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SU~1FILE

TECHNICAL KEPORT RD-SS-86-1O

(,

TOWARD A NORESiUNFIED 7MORY OF 141NO:PJLSE

I1IODE'S THEORY OF MONOPULSE - REVISITED

Richard E. Dickson
System Simulation & Development Directorate
Research, Development, & Engineering Center

SEPTEMBER 1986

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Totvard A'More Unified Theory of Monopulse

Rhode's Theor of Moiqopulse - Revisited
12. PEEC. hAUT.

Richarfi E. Dickson
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22

16. SUPPILEMENTARY NOTATION

A modification to Rhoder' Theory of Monopulse is proposed, and then used to analyze

the theory behind an "amplitudet phase interferometer" (p. 98, Microwave Journal, Sep 1983).

20. DISTRIDUTIONIAlVAILASILITY OF ABSTRACT

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PREFACE
The author's background is neither in sensors nor electrical engineering
So in effect this report is a view of monobut in simulation and physics.
pulse fromn an outsider looking in% It is hoped it may be of help to other
outsiders, and may be of interest to monopulse insiders.
The author wishes to thank insiders, Larry McWhorter of Computer Sciences
Corporation for his comments at an early staget and Dwight McPherson of
Simulation Technology for his at a later stage, in the development of this
outsider's view.

0
Acep.Ion

For

TA

..,t

and/or

i/ (i blpccnalk

iil/(iv blank)

. . ... ........-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.

0, 0 0 0

INTRODUCTION..*..............

*S

00000

II. TOWARD A MORE UNIFORM THEORY OF MONOPtTLSE..*

III.
IVo

AD3 AMPLITUDE MONOPULSE......

A I PHASE MONOPULSE. *

VII.

ViII.
IX.

.,.........

1
3

*..*.***........

0...
. ............

.......

V.* SUM DIFFERENCE MONOP...........................

Vi.

000000

................

................

AN "AMPLITUDE PHASE INTERFEROMETER"'...........,................

A

...

VARIATION...........

000000000000000

A 3PHASE MONOPULSE-REVISITED.o......
CONCLUSIONS..o~eooo*
.........

REFERENCES.

. .......

APPEND1I

P(u) Versus G e

-*

...

....
................
00

Vu)00e~e00e.0e.00....

v/(vi blank)

00

6....
oo.......
.oo...........
......

7
9

10
0

0*0000

11
12

A-1

I.

INTRODUCTION
Pournelles'

Law:

"Iron is

expensive,

but silicon is

cheap."

It many analysis of monopulse radar sensors small angles are implicitly

The reason for this is that the sensor information is intended as an
assumed.
error signal to drive the antenna gimbles to point the antenna at the target.
The gimble rates may in turn be used to command a missile to a collision
course with the target via proportional navigation.
Proportional navigation intercept guidance laws may be derived from optimal intercept guidauce laws by assuming constant speed and small angles.
If body fixed monopulsa sensor signals are to be used in a bearing only
to estimate the state, and that state then used in a optimal
tracking filter
intercept guidance law, small angle assumptions are no longer warranted.
assumptions made some decades ago

With our rapidly changing technology,

may no longer be necessary and could result in our not taking full advantage
of present technology.

II.

TOWARD A MORE UNIFIED THEORY OF MONOPULSE

The goal of monopulse

Monopulse is one form of radio direction finding.
or simultaneous lobe comparison is to reduce or remove the effects of the variation of the received signal with time in determining the direction of arrival of the received signal.
a complex exponential

Assume the receiving antenna's lobe pattern is

function of the direction of arrival,

A"- G (u)

+ i4(u)

(1)

where G and *(u) determine the amplitude and *(u) determines the phase, and
Recall that a function is composed of even
u
is the direction of arrival.
and odd components, that is,
V(u) - VIu) + *o(u)

(2)

and
(3)

V(u) - 4e(u) + 0o(u)

The other lobe pattern is

B - G e (-u)

+ iW(-u)

(4)

where
*(-u) =e(u)

o(U)

(5)

and

(-

*(u) - #o(u)

.(6)

Rhodes assumed

A -P(u)

i(u)

(7)

and

B
and it

(8)

P(-u) ei*(-u)

follows that

P,(U) -- C a *U)

,(9)

and

Gea

P(-u)

(10)

The ratio ts

G e*O(u) + i(u)
G *4%(u) + IWO(u

A
B

.-*,(u) + i#(u)
-4b(u) - I 0 o(u)

*(1

W e2(*O(u) + ifo(u))

(12)

B
Similarly
A - B

A+B(u)

G .%(u)

u 4 (u
%
+ i4,)

(.uo)u)

+ i*o(u)

+ tB(u) ( eo(u) + io'(u)

A+B

-,ec*(u)

e-(u)

A tanh(*o(u) + i~o(u))

A - B

s8nh(2*,(u)) + i sin(2o(u))

A +-B

coBh(2k(u))

Note that, equations (12,

1/2 Un

cos(2o(u))

,1

- "o(,)

(13

- io(7u)

(
(14)

(15)

14),
-

arctanh

(16)

a well known identity. Another point to note is that In equations (11, 13)
the even components factor out and cancel out, and the monopulse information
is contained in the odd components.

III.
able.,

A 3 AMPLITUDS KONOPULS$
eplresenting A and I as two dimensional vectors instead of complex varione hae

AG .,(u)

co.,(u)

"A

\ in*(u) /

(17)

and

I- C e'*-u)

co(U)(18)
(sin()

Taking the dot products,

A . Aa2 e2#u) [coo2,(u) + $in2,(u)]

2

2(u)

(19)
(20)

and

B-,
B

e
.(-u)

[co.o,(-u)

$in,(-u)]

2 e(u)

(21)
(22)

The ratio of the dot products is

A -A
I *B

2
C
e2*(.u)
.2 e2*(u)

AOA

e2(#(u)

AA .-

(3
(23)

*(-u))

4#,(u)

(24)

(25)

And solving

#o(U) - 1/4 Ln

(26)

This report discusses what to implement and not how to implement.

Envelope detectors are implicit in most of tb. material presented.
Equation
(26) implies square law detectors, or linear detectors whose outputs are
squared.
Of course the magnitudes are the square root of the dot products)
taking the ratio of the magnitudes,

and

(AA) 1/2.

(] )1/2

OU

(27)

e*(u) - *(-u)

(28)

A . A) 1/2e.
,2(u)
(i.
a) /2

(29)

Solving

or
*0%u)

Ln

[A-A)2]

[(uB

1/2j

1]

(31)

which was invented by

the form of perhaps. the first amplitude monopulse,

Sommer 1s .
A 3 PHASE HONOPULSE

IV.

The dot product of A and I is

A"0 B =G2 e (u)
A . B . G2
A

+ *(-u)

*(u) + *(-u)

[cosa(u) cosa(-u)

sin*(u) sin(-u)]

cos(*(u) - V(-u))

(32)
(33)

B = G2 e2*e(u) cos(2* 0 (u))

(.4)
0

Let

'=Q-)(35)
-1 0
a rotation matrix for ninety degrees,
ninety degrees.
A-

which correspond to a phase shift of

Then,
[coss(u) sinf(-u)

iR - G?` e*(u)

+ *(-u)

A. Ra

G2 eV(u)
G

+ *(-u)

A a R. -

G2 e 2 *e(u) sin(2o0 (u))

sin(O(u)
*

sinf(u) coss(-u)]

,37)

(36)

((-u))
(38)

Takig tha ratio* one has

(39)

tan(200(u))

A
&*1
and solving

V.

(40)

arctaa

o(u) *

SUN DIFFSRENCE M4ONOPULS1

Since
Z -A

,(41)

and
(42)
it follows, since

(43)

that
(&A+)

(A4B)

E -E

"ES wA, A

+ 2A

(44)

I+
BOB

(45)

and

A A

A =
From equations (20,

G2

22,

(A-i)

= (A-B)
A

2A a

(46)

3e B

(47)

34, 45),

[e2*(u) + 2 2*e(u) cos(2o 0 (U))

+ e2

(48)

factoring out the even component,

E

. G2 e 2 e~ U)

20(u-21 cos(2o (u)) + e" (ulJ)

2*,,u)
+ 2
0

[e21o(u

(49)

and from the aefinition of hyperbolic cosine,

E

E - 2 G2 e2 e0('0) [cosh(2*0o(0.)) + cos(2o(0))]

(50)

similarly
A

A-

[Coa(2(u)) - co,(2$o(u))]

2 a a2()

(51)

'Taking the ratio of the magnitudes, one has

(A

2)2
E)"
*:

(cosh(2o 0 (u)) -(- cos(2$o(u))

\cosh(2,o)).-.(c o (.))~

(52)

As vith A I monopulset the evwen components have vanishedl but note that in
this case both odd components remain.
For

*o(u) 0

(53)

one has
("A)2

(z

(1

Z)a

-"(21(u))

/2

co,(2o 0 (U))

(54)

which may be simplified to

(j )1/2
0(55)
an~~u)
/ O~u)=

z)Ihand finally

/ o

/..

arctan,

<

. 0oo(u)

<(56)

sun difference phase monopulse.

Similarly for

*o(u) " 0
equation (52)

(57)

becomes

(A'A)

( coh(2*,(u))

( :')

\cosh(2$0 (u))

()1
58)
+

1/

which may be simplified to

(59

and solving

[rtn]
X

/*vvI,

(u) - 0

,(60)

Actaally equation (59) is the form

sum difference amplitude monopulse.
to ioise of the inverse hypersensitivity
the
usually implemented because of
one.
near
bolic tangent to quantities
VI.

2
AN "AMPLITUDE PRASE ITfElMRROIETER"

What if
2
posed was

Lan

What vas pro-

neither *o(u) nor #o(u) are zero in equation (52)?

[((A - PB) -(A

3R)))h

Ln

[((A + B) a (A -

f))]

(62)

and

Ln [(A -A)] -In

[(,.u)]

(63)

This would
to remove cycle ambiguities which may occur in equations (61, 62).
3
schemes
classification
some
and
correspond to amplitude phase monopulee,
would fail in this case.
Equation (63)

was discussed in a proceeding section, section III.

From equation (52),

1
(A.3)) J

[n((A-I) -(A-3))/2

((A +)

[
IL

cosh(2#0 (u)) - cos(2#0(u))

cosh(2,(u)) + o(-

Note that the greater #o(u), the less the amplitude.

between the lower boundary

[/.tanho(u)/]

Ln

(64

(64)

The signal would vary

(65)

and the upper boundary

(66)

Ln [ctnhT~o(u)]
Also note that zero crossings occur when

cos(20,(u)) - 0

(67)

Since

3B- -

(68)

(A +RB)

(A+RB)

+ 2A

RB

+ B

(A-U)

" (A-fl)

- 2A

RB

(69)

and

From equations (20,

(A +

22,

(A +

(70)

one hna

38),
-

B B

G2 e 2 *e(u)

[cosh(2*,(u))

+ sin(2o 0 (u))]

(71)

G
G2 e2 *e(U)

[cosh(2,o(u))

- sin(2fo(u))]

(72)

and
(A-U)

(A-f)

Taking the natural logrithm of the ratio of the magnitudes yields

.iL

(( U)

-Ln(ARB))
-V2l

L((A-23)

(A-R3))'/12J

[ cosh(2*1,(u))
.-

I-_I

",(73)
+ sin(2 0 (0))

cosh(2*0 (u))

'iL

sin(2* 0 (u))

I
]

and in this case the zero crossings occur when

the same boundaries,

Of course,
It

is

(74)

a 0

sin(2o(U))

equations (65,

66),

apply.

interesting to note that for

+o(u)
((A+U)

" (A+U))1/2

((A-f)

(A-fl))1/2

(75)

1)+ sin(2o()()1/276)
- sin(2o 0 (u)) ,
1

cos(2uo(U)

1 + cos(2*o(u)
-

tan(*o(u)

+ w/4)

+ %/2))

*/2)
+
,

a phase shift of 45 degrees when compared with equation (55).

1/2

(77)
(78)

VII.

62,

A VARIATION
What if E and A instead of A and B are available?
63) would be replaced by,
Ln [(a

-'&R)12]

-Ln

[((+.)112]),

[((:-A)

Then equations (61,

(79)

and
Ln

respectively,

(E+A))1/2

[((E+)

]C(-A))

(81)

sum difference amplitude phase monopulse.

Equation (79) is just the natural logarithm of equation (52),

equation (81) follows from equation (41, 42), that is,

Z+ i

- 2A

and

(82)

(83)

and
E - IA 2
This

leaves equation (80);

(E + R)

(P+A) + RA

+ 2E

+ A

(84)

and
Z - RA - (A+B)
= -2A
and from equations (50,

( E+RA)

( E+B)

51,

- (BA-RB)

* RB

(85)
(86)

38)

- 2 G2 e2*e(u)

[cosh(2*o(u))

- sin(2,o(U))]

(87)

Similarly
(

Z-RA)

E(-A)B

Z - E

2E - RA

= 2 G2 e2*e(u)

A"

[cosh(20o(u))

(88)

+ sin(2o 0 (u))]

(89)

From equations (87, 89) it is readily apparent that equation (80) is equivalent to equation (62), and the discussion in the previous section would
equally apply to equations (79, 80, 81).

VIII.

A I PHASE MONOPULSE - REVISITED

When *0 (U) is large, the boundary equations (65, 66) for amplitude
phase monopulse, equation (61, 62, 63, or 79, 80, 81), would present problems,
Of course,
while A I phase monopulse, equation (40), is independent of *o(u).
A B amplitude monopulse, equation (26), could be used to remove cycle ambiguities in A I phase monopulse.

(A +B)
Similarly,

(AB)

(A-3)

the difference of equations (69,

(A + B)

(A +IM)

the ratio of equations (90,

(A+nI).

(A.I

91)

(A +I)
"" (A+I)

one has

45),

Taking the difference of equations (44,

(A-I)

(9g)

4A

4A - RI

'91)

tan*o(u)

(92)

70Y, is

(A- R)

(A-

(A-uI)
(A-B)

(A--u)
- (A-I)

RZ)

is
-

and solving

[(A+fl)
(A+23)

*o(u)

arctan

The advantage of equation (92)

-(A-I)
A- 3
-(

0(A+IS)
0 (A+u)

that equations (90,

4 A I- 2 G2 ee(u)
-

2 G2 e*,(u)

1(93)
that it

over amplitude phase monopulse is

possible to solve for #o(u), and given #o(u),

The disadvantage is

-(A-RD)
(A71- B)

50,

for u.

51)

[cosh(2,o(u))

is

yield

+ cos(20o(u))]

[cosh(2*o(u)) - cos(2o 0 (u))]

(94)

For *o(u) large, one would have the difference of two nearly equal quantities
and this would be sensitive to noise.
Similarly,
4A
a

"R

equations (91,
*

71,

2 G2 2*e(u)
2

2 G e2*e(u)

72),
[cosh(2*o(u))

+ sin(2o 0 (u))]

[cosh(2ioeu)

- sin(2o 0 (u))]

(95)

which ha3 the same noise problem.

To use A I amplitude monopulse, equation (26), to remove cycle ambiguity, *o(u) need not be large, but there would be a design tradeoff between
ambiguity resolution and noise.

10

Instead of envelope detection to form these dot products, another possibility is coherent detection with digital computation. The desired dot products would be computed from the components of the vectors.
Of course, G and e(u) must be eliminated since they are dependevt upon
the range to the target. From equations (20, 22),

(A'A)/

Ge*(u)

Ge *-)

(96)

G2 e*(U)

(97)

(D.3)

With equations (34,

*(-u)

(98)

e
e2(u)

38),

(A4A)lh (3-3)lh

cos(2#otu))
I

(99)

and
A

RD

sin(24,0 (u))

(100)

Equations (99, 100). would then be used in a routine like FORTRAN's ATAN2 which
yield the angle's quadrant.
IX.

CONCLUSIONS
"There is no one beat way."

Rhodes mentioned in the preface to Introduction to Monopulse1 that he

adopted the philosophy of Sir Robert Watson-Watts, =Cult of the Third Best:
The Best Never Comes and the Second Best Comes Too Late."
There seems to have been a tendency in some of the monopulse literature
to force all monopulse to fit Rhodes' "third best" theory monopulse. The
fault lies not with Rhodes but with those who just accepted his initial treatment as final. Instead of dealing with unquestioned answers, attention should
be given to unanswered questio.is.
A natural extention to this modification would be to incorporate polarization via Jones vectors, two diamensional vectors whose components are
complex.

11

REFERENCES
1. Rhodes, Donald R., Introduct.on to Monopulse,
(Dedham: Artech House, 1980).

New York:

McGraw-Hill,

2.

McLendon, Hobert, and Turner, Charles, Broadband Sensors for Lethal

Defense Suppression, Microwave J., Sep 1983, pp. 85-102.

3.

Sherman, Samuel M.,

House, 1984.

Monopulse Principles and TechniqueLs,

12

Dedham:

1959

Artech

APPENDIX
P(u) Versus G e *(u)

A-1

APPENDIX
4<u)
P(u) Versus G e

From equations (9,

10)

P(u) P(-u) - G2 e2*e(U)

(A-1)

and
P(u)
P(.-U)
From an identity for the hyperbolic

e2ou)
e

(A-2)

tangent,

2(u)-

tanh4o(u)

and equation (A-2),

e24*o(u)

A)

(A-3)

one has,

P(u)
tanh ao(u) -. p(u)

(A-4)

P(-U)
or

tah*(u) M

(A-5)

ON

Pe(u)

The right had sides of equations (A-4, A-5) viii be familiar to those acquainted with Rhodes' Theory of Monopulse 1 , and the left hand side maybe substituted where appropriate.
That tanh*o(u) and tango(r) are opposite sides of
the same coin is pleasing, if not revealing.

port.

The hyperbolic cosine occurs extensively in

From its definition,

cosh(21,o(u))

e2*O(u)

+ e

A-2

the main body of this re-

-2*o(u)
7

(A-6)

and equation (A-2),

+ U)
or(P(-u)
cosh( 2 1b(u)) - /

+
\P(-u)

or

p.2(u) _ p02(u)
Those who favor Rhodes' notation, P(u), could substitute the right hand sides
of equations (A-7, A-8) where appropriate throughout this report.
(15),

Though the hyperbolic sine occurred only once in this report, equation
for completeness,

sinh(2440~(u))

sinh(2*(u))

1/ tPu,(u

(A-9)

or
2 Pe(u) Po(u)
Pe(u) - Po(u)

A-3/(A-4 blank)

(A-10)

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1
I
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
40
1

DIST 1

DISTRIBUTION
No. of

AMSMI-RD-SS-SE,
-RD-SS-HSt
-RD-CS-R
-RD-CS-T
-GC-IP, Mr.

1
1
1
5
1
1

M. Hallum
J. Jordan
D. Dublin

Bush

DIST 2