Historic,

Do

not

Archive Document

assume content

scientific

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reflects current

policies, or practices.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations

TOBACCO PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

IN

THE JAPANESE EMPIRE

By

J. Barnard Gibbs
Tobacco Specialist

Washington, D. C.
January 1940

11

C 0

W T 1 N T S

Page

Introduction

Origin and Early Developments

Early Uses and Prohibitive Measures
Early Foreign Trade
Early Government Taxes and Control Measures

2
2
3

Tobacco Monopolies
Organization
Date of Introduction and Development
Japan proper
Taiwan
Chosen
Present Extent and Method of Monopoly Control

Tobacco Production
Proauction Trends and Types Groi<m
Factors that have Resulted in the Development of Tepees
Area and Topograph}^
Soils
Climatic Regions
Northwestern Japan
Northeastern Japan
Southern Japan
Chosen

Taiv/an

Cultural Practices
Crop. Rotation
Seedbeds
Transplanting, Cultivating, and Topping
Fertilizers
harvesting and Curing
Ren- curing
Kan- curing
Flue- curing
Fire -curing
Air-curing
Frame-curing

4
5
5
5

6
6

11
11
12
12
14
15
15
15
15
17
17
18
21
21
22
22
25
25
25
25
25

Page

Classes and Types of Japanese Empire Tobacco

Japan Proper
Class I, Matsukawa
Class II Daruma
Class III^ Kirigasaku
Class IV^ Hatano .
Class V, Bitchu
Class VI, Avva
Class VII, Enshu
Class VIII, Suifu
Class IX, Satsuma
Class X, Flue-cured
Class XI, Fire-cured
Class XII, Miscellaneous
Chosen
Class I, Flue-cured
Class II, Naichi-shu
Class III, Kairai-shu
Taiwan
Class I, Flue-cured
Class II, Cigar
Class III, Sun-cured
Class IV, Bansan
Cost of Production

25
26
28
28
29

29
29
29
29
29
29

30
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32

Grading and Marketing

Grading and Preparing Tobacco for Market
Marketing

34
34
35

E:xports and Imports

37
37
42
42
43

Leaf
Tobacco Products
Intershipm.ent Within the Empire
Practices Followed in Imports and Exports

manufacture and Counsum.pt ion

Cut Tobacco
Cigarettes .....'
Cigars
Factory Production and Distribution of Products
Factory Production
Distribution

44
48
48

Probable Developments Affecting American Tobacco Producers

53

49
52
52
52

iv

All units of weights and msasures used in this report are those

recognized as standard in the United States.

Quotations of price and value are all in United States currency.

Conversions of prices and values that apply to a particular date or period
have been made at an available rate that is most applicable for the date
or period.

V-Zhere

such average rates are available, prices of domestically

produced tobacco have been converted at the average exchange rate for the
marketing season October to tlarch.

In years for which average seasonal

rates are not available the annual average exchange for the calendar year
in which the marketing of the crop began vjas used.

The following

tabulation shows the average yen selling rate for calendar years 1913 to
1938 and average yen selling rate during the marketing seasons 1924-25 to
1933-39:

Calendar-year
average

Year

Marketing
season a/

Year

Calendar-year
average

Marketing
season a/

Cents
Gents
45.67
1918
1928
46.50
48.89
1919
46.17
1929
1920
49.50
49.40
1930
40.^7
43,91
1921
1931
21.17
28,03
1922
1932
29.69
25.42
1923
1933
28.47
29.63
1924
33.94
1934
28.92
23.61
43.54
19 A 5
1935
23,45
23.92
1926
43 96
1936
23.39
28 63
1927
46.67
1937
27.38
28.44
1933
Calendar-year averages 1913 to 1924 from Yokohama Specie Bank; 1925 to
1933 compiled by American Consulate, Tokyo, from, daily reports of Tokyo
branch. National City Bank of New Yorx,
darket ing-season average compiled by American Consulate, Tokyo, from, daily reports of National City
Bank
a/ average for 6 months, October to iviarch of the foliating year.
*

Cents
51.4?
50.31
49.73
43.15
48.33
43.88
42.00
40.93
47.12
47.48

Cents

TOBACCO PRODUCTION AND CONSUIvIPTION IN TKE JAPAl^ESD

SIvIPIPJ]

The areas that now comprise the Japanese Empire (Japan, Chosen, and
Taiwan) have for decades "been a market for substantial quantities of American
flue-cured tobacco and have at times taken small quantities of certain other
Their yearly purchases of flue-cured loaf have never approached the
tirpes.
large volume taken by the United Kingdom or China but have often equalled or
surpassed quantities sent to Germany, the Netherlands, Canada, or Australia.
In recent years the Empire, as a whole, has taken from 1,5 to 4,5 percent of
the total United States exports of flue-cured leaf
'

E:qDorts of flue-cured tobacco from the United States to the Japanese

Empire became significant near the close of the nineteenth century, when
cigarette consumption began to expand rapidly in most parts of the world.
From 1896 to 1899 ^ substantial proportion of total exports to the Japanese
Empire was in the form of cigarettes, but since I9OO cigarettes have accounted
for only a small portion of the total.

Elue-cured. production from American seed began in Japan proper in

and
in Chosen and Taiwan in 19l4.
Its production has subsequently ex1902
panded about in uroportion to the increase in volurae needed in cigarette manufacture.
Consequently imports of flue-cured from the. United States did not,
increase as rapidly as T/as the case '/vith many other foreign countries.
By
the fiscal year 1928-24 they had only increased to about 12,000,000 pounds.
Sinep that year they have ranged between 4,000,000 and 12,000,000 pounds annually.
The trend has been downward since 1930-81,
,

Production of flue-cured leaf in the Japanese Empire has in recent

years increased more rapidly than consumption.' As a consequence, small quantities have been exported, to China, Manchuria, and Europe, where it has been
sold in competition with American.
For the marketing year April to March
1986-37> approximately 10,000,000 pounds were exported as compared with an
import from the United States of only 4,600,000 pounds!
The production of domestic type leaf has declined with increased
flue-cured prod.uction; hov/ever, production continues to be sufficient for
domestic requirements and to supply the export demand. For a number of years
certain domestic tjrpes have been exported to Eg;^t for use in cigarettes, and
in recent years an-effort has been made to introduce their use in Europe,
The Japanese Empire shift in recent years from a. d.eficit to a surplus
area as regards flue-cured leaf and the effort being made to export its
native leaf, which vrould offer some competition with cigarette t^qoes exported,
from the United States, arc of importance to American tobacco growers.
This
report brings together facts regarding all phases of the tobacco industry in
the Japanese Empire and concludes with a statement of possible future
developments.
'

ORIGIiJ AlTD SAHLY D3 VELOP^3 YTS

TolDacco has "been produced and consumed in the. Japanese Empire for some
It is generally conceded, hov^ever, that it is not indige300 years or more.
nous to any of the present component parts of the Japanese Enroire, Early
Japanese writings as far hack as 160O indicate that tobacco was not -known in
Japan proper until it vifas introduced from abroad.

The only evidence indicating a possibility thot tobacco miriit be

indigenous to Japan is the discovery in recent years of tobacco growing in
Tfild. mountainous ayeas where so far as is knoTm human beings had not previously penetrated or, if at all, rarely visited'. The t^^'pes discovered show
more similarity'' to American and other foreign ty/pes than do the do'mestic type
nov/ extensively cultivated in Japan. 1^/
It is quite probable that the seedsfrom which these wild plants originated v/ere carried there by migrating bird.s
at. an eeirly date when fo reign- tynoe tobaccos were first introduced.
As a result of their isolation, they have not been crossed with other varieties or
influenced by cultural practices and have maintained their original characteristics more than has been the case
th commercially' produced tobacco.
'rH

It is generally- conceded that the Portuguese - their navigators and

missionaries - were the first to introduce the use of pipes and probably^
tobacco cultivation into Japan. A letter from a Japanese correspondent to
Comes 2/ states that:
(l) the Japanese began to use tobacco some time in the
fifteenth century' when Christianity/ v;as first introduced into Japan by the
.Portuguese, ( 2 ) smoking was quite common by/ 1595
about 159 S> tobacco
seed was first imported into Japan from some foreign country^ and cultivated
in the province of Sats-uraa (now included, in the prefecture of Kagoshima),
this was the first 'time that tobacco v/as cultivated in Japan, and (S)
( 4)
later, aboiit 1605* more tobacco seeds v;ere brought from a foreign ship and
planted in the tom of Nagasaki.
*

Other record.s shov; that planting' of tobacco began in other districts

between I605 and 1620, the seed in each ca.se coming from Spanish and
Portugese posse-s'sions, or China,

'

Early Uses and Prohibitive Measures

'ifhen tobacco was first introduced into Japan it wo.s used for medicinal
purposes.
Consunption spread., hov/ever, and. it soon came into general use in
various forms,
Smoki'ng, the most popular form of consu.nption, was a common
Snuff was used to
practice among people of almost all ages and both sexes.
some extent in Chosen and perhaps Taiwan but .there is little evidence of its
use in Japan proper. Pipes soon became the chief method of consumption.
Crude cigarettes were also in use. They were conical in shape and made of
bamboo leaf wrappers with smoki'ng tobacco stuffed into the large end of the
Conventional
cone. Bamboo was also used in making a crude kind' of pipe.
y'ears later many'
cigarettes and cigars did not come into general use until
cigars in 1200, and cigarettes about 1830
.

"Tobacco in Japan, Introduction and Methods of. Smoking,"

17 Jonas, E. M,
Japanese Weekly Chronical, November 2 I922, Toky/o Japan,
2
Statistiqp.e du Tobac p. 2 49
Comes, O'razio, Histoire
Oeograjohie
2/
,

Tol^acco had not been knc^^'n in Japan very lon^, according to historians,
until it \vas forbidden on the ground that "it \?as of no benefit, to the people,"
The opposition wos not confined, ho^'rever, to its negative benefit to people
in general, nor to its harmful effect on consiuners; tobacco was also, opposed
on the .ground that it was a fire hazard and that the land devoted to it would
be better used for rice and other food crops. A series of -prohibitions as
reported bjr Comes
is abridged as follows:

Smoking again -prohibited 2 /

the prohibition not
observed bv the people.
Third prohibition of smoking; cultivation of tobacco
also prohibited.
The use of tobacco again prohibited.
It v/as ord.ered that, (l) if anyone be caught selling
tobacco, his property would be confiscated and given
to the one who informed agai.nst him, ( 2 ) any man. v/ho
arrested, a person carrying tobacco on horseback
should. receiA^e both the horse and baggage on it,
(3) tobacco should not be planted anjor/here in Japan.
A severe ord.er v/as issued against the military class
(where smoki-ng -was very co.mmon) confiscating the
property of those who used tobacco.
Another order to the e-rfect that, (l) any o.erson who
cultivated tobacco -olants or sold tobacco should be
icrprisoned, (2) from each farmer living in the same
to/n A^dth a tobacco grower a fine of one sen should
be collected, (3) the chief municipal officer of
that tom sho-u.ld nay a fine of 30 sen.

1607

lc09
1611
1"12

1615

1616

Many edicts prohibiting the use of tobacco followed these, but the
people refused to heed them. By l 624 the smoking custom had grom to be a
common practice of all classes, includi-ng the ruling class: consequently, the
later laws were mod.ified sc that their only purpose we.s to keep the production of tobacco from encroaching on rice field.s and vegetable gardens.
In
thelaw
In
courts
tobacco.
refused to' listen to a-ny contention against
1679
ly-O"^ permission was given tp grow it, but the area was cut in half.
In more
rece'nt times, ^ Government restrictions have been largely removed and the crop
has been grown throughout Japan.
Early Foreign Trad.e
Imports of:leaf tobacco and. tobacco rrod.ucts into the Japanese Empire
began at an early date but it was many ears before thej^ became significant.
Pop Japan proper-, leaf tobacco imports as recently as I896 totaled only
The first record of importation of cut tobacco -was. for ISQO,
325,000 po-unds.
v'hen 9^000 pounds were imported..
Cigar icroorts as late as 1 S 68 to,taled
only 19,000 pounds.
Cigarette imports began about 1379
totaled approximately 350 pound.s. Exports in vol-ume apparently began at a somewhat earlier
"

See note 2 page 2

Date
of the first prohibition not reported..
2/
1/

_ 4 -

date.
In iSoS, leaf exports totaled 275000 pounds and cut tolacco SOO pounds
In iSSO cigarettes were first exported, the total amounting to approximately
6o pounds.
In 1896 leaf imports into Taiv/an totaled approximately 5 >000 pounds and
exports v/ere practically nil, For Chosen the first record of leaf tohacco
im.ports is for I 9 IO when 206,000 pounds were imported.
The first record of
exports is for 19l4 when 885>000 pounds were exported.

Early Government Taxes and Control Measures

Government taxes and super-'asion over the tohacco industry began at a
relatively early period. The early taxes levied on tohacco as well as other
agricultural products were for the purpose of supporting provincial princes
and chieftains.
The first national tohacco tax knorn to have been established
in the Empire, V'^hich then included only what is now Japan proper, was made
effective in January IS 76 and continued until the establishment of the monopoThe tax law was modified in 1882 and again in I 888 but the change
ly in 1897
were largely confined to the rate of tax. ]^/ The tax law included a tax to be
paid by wholesale and retail tobacco dealers and a stamp tax on the products
themselves. A similar tax law was established in Chosen in 1909*
modified in 191 ^> the most important change being the limiting of the manufacture of tobacco products to specified points, 2/

Difficulty was had in enforcing the early tax measures, and financial
returns to the Government were below expectations. With increasing Government costs, additional revenues were desired from the tobacco industry and
monopoly control was established.
TOBACCO MONOPOLIES
Organ! zation
The tobacco monopolies in Japan proper, Chosen, and Taiv/an, are not
directly connected; however, they are all quite similar with respect to organThe Japanese monopoly v/as the first
ization and general plan of management.
established and i^ihen the others were started they were patterned after it. In
each case the tobacco monopoly is under an overhead organization known as the
Monopoly Bureau, The Monopoly Bureau in Japan proper is under the general
supervision of the Ministry of Finance and has monopoly control over tobacco,
salt, crude camphor, and camphor oil.
In Chosen and Taiwan the Monopoly
Bureaus are under the control of the Bureau of Financial Affairs of the respective Governments General,
The Chosen Monopoly Bureau has control of
tobacco, salt, and ginseng; and the Tiawan Bureau has control of tobacco, salt
camphor, alcoholic liquors, and opium.
The Monopoly Bureau in each case is subdivided into organizations
handling each commodity. Within these subdivisions different offices are
established for carrying out various activities. The activities of the

Japan Trade Guide, Shimbun Rengo Sha, Tokyo, Japan,

Annual Report on Administration of Chosen, 1984-15> Government General
of Chosen, Keijo, Chosen,

ly

2/

- 5 -

totacco monopolies are divided into four main sections; the supervision of the
control of production, control of foreign trade of leaf tobacco and tobacco
products, research bureau, and manufacturing and sales.

Date of Introduction and Develorment

J anan Froner

not put into

In Japan proper a monopoly law was drafted in lSg5
force until lS92 when larger revenue returns to the Government were needed to
that
meet war indebtedness resulting from the Sino-Japanese war of 1S95
time the monopoly extended only to loaf tobacco.
It v/as given the exclusive
right of purchasing tobacco from farmers. Furchases were made at prices previously determined for specified qualities. After the entire harvest had been
bought by the monopoly, leaf was sold to manufacturers and consumers at prices
materially above the farm uurchase prices.
in April I 9 OI
In February 1S99
the lav/ wa.s modified to include the following;
(l) Definite qualifications
were established for persons entitled to purchase leaf tobacco from the
Government; (2) imports and exports of leaf tobacco were confined to the
monopoly; ( 3 ) tobacco grov/ers were required to obtain official license for
producing tobacco; and (4) authority v/as given the monopoly to require growers
to produce tobacco of specified types.

With these changes the monopoly had complete control of leaf tobacco as
regards domestic production, import, and e>rport. Manufacturing of tobacco
products v/as still carried on by private manufacturers but the monopoly was
their only source of leaf.
In July 1904 a revised tobacco law was enacted that extended monopoly
control over manufacture and sales, Frivate-owned factories v/ere taken over
by the Government and additional factories constructed.
Sales by the monopol;''
were made to licensed v/holesalers who, in turn, sold to licensed retailers.

system was abolished and the monopoly established

marketing organization, delivering tobacco directlj'- from the monopoly
to licensed retailers,
In 1931 the v/holesale

its

ov/n

Taiwan
The Taiwan monopoly was established on April 1, 1905i piimarily for the
purpose of raising funds to support the Colonial Government, l/ The Taiv/an
monopoly v/as organized along the same lines as the Japanese monopoly, as
modified in 1904. When first organized it took complete control of leaf tobacco, its production, import, and export.
The manufacture of tobacco products
was for the time being let under contract by the monopoly to private concerns.
It was not until 1922 that the monopol;^ built its own factories and began
producing tobacco products.

Shortly before this date the finances of the Colonial Government v/ere made
independent of the Tokyo government and it no longer received direct grants
for its support.
ly

Throughout the- entire history of the monopoly, sales have hcon mape
through, private agencies.
Prior to 1923, the monopoly designated certain individuals or organizations who were alloted the privilege -of wholesale trade
in tobacco products. Local governmental authorities were given the power to
designate retailers of products.
Since 192S, however, both wholesalers and
retailers have been designated by the monopoly, and the selling prices from
monopoly to wholesaler, from wholesaler to retailer, and retailer to the
public have been fixed by the monopoly.
Chosen
Tlie Chosen monopoly was not established until 1921, and its histoiy has
been somewhat different from the monopolies in Japan proper and Taiwan, When
first organized, it extended only to commercial production of leaf and the
manufacture of cigarettes, Parmers were permitted to grov/ tobacco for their
own Use, and the manufacture of cut tobacco continued to be carried on by
private concerns. The monopoly sold leaf to private manufacturers of cut tobacco as v/ell as to consumers who smoked unprocessed leaf.
In 1922 the monopoly began manufacturing cut, tobacco but did not restrict its manufacture by
private individuals. In 1929 complete monopoly control was established. Manufacture of cut tobacco and sales of loaf to individuals and organizations in
Chosen were eliminated, and cultivation of tobacco for homo consumption was
prohibited.

Prior to 1931> sales of tobacco products were made through private

In
wholesale and retail organizations, which were licensed by the monopoly.
organizadistributing
the monopoly established its ov/n wholesale and
1931
tions and since that date sales have been made direct to licensed retailers.
Retail and wholesale prices for tobacco products have alv/ays been fixed by
the monopoly.
>

Present Extent and Method of Monopoly Control

At present -all of the Monopoly Bure, aus have complete control over
tobacco from the tine the seeds are ]pl anted until the finished prod.ucts reach
They operate on the principle that the tobacco farmer is a member
consumers.
of the monopoly organization.
The farmer is required to spend a definite
amount of money and time in oroducing tobacco for v/hich the monopoly pays
prescribed prices. Each monopoly also 5ruarantecs a fixed pajenent per acre in
the- event of total or partial crop failure resulting from storms, floods, etc.
The gu-arantced payments are a fi:^:cd ocrcentagc of a value derived by multiplying the grov/cr's -average tobacco yield during several past years by the.
average price he received for his tobacco during the immediate preceding years.

Control over farm production is maintained through tobacco associations. Each village or, in some cases, a group of small villages, has a
tobacco association.
The only officers of an individual association are the
"headman l/ of the village, v/ho serves without comoensation, and a tobacco
The social striacturo in Japan is organized along family linos as in China,
includes the oldest living male member and all his children and grandchildren, Villages are usually the outgrowth of one family, and the oldest
male resident in the village is usually the "headman," He settles all disputes and has a genered control over the activities of the entire village.
ly

familjT-

supervisor or instructor. The tobacco instnictor is designated by the

the association out of dues collected
monopoly but his salary is paid
from its members.

Each year the monopoly determines the total acreage to be planted to

The acreage for each type is then prorated among
tobacco of different types.
the different tobacco associations in accordance virith their previous alloted
acreage and the amount of land owned by members of the association that is
suitable for production of the type. The alloted acreage of an association
is subdivided among its members in proportion to their previous allotment and.
the amount of suitable land they oym.
Each producer is given a license? which
permits him to grow a fixed acreage of tobacco on a certain farm. In case
the farm is sold the license remains with the land,
Seed of the type of tobacco desired for production is furnished to
the farmer by the monopoly.
Dates when seed beds are to be planted, when
plants are to be transplanted to fields, :;hen they must bo topped, and Avhon
harvesting should bo begun, are all fixed by the monopoly. Cultural, harSeed beds
vesting, and curing practices are established by the monopoly.
must be prepared according to specified rules. When transplanted into fields,
the plants must be sot in rows of specified ./idths and at certain distances
apart within the rows.
The quantity and dates of application of different
typos of manure and fertilizer to be applied are also fixed by the monopoly.
Methods of curing arc laid dov/n. After Curing, the tobacco must be carefully
graded and hands must be prepared in a prescribed manner with a fixed number
of leaves in each hand.
The hands of different grades or quality must bo
made into a bundle of a proscribed size. Even the material to be used for
wrapping and tying the bundle is prescribed. Tobacco instructors employed
by associations are always on hand to see that these rules and regulations
are carried out.
If a farmer fails to follow instructions his license to
produce tobacco is revoked.
The farmers crop can be sold only to the monopoly.' Prices for different types and grades of tobacco are fixed in advance, usually in December
preceding the year the crop is produced. If a farmers tobacco is not graded
and packed according to monopoly regulo,tions, the monopoly refuses to purchase it and' the' farmer is' required to regrade and repack it.

After- 1 eaf roaches the hands of the monopoly it remains in their

possession until' sold in the form of retail products, or exported- as leaf.
The redrying, storage, manufacture, and sales to retailers- arc all carried
out by the monopoly.

TOBACCO PRODUCTION

Production Trends and Types

G-ro^vn

The average annual production of tobacco in the Japanese Empire for

the years 1933 to 1937 was about 191 000,000 pounds, of vfhich approximately
133*000,000 were domestic types and 53,000,000 po-unds American flue-cured
,

The income from tobacco production is higher than that from other crops
and premi-um prices are' always offered' for land for v/hich a license to grov/
tobacco has been issued.

ly

- g -

Average production for the years immediately preceding and follov/ing

type.
1900, v.'hen records were first availaole, was about 89 >000, 000 pounds and was
entire Iv domestic tjrpes.
Flue-cured production began in I902.
By 1020 total
production had increased to a^':'ioroximately 160,000,000 pounds, of which about
8 000 000 pounds neve flue-cured.
In 198O the total production v/as
IS' 7 000,000 of v/hich flue-cured represented 22 000,000 pounds,
and in I988
80.000.
total production v/as estimated at 207 000,000 pounds and flue-cured at
000 pounds.
.

Table

Area
and year

- Area and 'orod.uction of tobacco in the Japanese Empire,

"
1921 to 1938
^
Native
Total tobacco
Flue--cured
Area
Prod.uction
Area
Produc tion
Area
Production
1,000
1,000
1,000

Acres
Japan
1921
1922
1928

4l

92,

93,809
95,792
94,776
91,446
90,246
91,260
92,161
88,826
89,083
90,273

192.4

1925
1926,

1927
1928
1929
1980
1931
1932
1933
1984
1935
1936
1937
1938
Cho sen

pound.s

542
88 696
S 4,617
86 ,o 4 S

3,

80,638
85,546
92,664

Acres

186,212
150,183
150,710
133,611
146,694
145,452
142,262
133,356
1 40,502
142,269

8,860
8,801
3,794
4,109
4,941
6,700
8,457
9,732
10,156
10,555
18,234
18,282
27,632
28,578
33,075
36,479
89,346
44,879

80,808
28,244
25,219
34,928
80,819
28,719
41,892
49,844
57,180
83,292
36,245
48,898
36,494
33,960
48,827
45,474
58,838
58,000

2,783
2,290
2,932
8,102
8,800
3,429
3,517
3,711
3,756
8,445
3,958
3,983
3,953
4 4l 6
4 4i 9
5,121
6,468
7,820

184,899
153,864
136,118
140,567
143,426
138,488
150,823
i 4 o ,435

pounds

Ac re s

3,889
5,624
3,979

24l
9,813
14,191
15,891
g,

15,714
17 ,o 44

21,826
23,669
40,271
44,626
51,288
48,893
62,163
65,056 a/

88,281
93,008
91,993
90,667
86,505
83,546
82,808
82,429
78,170
78,478
77,089
65

2 60

56,024
56,089
52,973
50,159
46,200
48,285

pounds
181,010
147 740
,

182,136
134,935
135,185
128,670
186,182
124,894
120,

%8

138,139
128,884
109,942
106,428
100,826
90,974
84,463
78,339
1/ 77,218

c/

1921
1922
1923.
1924
1925
I92S
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935...
1936........
1937
1938

40,925
80,121
81,350
4o,i 66
40,833
40,470
46 670
,

53,594
43,063
84,868
37,329
88,420
33,225
36,007
4 o,liO
42,966
45,755
47,92.4

480
2,279
3,505

88,142
2 7,831
28,418

4,99-^

37 ,o 64

3,988
4,288
5,826
6,87s
7,221

37,033

4 54 o
,

6,642
7,024
5,76s
7,055
7,063
7,640
9,126
11,000

37 ,o 4 i

43,153
49,883
44,807
31.423
33.371
29,487
29,272
31,591
35,691
87,845
39,292
4 o,io 4

26,878
20,965
21,714
29,925
26,331
24,436
36,066
42,966
49,959
28,752
29,603
36,874
80,726
26,905
41,264
37 834
49,712
47,000

1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1
.1

-,

}j

1
1

Dontinued -

p
i
y
>

- 9 TalDle 1.

Area
and year
1921
1922
Taiwan
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933

1934
1935
1936
1937
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
193s
1927Empire
Total

Area and -production of tobacco in the Japanese Emjpire,

1921*to 193 s -Continued
Native
Total tobacco
Flue--cured
Area
Production
Area
Area
Production
Production
Acre s
3,284
2,921
2,062
2 31 s
1,762
i,74o
2,036
2,204
2,197
2,026
1,373
1,739
1,917
2,278
2,619
3,012
3,590
4,101
,

1,000
nounds
4,270
3,755
3,611
2,836
2,2o4
2,202
2,735
3,310
3,326
3,316
2,796
2,821
3,886
4,719
4,487
4,885
5,713
6,360

Acres
Til 5

454
394
324
317
320
346
3S6
435

434
4io
4o4
534
815
1,115
1,651
2,333
2,8i4

1,000
pounds

^^11
618

579
860
298
313

326
4o2
452
46o
390
489
629

1,076
1,262
1,936
2,885
3,527

Acres
2,869
2,467
2,168
1,994
1,^45
1,420
1

690

1,818
1,762
1,592
1,463
1,385
1,883
1,468
i,504
1,361
1,207
1,287

1 ,000
po-uiids

3.359
3,i42
3,032
2,476
1,906
1,884
2,4o9
2,908
2,874
2,856
2,4o6
2,832
2,757
3,643
3,225
2,949
2,828
2,833

161,747
129,292
136,350
169,477
7.053
7.730
171.347
180,363
129,351
3,516
123,306
6,545
156,882
122,584
129,704
164,945
7,120
8,063
167,336
io,94o
137,260
173,326
129,725
7,535
163,422
134 o4i
124,983
12,527
175,949
9,053
l4,4l4
182,456
122,007
154,990
169 4o4
10,449
127,646
174,607
12,320
20,343
135,966
194,950
170,468
134,180
18,829
28,171
193,689
147,959
138,536
196,713
124,239
14,347
173,331
23,337
164,747
14,434
22,o44
136,791
111,493
125,927
160,893
129,475
17,602
23,858
111,373
189,751
149 1 48
31,132
96,082
113,751
22,669
180,330
113,793
46,668
139,906
186,574
86,679
32,119
122,902
184,131
131,374
33,809
39,093
52,757
135,463
90,168
128,777
38,609
195,076
59,613
182, 616
125,246
133,715
58,469
%,251
39,363
184,391
130,379
48,192
74,174
86,699
205,053
144,689
206,629
55,013
79,533 a/ 89,676 b/ 127,046
Total tobacco acreage and production for I 92 I to 1937 coirrjoiled from Resiun^
Statistique de I'Emuire du Japon; Statistical Abstract of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry; acreage and production of flue-cured and native
types for 1921 to 1937 from reports of Empire monopolies,
Eor 193 the estimates for Japan proper and Chosen are preliminary estimates from the monopolies in the respective areas; estimates for Taiwan are by Shanghai office,
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations.
a/ Includes 1,468 acres of Arnerican-type hurley.
b/ Includes 1,943,000
po-unds of American- type hurley.
of native types
Acreage
and
production
/
include small amounts of Turkish tobacco for the years I 92 I to 1927
all years some Japanese tjqoes.
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
192s
1938

}UNC
LLIOr

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

40

20

TAIWAN
20

FLUE-CURED
0
1921
DEPAR

Ig.

923

OF AGRICULTURE

1925

1927

1929

1931

1933

NEG. 35741

1935

NATIVE

1937

1939

OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS

Relation of flue-cured and native-type tobacco to the

total production in the Japanese Empire.

11

The rapid expansion in recent years in flue-cured production and the

decline in production of domestic types have resulted from a shift in demand
Tohacco
for leaf used in domestically produced foreign-type' cigarettes.
growers in certain districts have heen required to shift part of their acreage
of domestic types of flue-cured, and new districts have hoen opened for fluecured production,

At present there
?-roduction is carried on by numerous small producers.
are approximately 320,000 grov/ers with an average acreage per farmer of about
0,4 acre, H-ioman labor is abundant and hand methods are used almost exclusively.
Great care is taken to insure high yields.
The average tobacco yield is approximately 1,500 pounds per acre as coirrpared with the average yields in the
United States in recent years of about S 50 pomcls.

Tor many years the production of tobacco has been on a strictly commercial basis as contrasted with the practice .in China and certain other
oriental countries where the faimier in most instances grows tobacco for his
ovm. consumption or for sale in his immediate community.
For many years, and
particularly since the establi shment of tobacco monopolies, Japanese Empire
farmers have sold their entire production, processing 'being done exclusively
by monopolies or commercial agencies.
Factors That Have Resulted in the Development of Types
Tobacco in the Japanese Empire has been carefully classified by
Japanese authorities into several groups and types, A relatively large number
of distinctive types has resulted, from the plant having been introduced from
several different sources, promiscuous crossing of different types and varieties before monopoly control was established, and wide variations in typos of
soil, climate, and cultural practices,

rk oa and Topography
The .land area of the Japanese Empire with its numerous islands and
Asiatic mainland is approxirnatel;/ as large as Texas, or about 260,000 square
miles,
If the islands of Japan proper were transplanted into the Atlantic
Ocean about the same distance from the mainland as it is from the 'Asiatic
Coast, they would extend from the southern end of Labrador to Cuba,
If the
Pacific mandated islands, which arc farther east than the rest of the Empire,
arc included, the Empire would extend to the equator or as 'far south as the
Amazon Piver,
.

If Chosen on the Asiatic mainland were transplanted to the Atlantic

Coast, it Y/ould roughly correspond to a peninsula, similar to Florida but
about one-half larger, coniccting on the mainland of the' United States from
southern Maine, to Copiccticut and extending in the Atlantic Ocean as far
south as Norfolk, Virginia, Kwantung Leased Territory is a small peninsula
extending from southern Manchuria and is on about the same latitude as New
York City,

The islands of the Empire are a series of mountain peaks or ranges

rising from the ocean floor. There are thousands of these islands (the
Empire proper excluding the southern mandated islands and a largo number of

12 -

northern islands coded hy Russia includes over 4,000 islands) yarying in size
from mere reefs to Honshu, which has ap-oroximatcly the same area as the State
of Minnesota.
The mountain peaks and ranges th-'it form the land areas arc cut
y^ith narrow valleys and their bases bordered with rolling hilly countrj- extending to narro?/ coastal plains.
Chosen on the mainland is a mountain range
running from north to south, cut by small narrow valleys in the north, somewhat broader valleys in the south, and bordered on the south and. west by
relatively narrow .coastal plains.

Tobacco production in the Empire is largely confined to the principal

islands comprising Japan proper, and to Chosen and Taiy/an, It is prod.uccd in
numerous districts extending from about 22 north latitude to 4o north latitude or a distance of over 1,200 miles.
Soils
There is a wide range in soil tj/pcs in the tobacco prod.ucing districts
of the Japanese Empire,
Many of the soils originated from volcanic ash and
are peculiar to Japan,
The niggedncss of the country,t-, its numerous streams,
and the results of earthquake and volcanic disturbances ha.vc so diffused the
different soil types that areas of distinct soils are small. Thus it is
impossible to characterize the soils of extensive areas, and as a result of
their differences, tobacco produced within a lim.ited. area is in some eases
of two or more types.
The monopolies have made detailed studios of soils in
the tobacco-producinp districts, and the allocation of' areas to be used for
the production of different t^/pcs of tobacco is made in accordance with soil
types.

Climatic Regions
The mainland of Japan proper can be 'roughly divided into throe climatic
regions all of which have more rainfall than any of the principal tobaccoproducing States of the United States. The annual average rainfall in two of
There is a
the regions is above ~J0 inches and in the other about 55 inches.
ydde difference between the regions in the distribution of rainfall through
the year, duo to their position in relation to moisture-laden y;inds.
The average an lual and monthly temperatures for the three regions do
vary
not
widely.
They compare roughly with an average for the oast coast
y^oather stations of the United States extending from Ucv7 Jersey ,to Horfolk,
Virginia.

The climates of Chosen and Taiwan are quite different from that of the
Japanese mainland. Chosen is the coldest and most arid section of the,
Empire but, even so, has an average annual rainfall and temperature that
Taiwan has a' typical
compare roughly with tho.so of the State of Illinois,
semitropical climate with an average annual temperature approximately equal
to that of southern Elorida but an annual rainfall higher than in any section
of continental United States,

- 13 -

U. S.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

NEG. 35740

OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS

Pig* 2. - Flue-cured and native tobacco districts of the Japanese

Empire; and boundary of climate regions in Japan proper*

4
3
9
5

Table 2, - Average monthly and average annual rainfall and temnerature

by climatic regions of the Japanese Empire
Rainfall
Ja pan Proper
Month
NorthTaiwan
Cho sen
NorthSouthern
we stern
eastern
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inche s
Inche s

January
February,
March
April
May
July
August
September,
October
November
December. .............
Annual

S.29
6,21

7 , 5^
10.10
79.99

2,00
2,77
S .45
4,4i
5,25
5,92
5,52
6, SI
3. SI
6,57
3.01
2.13
56.65

Degree s

Degree s

Of 50

4f56
4.4o
5.23
6,73
5 , 6s

2,54
6, bl

2^52
,02

5. 0s

6,72
7.o4
10,77

8,84
7,48
10,22
6.43
3,50
2.57
74.19
Temperature

Degrees

41.42

1,62
2,44
3,07
3.84
7,97
12.00
12,49
15,00
9.06
4.34
1,53
1.32
74 . 6 s

Degrees

Degree s

I,i4
1.08
1.38
2.72
3

3s

4.52
9.i4

7,79
5,35
2,27
1,70
.95

Fahreriieit Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Fahrenheit

January
February
March
April
May
June
July.
August,
September
October
November.
December.

Annual

35,2
35.4
4o,3
50.9
59.2
67,1
74 .
77.4
70.0
5 S .6

4s,q
39.6
54 .

34.0
35.6
4o.3
51,1
58.6
65.7
72.9
75.6
69.1
57,9
47.7
38.3
53.9

4i,2
4i.9
46
56,5
63,9
70,7
77,7
79,7
73,8
63,3
53,8
45.0
59.5
.

22.6
26.4
36.0
4s.7
57,9
66.4
73.4
75,2
66.2
54,9
4o.5
27.3
49.6

63,5
63.0
67.3
72,9
77,5
SO.
81.
SI.

79,5
75.6
70,5
63.

73.2,

Compiled from the Climatic Atlas of Japan, Japanese Meteorological Bureau,

no rthwestern Japan This region extends north and' west of the city of
ITa^ya^nd is all on the west side of the mountain range that forms the
'backbone of the mainland.
It is influenced by winter monsoons blov/ing southeasterly from Siberia that bring heav;/ rains fromi the Japan Sea, and relatively low temperatures.
It is largely shut off by mountains from the
Summers are relainfluence of the srummer monsoons blovang from the south.
The monthly average
tively hot and rainfall lo.ver than in winter months.
rainfall is highest from November through January, when averages vary from
about 7*5 '*^0 10.0 inches, and lov/est in April and May, when they are down to
about 4,5 inches,
Temnerature in the region differs widely as a result of
variations in altitude, but monthly averages range from around 35
t

January and February, the coldest months, to 75-* o^ above in July and August,
The average growing season is 208 days, approximately equal to that at Harrisbuxg, Pennsylvania, and extends from April 19 to November I 3
.

northeastern Japan This region is on the east coast of Japan, north of

Tokyo and is largely shut off by mountains from the influences of both the
v/inter and summer monsoons.
It is the driest section of the mainland but, even
so, has an average annual rainfall of over 55 inches.
Rainfall is lov/est in
the vd.nter months Hovember to February ?/hen monthly averages vary from 2 to 3
inches.
It increases from March to September, which is the wettest month wi than average of 8,8 inches.
Temperature differs v/idely v/ith altitude but varies
from an average of 35^
'the cold months December throu^ Pebruaiy/- to
and above for July and August,
The grovdng season is shorter than for other
regions on the mainland and averages 1S6 days, v;hich is approximately equal to
the season at Springfield, Illinois,
The average season extends from April 2J
to October 30 .
;

Southern Janan This region includes the southern portion of the

Japanese mainland. It is largely/ shut off by mountains from the influence of
the northern monsoons, but most districts in the region receive the full influence of the suT;imer monsoons and the warming effect of the Japanese current.
Monthly average rainfall in the region varies from around 3 inches for the
months Hovember through Pebmary to over 10 inches for the 2 rainj^ months June
and September,
Temperature averages somevhiat higher than for the other
regions on the mainland and ranges from around
for the months December
through March to near 80F, in July and August,
The average growing season is
236 days, which is about equal to that at Horfolk, Virginia, and extends from
April 1 to Hovernber 21,
;

Cho sen The climate of Chosen is influenced by the v^inter monsoons,

which bring cold weather but little p"'ecipitation due to t e fact that they
are direct from the arid, regions of Siberia.
Most of the rainfall comes v'ith
the summer monsoons.
Rainfall varies from around 1 inch from December through
March to over 9 inches in the wet month of July,
Temperature averages around
25 F, during December throufpb Febniary but reaches about 75^^
Au.prust,
The average growing season is I 89 da^^-s, which is approximately equal
to that at Springfield, Illinois, and extends from April I 7 to October 21,
;

With the exception of the extreme northern tip of the island,

influence from the winter monsoons. The climate
throughout the year over most of the island is largely influenced by the
Rainfall is
summer monsoons and the ?/arming effect of the South China Sea,
low in v;inter months, averaging around l.p inches from November through January, but averages 12 to I 5 inches during the rainy months, June to August,
Temperature ddffers widely with variations in altitude but in most of the
agricultural districts there is a continuous grov,'ing season.
The average
monthly temperature ranges from around ol^F, from December tnrough February
to over S0F. in June, July, and August,
The average growing season is llS
days, extending from January 8 to January 1.
Taiwan:

Taiv/an receives little

16

)h

- 17 -

Talle

- G-rov.dng seasons in the climatic regions

of the Japanese Empire

Growing season a/
Reporting Latest spring
Days between
Eirst fall
stations
fro st s
frost
frost
Number
Numbe r
Bate
Date
:

Region

No r t hwe s t e rn J ap an ,

11

Northeastern Japan,.,
Southern Japar

10
20
10

Cho sen,
Taiyuan

April 19
April 27
April 1
April 17
January S

;November 13
October 30
November 23
October 23
:
:
:

January

20S

186
236
1S9
359

Climatic Atlas of Japan, Japanese Meteorological Bureau.

a/ Average date of last spring frost reported, average date of first fall
frost reported, and number of frost-free days between average dates.
Three of five stations were free of frosts, and the other tv/n reported
346 and 356

J3-7S

between frosts.

Cultural Practices
As has been previously mentioned, the growing of tobacco in the
Japanese Empire is at present closely supervised and cultural practices standardized by the monopolies. Motion -picture films and literature are -oroyided
for the purpose of instructing producers just how each operation in producing,
curing, grading, and preparing tobacco for market should bo carried out.
In Japan proper, cultivation is almost entirely by hand, and in Chosen
and Taiwan, probably as much as 50 percent of the crop is cultivated entirely
by hand. Most farmers, especially those in Japan proper, have no work animals
or machi-nery.
Soil is cultivated entirely v?ith hoes. Even the original
breaking of the land is accomplished v/ith large grubbing hoes. Transportation
in the rural districts is limited almost entirely to hand-pulled carts.
In
certain districts the monopolies reoprire tobacco growers to purchase hand
sprayers for insect control.
In many instances, however, sprayers are not used
as farmers find it cheaper to pick insects by hand.

Crop Rotation
In Japan proper and Taiwan, where population is dense and land scarce
and high~pniced, two or three crops are obtained from the same land each year.
All crops including small grains are planted in rows and are cultivated and
weeded. Before a crop is harvested, the next crop of a different product is
frec^uently interplanted between the rov/s.
In certain sections of Chosen where
land is more plentiful, close cultivating is not so essential and some crops,
particularly tobacco, do not immediately follow another crop.

In JvUpan proper the monopoly permiits four different crop rotations for
tobacco farms.
The diffei-ent rotations permit the planting of tobacco on the
same land 1 year out of 3 every other year, 2 years out of 3
every year.
Where practicable the rotation permitting tobacco cnly 1 year out of 3 is
prescribed. The year after-year rotation is not permitted except in limited
areas. Tobacco alvmys follows barley in the rotation systems, and tobacco
plants are transplanted into fields before barley is harvested (see figure 5)
j

- 18

The crops most generally used in the four different rotations and the
order in which they come are as follow's: \J

Spring
3-YEAR:

Tobacco once in

Summer

Fall

years.

First year:

VJheat

harvested

Upland. rice, soybeans,,

or sweetpotatoes
grown and harvested

fiheat

Second year:

Vtheat

harvested

Upland rice, soybeans,

or sweetpotatoes
grown and harvested

Barley planted

Third year:

Barley harvested

Tobacco grown and

harvested

Eheat planted

Upland rice, soybeans,

or sweetpotatoes
grown and harvested

Barley planted

Tobacco groxvn and

harvested

IfJheat

Upland rice, soybeans,

or sweetpotatoes
growrn and harvested

Barley planted

planted

2-

3-

YEAR:

Tobacco every other year.

First year:

^/vheat

Second year:

Barley harvested

YEAR:

harvested

Tobacco 2 years out of

planted

3-

First year:

Vtfheat

Second year:

Barley harvested

Tobacco grown and

harvested

Barley planted

Third year:

Barley harvested

Tobacco grown and

harvested

Ell eat

1-YEAR:

harvested

planted

Tobacco every year.

Each year:

Barley harvested

Tobacco grovm and

harvested

'

Barley planted

Seedbeds
In all tobacco districts of Japan proper, Taiwan, and most of Chosen,
tobacco seedbeds are prepared above ground. This is necessary as a result of
The sidew''alls of the beds, v^fhich
the heavy and relatively cold spring rains.
vary in height from 10 to 20 inches, are built of timbers and rice strawu

The summer crops of upland rice, soybeans, sweetpotatoes, and tobacco are
interplanted with Virheat or barley in the spring months.

~\J

19

Pig* 6# - Tobaooo and other

crops on Japanese hillside
terraces, showing the close
utilization of land.

20

21

Standard widths are prescribed but the length varies with the nuniber of plants
required.
Decomposed leaves and other compost are first placed in the bed.
It is covered vith a layer of stra'v^ then a layer of soil v:hich is covered
with a light dressing -made from decomposed compost, night- soil, and beancaKe.

The seedbeds are planted with a perforated cylinder filled with fine
sand in which seeds have been mixed, Ylhen the cylinder, v/hich is the width
of the seedbed, is rolled over the bed, seed and sand escape through the perforations and are pressed into the soil by the weight of the cylinder
(figure 4 ).
After planting, the beds are covered with cloth. Much care is
given to watering, weeding, and cultivating the plants in the seedbeds. It
is necessary that they be planted early and cultivated in the beds as long as
possible so that the period of growth after transplanting in .the fields can
be accomplished before the planting date of the next crop to follow.
They
are usually not transplanted until they have fromi & to 10 leaves.

Transplanting, Cultivating, and Topping

After fields are carefullj^ prepared the seedlings are transplanted in

rows that vary in width for the different types from 21 to 41 inches.
The
distance between plants in the roiv varies from 8 to 18 inches.
all
parts
In
of the Emipire flue-cured types are set in row^s 36 to 41 inches apart with 18
to 18.5 inches between plants, which makes between 8,200 and 9
plants per
acre.
In Japan proper, where land is scarce, native types of tobacco that
produce small- to moderate-sized plants are set very close. The number of
plants per acre for native types ranges from around 14,000 to as high as
In
30,000 depending upon the type of tobacco and quality of leaf desired.
Chosen where land is more plentiful, and in Taiwan where native t.^uDes produce much larger plants than in Japan proper, planting is not so dense.

Immediately after transplanting, the plants are carefully viatered and

tended to insure a continuation of growth.
If they are planted betvvreen rows
of barley, which is the general practice, and the barley shades the plants,
the heads of barley are tied in bunches to permit sun to reach the tobacco
plants.
If the groi^rth of barley is heavy and there is danger of it falling
on the tobacco, it is supported by light bamboo frames set on either side of
the rows.

Cultivating is usually carried on entirely by hand and consists of

from three to five hoeings and weedings.
In most of the districts the plants
are hilled up in the process of cultivation to a height of about 10 inches
(see figure 7).
Topping is done between prescribed dates and after the plant
has developed the number of leaves necessary for producing the -"'uality desired.
F ertilizers

All types of tobacco receive fertilizer in some formi. The most common
fertilizers used are decomposed manures, oilseed cakes, rice bran, wood ashes,
and superphosphates.
The follov/ing tabulation shows for Japan proper the
leading fertilizers used and the range in quantity applied per acre on native
and flue-cured types:

- 22 -

Tyne of fertilizer

Decomposed manures and other compost

Oilseed cake, soybeans, rape-seed, or
cottonseed
Rice bran
Wood ashes
Superphosphates

Native

Flue-cured

pounds per acre

Pounds per acre

8,135 - 13,016
0 0 -

195 0 -

4,783
1,562
1,627
98

6,508 - 9,762
.

651 - 2,115
0 -

976 - 1,627
0 325

Other fertilizers that are used only to a limited 'extent include fresh
barnyard manure, sev>/age, sediment from fermentation of wines, bonemeal, fish
meal, sulphate of potash, and sulphate of soda. All fertilizers are applied
during the growing season. The first application, which is limited to
manures and beancake, is made at the time of transplanting.
Other applications follow as the plants develop.
In general, flue-cured tobacco receives less manure than that applied
to native types but receives more oilseed cake, v\rood ashes, and chemical
fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers are used in limited quantities on only a
few of the native types.

Harvesting and Curing

Most Japanese Empire tobacco is primed.
Stalk-cutti.ng is United to
less than 15 percent of the crop and where it is practiced the lower leaves,
vjhich ripen first, are primed before the stalks are cut.

Curing practices that have been carefully /orked out by the monopolies
are classified as:
ren-curing, kan-curing, flue-curing, fire-curing, aircuring, and frame-curing.
There follow descriptions of each type of cure,
including a table on pages 26 to 28 classifying the various types of
Japanese tobacco according to Japanese standards.

Ren-curing
Ren-curing is the method most widely used and is a
combination of sun- and air-curing. The leaves are primed and for some types
wilted before stringing. They are strung by fastening the stem ends betwreen
twisted cords and are then hung exposed to the sun on a framework of poles
(see figure 9).
During rainy periods and at night when a heavy dew is expected, they are protected by a roofing of straw matting laid over the pole
framework.
:

After the leaves are practically dry, and before continued sunning has
caused them to l<?se their color and aroma, they are moved to an air-curing
barn or shed. They remain in the shed until the stems of the leaves are
completely dry.
In some cases where atmospheric conditions are damp, charcoal
fires are used during the air-curing period.
Before packing, the leaves are
again carried into the open and laid on the ground on straw mats and each side
sunned alternately to insure complete drying (see figure 10),
.

23

Fig* 9* - First sunning

process in ren-curing
Japanese tobacco.

24

Pig* 12* - Preparing a native-

type Japanese tobaooo

for market.

Fig* 13. - Delivering tobacco

to market.

Pig* 14* - Grading, pricing,

weiring flue-cured
leaf at Japanese monopoly
buying station*

flTifi

25

Kan - curing
Kan-curing is actually an air-curing process used in the
curing of stalk-cut tobacco, and is quite similar to air-curing as practiced
in the United States^ the chief difference being in the type of barn used and
methods of hanging* The barns are usually relatively lev;, straw-covered sheds
with ventilated sidev;alls of either wo^^d or straw* The tobacco is hung in the
shed by a large spike driven through the butt end of the stalk and stuck in
the straw roof.
If excessive daiipness endangers the leaves during the curing
period, charcoal fires are made on the floor of the barn.
:

Flue-curing
Flue-curing practices followed in the Japanese Empire are
essentially the same as those used in the United States.
One noticeable
difference is the standardization of barns. Types of barns used are fixed by
monopolies.
Those most commonly used consist of two units under the same roof,
vvith a pit between them, from w^hich the flues in the separate units are fired.
Metal flues are used and controllable air ventilators are built in at the
foundations and on the roofs of the separa.te units (see figure 11).
Coal is
used for heating, and temperatures are carefully regulated during the curing
process
:

Fire - curing
Curing exclusively by fire is limited to three native
types of tobacco in Japan proper for which the production is very limited.
The tobacco is stalk-cut after the bottom leaves have been primed for rencuring and is hung in the same manner as for air-curing.
The barns are closed
but well ventilated, and either wood or charcoal fires are used.
:

Air-curing
Curing entirely by air is confined to one cigar-type tobacgrown in Taiwan. Methods followed are similar to those used in curing
Puerto Rican cigar leaf.
The tobacco is primed, strung, and hung in wrellventilated barns.
:

co

Frame-curing
Frame-curing is limited to the curing of Chinese-type
tobacco in Taiv;an.
It is a method of sun curing of primed tobacco.
After
priming, the leaves are placed between large rectangular bamboo frames about
6 by 12 feet.
The frames of leaves are placed parallel to each other and the
two top sides brought together forming a gabled roof effect.
The two sides
are exposed alternately to the sun to insure uniform curing.
The frames of
leaves are placed under cover during rainy periods and at night to prevent
damage from moisture.
:

Classes and

T:nC'e s

of Japanese Empire Tobacco

Tobacco of commercial importance in the Japanese Empire has been classified by Japanese authorities into 19 different classes, which are subdivided
into 44 types.
Many of the types are very similar in general appearanue, but
most of them have distinguishing qualities as to combustibility and taste. All
typ'ss are of the Micotiana tabacum species, but, with the exception of fluecured that originated from American seed, only a few compare with any American
type.
Many of the types are peculiar to Japan proper and cannot be compared
with any internationally known tobacco.
In general, the native types have thin
papery leaves and are very light to medium light in color. Strictly dark types
are limited to one Japanese type and two Taiv;an types.
Tobacco with heavy leaf
is limited to one of the dark Taiwan types.

- 2o -

Japan proper
The tobacco in Japan proper includ=s 12 classes, which are subdivided
into 25 tjpes, and there are a few additienal types that are grown commercially to a limited ext.ent or on monopoly experimental fields.
The production
of Am.erican burley exceeds that of -any of the latter types.
Its production by
farmers was begun in 1936 and by 1933 had increased to approximately 2,000,000
It is being grown for use in cigarettes m.ade from a blend somewhat
pounds.
comparable with those used in most American cigarettes.

All of the native Japanese Types except Numbers 111, 113 ^ H5 and I4I
might be called light sun- or air-cured tobacco, 1'Vith no exceptions noted,
the Japanese types have miediumi to small, thin leaves of light color.
Se^
classification table 4 below.
Japanese sun- and air-cured types, however,
are not comparable wuth American sun- or air-cured types.
There are differenc<^3 in the basic characteristics of the leaf and in the curing p.ro cesses.
Tyrees 111, 113, and 115 are dark fire-cured t.ypes, and 141 is a medium light
air- or sun-cured type.
labl-^ 4.-

Official classification of Japanese Empire tobacco, and

description of different tppes a/

Class, type number,

and name

Method of
curing

Color of
leaf

Apprcximiate Leaves Height Plant!

per
per
of
size of
acre
plant
plant
leaf
:

.1:

Inches'

JAPANESE TOBACCO
I
Matsukawa
11 Matsukawa
12 Tphzan
13 Higashine
15 Kanadzu
1.6 Tsuruki
.

II

Ren

Ren-VJilt<=d

Rpn-Wilted
Ren- Wilted

NuFiber Inches Numbe}

Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan

16.7
17.9
15.5
16.7
15.5

X
X
X
X
X

8.4
8.9

7.2
7.3
7.2

21
23
20
20
23

66
68
60
60
60

21,2l|
19,63)1
18,815:

20,41|
20,4lj:

Dar-jjTia

i!

21 Daruma
22 Renge

Ren & Kan

Ren

Tan
Tan

22.7 X 14.1
19.1 x'8.4

19
19

61
60

13,.5l!]

III

31 Kirigasaku

Ren-Wilted

Tan

21.5 X 10. 1

20

60

17,24/

IV

41 Hatano ....

Ren

Tan

22.9 X 9.8

23

66

17,57-:

Ren

Tan
Tan

19.1 X 8.9
16.6 X 8.2

19

54
50

18,50:
16,70<

Tan

17.3 X 7.2

19

57

19. oJ

Ren

Tan

17.9 X 7.8

45

62

14,51(

Ren & Kan

light brown .16.1 X 7.8

19

54

20,16^,

Bitchu
51 Bitchu
52 Bingo
.

VI

61

VII

71 Enshu

A'v^fa

Rf=n

Vlil 81 Suifu

22

'

Continued

15,43<

- 2 '^

Table 4 .- Official classification cf Japanese Empire tobacco, and

- Continued
description of different tjnDes

Class, type number,

and name

Method of
curing

'

Coler of
leaf

Approximate Leaves Height Plant

size of
per
of
per
plant
:-lant :acre
leaf
:

Inches
IX

Sd't

'

^en
ien
Ren
Ren

wiar-uha

100 Flue- cured

XI

Fire-cured
111 Nambu

Ren 4 Fire
Ren k Fire
-

131 Ibusiuki

Ren
Ren & Kan

141 Okinawa

Ren & Kan

Naichi-shu
210 H at ano
220 Suifu
Zairai-shu
23c A Neietsu ....
230 3 Ante
200 C Sen ee.n
23c D Koku-san
2 00

F,

Ki

ri

Cigar
310 Cigar

tj'p<='

X
X
X
X

8.7
9.5
7.2
9.5

22
21

19.9 X 8.1

11.3
11.9
11.3
11.9

22.1 X 12.5
Greenish
dark brown
cy
15.5 X 8.4
13.1 X 6.6
SJ
1

20.3 X 14.3
sJ
redLight
13.7 X 8.5
dish brown
Light brown 16.1 X 8.4

62

23
22

62
61
86

19,619
19,619
19,619
17,403

14

40

9,373

16

13,935

21
23

60
44

17,595
29,873

20
19

54
62

16,069
18,076

27

72

15,216

Flue

Lemon to
orange

20.0 X 8.0

j'

c/

qJ

Ren
Ren & Kan

Tan

22.0 X 10.0
18.0 X 9.5

c/

c/

qJ

qJ

c/'

cJ

Ren
Ren
Ren
Ren
Ren
Ren

Lirht brcwn
Light bro;vn

c/'

c/

l/
qJ
cj

c/

c/
b/
c/
c/
c/

~\

X 4.0
X 4.0

Ren

Li-'^ht brown
Light brown
TOght brown
Light brown
Berk brown

X 5.0

qJ

Flue

Orange

23.0 X 9.0

qJ

sJ

8,136

Air

Greenisii

22.0 X 7.0

c/

c/

9,439

brown
brovm
brown
brown

c/
c/
c/
cj
c/
c/
c/

200 F Ryii rlin ....

200 Or Si i p n
200 H Sei ehu
230 1 K^njo

II

Jumber

7.0
8.5
14.0
13.5
16.5
12.3
14.2
17.0
15.0

n
j

TAEfAN TOBACCO
1
300 Flue-cured

Light
Light
Light
Light

Lemon to
r range

Mise.eiianeous
122 Takeda

CHOSEN TOBACCO
1
200 Flu*^- cured

Ill

Kan
& Kan
& Kan
& Kan
t

Flue

113 Akats^oka
115 Sakushu

II

'Jumber Inches

lUTIA.

92 Idzumi
93 Tarumidzu ....
94 Kokubu

XII

R o.n
lien

Li-'ht brovrn
Light brow'n

X 0.5
X 5.5
X 5.0

X 4.5
X 5.0
X 8.5

qJ
qJ
c/

brown

Continued

qJ
qJ
c/
c/

Table 4.- Official classification of Japanese Emnire tobacco, and

description of different types
- Continued

Method of
curing
b/

Class, typ^e num.be r,

and name

Color of
leaf

Approximate Leaves Height

per
of
si.ze of
leaf
plant plant
Inches

III

oun-cured
321 Kirei

F rame

322 Shoyo

Frame

323 Eitei
324 Hoshi

33c Bansan

IV

Light red- 24.0 X 13.0

dish brown
24.0 X 11.0
Dark redbro-.vn
dish
rpr vn
24. b >: 11.0
i m TI
^ 1.0 X 15.5
:d.ghi'. reddish brovm

F rame'
F rame

Nuir.be r

per

Inches Mumbe r

sJ
)

sJ

c/

qJ
c/

c/
c/

7,771

<,

From reports of tobacco /aonopolies and information collected by Shanghai office,

Office of f'oi'eign Agricultural Relat ions.
a/ See accompanying maj, figure' 7
or location of areas where flie-^-cartd
nar.ive. typ e s are prodiic ed
Ren-curing is a combination of sun- and air-curing of pri.med tobacco (for
some types, leaves are wilted before curJn? begins).
Kan-ciiring is aii^-curing
of stalk-cut tobacco sometimes suppieinented in damp v^^eather with charcoal fires.
For some, types the lower leaves are primed and ren-cured and tiie stalk and
remaining leaves cut and kan-cured. Frame-curing is a form of sun-curing in
which the leaves are placed betvv'pon light wooden frames,
c/ Information not available.
Native tobacco, over which the Taiwan Monopoly has no control.
It is cultivated and consumed by the aborigines.
.

Cl ass I, Mat s ukawa

Tobacco in thi.s group includes types 11, 12, 13, 15,
and l6,and represents about 14 percent of the total production in Japan proper.
All of these t;)g:'es are grown in northern Japan and are quite similar in general
appearance.
They ar ren-cured and, writh the exception of type 11, are wilted
befoi-p curing.
The soil in the districts where they are grown is sandy loam to
clay loam and in the case of ty]',.es 11 and 12 is derived from volcanic ash. Leafj
of' thesp types is small to medium size, tan in color, oval-shaped, thin, and has =
a low oil content and little stretcrm
They have a poor aroma, which differs
from that of most tobacco.
In burning quality they are poor to fair and produce a dark ash. They are used in mixtures primarily as a fii.ler a,nd for color
where a light product is desired. Type 11 is used extensively in cigarettes
with mouthpieces, cigaretbes without mouthpieces, and cut tobacco. Types 12
and 13 are used only in cigarettes with mouthpieces and in cut tobacco.
Types
15 and 16, of wahich the production is limited, have a special taste and aroma
and are used on].y in cut tobacco and cigarettes with mouthpieces.
:

Class II, Dar uma

Tobacco in this group includes only tv;o types, 21 and
They are grown in
22, which together represent about 14 percent of production.
i

northern Japan, and, aside from the fact that they have larger leaves, are quite
similar in general appearance to the typjes under Class I. T\q:,e 21, which comprises the bulk of production in this class, is both ren- and kan-cured. The

- 29 soil in which both types are produced is clay loam to gravelly clay loam and
contains no volcanic ash.
Leaf of this type is largely used as a filler.
Type
21 is used in all products except cigars, but type 22, for which the production
is limited and quality generally inferior, is used only in cut tobacco.

Class 111, Kirigasaku

This
percent of total
21 ar id 22, and is grown in northern
similar to that on which type 21 is
all products except cigars.
:

repx-'esents about 3

class includes only one type. No. 31? which

It is quite similar to types
production.
(Japan adjacent to the districts and on soil
It is used for bulk material in
produced.

Class IV, Katano

Tobacco in this class is limited to type 41? grown
Tokyo and represents about 2 percent of total production.
It is ren-cured
and in general characteristics is similar to tobacco in Classes II and III.
It
is distinguished, however, by a decided taste, v^rhich apparently results from
its being produced on a soil containing considerable volcanic ash.
;

n-.iar

Class V, Bitchu
This class includes typ>es 51 and 52, which represent
approximately 4 percent of total production. They are grown on the Japanese
mainland north of the Inland Sea and in general appearance are similar to the
types under Classes II, 111, and IV. They are ren-cured and are produced on
clay loams, some of which contain considerable volcanic material. They are
used for- both color and bulk material. Type 51 is used only in cigarettes
V ithout mouthpieces and in cut tobacco,
but tyj'je 52 is used in all products
except cigars.
:

Class VI, Awa

Tobacco in this class is limited to type 61 which
represents about 7 percent of total productior
It is groxvn on the island of
Shikoku on gravelly clay soil of granite and sandstone origin.
In general
characteristics it is siirdlar to tobacco under Class I.
It is wilted, rencured, and has a relatively neutral taste.
It is used for color and bulk in
all products except cigars.
:

Class VII, Enshu

This class includes only type 71? grown on the seacoast southwest of Tokyo, and represents about 3 percent of total production,
it is grown on sandy clay soil, has a relatively neutral taste, is ren-cured,
and is used in mixtures for bulk and color.
:

Class VIII, Suifu

Tobacco under this class is confined to tjp^e 81,

percent of total production.
It is grown in northern
Japan on gravelly clay loams adjacent to the districts in which types 11 and
il are produced.
It is ren- and kan-cured and in general characteristics
resembles the types under Class I.
It has a aistinct tasts, however, and is
used only in cigarettes with mouthpieces and in cut tobacco.
:

ivhich represents about 2

Class 1a, Satsuma

Tobacco in this group includes types 91? 92, 93? and
94? and represents about 4 percent of total production.
These types are groxvn
on the extreme southern tip of the island of Kiushu on loamy soils, all of which
contain large quantitis of volcanic ash.
They are both ren and kan-cured, ]J
The leaf of these types can be readily distinguished from tobacco under
:

Sand leaves are primed and ren-cured and the remainder of the plant stalk-cut
and kan-cured.

t-

30

Classes I to
The leaves are small, heart-shaped, livht brovn in color,
relatively thin and papery; however, they have more bod,y, stretch, and oil
than the tobacco under Classes I to VIII. They also have more aroma,, better
burning quality, and produce a whiter ash. 'Tith the exception of tjTpe 91 they
are used In all products except cigars, primarily for their taste and aroma.
Type 91, which has a special taste and aroma, is used only in cigarettes with
mouthpieces and in cut tobacco.
^

Class X. Flue-cured
Japanese flue-cured tobacco is classified as one
general type but there are 8 widely scattered producing districts in central
and southern Japan, The tobacco from the separate districts ip quite similar
in general appearance but varies in taste, aroma, stretch, and oil content.
Production in 1938 represented about 45 percent of the total tobacco crop of
Japan.
It is growrn on a variety of different types of soil, but clay loams,
some of which contain volcanic ash, predominate.
The leaf is lemon to orange
in color, y^rith orange predominating, and is smaller than American flue-cured,
It has more body, stretch, oil, and aroma than natiA/e types of Japanese tobacco but is inferior to American flue-cured.
In basic qualities it is not generariy considered equal to most oiiental flue-cured, but, due to the care taken
in cul-tivating, curing, and grading, it has a better appearance.
;

The following tabulation shoves quantities of the basic chemicals in

three samples of Japanese flue-cured tobacco and tvio samples of American fluecured as determined by the Central Research Laboratory of the Japanese Monopoly;
,

American samples (1919 crop) Japanese samples (1921 crop)

Hiroshi:
Danville
Hyogo
Vmlson
Osaka
Virginia
North Carolina District District District

Water
Total nitrogen
Nicotine
Total organic acids
Crude fiber
Total sugar
Tanin
Total resin
Other gums and waxes
Oil extractable by
either process
Total ash
.

,,

Percent

Percent

7.37
1.96
2.37
2.39
7.65
17.11
2.56
6.43
2.33

6.08
1.99
0.93
2.32
10.25
20.40

9.74
10.86

Percent

Percent

3.26
7.24
2.01

14.63
4.19
4.68
2.12

7.17
2.50
2.71
3.01
6.01
19.70
7.75
5.50
1.78

4.75
2.55
3.39
3.38
7.18
14.63
5.36
7.18
3.06

9.74
12.80

11.15
8.32

9.15
8.11

10.33
10,08

Percent
8.00
2.96
1.55
3.32
6 61
.

The entire flue-cured production is grovm from seed that originated in

the United States.
It has been the general practice of the monopoly to grow
seed crops from American flue-cured seed and distribute the seed tnus produced to farm,ers.
This has been the most convenient method of maintaining the
purity of strain and quality of the crop.

Flue-cured leaf is used almost exclusively in cigarettes writh m.outhpieces.

Its use in other products is confined to small quantities of stems
and damaged leaves.

- 31 -

Clas s XI, Fir p-cured:

Tobacco in tnis group includes t;\'peG 111^ 113 and
which
are grovm in small, wid<^l.y separated districts on the mainland of
115,
Japan,
Production of the types is limited and amounts to only about 1 percent
of the country's total.
Types 111 and 113 are grown on sandy loam soil and
type 115 on clay soil.
They are either ren-cured or fire-cured. Sand leaves
of the tipes which are primed and ren-cured are light greenish brown in color
and the remaining leaves, whioh are stalk-cut and fire-cured, are dark greenish
brown.
All of the leaves are thin, papery in texture, and have a low oil
content.
They have a distinctive aroma unlike most tobacco, poor burning
qualities, and preduce a dark ash. They are used only in cigarettes with mouthpieces and in cut tobacco.

Class 111, iViiscellaneous

Tobacco in tnis group includes types 121, 131^
and 141 V'/hich so far as is knoivn are produced on small islands south of th e
Japanese mainland. Production of this class represents only 1 percent of the
total.
Types 122 and I3I are light types and I4I is a medium light type. They
are used only in cigarettes with m.outhpieces and in cut tobacco.
;

Chosen
Tobacco produced in Chosen includes American-t.7pe flue-cured, two light
that originated in Japan, and a number of medium-light native t,}pes of
which all but one aie somewfhat comparable with Turkish leaf.
typ.es

Class I,
Flue-cured
Flue-cured production represents nearly 20 percent of the tetal tobacco output of Chosen.
The crop is largely restricted to
a single area near the center of the peninsula.
So far as is known, it is all
produced on loamiv soils.
It is lemon to orang= in color, ^^dth orange predominating, and is generally considered of better quality than most oriental fluecured.
It has a fair body, somewhat larger leaf than Japanese or Chinese fluecured but not as large as Ainerican.
It has a fair amount of oil and, in
comparison v.dth other oriental flue-cured, a good aromia. 4iost of it is grown
from seed obtained from plants originating from American flue-cured seed.
Plant breeders of the Chosen Monopoly have developed strains of the American
varieties that are being grown to some extent, and it is the opinion of the
monopoly officials that the quality of leaf from these special strains is as
geod as that from plants originating from American seed.
:

The leaf is used almost entirely in the manufacture of cigarettes without mouthpieces.
Small quantities of stems and low'guality leaf are used in
cut tobacco.

Class II, Naichi-shu

Tobacco in this group includes txvo types, 210 and
They, are grown in southern Chosen and represent about 5 percent of t^tal
:

^20.

production.

Production' of t^rpe 210,

is grown from seed of the Japanese

It is quite similar to
the Japanese product and is used in cigarettes with mouthpieces and in cut
tobacco.
4 -l,

v.iiich

acco'onts for miost of the total in the class.

Class III, Kairai-shu

This class of Chosen tobacco includes types
23OA to 2301 which are gro.m in numerous sections of Chosen.
Types in this
class, the combined production of which represents about 75 percent of the
tota]. Chosen crop, are quite different froiri those grown in any other section
:

- 32 -

of the Japanese Empire.

Types 230A to 230H are similar in color and appearance
to Turkish tobacco.
They have a small, medium-light-brown leaf with mediuiii
body, fair amount of oil, and medium to good texture,
Turkish tobacco was
grown in Chosen for a period up to 1927, and it is probable that these types
are a cross between native and Turkish types.

Type 2301 is darker in color than the other tyf.ies in the class and has a
decidedly coarse woody texture, large stems, and i.^ in general inferior in
quality to the other types in the group.

'

All of the types under Class 111 are used extensively in both cigarettes
without mouthpieces and in cut tobacco. Cigarettes made from a blend of the
types in tliis class and Chosen flue-cured are, as regards aroiiia and taste,
similar to American cigarettes.

Taiw an

Taiwan tobacco is classified under four classes including flue-cured,

air-cured cigar types, Chinese sun-cured types, and native t,y]3es.
C la s s 1,

Flue-cured

Taiwan flue-cured tobacco has larger leaves than

other' oriental flue-cured types,

it is orange in color, has a poor texture and
aroma, and in general has less quality than other oriental flue-cured.
It is
growrn in various districts of Taiwan and represents over 50 percent of the
island's total production.
It is used almost entirely in cigarettes without

mouthpieces.

Class II, Cigar

Class II includes only one type of tobacco and its
production is limited, rt is grown on the southern end of the island. It is
air-cured., greenish brovm in color, has a decided cigar aroma and good texture
and stretch.
It is essentially a binder type and resembles United States
it is used exclusively in the
type 54, vhich is grovm in southern Wisconsin,
production of cigars,
:

i'

C lass III, Sun-cured

Tobacco In this group includes types 321, 322, 323|
and 324.
They represent over 40 percent of Tai.van's total production. Types inj
this group are believed to be of Cninese origin and have large pale-broum to
reddish-brown leaves.
They are ouite similar to tobacco grown in Chekiang
Province, China. Types 321, 322, and 324 are dark types somewhat comparable
with the American Green River type. Type 323 is a light type and shovvs some
siiTiilarity to American burley.
;

Cla ss IV, Bansa n:

Tobacco in this class is limited to type No. 330. It
is groirn by aborigines in the mountainous districts of Taiwan,
Its production
and use are not under the control of the Taiwan Monopoly, and very little is
knovm of its quality and characteristics.
^

Cost of P rod uc t ion

The cost of producing tobacco varies materially in different parts of the

Japanese Empire, In general, costs are highest in Taiwan where land values and
wages are relatively high as a result of the extensive cultivation of sugarcane
pineapples, and other crops thi.it y^ield a high per-acre value,
in Jap^an proper,
;

costs are relatively high as a result of aigh land values and moderately high
wages.
They are lowest in Chosen v;here land is more plentiful and labor cheaper
than in other parts of the Empire.

Production costs also vary materially between different types of tobacco,

largely as a result of differences in labor requirements.
In general, costs are
higher for native types than for flue-cured, as the former requires more labor
in curing and in preparing the leaf for market.
The cost of producing and marketing an acre of a particular type of
Japanese Empire tobacco for any previous year can be approximated by miultiplying
the average yield for the year by the average price obtained and deducting from
this amount a moderate sum representing profit to the farmer.
The obtaining of
relatively accurate results b 3 this method is made possible by the practices
foll'-'v^ed bj^ monopolies.
Prior to each crop year the monopolies make careful
calculations regai'ding the pric^ level and probable incomes that mdght be obtained during the coming year from crops other than tobacco and also estimate the
probable cost of producing tobacco. These calculations are used in arriving at
prices by grades which are announced in advance of planting.
If rises in price
levels r>rior to the time of marketing are sufficient to increase production
costs to the point where returns to farmers from prices previously announced will
not give them a reasonable profit from their tobacco crop, the prices are increasea.
Apparentl}^ it is not the policy of monopolies to adjust prices downward with lover price levels as records show that this has never occurred.
'

The information monopolies use in estimating production costs and arriving

Preliminary results of
studies recently conducted by the Economics Department of the Imperial A<^ricultural College, Tokj'o, enable the following estimates of average production costs
per acre during the 5-year- period 1932 to 193 ^ for one of the leading native
Japanese types and for flue-cured tobacco in Japan proper.
at prices offered is not available to outside agencies.

Estimated number of iman workdays to produce

and market 1
acre of tibacco
Days
Darumia

(Type 21)
Flue-cured.

Labor costs
at TC.08
per day

Land

Other

rent

CO st s a/

Total
costs

Dollars

Dollars
46.79

Dollars
128.59

558

44 ^4

Dollars
37.16

316

25.23

37.1^

3:^.

58

96.02

Include
^
tion

fertilizer, both chemical and manure, plant bed material, depreciaon ti^nls and buildings, fuel for redrying in case of flue cured, and other
miscellaneous costs.
The above tabulation shows that the average cost of producing 1 acre of
tobacco in Japan approximates the average cost in the United States during the
same period.
The production cost per pound in Japan, hox^ever, as a result of
higher ^''ields per acre, is substantially lower than in the United States. The

- 34 -

following tabulation shows that during the past 5 years Japanese flue-cured
tobacco selling at 9.1 cents per pound has been a very profitable undertaking,
whei-eas in the United States such a price would only partially cover cost of
production.
Average .yield
acre
1932 to 1936
pel

Daruma
(Type 21)
Flue-cured,.
(Type 100)

...

Pounds
1,395

...

1,44G

Average price
per pound
1932 to 1936

Value
per acre

Production

Net
income

cost

Cents
7.1

Dollars
134 5

Dollars
12 3.59

Dollar:
5.96

9.1

131 G4

96.02

35.02

.^

A significant feature ef tobacco producti.on in Japan is the large ajnount

This is necessitcited ny the absence of machinery and
animal or mechanical power.
For flue-cured tol.acco about 316 man workdays are
required to produce 1 acre of tobacco as compared v.dth
to 43 days in the
United Stat<^s. The excessive number of ^vorkdays r-^'Guired to produce the
Japanese T^pe 21, and which are also required for most other native types, is
due to extra labor in the curing process (ren-curing) and the time spent in
spreading each Lidividual leaf v;hen the tobacco is prepared for market,
of human labor required.

1 NG Airo

kARKlTlUG

Prior to tne establishment of monopolies in the Japanese Empire, there

was little uniformity in the grading and marketing of tobacco.
The individual
farmer often converted his crop into a firdshed product, mostly cut tobacco for
pipe smoking, for sale directly to consumers or to small retail shops in nearby
villages.
Such sales of leaf as vvere made, were usually to small dealers vdio
processed it themselves or sold it to manufacturers. In Chosen, wihere the
monopoly did not come into existence until 1921, and to some extent in Japan
proper and Taiwan, relatively large tobacco product factories wiere established
before monopoly control.
These institutions, ho'wev=r, that purchased through
local dealers only took a relatively slall portion of total domestic production.
4hen tobacco monopolies were first established their activities extended
only to the purchase of leaf for resale to private manuf cicturers . The monopoly
represented the only concern to vmich the farmer might sell his tobacco but it
had no control over farm production or manufacture and sale of tobacco products.
The early monopoly organizations took soroewnat more care in grading tobacco than
had been the practice before they were established; howrever, it v/as not until
monopoly control was extended to both production and manufacture that careful
grading was undertaken.

Grading

a nd

Frep a riruq To bacco fo r

kiarket

Tobacco farmers in the Japanese Empire have been carefully trained bp

monopoly instructors to grade their tobacco in accordance with standaids prescribed by the monopolies. The number of main grades for different types of
t.obarmxi vari.eo fxotia iO Vj 20.
The prirnaij factors used in establishing grades

Tc;

are in general the same as those in the United States.

Position of leaf on the
plant, its color and quality factors such as texture, cleanness, and injury are
all taken into account.

Great care is observed by farmers in sorting their tobacco. Each leaf

is examined separately.
Leaves of uniform grade and quality ai e tied in hands
containing a prescribed number of leaves. Flue-cured leaves, most of the native

Chosen tj-pes, a fev\f Japanese t.ypes and the Taiwan cigar type are tied in hands
similar in appearance to those found on American markets. A somewhat different
practice is followed in the preparation of almost all of the Japanese and
Tai'wan types and so e Chosen tyres.
For these types each individual leaf is
spread out perfectly flat before the leaves are tied in hands (see fig. 12, p.2l).

After the hands have been prepared they are packed in bundles containing
prescribed number of hands of uniform quality. The bundles of flue-cured
leaf weigh about 70 pounds and those of most domestic types about 60 pounds.
They are square, with a prescribed number of hands on each side. Only the butt
ends of the hands are exposed on the sides.
They are tied v.,dth cord and before
being taken to market are usuallj- ivrapped in straw matting.
a

Marketing
In recent years Government monopolies have been the only market for tobacMarketing practices are quite uniform in all
parts of the Empire and prices paid to growers are established solely by
monopolies. Minimum prices by grades to be paid by a monopoly are established
for each type in December preceding the year in which the tobacco is to be
marketed.
In recent .years the range in price by grades, has varied from a few
cents per pound to over 30 cents.
co grovm in the Japanese Empire.

The originally fixed prices are sometimes increased before harvest

begins or during the marketing season. This is seldom done, however, and
occurs only when higher prices are necessary in order to insure the grower an
income from nis tobacco compai'able with, or above that v/hich he mirht have
received if other crops had been grown on his tobacco fields.
Increases in
prices are usually necessitated only for years when there has been a general
rise in commodity price levels following the date v;hen prices were first
announced.

Tobacco marxets are maintained by the monopolies at nuinerous points in

the tobacco districts.
There are approximately 110 markets or buying stations
in Japan proper, 75 in Chosen, and 10 in TaiV'-'an.
TP.ey are managed b,y a staff
of men with long experience in grading and handling tobacco and operate very
smoothly.
In case a farmer's tobacco is not acceptable, monopoly buyers refuse to
purchase it, and the grower is reouired to sort and repack it in accordance
I'dth instructions from the monopoly.
This seldom happens, however, as instructors of the monopoly loccded in producing districts are usually able to prevent
tobacco from being brought to market that is not properly graded and packed.

6
3

- 36 -

Table 5.- Farm price per pound of flue-cured and native tobacco, compared
with United States farm prices of flue-cured, 1921 to 1933

Japan Proper

Chosen

United
States
Fluecured

Taiwan

Year
Fluecured

1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
192 s
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1933
193b
1937

Fiue-

Native

'

Native

Fluecured

Native

cur.ed

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

19.6
16.9
18.4
12.7
18.0
19.7
16.1
16
17.2
16.9
11.9
6.3

17.3
16.0
15.6
11.8
14.7
17.7
16.1
16.1
17.0
15i4
10.8

11.8
11.6
12.8
10.5
11.6
12.9
12.7

7.5
3.0
8.8
6.1
6.5
7.8
6.7
6.4

5.2
7.4
7.0
7.2
7.4
8.1
8.5

5.4
8.5
7.^
7.4
7.5
9.4
b/

19.4
12.5
13.7
11.2
13.0
17.1
18.8
17.1
17.0
16.9
13.6
9.0
13.4
11.4
11.6
12.2
13.8

11.0
11.6
11.0
7.6
2.7
12.3
12.6
12,7
13.2
13.3
10.1
5.0
7.1

21.9
26.2
20.8
21.6
20.0
24.9
20.5
16.3
18.0
12.0
8.4
11.6

19 3S

'

9.7
10.0
9.8
11.5
12.3

11.'^

9.6
13.0
9.9

5*'

4.4
2.4
3.1
3.5
3.8
3.2
4 .6

b/

'

1S3

6.0
7.0
6.5

27.3
20.0
22.2
23.0

i/

Japanese, Ch.osen, and Taiwan prices compiled by Shanghai -ffice. Office of

Foreign Agricultural Relations, from reports of monopolies in respective areas.
Converted from Japanese yen at rate prevailing during marketing season October
to March.
United States prices from Aari. cultural Statistics, United States
Cepartrnent of Agriculture,
a/ Preliminary.
h/ ^nf ormation not available.
The physical handling of tobacco on the market is unique and much of the
noise, back bending, and other exertion tnat is observed on markets in the
United States is avoided. The jmarket or buying station consists of one or more
(depending on the size of the market) large open sheds where farrnei's unload
their tobacco, one or moie small bu'-mng rooms, and a large warehouse. The open
sheds cover a network of small narrow-ga.g'ed tracks aj,l of which feed into a
single track leading to the buying room and from there to the warehouse.
Vi?hen a farmer arrives at a buying station he unloads his tobacco on
small push cars of uniform v'eight one bundle for each car. He then waits his
turn to push nis cars of tobacco along the track and into the buying room.
When Insiae tlie buying room, the tobacco is graded and priced by the monopoly's
buyer.
It is then weighed on scales that are .-'et to discount the weight of the
car (f.j^. 14 p. 24). If trie tobacco is accepted, the cars v^ith the tobacco
stirl on them are pushed off the scales and coast dowai the track to the warenouse Yihere they are unloaded into ricks of toi'<acco of the saye type and grade.
If the tobacco is not accepted, the car instead of being sent into the warehouse
,

- "7

is switched outside, and the farmer unloads his tobacco to take home for resorting and grading.
Tile ticket system on markets and method of payment is much the same as in
the United States.
Tickets are made out by the buyer and v;eigher who work at
the same table.
The grower is given a copy which he presents to the cashier at
tne buying station to receive payment.

From the x-varehous at the market, flue-cured tobacco is moved to the

nearest redrying plant, x.;here it is redried, packed in hogsheads of about 500
pounds and moved to factories or large storage renters.
In important districts, redrying plants, and in some cases factories, are located adjacent to
the market
3

Native -type leaf is not rsdried.

After it is purchased, tne bundles are
repacked, wrapped with matting, and fonvarded to warehouse or factory.
It is a general practice to age all
for some months before they c.re used
ticaily no X^eight is lost in the ageing of
losses up to B percent occur in the ageing
tx/pes

flue-cured tobacco and most native

in making tobacco products. Fracflue-cured but varying amounts of
of domestic types.

EXPORTS AND Bff'ORTS

The Japanese Empire has never been a large i.mperter or expo '-ter of leaf
tobacco and tobacco products.
Imports have been confined largely to types of
leaf not produced in the Empire but wiiich are needed in the manufacture of
special products.
Exports in past years have been limited to relatively small
quantities of special types of native tobacco and in recent years have included
some flue-cured.
,

For the past few decades leaf imports have in general been materially in
excess of exports,
Sinc^ 1B9'?', when' leaf imports were first reported, there
have been only 9 years in which exjxorts exceeded imnorts.
Seven of tiiese years
oco.urred before 1920 and three vv^re the Par years 1916 to 191S.
Sincp 193b there has been a decided tendency to oncourago exports and
curtail imports. Exp^orts for the fiscal years 19?6-37 and 1937-38 exceeded
imports for the fj.rst tim.e since 1922-23.^
In 1938 the nrohibition of imports of tobacco and tobacco products .*;as
included among the economy measures instigated as a result of financial
stringencies arising from the military conflict with China. At the same time
the need for foreign exchange for the purchase of r'ar materials caused the
government to adopt a strong policy of increasing exports of all dom-ostic products including tobacco.

Leaf
The largest import of leaf tobacco recorded for any year xvas for the
calendar year 1898 vlien soie 41,001.000 pounds x";ere imported. This, however,
was an exceptional year as in general imports have not exceeded
20,000,000
pounds

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The largest export for any calendar year for which definite information
is available was in 191? when approximately 11,500,000 pounds vrere sent abroad.

Incomplete information indicates that exports for both 193b and 1937 wers in
excess of tnis amount.
The United States has been the most important source of supply for imported leaf and in recent years has furnished about 35 percent of the total.
Imports
from the United States are almost entirely flue-cured; however, for certain years
they have included small quantities of Kentucky-Tennessee fire-cured, dark
Virginia, burley, and certain cigar tjpes. Quality of flue-cured leaf imported
from the United States into Japan proper has been average to better than average,
and is used in best grade cigarettes.
Imports into Chosen and Taiwan have been
made up of average- to belov^r-average-quality leaf.
Certain quantities of averagequality leaf are needed in these, areas for use in best-grade cigarettes but at
times substantial quantities of low grades have been'lmported to supplement

domestic leaf in lower-quality cigarettes.

Other sources of leaf imports into the Japanese Empire in order of their
Imports
importance include China, India, the Philippine Islands, and Turkey.
from China, particularly those of recent years, are almost entirely flue-cured.
Imports from the Philippines are confined to cigar typ.es and those from India
include* a variety of types but are primiarily native Indian types.
Imports from
Turkey are limited to small quantities of cigarette types.

Exports of leaf until recent years have been almost entirely to China and
^gypb.
Exports to China have included a variety of types but- in recent years
have been largely limited to flue-cured.
Exports to Egyp.t are confined to native
cigarette types under Classes I and IV from Japan proper, and si:nilar type leaf
und<=r Class II from Chosen.

Beginning with 1933-34, Japan proper has exported small quantities of flue-'
cured to Europe, principarly to Germany.
For the fiscal year 1935-3'^ bhs quantity exported exce<=ded 2,500,000 pounds.
i

Tobacco Product s

Imports and exports of tobacco products have always been relatively

insignificant and have declined in recent years.
Imports of cigarettes have
never been much in excess of one billion pieces and exports have been much less.
Trade in cigars has been negligible.
Small quantities are imported but there
are practically no exports.
In early yea,rs cut tobacco was the principal tobacco product in foreign trade of the Empire.
In recent years, exports of this
product have been maintained but imports have declined.

Intershipment Within the Empire

All parts of the Japanese Empire are relatively self-suTfic lent in the
production of leaf tobacco and tobacco products, and intershipment between
dj.fferent parts is relatively unimportant.
For- leaf tobacco the greatest movemient is from Japjan proper to Chosen,
Annual ship^ments in recent years have
varied in amounts from less than 200,000 pounds to 12,000,000 pounds-. They have
consisted primarily of flue-cured leaf with small quantities of various native
typer.,,
Jnj;.s-vi pr'''->i;,er T-r-^uelves Jiruited ^pxantit-1 es of various typjes of tobacco from;

'

- 43

Chosen.
Betvreen 1931 and 1933 the annual shipment averaged 1,300,000 pounds but
Taiwan received practically no leaf
has been practically nil since that period.
from other Empire sources and does not supply any for other parts of the Empire.

Shipments of tobacco products within the Empire are limited and are
largely confined to quantities needed for consumption by natives from one part
of the Empire that are residing in another.
Table 8.- Imports and exports of tobacco products of the
Japanese Empire, 1921-22 to 19'^6-37

Exports

ImpoT-ts

Year

1921-22
1922-23
1923-24
1924-25
1925-26
1926-27
1927-28
1928-29
1929-30
1930-31
19 31- '2

1932-33
1933-34
1934-35
1935-36
19 "^6- -57

Cigarettes

Cigars

Cut

tobacco
Pounds
1,000 pieces 1,000 pieces
231,995
1,981
57,075
381,481
26,651
2,406
952,251
26,369
1,545
837,099
1,032
31,471
954,518
1,900
44,505
998,866
31,604
972
1,076,190
640
23,996
16,987
910,835
845
12,184
1,009,089
909
1,024,438
27,525
938
621,015
8,776
333
13,188
232
449,302
512
11,034
99,754
1,222
19,188
133,719
c/
82,000 c/
10,500
900 c/
11,200
81,000 c/
800 c/

Cigarettes
1,000 pieces
28 560
,

28,000
5,120
0
0

11,000
20,710
47,060
57,065
24,290
25,612
78,490
130,710
162,096
222,707
263,123

1/

Cut

tobacco
Pounds
19,4^8
19,000
26,422
25,959
28,523
28,605
27,002
26,837
19,165
21,678
16,221
17,112
21,429
27,033
26,041
30,207

Compiled by Shanghai office, Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, from

reports of monopolies in respective areas.
a/ Japan proper only, exports are not shown for Chosen and Taiwan and are apparently insignificant, if any.
Records doubtful due to loss of detailed reports for Japan proper occasioned
by 1923 earthquake.
c/ Estimated on basis of reported imports for Japan proper.

Practices F ollowed

i n I mports

and Exports

Prior to the establishment of monopolies, trade in leaf tobacco and tobacco products was carried on by private concerns and both leaf and products
were subject to import and export duties. Vfith the establishment of monopolies,
foreign trade was placed under their supervision, duties vfere removed, and
imports were restricted to quantities permitted by monopolies.
Each mionopoly has foUowred somewhat different practices as regards imports
and exports.
Until 1933, when imports were prohibited, the Japanese monopoly
miaintained an office in New York City through which it purchased its reouirements
of American leaf.
Purchases were made through the office from established
American firmis who arranged shipment direct to Japan. Requirements of other

- z4

foreign-type leaf were obtained through Japanese importers, the monopoly placing
orders for specified quantities needed. Y'lhen leaf from any foreign source arrives, it is delivered directly to the monopoly or held in bond until called for.
Imports of tobacco products have been made through agents authorized by the
monopoly. Exports of both leaf and Japanese tobacco products are made through
authorized agents, each exporting agency being authorized by the .monopoly to sell
to a certain group of countries.
The Chosen monopoly, until the prohibition of imports -in 193^ ^ purchased
its requirements of American leaf through Chosen agencies of American firms.
The
American firms sent leaf samples direct to the monopoly, and prices were arranged
between the monopoly and Chosen agencies of the firms.
Imports of other foreign
leaf were arranged through Chosen agencies in the same manner as v/as the case in
Japan proper.
Imports of tobacco products are also made by Chosen agencies.
Exports of leaf tobacco and tobacco products are arranged in a manner similar to
the practice follow^ed by the Japanese monopoly.
In some cases the agency serving the Japanese monopoly also exp-orts for the Chosen mionopoly.

Lmports and exports for Taiwan are arranged in much the same manner as in
Chosen.

MUF ACTUR E

A ND CONSUMFTlOd

Tobacco consumption in the Japanese Empire in the fiscal year 1936-37

totaled approximately 198,000,000 pounds (processing order) as compared with
about 175,000,000 in 1930-31 and I'^.f) ,000,000 pounds in 1920-21,
The increase of
47 percent since 1920-21 has been brought about by increased population and
higher per-capita consumiption
Population has increased m.ore than 20 percent during this period and per-capita consumption over 25 percent.
The rise in percapita consumption has been largely brought about by industrialization and growi/h
of cities vjhere consumption per person is much higher than in rural districts.
The rapid, increase in the use of cigarettes, w'liich has been nearly 100 percent
since 1920, has also acted to increase ner-capita consumption.
.

Despite the increase during recent years, per-capita consumption is still

in comparison with miost other countries.
For the Empire as a whole the average annual per-capita consumption is only about 2.11 pounds.
This comp'>ares
with 2.8 pounds in China, 3.7 pounds in India, and 6.6 pounds in the United
Stats'^'
The low per-capita consumption is attributed to low income for most of
the population and the general abstinence by the Japanese fromi the use of allt;ypes^
of stimulants.
low^

Tobacco is consumed in the form of cigarettes, cigars, and cut tobacco for
pipe smoking. Practically no snuff is used and consumption of plug tobacco has
oeen limiited to negligible quantities imported from Am.erica.
In 1936-37 approximately 50 percent of total consumption was in the form of pipe tobacco, 41 percent was cigarettes without mouthpieces, and 9 percent cigarettes vdth ...outhpieces.
Cigar consumption accounts for less than one-half of 1 percent. The use^
of cigarettes and cigars is largely confined to urban districts where incomes are.
re].atively high.
Cut tobacco is used by farmers and low-income classes in urbarp
districts.
I


Table 9-- Quantities of leaf tobacco including steins and scrap used in the
manufacture of tobacco products in Japan proper, Chosen, Taivian, and
total for the Empire, 1921-22 to 1936-32 a/

Area
and year
beginning
April 1

Cigarettes
Jithout

i'ith

mouthpieces
1,000
pounds

mouthpieces
1,000
pounds

1923-24
1924-25
1925-26
1926-2? ...
I927A23
1928-29 .......
1929-30. ......
1930-31
1931-32
1932-33
1933-34
1934-35
1935-36
1936-37

7,708
9,590
12,493
13,950
17,352
21,292
24,649
28 ,848
31,114
^4,396
37,967
43,003
48,561
56,927
60,176
66,087

35,734
38,690
38,371
42,551
38,369
31,844
33,301
35,363

29,141
22,666
17,800
17,584
20,536
19,670
18,122

43,442
48,280
50,864
56,501
55,721
53,136
57,950
64,211
64,932
63,537
60,637
60,803
66,145
77,463
79,846
84,209

CHOSEN b/
1921-22
1922-23
1923-24
1924-25
1925-26
1926-27
1927-28
1928-29
1929-30. ......
1930-31
1931-32. ......
1932-33
1933-34
1931-35
1935-36
1936-37

5,162
5,873
6,449
6,829
7,863
7,723
7,536
8,368
8,856
7,829
6,923
7,240
7,902
10,739
11,952
13,632

1,747
2,858
1,671
1,282
1,507
1,146
1,153
1,155
1,164
793
498
434
291
289
334
277

6,909
8,731
8,120
8,111
9,370
8,869
8,689
9,523
10,020
8,622
7,421
7,674
8,193
11,028
12,286
13,909

JaF.-JJ PSoFER
1921-22

19'A2 /c3 .......

Total
1,000
pounds

33, "18

Total
all
products

Cut.

Cigars

tobu cco

1,000
pounds

1,000
pounds

1,000
pounds

53

30,284
74,822

123,779
123,116
117,148
128,630
124,816

14
21
43
42

66,2-13

36
34
29
28
28
18
4

24
44
35
28

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

'

72,086
69,053
69,856
67,826
68,556
65,301
65,561
64,284
62,311
62,421
59,526
53,702
55,918

212
1,115
5,889
8,286
11,958
23,598
23,498
25,815
29,814
33,730
31,718
32,916
34,065
38,961
40,245
39,894

Continued

12- ,028

125,310
132,796
130,261
129,126
124,935
123,118
128,590
137,033
133,583
140,155

'

7,121
9,846
14,009
16,397
21,328
32,467
32,187
75,338
39,834
41,952
39,139
40,590
42,858
49,989
52,531
53,303

- 46 -

Table 9.- Quantities of leaf tobacco including steins and scrap used in the
manufacture of tobacco products in Japan proper, Chosen, Taiwan, and
total for the Empire, 1921-22 to 1936- "7 a/ - Continued

Area
and year

Cigarettes
With
mouthpieces

Without
mouth pieces

beginning
April 1

Taiwan
1921-22
1922-23
1921-24
1924-25
1925-26
1926-27
1927-28
1928-29
1929-30
1930-11
1931-72,
1932 11

1,000
pounds
128
240
137
196
311

1,000
pounds
122
86

380
433
469
513
591
673
820
1,003
1,295
1,400
1,500

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

40
c/
0

Total
1,000
pounds
250
326
177
196
311
38O
438
.

469
513
591
673
820

Cut

Cigars

tobacco

1,000
pounds

1,000
pounds

1,000
pounds
3,316
3,347
3,165
3,072
3,300
3,067
3,087
3,108
3,082
2,954

4
2
2

4
3
5
5

8
.0

2 , 639

2,687
2,595
2,561
2,590
2,690

Total
all
products

:^,570

3,675
3,344
3,272
3 614
3,452
3,530
3,583
3,603
3,553
3,369
3,515
3,606
3,865
4,000
4,200

8
1,003
1933-34
9
1,295
1934-35
10
1,400
1935-36 ^....
10
1,500
1936-17
TOTAL EiviFIRE
83,812
134,470
57
50,601
37,607
1921 22
12,998
186,637
16
79,284
1922-23
15,703
41,634
57,337
134,501
23,
75,317
59,161
40,082
1923-24
19,079
148,299
83,444
47
64,808
1924-25
20.975
43,833
149,758
84,311
45
65,402
1925-26
25,526
39,876
158,947
96,521
41
1926-2^.
62,385
32,990
29,395
161,527
94,411
39
67,077
1927 - 28
32,623
34,454
171,717
74 ,203
97,479
35
1928-29
36,518
37,685
173,698
98,197
36
1929-30
75,465
34,982
40,483
174,631
101,845
36
72,750
I93O-3I
42,816
29,934
167,443
98,691
25
68,727
I93I-32
23,164
45,563
167,223
12
97,914
69,297
18,234
1932-33
51,063
175,054
82
99,681
j_9 3334
75,341
17,875
57,466
190,887
101,048
53
20,825
89 ,786
68,961
1934 - 35 .......
190,114
96,537
4.5
20,004
93,532
1935 36 .
73,528
198,153
98,502
38
99,618
18 4399
81,219
1936-37
from
Relations,
Compiled by Shanghai office. Office of Foreign Agricultural
reports of tobacco monopjolies in respective areas.
ay Weight of leaf, stem.s and scrap on removal from storage for use in manufacture, i.e. redrying loss and shrinkage in storage deducted.
From 1921-22 to 1929-30 some leaf whs sold by the monopoly to private manufac.turrs
for use in manufacturing products for sale in Chosen. These quantitj-es
were large for the first years of the period but declined to only 2tS,0O0 pounds|j
for the year 1929 - 30
J
M
p/ Less than 500 pounds.

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- 48 -

Cut Tobacco

Pipe smoking was one of the first methods of tobacco consumption in the
Japanese Empire and still accounts for about half of total disappearance. During the past two and a half decades its use has not increased as rapdily: as
cigarettes.
In recent years its consumption has tended to. fluctuate .vith changing economic conditions.
Its use tends to decrease in periods of prosperity,
ihen a larger percentage of the people are financially able to smoke cigarettes,
and to increase in periods of depressions.
Cut tobacco for pipe smoking is prepared almost exclusively from native
types of tobacco. Practically no native flue-cured is used, and the use of
imported leaf is limited to small quantities needed for improving the taste and
aroma of the better mixtures. The mixture of materials other than tobacco in
the preparation of cut tobacco is very limited, and is confined to certain perfume oils used in some brands.
In (Japan proper most of the pipe tobacco is very fine- cut much finer
than is tobacco for cigarettes in the United States. Only very small quantities
of coarse-cut and no plug cut are produced.
,

Fine-cut is
In Chosen and Taiwan most of the pipe tobacco is coarse-cut.
largely limited to quantities for sale to Japanese residents and for shipment to
Japan proper,
'

The pipes have a

In Japan proper cut tobacco is smoked in dry pipes.
bamboo stem about 6 to 10 inches long fitted .ith brass mouth]'iece and brass
bowl.
The bowl is very small, only about one-eighth of the size of an ordinary
Amierican pipe.
This may account in part for the low per-capita consumption of
tobacco.
In Chosen and Taivan both dry pipes and 'ater pipes are used but dry
pipes of a large t.v'P'e similar to those used in China predojuinate

Cigarettes

Cigarettes have been in use in the Japanese Empire since the last quarter
of the nineteenth century.
Their consumption has expanded i-aoidly, especially
since 1915.
For that year consumption totaled about 9 billion pieces. The increase from then until 1938 has been about AOO percent or to about 45 billion
pieces
Cigarettes both with and without mouthpieces have been in general use.
Until recent years, the use of cigarettes with mouthpieces has represented the
bulk of consumption in Japan proper.
Cigarettes with mouthpieces have been
extensively used in Chosen but have represented only a relatively small proportion of the total consunption.
In Taiwan the consumption w'as ori.gina.lly
about epually divided betvveen the tv/o types but in recent years cigarettes with
mouthpieces have almost disappeared.
As late as 1920 sales of cigarettes with mouthpieces represented 78 percent of the total sold in the Empire.
Since that year the Empire's consumption
In 1937 over 70
of cigarettes without mouthpieces has expanded very rapidly.
percent of hotal sal.es were cigarettes v;ithout mouth].'ieces
,

|
|

- 49 -

The rapid shift in recent years from cigarettes with mouthpieces to cigarettes without mouthpieces has been largely due to the development of a taste
for foreign-type tobacco^ namely flue-cured^ which is used in large quantities
only in cigarettes without mouthpieces.
The younger generation use the latter
alm.ost exclusively, and it is probable that within the next several years the
use of cigarettes with- mouthpieces will cease.

There are a number of brands of cigarettes, both w'ith and v/ithout mouthpieces.
Ihey vary as to size, type of pack, and tobacco mixture used in their
production.
Cigarettes without mouthpieces vary in size from those renuiring
less than 2 pounds of tobacco per thousand to certain brands similar to' American
cigarettes requiring about 2.75 pounds per thousand.
In general the length of
cigarettes without mouthpieces is approximately eoual to that of American cigarettes, but for some brands the diameter is much smaller.
Packages vary from
10 to 100 cigarettes.
Blends vary materially betv.een different brands, but as a
whole cigarettes without mouthpieces are about tw:o-thirds flue-cured, either
Japanese, Chosen, Chinese, or American.
In 1931-32 Ainerican accounted for about
33 percent of total flue-cured used, but by 1936-37 the portion had declined to
about 11 percent.
There has been further decline since that year and unless the
prohibition of imiports is removed its use will soon be discontinued.

Approximately 27 percent of total leaf used in cigarettes ivithout mouthpieces is no-tive types and 10 percent foreign types, other than flue-cured, including Philippine, Indiar'., and Turkish leaf.
The admixture of materials other
than tobacco is quite general for some brands and includes rum, glycerine, sugar,
and various other products.
For the manufacture of cigarettes v^fithout miouth:)ieces tn-e leaf is generally cut som-ewhat finer than is the case for Amierican
cigarettes.
Cigarettes \i/ith ].,outhpieces are generally uniform in size but vary materially in blends.
The length and diameter of the cigarette are about the same
as of the American product, but about one-third or more of the length is made up
of a cardboard mouthpiiece.
it renuires only about 1.65 pounds of tobacco for
the production of 1,000 cigarettes of this type as compared with approximately
2.85 pounds used in tne manufacture of the standard American .cigarette.
Blends
are made up almost entirely from domestic-type leaf and practically no material
other than tobacco is used.
The leaf is cut finer than for cigarettes without
mouthpieces.
Cutting is similar to that for fine-cut tobacco.
Cigars
Consujiption of cigars in the Japanese Empire has always been very lim.ited.
The supply is largely confined to imported products and those miade from imported
leaf.
They are relatively expensive and their sale is largely limited to people
with high incomes.
Low cigar consumption may also be due to the apparent inability of the Japanese to take large quantities of stimulants.

Domestic production of cigars is largely confined to hand-made products.

There are onl^s two cigar-.making machines in Japan proper and none in Chosen and
Taiwan.

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Factory Production and Distribution of Product s

Factory Productio n

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Manufacturing plants for tobacco products are ?;idely distributed throughout the Fmpire.
There are 22 factories in Japan proper, 4 in Chosen, and 1 in
Taiwan.
They are located in accorda.nce with availability of loaf and centers of
consumption. Small plants are often located in tobacco-producing districts, and
almost every large city has a factory.
Practically all of the factories manufacture cut tobacco, and most of them produce cigarettes.
Cigar production, however, is lim.itod to 2 factories, 1 in Tokyo, Japan, and 1 in Taiwan.

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The factories are very modern and well equipped.

Somewhat more hand
operations are observed than is the case in tobacco-product factories in the
United States.
Improved miachinery, however, is constantly being introduced, hand
labor is decreasing, and production per operar.or rising. The machinery used is
very similar to that, in the United Status, and most of it is made in a plant
maintained by the Japanese monopoly.

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Factory employees as well as all other xvorkriien and officials of the monopolies are classified as civil service emrloyees.
Fages are low in terms of
American standards. For tobacco factory workers' in Japan proper the average
daily yvagm in 1936 was only about 62 cents for men and 31 cents for wom.en. These
rates, hovrever, are above' the average obtained by workers engaged in oth-^r lines
of factory production.
A unifoDTi s^nstera of promotion is maintained and retirement with age or disability is provided.
Hospital, health, and recreation
facilities are also afforded by the monoDoly,
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Manufacture of products is cari-ied out on a i.well-m:!naged uniform basis.

Large stocks of tobacco are carried. The end-of-year carry-over for the Empire
as a w'hole normally amounts to about 'a supply for a y.-)ar and a half.
Stocks
are carried from crops of 3
more years and uniform blends are maintained
through mixing of tobacco from 2 or 3 years' harvest. Production is carried on
at a relatively uniform rate throughout the year.
There is no w'ide seasonal
fluctuation in either production or sales.

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Distribution

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At present the monopolies maintain control over the distribution of tobacco products from factory to, consumer. Each monopoly maintains a systemi of
v.,arehouses
These warehouses keep large supplies of all p'roducts of the monopoly as iweil as quantities of those produced by other Empire monopolies. Each
warehouse serves a number of distributing points that maintain small stocks of
pi'oducts a,nd make deliveries direct to retailers.
Ihe movement from factory to
retailer is accomplished in a relatively short pweriod, thereby providing consuxners with freshly made products.

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Despite the monopoly control of the industry, advertising of tobacco products is fairly extensive. All established brands of various products are adver- i's
tised largely by windovj posters arid billboan.^.s
are introduced,
'/Vh.e;n nevx brands
for vxhich a monopoly wishes to increase con'^um.ption relatively extensive advertising campaigns are conducted in newspapers, magazines, on motion picture
screens, and by other m.eans.
.

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- 53 -

A wide rrice ran^;e is offered in all products.

In Japan proper retail
prices for domestically produced cigarettes in 1933 varied from as low as
to ^ 5.94 per thousand pieces, cigars ranged in price from ^. 2.70 to over t22.00
per hundred, and cut tobacco from |p0.23 to ;2.70 per pound. Similar price
ranges e^c_Lst for domestically manufactured products in Chosen and Taiwan.
In
general, the most popular brands of a specific product are in the lovj-er price
range.
Often the very lowest-priced brand of a particular product is the largest
S'^ller

Sales of tobacco ioroducts are to a great extent concentrated in the larger

cities.
For Japan proper, over 20 percent of total cigarette sales is in the
Tokyo prefecture. An additional 39 percent of the total is represented by sales
in 9 of the other 47 prefectures.
In Chosen over 20 percent of the total is in
the province in v;hich Aeijo, the capital, is located.
Cigar sales are limited
almost entirely to large cities. Sales 01 cut tobacco, are also concentrated in
the larger cities but to a less extent than is the case for cigarettes and cigars.

FROBABLS DEVELOrMhNTS AFFECTING

AlvISRICAN

TOBACCO PRODUCERS

It is expected that developments in the tobacco .'situation of the Japanese

Empire ymll be unfavorable to Am.erican tobacco farmers.
For the immediate future
it appears tha.t developments will follow the trend of recent years.
The Empjire
yyill continue its attempts to attain self-sufficiency in tobacco require me .nts;
imports of leaf (except from Manchuria and occupied areas in China) will continue
to be restricted; domestic leaf production will be maintained or increased; consumption x^;ill prooably not change materially, and efforts to increase exports
that will replace some Ajaerican tobacco abroad 'will continue.

Developments beyond the next 3 To 5 years will depend in part upon the outcome of the present conflict between China and Jaoan and the world situation in
general, idaich are factors that can not be foreseen.
In any event, it is expected that the Empire's future requirements of A^nerican leaf will continue to be
limited to relatively small quantities of average or above-average quality fluecured leaf needed in the manufacture of himh-grade cigarettes.
It is also
expected that the Empire will continue to be a potential small competitor in our
leaf ercport trade, especially as regards low-grade flue-cured leaf. S^<ports of
domestic ty].)es, largely to Eg.3g.^t, v;ill probably continue at about the level of
recent years.
It is believed that the characteristics of the leaf v;ill limit its
exp'orts to Europe and other important tobacco-importing areas.
The iresent prohibition of tobacco imports from the United States and other
strdctly foi'eign sources wall likely continue until the Empire returns to its
normal position in would trade.
If this does not occur for some years, it is
possible that Japanese consumers may lose their taste for American flue-cured
leaf, and if imports are renewed they miaht be from sources other than the United
States

Continued exports and particularly those of flue-cured leaf from the

Japanese Empire, which are being increased as a result of the country's present
trade ana financial situation, may, if prolonged, result in the leaf being accepted by certain countries as a suitable substitute for American flue-cured.
Once established, the demand for it might increase to the detriment of American
farmers

- 54 -

There is but little doubt that the Japanese Empire can continue to supply
its tobacco requirements at a cost beloiv that v.hdch it would have to pay for
American leaf and, if circumstances require, produce a surplus for export. Land
is scarce in Japan proper and Taiwan, but close cropping and scientific application of fertilizer have resulted in a continuous increa.se in the output of the
islands' agricultural products,
as has been mentioned, tobacco is set between
roos of barley before the barley is harvested, and is grocrn and harvested before
the planting dates of the next, crops to follow.
There are additional areas in
Japan proper that are suitable for tobacco and where the above system can be
followed V'ithout materially displacing essential food crops. There is pierhaps
some possibility of increased production through higher yields accomplished by
further intensive fertilizing. Such increases, however, may not be economical.

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There is an.iple room for expansion of tobacco production in Chosen.
production in this part of the Empire has not become as intensive as in Japan
proper and Taiwan. Developments in Choson in this respect are at present at
about the stage they were in Japan proper 15 to 20 years ago.
Chosen tobacco',
and particiCLarly flue-cured, is considered as good or better than that grown in
other parts of the Empire and can be produced cheaper.
It is therefore probable
that Japan proper and Taiwan may event^ially obtain substantial .supplies of tobacco from Ciiosen.
it may also be possible for the Empire to secure relatively
large quantities from Manchuria and th.ereby release part of its production for
export^
The production of flue-cured tobacco in iianchuria increased from about
5,000,000 poimds in 193b to an early season estimate of 25,000,000 pounds in
There are large areas suitable for its probuction and, if expansion con1939.
tinues at the rate of the past 4 years,
reduction will soon exceed aomestic
requirements.

The shift in production from native types of tobacco in the Japanese

Empire to flue-cured that has occurred in recent years is excected to continue.
The future trend to flue-cured will probably be greatest in Japan proper where
its need for use in cigarettes is more pronounced than is the case in other partsi:
of the Empire.
In the case of Chosen and to some extent Taiwan, native types of
tobacco are especially suited.for use in cigarettes.
For Jap.an proper, however,
native t^zpes, except when blended with foreign types, can be satisf actorily used
only in mouthpiece cigarettes, of which the consumption is declining.

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The expansion in production in Japan proper of American-t^/ije burley tobacco is expected to continue for some y^^ars.
This tj'pe is being used domestically in a blended cigai'ette simiiiar to standa.rd American cigarettes. Require-!
ments for such use idll probably expand with increased production, and it is not
lixely that it v.lll ever be exported in competition with American burley.

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