT METHODS OF FEC: INTERLEAVING

7m1

Interleavin
g is a very

Interleav
ing

Sync OST with VO

powerful
FEC
method
which
increases
the
reliability
of the
signal
without
adding
any
overhead
on the
transmissi
on
bandwidth
.
7m2

7m3

Lets take
an
example
to
understan
d the
concept of
interleavin
g. Suppose
we need
to transmit
16-bit
data.
The data is
read in by
rows and
read out
by
columns.
We first
read them
into a 4 by
4 matrix.

A very
powerful
FEC
method,
which
increases
the
reliability
of the
signal
without
adding
any
overhead
on the
transmissi
on
bandwidth
.
Transmit
ter:

Suppose we need to transmit 16-bit data.

7m4

Now, we
perform
interleavin
g on this
data
stream.
The data is
read out
by
columns.

After
Interleavi
ng:

7m5

7m6

As you can
see, the
original
data
stream is
re-ordered
so that
adjacent
bits are
now
separated
in the
output
stream.
This reordering of
data is
what we
call as
interleavin
g.
While its
interesting
to
understan
d what
interleavin

Keep same visual as 7m4.

g is, it is
more
important
to know
how it
increases
the
reliability
of the
signal.
7m7

7m8

When
error
occurs
during
transmissi
on, it
usually
remains
for a
significant
amount
time.
Hence, a
series of
consecutiv
e bits are
lost. Lets
assume in
our
example
that this
drop in
signal
resulted in
loss of 3
consecutiv
e bits.
This is not
good as
de-coder
will not be
able to
recover
the
original
data.

7m9

7m1
0

Fram
e8

But, when
Dethe
interleavi
receiver
ng:
deinterleaves
the
incoming
stream of
data, the
errors are
no longer
consecutiv
e.
Hence,
due to
interleavin
g, the
probability
of the decoder
recovering
the
original
data is
very high.
Voice Over
(VO)

On-Screen
Text (OST)

Visual description for media developer

DIFFERENT METHODS OF FEC: TURBO CODING

8m1

Turbo
coding,
another
FEC
method,
uses two
different
convolutio
nal coders
along with
one
interleaver
, to give
two
different
versions of
the same
data
stream, re-

Turbo
Coding
Uses two
different
convolutio
nal coders
along with
one
interleaver,
to give two
different
versions of
the same
data
stream, rearranged
randomly.

Make an animation showing steps.

8m2

arranged
randomly.
The
already
available
techniques
like
convolutio
nal codes
and
interleavin
g were part
of earlier
standards
like GSM.

8m3

Turbo
codes were
used in
3GPP only
after the
first
version of
UMTS, R99.

8m4

The type of
turbo
coding
used in LTE
is still
unchanged
.

8m5

By looking
at the
figure, one
can make
out that
turbo
coding
technique
adds
together,
advantage
s of both
coding and

Same figure as 8m1.

8m6

interleavin
g but put
in a delay
in the
transmissio
n of data.
Thats the
reason why
turbo
coding
technique
is used for
user data,
and not for
signaling
data.

Divide screen into 2 halves and show same figure

as 8m1 on left and below figure on right.

Sync with VO.

Frame
9

Voice Over
(VO)

On-Screen
Text (OST)

Visual description for media developer

DIFFERENT METHODS OF FEC: RATE

MATCHING
9m1

Before going
to HARQ, lets
understand
rate
matching.

9m2

Rate
Matching is a
very old FEC
technique
used in 2G
and 3G.

Rate
Matching

9m3

9m4

9m5

Standard and
basics behind
rate matching
is fixed size of
the physical
resource
block, for
example PRB
180KHz.
Hence, data
block needs
to be
matched,
after
transport
processing is
done on
them.
When
interleaving
coding is
done on
users digital
data,
available data
rates need to
be matched
with the
available
physical
channels and
its
capabilities,
according to
the
modulation

9m6

Frame
10

and coding
rates used
and the
number of
PRBs
available.
The
processes
used for rate
matching are
puncturing
data, wherein
you take out
some least
significant
bits from the
available data
and bit
stuffing, in
which you
repeat the
available
data, if it is
less than the
transport
block size.
Voice Over
(VO)

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/674474
4-0-large.jpg

On-Screen
Text (OST)

Visual description for media developer

DIFFERENT METHODS OF FEC: HARQ

10m1

Hybrid
Automatic
Repeat
reQuest or
HARQ
technique is
used for the
retransmissio
n of data, in
case the
previously
received block
hasnt
reached the
receiver
without any
error.

Hybrid
Automatic
Repeat
reQuest
HARQ
technique is
used for the
retransmissio
n of data, in
case the
previously
received
block hasnt
reached the
receiver
without any
error.

Sync OST with VO

10m2

Lets consider
an example in
which
package [1] is
being
transmitted.
If package [1]
is 'OK' then
the receiver
sends an
'ACK'.

10m3

The
transmission
continues,
and is sent a
package [2].
The package
[2] arrives,
but with
errors. If the
package [2]
arrives with
errors, the
receiver
sends a
'NACK'.
Only now this
package [2]
(bad) is not
thrown away,
as it is done in
conventional
ARQ. It is
stored in a
'buffer'.

10m4

10m5

Continuing,
the
transmitter
sends another
package [2.1].
Suppose that
it also arrives

Explain this concept by making an

animation.

with errors.