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Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
~D
~B
m (Gauss Law)
~H
~E
~B
~Jm
(Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
t
e (Gauss Law)
Now, what is wrong with the above set of equation ??? ...
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
~D
~B
m (Gauss Law)
~H
~E
~B
~Jm
(Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
t
e (Gauss Law)
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
~D
e (Gauss Law)
~B
m (Gauss Law)
~H
~E
~
~Je + D (Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
t
~B
~Jm
(Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
t
~D
t
is called
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
(1)
e
, From continuity equation.
(2)
Since RHS of (1) and (2) are not equal, obviously our assumption that ~
H = ~Je is incorrect. So,
some correction term should be added to Amperes law to make it correct. Lets add this additional
term (~Jd ) as shown in the next slide.
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
~H = ~Je +~Jd .
Once again, lets take divergence on both sides.
~H
~Je +~Jd
0,
(3)
e
+ ~Jd .
t
(4)
e
~Jd =
=
=
t
t
~D
t
~D
~Jd =
t
(5)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
~D
e (Gauss Law E)
~B
m (Gauss Law M)
~H
~E
~
~Je + D (Ampere Law M + Faraday0 s Law M)
t
~B
~Jm
(Ampere Law E + Faraday0 s Law E)
t
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Equations given in the previous slide are called point form Maxwells equations. Their equivalent
integral forms can be derived using divergence and Stokes theorems and are given as
~
~D ds
~D dv =
e dv =
~
~B ds
~B dv =
m dv =
!
~
~ = ~H ~dl
~ =
~Je + D ds
~H ds
t
!
~
~ =
~ = ~E ~dl
~Jm + B ds
~E ds
t
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Complex Notation
~F = Fx
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
~Ds ejt = e,s ejt
~Bs ejt = m,s ejt
~Ds ejt
= ~Je,s + j~Ds ejt
~Hs ejt = ~Je,s ejt +
t
~Bs ejt
~Es ejt = ~Jm,s ejt
= ~Jm,s j~Bs ejt
t
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Wave
(6)
= 2f = v.
(7)
where,
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Wave Equation
Simple 1 - dimensional wave equation is given as
2 F
1 2 F
= 2 2
x2
v t
Using the complex notation, the above equation can be simplified as
2 Fs
=
x2
2
(j )2 Fs = 2 Fs
2 Fs
+ 2 Fs = 0
x2
(8)
Using the theory of linear differential equations, solution for the above equation is given as
Fs = Aejx + Bejx
h
i
h
i
F = Re Aejx + Bejx ejt = Re Aej(t+ x) + Bej(t x) .
(9)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
~Ds = 0
~Bs = 0
~Hs = j~Ds = j~Es
(10)
(11)
2~Es = ~0 2 ~Es
(12)
2 ~Hs = 2 ~Hs .
(13)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
2~Es + 2 ~Es = 0
+ 2 Fs = 0
= .
(14)
r r
where c is the light velocity.
(15)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
2 Exs + 2 Exs = 0
2~Es + 2 ~Es = 0
2 Eys + 2 Eys = 0
2 Eys + 2 Eys = 0
Since all the differential equations are similar, lets solve just one equation using variable-separable
method. If Exs can be decomposed into
Exc = A (x) B (y) C (z)
then substituting the above equation into Helmholtz equation gives
2 Exs + 2 Exs = 0
2
B (y) C (z)
Exs
2 Exs
Exs
+
+
+ 2 Exs = 0
x2
y2
z2
2 A
2 B
2 C
+ A (x) C (z) 2 + A (x) B (y) 2 + 2 A (x) B (y) C (z) = 0
x2
y
z
1 2 A
1 2 B
1 2 C
+
+
2 = 0
A (x) x2
B (y) y2
C (z) z2
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
1 2 A
1 2 B
1 2 C
+
+
2 = 0
A (x) x2
B (y) y2
C (z) z2
1 2 A
1 2 B
1 2 C
+
+
x2 y2 z2 = 0
A (x) x2
B (y) y2
C (z) z2
(16)
2 A
x2 A (x) = 0
x2
A (x) = L1 ex x + L2 ex x = L ex x + L+ ex x
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
(17)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
x2 + y2 + z2 = 2 .
(18)
(19)
(20)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
~Ds = e,s
~Bs = m,s
h
i ~
~Hs = ~Je,s + j~Ds = ~Es + j~Es = j 1 j
Es
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Propagation Constant
So, from the previous slide, for lossy dielectrics, s is a complex number and is given as
s = 1 j
.
= 2 + j.
(21)
From the above equation, can be written as = + j. Now, we need to find out the values of
and . We have
2 = ( + j)2 = 2 2 + j (2)
(22)
Comparing (21) and (22) we get,
2 2 = 2
=
.
2
(23)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
2
= 2
2
44 2 2 2 = 42 2
44 + 42 2 2 2 2 = 0
4 2 + 4 2 2 2 2 = 0
" r
#
2
2
1
1+
2
v
"r
#
u
u
p
2
= = t
1+
1 .
2
(24)
(25)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Skin Depth
Skin Depth:
The distance , through which the wave amplitude decreases by a factor
penetration depth of the medium, that is
E0 e =
1
e
E0
.
e
(26)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Poynting Vector
One Vector Identity:
~A ~B = ~B ~A ~A ~B
From the above vector identity,
~E ~H = ~H ~E ~E ~H
!
!
~B
~D
= ~H ~Jm
~E ~E +
t
t
!
!
~
~D
B
~E ~E + ~E
= ~H ~0 ~H
t
t
!
!
~
H
~E
= ~H
~E ~E + ~E
t
t
!
~
H~
H
~E ~E
~H
~E
1
1
~E ~E
= ~H
+ ~E
~E ~E =
+
t
t
2
t
2
t
2
~
2
2
=
H
+
~E
~E
.
t 2
2
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
2
~
2
2
~E ~H =
H
+
~E
~E
t 2
2
2
~
2
2
~E ~H dv =
H
+
~E
~E
dv
t 2
2
2
~
2
2
~ =
~E ~H dS
~E
dv
H
+
~E
dv
t
2
2
|
{z
} |
{z
}
{z
} |
???
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
~P = ~E ~H =
H
sin k
~E
~
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
(27)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
~Es = j~Bs
E0 ez z x = j~Hs
j
~Hs =
E0 ez z x
j
E0 ez z x
=
Exs
j
(E0 ez z )
j
=
y =
y
z
j0
j +
=
Exs y =
Exs y
In source-less medium,
So,
Exs
j
=
.
Hys
+ j
Exs
=
= =
Hys
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
~Es,i
Ei ez z x ,
~Es,t
Et ez z x , and
~Es,r
Er ez z x .
~Hs,i
Ei z1 z
e
y ,
1
~Es,t
Et z2 z
e
y , and
2
~Es,r
Er z1 z
e x .
1
From (28),
1 1
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
=
=
Et , and
Et
.
2
(28)
Er
Ei
2 1
,
2 + 1
Et
Ei
22
, and (30)
2 + 1
1+
(29)
(31)
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
v=
= x2 + y2 + z2 = 2
s q
= + j = 2
1+
2
s q
1+
1 + j
2
2
+1 ; =
~P = ~E ~H
HExsys = j
+j for the special case of lossless dielectric materials,
Er
Ei
2 1
2 + 1
,=
Et
Ei
22
2 + 1
Exs
Hys
, and 1 + =
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Waves
1 The electric field in free space is given as ~E = 50 cos 108 t + x y V/m. (a) Find the direction
of wave propagation. (b) Calculate and the time it takes to travel a distance of /2.
Ans: x , 31.42 ns [S1, E10.1, P415]
2 In a lossless medium for which = 60, r = 1, and
~H = 0.1 cos (t z) x + 0.5 sin (t z) y A/m, calculate r , , and ~E.
Ans: 4, 1.5 108 rad/sec, and ~E = 94.25 sin (t z) x + 18.85 cos (t z) y V/m, [S1, E10.3,
P430]
3 A plane wave in a nonmagnetic medium has ~E = 50 sin 108 t + 2z y . Find (a) the direction
of wave propagation (b) , f , and r (c) ~
H.
Ans: z , 3.142 m, 15.92 MHz, 36, ~
H = 0.7958 sin 108 t + 2z x A/m, [S1, P10.3, P432]
Maxwells Equations
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Reflection
Summary
Problems