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t h i rd

e di t i o n

ENGLISH FILE

Entry Checker for Intermediate

Christina Latham-Koenig
Clive Oxenden
Paul Seligson


Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, United Kingdom
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It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade
mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
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First published in

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This book is printed on paper from certified and well-managed sources

Illustrations by!TSUSHI(ARA$UTCH5NCLEAGENCYPP
24, 27.

CONTENTS
4

FILE 1

18

FILE 8

word order in questions

should / shouldnt

present simple

first conditional: if + present, will / wont

present continuous: be + verb + -ing

possessive pronouns

FILE 2

past simple: regular and irregular verbs

past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing

time sequencers and connectors: because,

so, but, although

FILE 3

be going to

present continuous (future arrangements)

defining relative clauses with who,

20

FILE 9

second conditional: if + past,

would / wouldnt

22

present perfect + for or since

present perfect or past simple? (2)

FILE 10

passive: be + past participle

used to / didnt use to

might / might not (possibility)

which, where

10

12

14

16

FILE 4

present perfect

present perfect or past simple (1)

something, anything, nothing, etc.

FILE 5

comparatives

superlatives

quantifiers

FILE 6

will / wont (predictions)

will / wont (decisions, offers, promises)

review of tenses: present, past, and future

FILE 7

uses of the infinitive with to

uses of the gerund (verb + -ing)

have to, dont have to, must, mustnt

24

26

FILE 11

expressing movement

word order of phrasal verbs

so, neither + auxiliaries

FILE 12

past perfect

reported (or indirect) speech

questions without auxiliaries

28

IRREGULAR VERBS

30

VOWEL SOUNDS

31

CONSONANT SOUNDS

1
1A XPSE
PSEFS
JO
RVFTUJPOT

questions with be

questions with do / does / did in present simple and past simple

question word auxiliary

Do
Did
does
did
did

Where
When
What

subject

infinitive (= verb)

you
you
your sister
you
they

live with your parents?

have a holiday last year?
work?
start studying English?
talk about?

question be
word

What
Where

adjective, noun,
etc.

you
there
that
you
you

hungry?
a bank near here?
noise?
from?
born?

r
6TF
ASI (Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) and QUASI (Question word,

Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) to remember word order in questions.

r
.BLF
RVFTUJPOT
XJUI
UIF
WFSC
be by inverting the

verb and the subject.
She is a teacher. Is she a teacher?

1B QSFTFOU
TJNQMF

adverbs and expressions of frequency

I / you / we / they

he / she / it

I usually work at home.

They dont live near here.
Do you speak French?

Holly knows me very well.

It doesnt often rain here.
Does Alice like jazz?

Yes, I do. / No, I dont.

Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.

1 We often go out on Friday night.

She doesnt usually study at weekends.
Im never ill.
Hes always late for work.
2 She gets up early every day.
We have English classes twice a week.

r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
TJNQMF
GPS
UIJOHT
ZPV
EP
FWFSZ
EBZ

XFFL

ZFBS
PS
GPS

things which are generally true or always happen.
r
6TF
dont / doesnt to make negative sentences, and do / does to make questions.
spelling rules for the 3rd person -s (he, she, it)
innitive

3rd person

spelling

work
TUVEZ
mOJTI
HP

EP
have

works
TUVEJFT
mOJTIFT
HPFT

EPFT
has

BEE
-s
DPOTPOBOU

y > ies
BEE
-es
BGUFS
ch
ce
ge
sh

BEE
-es
DIBOHF
UP
-s

1C QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
be

WFSC
 -ing

1 A What are you doing?
B Im sending a message to Sarah.

.Z
CSPUIFS
is doing
B
UXPNPOUI
DPVSTF
JO
UIF
6,
3 In this picture the woman is standing near the window.
r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
1 for things that are happening now, at this moment.
2 for temporary things that are happening now, this week, etc.
3 to describe a picture.

you / we / they

Im working
Im not working

You
We
They

Are
Is
was
are
were

subject

re working
arent working

he / she / it
He
She
It

s working
isnt working

Are you working?

Yes
*
am. / No
*N
not.

Is he working?

Yes
IF
is. / No
IF
isnt.

1 We often use the present simple with adverbs of

frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes,
hardly ever, never).
r
"EWFSCT
PG
GSFRVFODZ
HP
before the main verb.
r
"EWFSCT
PG
GSFRVFODZ
HP
after be.
Shes never ill. NOT Shes ill never.
r
3FNFNCFS
UP
VTF
B + verb with never.
It never rains. NOT It doesnt never rain.
2 Expressions of frequency (every day, once a week,
etc.) usually go at the end of a sentence.

spelling rules for the -ing form

innitive

-ing form

spelling

DPPL
TUVEZ

DPPLing
TUVEZing

BEE
-ing

MJWF

MJWing

DVU
UIF
mOBM
e
BOE
BEE
ing

SVO

SVOOing

EPVCMF
UIF
mOBM
DPOTPOBOU
BOE

BEE
-ing

present simple or present continuous?

A What do you do? B I work
GPS
.JDSPTPGU

A What are you doing? B Im checking my emails.
r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
TJNQMF
GPS
UIJOHT
UIBU
BSF
HFOFSBMMZ
USVF

or always happen.
r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
GPS
BO
BDUJPO
IBQQFOJOH
OPX

or at this moment.
r
8F
OPSNBMMZ
VTF
WFSCT
XIJDI
EFTDSJCF
TUBUFT
PS
GFFMJOHT

(non-action verbs), e.g. want, need, like, in the present
simple, not continuous.

ENTRY CHECKER
1A

b Put the words in the right order to make questions.

a Put the word or phrase in the right place in the question.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Do you like fruit? (like)

How long did you there? (live)
Is older than you? (your sister)
When does start? (the lecture)
What time you switch on your computer? (do)
Why the train come? (hasnt)
Do you go the library much? (to)
When you see your parents? (did)
What time did arrive? (your friends)
Will go on much longer? (the talk)
How long have studied Spanish? (you)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1B

b Put the words in the right order.

a Write sentences and questions with the present simple.



2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9


how often / he work late ? How often does he

work late?
.BSJB

FOKPZ
HPJOH
UP
DPMMFHF +
my brother / eat salad
I / like spiders much
when / your term finish ?
she / have ten pairs of shoes +
my mother / usually shop at the supermarket +
when / you do your housework ?
I / enjoy driving at night
When / you receive the invitation ?
.Z
BVOU

IBWF
B
IPVTF
CZ
UIF
TFB +

1C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

buys she usually lunch sandwich a for

She usually buys a sandwich for lunch.
day library we every study the in
home in I dark walking dont the like
gardening my enjoys really father
they children have dont any
about Christmas friends we at think our
an once exercise I week a class to go
morning he his every emails checks
cats my two dog have a friends and
is village a in shop there next the
rained a it for week hasnt

b Complete the sentences with the present simple or present

continuous.

a Write sentences with the present

continuous.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

brother you a have do ?

Do you have a brother?
your where go you holiday for did ?
to catch you do work the train ?
violin can the play you ?
children do have your pets any ?
the time what does leave bus ?
me you email send can an ?
door did front the lock you ?
band a do have you favourite ?
a did card send your you mother to ?
in do a you flat live house a or ?

I / check my email + I am checking

my email.
She / write her family history +
it / snow today ?
why you / sit out there in the cold ?
my friend / buy her ticket +
I / live at home now
the teacher / tell a story +
your parents / buy a house ?
we / study French
why you / wear dark glasses ?
they / make plans for their holiday

1
2
3
4
5
6







10

.Z
GSJFOE
JT taking photographs. (take)

Every morning he
for an hour. (run)
I
about moving house at the moment. (not think)
Why
you
outside? Come back inside. (sit)
A
you
away every Christmas? (go)
B No, this year we
at home. (stay)
On Tuesdays she
her cousin. (visit)
A Why
you
your vegetables at the market?
(not buy)
BI
many vegetables. (not eat)
.Z
CSPUIFS
JT
EPXO
CZ
UIF
SJWFS
IF

to catch a fish. (try)
0O
.POEBZT
TIF

many lectures. (not have)
.Z
TJTUFS

a baby. (expect)
I
many letters. (not send)
5

2
2A QBTU
TJNQMF
SFHVMBS
BOE
JSSFHVMBS
WFSCT
regular

irregular

I stayed with friends.

I didnt stay in a hotel.
Did you stay for the weekend?

We went to Brazil on holiday.

We didnt go to So Paolo.
Did you go
UP
3JP

Yes, I did.
Where did you stay?

Wh

spelling rules for regular verbs

innitive

past

spelling

No, we didnt.

work
stay

worked
stayed

BEE
-ed

Why did you go there?

MJLF

MJLed

BEE
-d
JG
WFSC
mOJTIFT
JO
e

TUVEZ

TUVEied

y > ied
BGUFS
B
DPOTPOBOU

TUPQ

TUPQped

JG
WFSC
mOJTIFT
JO
DPOTPOBOUo
WPXFMoDPOTPOBOU
EPVCMF

UIF
mOBM
DPOTPOBOU

r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF
UP
UBML
BCPVU
GJOJTIFE
BDUJPOT
JO
UIF
QBTU
r
5IF
GPSN
PG
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF
JT
UIF
TBNF
GPS
BMM
QFSTPOT
r
5P
NBLF
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF + of regular verbs add -ed. See the spelling rules
in the chart.
r
.BOZ
DPNNPO
WFSCT
BSF
JSSFHVMBS
JO
UIF + past simple,
e.g. go > went, see > saw.

2B QBTU
DPOUJOVPVT
was / were

WFSC

-ing

At 8.45 last Saturday I was working in my office.
I wasnt doing anything important.
.Z
GSJFOET
were having breakfast. They werent working.
A Was it raining when you got up? B No, it wasnt.
A What were you doing at 11 oclock last night? B I was watching TV.
+

I / He / She / It

was working

You / We / They

were working

I / He / She / It

wasnt working

You / We / They

werent working

r
6TF
UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
BGUFS
didnt for negatives and

Did? for questions.
r
6TF
ASI and QUASI to remember word order in
questions.

Was he working?

Yes
IF
was. / No
IF
wasnt.

Were they working?

Yes
UIFZ
were. / No
UIFZ
werent.

2C UJNF
TFRVFODFST

r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
DPOUJOVPVT
UP
EFTDSJCF
BO
BDUJPO

in progress at a specific moment in the past.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QBTU
DPOUJOVPVT
UP
EFTDSJCF
UIF

situation at the beginning of a story or narrative.
past simple or past continuous?

I was working in my office when the

boss walked in.
I was having lunch when my sister arrived.
r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF
GPS
B
DPNQMFUFE
BDUJPO
JO
UIF
QBTU
r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
DPOUJOVPVT
GPS
BO
BDUJPO
JO
QSPHSFTT

before or at the time of the past simple action.

DPOOFDUPST
because
so
but
although

because and so

On our first date we went to the cinema. After that we started

meeting every day.
On Thursday I had an argument with my boss. Next day I decided to look
for a new job.
We sat down to eat. Two minutes later the phone rang.
When I came out of the club he was waiting for me.
The accident happened when I was crossing the road.
r
8F
VTF
UJNF
TFRVFODFST
UP
TBZ
XIFO
PS
JO
XIBU
PSEFS
UIJOHT
IBQQFO
r
8F
VTF
when as a time sequencer and also to join two actions.
I was watching TV when the phone rang. (two verbs joined by when)
then, after that
5IF
NPTU
DPNNPO
XBZ
PG
MJOLJOH
DPOTFDVUJWF
BDUJPOT
JT
XJUI
then or
after that
CVU
NOT with after
FH
I got up and got dressed. Then /
After that I made a cup of coffee. NOT After I made a cup of coffee.

She was driving fast because she was in

a hurry. (reason)
She was in a hurry, so she was driving fast. (result)
r
6TF
because to express a reason.
r
6TF
so to express a result.
but and although

She tried to stop the car, but she hit the man.
Although she tried to stop the car, she hit the man.
She was very tired, but she couldnt sleep.
She couldnt sleep, although she was very tired.
r
6TF
but and although to show a contrast.
r
Although can go at the beginning or in the middle
of a sentence.

ENTRY CHECKER
2A

b Complete the questions in the past simple.

a Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple.

Last year I finished my exams. I
1
(want) to go to university, so I
2
(start) to do some research and
3
(read) lots of information.
Eventually I 4
(get) an interview and 5
(make)
arrangements to visit the university. I 6
(leave) in plenty
of time, but at the station, I 7
(find) the train had been
cancelled. I 8
(not know) what to do, but then I
9
(remember) my mother 10
(be) still at home.
11
I
(call) her and she 12
(agree) to come to the
station. By the time she 13
(arrive) it was raining heavily.
In the end, she 14
(drive) me all the way to the interview, so
(get) there I 16
(not feel) at all stressed.
when I 15
I 17
(answer) the questions as well as I 18
(can), and
19
(pass) the interview.
I

2B

3
4
5
6

We were having coffee when Sarah phoned. (have, phone)

1 It
when we
the house. (rain, leave)
2 I
him while I
in France. (meet, study)
3 I
to surf while I
in
California. (learn, live)
4 When we
my sister
. (arrive, wait)
5 They
the doorbell because they
TV.
(not hear, watch)
6 Jenny
still
of what to say when she
the office. (think , reach)
7 Do you think you
your earring while you
the house? (lose, clean)

.Z
GSJFOE
BOE
*

were shopping for clothes. (shop)

What
you
at? (look)
.Z
CSPUIFS
DPVMEOU
DPNF
CFDBVTF
IF

. (work)
We
home when we saw an accident. (drive)
I made a mistake because I
. (not think)
He told me he
a book about his life. (write)
Why
you
up the road? (run)
I
you yet. (not expect)
They
at a beach resort. (stay)

2C

b Complete the sentences with so, because, but, or although.

a Put the sentences in the right order.

a
b

b Put the verbs into the past simple or past continuous.

a Complete the sentences with a verb in the

past continuous.


1


3
4
5
6
7
8

Where did you live before you moved to England?

I lived in Australia.
living there?
Yes, I really enjoyed it.
the climate like?
It was very warm most of the time.
What sort of house
?
We lived in a large house near the sea.
around the country?
Yes, we travelled as much as we could.
in the sea often?
We swam in the sea every morning.
many friends there?
Yes, because we met a lot of new people.

After dinner we had coffee in the lounge.

I went to the hotel bar before dinner and we
got chatting.
Over dinner we talked about our families
c
and interests.
Then we went for a walk by the beach.
d
e 1 One evening during my holiday last year, I
made a new friend.
She agreed, so we ordered some food
f
and drinks.
We decided to meet up again the next day.
g
I suggested we could share a table for dinner.
h

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8


I recognized James immediately although I had only met him

once before.
I dont have enough money for a taxi
Ill have
to walk.
We cant go to the park
its raining.
I looked everywhere, I couldnt find my book.
It was still light
we went for a walk.
We wanted to buy tickets
they had all been sold.
I forgot to post the card
I was rushing to get
to work.
She cant take the exam now,
she can take it
next year.
The restaurant was full
we went to a caf.
.Z
NPUIFS
XPVME
MJLF
BOPUIFS
DBU

she already
has two.

3
3A be going to
1 Im going to work for a non-governmental organization (NGO).
Hes going to meet me at the airport.
2 Im sure England are going to lose tomorrow.
Its going to rain tonight.
I

you / we / they

he / she / it

Im going to

You
We
They

re going to

He
She
It

s going to

XPSL
GPS
BO
/(0

Im not going to

You
We
They

arent going to

He
She
It

isnt going to

XPSL
GPS
BO
/(0

Are you going to XPSL
GPS
BO
/(0

Is he going to XPSL
GPS
BO
/(0

Yes
*
am. / No
*N
not.

:FT
IF
is. / No
IF
isnt.

3B QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
GVUVSF
BSSBOHFNFOUT

Im seeing a friend tonight.

Shes arriving at lunchtime.
She isnt leaving until Friday.
They arent coming to the party.
What are you doing this evening?
Is she meeting us at the restaurant?

r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
XJUI
B
GVUVSF
NFBOJOH

especially for future arrangements, i.e. for plans we have made
at a fixed time or place in the future. Dont use the present
simple for this. NOT I see some friends tonight.

3C EFGJOJOH
SFMBUJWF
DMBVTFT
XJUI
who
which
where

A cook is a person who makes food.
Thats the woman who won the lottery last year.
A clock is something which tells the time.
Is that the book which everybodys reading?
A post office is a place where you can buy stamps.
Thats the restaurant where I had dinner last week.


6TF
be going to + infinitive to talk

about future plans or intentions.
2 We use be going to + infinitive to make
a prediction when we know or can see
that something is going to happen.
Its winter there so its going to be cold.
Look at that car! Its going to crash.

be going to or present continuous?

8F
DBO
PGUFO
VTF
FJUIFS
XJUI
OP
EJGGFSFODF
JO
NFBOJOH

e.g. Im going to see Anna on Tuesday. OR Im seeing
Anna on Tuesday.
*UT
WFSZ
DPNNPO
UP
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
XJUI
UIF

FYQSFTTJPOT
tonight
tomorrow
this weekend
FUD
BOE

XJUI
WFSCT
EFTDSJCJOH
USBWFM
BSSBOHFNFOUT
FH. go
come

leave
arrive.
Im leaving on Monday
JT
NPSF
DPNNPO
UIBO
Im going to
leave on Monday.

r
6TF
EFGJOJOH
SFMBUJWF
DMBVTFT
UP
FYQMBJO
XIBU
B

person, thing or place is or does.
r
6TF
who for a person, which for a thing and where
for a place.
that
:PV
DBO
VTF
that
JOTUFBE
PG
who or which.
Shes the girl who / that works with my
brother.
Its a thing which / that connects two
computers.

ENTRY CHECKER
3A

b -PPL
BU
UIF
QJDUVSFT
.BLF
TFOUFODFT
XJUI
going to + a verb from

the list below.

a Complete with going to + a verb from the

list below.

NJTT
SVJO
CF
TQFOE

SBJO
TFOE
WJTJU
MFU
DBUDI

OPU
QMBZ
TFF
TUBZ

I think its going to rain later.

1 Sally
the bus into town.
2 We
a film after work.
3 I
my Christmas cards early
this year.
4 Are your parents
you soon?
5 That team
next season.
6 Take a key if you
out late.
7
you
the cat in?

Youre going to spend all your 1 You

money if youre not careful!
chose this!

2 We

3B

our flight!

glad you

3 This rain

our day out!

b Complete the dialogue between two flatmates.

a 3FBE
UIF
TFOUFODFT
8SJUF
N for now, F for future.

F Carl and Amelie are getting married in June.
1

Im writing a book about my travels.

Next Sunday were going to church.

Im having a quiet day at home.

Were learning to type at an evening class.

Were having tea at 4 oclock tomorrow.

Theyre going on a cruise in June.

Shes getting the dinner ready.

Im cooking supper for everyone on Saturday.

3C

A How are you spending next weekend (spend)?

B I

(help) my sister plan her wedding.

A Have you made a start yet?

B Well, tomorrow I 2
(make) a list of
what we need to do.
your sister
(come) over to
A3
your house?
(get) the train.
B Yes, she 4
A I guess she 5
(feel) a bit anxious?
6
(look) forward
B Not really, we
all
to the wedding.
A I hope it goes well!

b Write sentences with who, which, or where.

a Complete the definitions with who, which, or where.

The butchers is the shop where we buy meat.
1 A cashier is a person
operates a till.
2 A polar bear is an animal
is dangerous to
humans.
3 The kitchen is the room
food is prepared.
4 A carer is a person
looks after sick or
elderly people.
5 A cinema is a building
you go to watch films.
6 White is a colour
is popular for
wedding dresses.
7 A railway timetable is a leaflet
tells you the
times of trains.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

That / the man / live next door.

Thats the man who lives next door.
This / the shirt / I bought on holiday.
That / the office / my husband works.
This / the car / was used in the film.
Those / the staff / have been on a training course.
This / the lecturer / will be your tutor.
Those / the clothes / she bought online.
Here / the room / we can hold the party.
Susan / the friend / told me the news.
This / the place / were going to meet.

4
4A QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU

yet, just, already

1 A Have you done your homework yet?

B No, not yet. I havent finished yet.

.Z
TJTUFST
just started a new job.
3 A Do you want to see this film?
B No, Ive already seen it three times.

Ive finished my homework.

Shes cleaned the kitchen.
He hasnt done the washing up.
A Has she turned off her phone? B No, she hasnt.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
UP
UBML
BCPVU
UIF
SFDFOU
QBTU
OPU
TBZJOH

exactly when things happened.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
UP
HJWF
OFXT
Marys had her baby! A parcel has arrived for you.
full form

contraction

negative

past participle

I have
You have
He / She / It has
We have
They have

Ive
Youve
He / She / Its
Weve
Theyve

I havent
You havent
He / She / It hasnt
We havent
They havent

nished
UIF
FYFSDJTF

Have you nished
UIF
FYFSDJTF
:FT
*
have

/P
*
havent.

Has he done UIF
IPNFXPSL
:FT
IF
has

/P
IF
hasnt.

r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
yet, just and already with the present

perfect.

6TF
yet in ? and sentences to ask if
something has happened or to say if it hasnt
happened. Put yet at the end of the sentence.

6TF
just in + sentences to say that something
happened very recently. Put just before the
main verb.

6TF
already in + sentences to say that
something happened before now or earlier than
expected. Put already before the main verb.

r
'PS
SFHVMBS
WFSCT
UIF
QBTU
QBSUJDJQMF
JT
UIF
TBNF
BT
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF

-ed).
For irregular verbs the past participle is sometimes the same as the past
simple (e.g. buy, bought, bought) and sometimes different (e.g. do, did,
done).

4B QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
PS
QBTU
TJNQMF


Have you ever been to a fancy dress party?

Shes seen that film twice.
Ive never met Ninas husband.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
UP
UBML
BCPVU
QBTU
FYQFSJFODFT

in our lives when we dont specify a time.
been and gone
$PNQBSF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
PG
be
BOE go.
Mike has been to Paris. = )F
XFOU
UP
1BSJT
BOE
DBNF
CBDL
Mike has gone to Paris. = )FT
JO
1BSJT
OPX

present perfect or past simple?

A
B
A
B

Have you ever been
UP
.FYJDP

Yes, I have.
When did you go there?
I went last year.

A
B
A
B

Have you seen his new film?

Yes, I have.
What did you think of it?
I loved it.

r
$POWFSTBUJPOT
PGUFO
CFHJO
JO
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
XJUI
B

general question) and then change to the past simple to ask for
or give specific details, e.g. when, what, where, who with, etc.

4C something
anything
nothing
FUD

places
+

people
+

Somebody / Someone has taken my pen!

I didnt speak to anybody / anyone.
Did anybody / anyone phone?
No, nobody / no one. Nobody / No one phoned.
things

10

I bought something for dinner.

I didnt do anything at the weekend.
Is there anything in the fridge?
No, nothing. Theres nothing in the fridge.

Lets go somewhere this weekend.

We didnt go anywhere this summer.
Is there anywhere to park?
No, nowhere. Theres nowhere to park.

r
6TF
somebody / someone, something, somewhere with a + verb

when you dont say exactly who, what, or where.
r
6TF
anybody / anyone, anything, anywhere in questions or with
a verb.
I didnt do anything last night. NOT I didnt do nothing.
r
6TF nobody / no one, nothing, nowhere in short answers or in
sentences with a + verb.

ENTRY CHECKER
4A

b Write sentences or questions with already, just, or yet.

a Write sentences in the present perfect.

1
2
3
4


6
7
8

She / do the shopping. + Shes done the shopping.

He / see his parents since Christmas
I / finish my homework +
We / receive your letter
/ you go on holiday this year ?
.Z
CPZGSJFOE

TFF
UIBU
GJMN
I / post a card to my grandmother +
/ you turn your computer off ?
I / buy any meat this week +

4B

b Complete the dialogue with the present perfect or past simple.

a Complete with the verb in the present perfect.

1
2
3
4
5


7
8
9
10

Has your brother registered for college?

(register)
We
her a present yet. (not buy)
The teacher
a test for our class. (set)
you ever
to a rock
festival? (go)
I
the dinner yet. (not cook)
Where are they? They
to the
cinema. (go)
.Z
TJTUFS

always
to
travel. (want)
you
the news today? (hear)
We
them very long. (not know)
The children
their homework.
(not done)
anyone
Silvio? (see)

4C

A When did you arrive in England? (arrive)

here since September. (be)
B I1
you
much of the country yet? (see)
A2
3
much opportunity so far. I 4
to look on
B No, I
the Internet for places to visit. (have, start)
you
the tourist information office? (try)
A5
6
there last Saturday. (go)
B Yes. I

c Complete with been or gone.

Here comes Dad. Hes been fishing.
Pam has
to study abroad.
Shes
in town for hours already.
Have you
to the theatre recently?
I cant meet my friends today because theyve
art exhibition.
5 Wheres your cat today? I dont know, hes
morning.
1
2
3
4

to an
out all

b Answer with Nobody, Nowhere, or Nothing.

a Complete with something, anything, nothing, etc.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Emily / finish the work. (just) Emilys just finished

the work.
I / ask / the lecturer about that. (already)
/ you / have / lunch? (yet)
They / get back / from holiday. (just)
We / not decide / where to go. (yet)
The manager / make / his decision. (already)
The flowers / begin / to come out. (just)
I / not start / my revision. (yet)
Sorry, she / leave. (already)

At least we learnt something from our experience.

Is there
I can do to help you?
We cant find the email
.
I used to know
who looked just like her.
The police searched the area but found
.
Lets go
quiet to chat.
knows how worried shes been.
Is there
youd really like to go?
Im afraid this conversation is going
.
We couldnt see
we liked in the boutique.
must know the answer, Im sure!

1 Where did you go last Friday night?

2 Who was with you?
3 What did you do?

c Answer the questions in b with a full sentence.

1 I didnt go
2
3

.
.
.

11

5
5A DPNQBSBUJWFT

comparative adjectives: irregular


.Z
CSPUIFST
older than me.

Its more dangerous to cycle than to drive.
2 People walk more quickly than in the past.
3 Im less relaxed this year than I was last year.
4 The service in this restaurant isnt as good as it was.
She doesnt drive as fast as her brother.
r
5P
DPNQBSF
UXP
QFPQMF
QMBDFT
UIJOHT
PS
BDUJPOT
VTF
1 comparative adjectives.
2 comparative adverbs (for actions).
3 less + adjective or adverb.
4 (not) as + adjective / adverb + as.

adjective

comparative

adjective

comparative

HPPE

better

TUSFTTFE

more stressed

CBE

worse

UJSFE

more tired

GBS

further

CPSFE

more bored

comparative adverbs: regular

RVJDLMZ

more RVJDLMZ

IBSE

harder

TMPXMZ

more TMPXMZ

XFMM

better

CBEMZ

worse

Comparatives with pronouns

"GUFS
DPNQBSBUJWF

than or asas
XF
VTF
BO
PCKFDU

QSPOPVO
me
her
FUD

PS
B
TVCKFDU
QSPOPVO

BVYJMJBSZ

WFSC
FH

My brothers taller than me. My brothers taller than I am.
Hes not as intelligent as her. Hes not as intelligent as she is.

comparative adjectives: regular

adjective

comparative

short

shorter

POF
TZMMBCMF
BEE
-er

CJH

CJHger

POF
WPXFM

POF
DPOTPOBOU

EPVCMF
mOBM
DPOTPOBOU

CVTZ

CVTier

DPOTPOBOU

y
y -ier

SFMBYFE

more
SFMBYFE

UXP
PS
NPSF
TZMMBCMFT
more


BEKFDUJWF

5B TVQFSMBUJWFT

adjective

1 Its the dirtiest city in Europe.

Its the most popular holiday destination in the world.
2 Its the most beautiful city Ive ever been to.
Its the best film Ive seen this year.

6TF
the + superlative adjective to say which is the biggest, etc. in a group.
r
"GUFS
TVQFSMBUJWFT
XF
VTF
in + names of places or singular words for
groups of people, e.g.
Its the noisiest city in the world.
2 We often use the + superlative adjective with the present perfect + ever.

5C RVBOUJGJFST
too much, too many, too

1 Im stressed. I have too much work.

He talks too much.

.Z
EJFU
JT
VOIFBMUIZ
*
FBU
too many cakes and sweets.
3 I dont want to go out. Im too tired.
r
6TF
too much, too many, too to say more than is good.

6TF
too much + uncountable noun (e.g. coffee, time) or after
a verb.

6TF
too many + countable noun (e.g. cakes, people).

6TF
too + adjective NOT Im too much tired.

12

irregular

comparative

superlative

DPME

DPMEer

the
DPMEest

hot

hotter

the hottest

QSFUUZ

QSFUtier

the
QSFUtiest

CFBVUJGVM

more
CFBVUJGVM

the most CFBVUJGVM

HPPE

better

the best

CBE

worse

the worst

GBS

Gurther

the Gurthest

enough

1 Do you eat enough vegetables?

I dont drink enough water.
2 She doesnt sleep enough.

.Z
GSJEHF
JTOU
CJH
enough.
I dont go to bed early enough.

6TF
enough before a noun to mean all that is necessary.

6TF
enough after a verb with no object.

6TF
enough after an adjective or adverb.

ENTRY CHECKER
5A

b 3FXSJUF
UIF
TFOUFODFT
TP
UIFZ

NFBO
UIF
TBNF
6TF
as as.

a Write sentences with a comparative adjective

or adverb than.
1
2
3


5
6
7
8
9
10

Stanley is stronger than Jacob.

Jacob isnt as strong as Stanley.

New York is more expensive than
.JBNJ

FYQFOTJWF

I can type
my sister. (quick)
This wine is of a
quality
that
one. (good)
Our French test was
I expected. (easy)
.Z
GBUIFS
JT
NVDI

he used to be. (thin)
This term is a week
last term. (short)
The city is
away
I thought. (far)
I think the theatre is
the cinema. (exciting)
Do you know anyone
90? (old)
Your train arrives
mine. (early)
The weather today is much
it was
yesterday. (bad)

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

b Write sentences with a superlative + ever

+ the present perfect.

a Complete the sentences with the superlative.

They call him the fastest gun in the West!
Hes the
person I know. (cheerful)
They are the
team in the competition. (good)
This is the
plant Ive ever seen. (unusual)
It has been the
summer for many years. (bad)
China is the country with the
population. (large)
Ellen is the
girl in our class. (slim)
Singapore has one of the worlds
airports. (attractive)
The
train leaves at midnight. (late)
Please can you point out the
route? (direct)
Ben Nevis is the
mountain in Scotland. (high)

5C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

He / intelligent person / I / meet

Hes the most intelligent person Ive ever met.
It / long distance / I / travel
They / pretty clothes / I / see
She / kind person / I / meet
It / frightening book / I / read
It / bad restaurant / we / be to
It / unusual music / I / hear
That / good bargain / I / find
It / encouraging report / she / have
It / quiet place /we / live

b Complete the sentences with too, too much, too many,

or enough.

a Circle the correct form.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

+BDPC

1 Our TV is bigger than my parents.

.Z
QBSFOUT
57
JTOU

2 Honey is sweeter than sugar.
Sugar isnt
3 Your house is larger than ours.
Our house isnt

$BOCFSSB
JT
TNBMMFS
UIBO
.FMCPVSOF
.FMCPVSOF
JTOU

5 I have passed more tests than Chlo.
Chlo hasnt
6 Spain scored more goals than Italy.
Italy didnt
7 Our carpets are cleaner than yours.
Your carpets arent

5B

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

4UBOMFZ

Ive walked too / too much far, Im tired.

She doesnt eat vegetables enough / enough vegetables.
They dont come to see us enough / enough come to see us.
How many / much money have you brought?
Were too much busy / much too busy to see you today.
I buy too much / too many magazines.
Hes too quiet / too much quiet.
There isnt time enough / enough time to go to the beach.
I think the children get too much / too many homework.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Some people have told me my cat is too fat.

If I drink
coffee late at night, I cant sleep.
There are
students in that class.
He wont pass the exam, he hasnt done
revision.
We were
late to catch the bus.
Its best if you dont invite
people to
the party.
Do you have
sales assistants in the shop?
If you put
milk in the jug, you will spill it.
There were
speakers at the conference.
13

6
6A will / wont
QSFEJDUJPOT

r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
will / wont + infinitive for future

predictions, i.e. to say things we think, guess, or
know about the future.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
I think / I dont think + will.
I think hell fail the exam. I dont think hell pass
the exam. NOT I think he wont pass.

A Im seeing Jane at six. B Shell be late.

The films in French. We wont understand anything.
Its a great book. Im sure youll like it.
I dont think itll rain tomorrow.
+

be going to for predictions

8F
DBO
BMTP
VTF
be going to
UP
QSFEJDU

TPNFUIJOH
ZPV
LOPX
PS
DBO
TFF
JT
HPJOH
UP

IBQQFO
TFF
3A

FH
Look at the clouds. Its going to rain.
Theyre playing very well. Im sure theyre
going to win.

I / You / He / She /
It / We / They

ll
CF
MBUF

I / You / He / She /
It / We / They

wont be
MBUF

Contractions: ll = will
wont = will not

Will

I / you /
he / she /
it / we /
they

CF
MBUF

Yes

I / you /
he / she /
it / we /
they

will.

No

I / you /
he / she /
it / we /
they

wont.

6B will / wont
EFDJTJPOT
PGGFST
QSPNJTFT

decisions
I wont stay for dinner. I think Ill go home early.
offers
Ill help you with your homework.
promises
Ill always love you.

Shall I open the window?

r
6TF
will / wont + infinitive for making decisions,

offering, and promising.
Ill help you with those bags. NOT I help you.
r
8IFO
BO
PGGFS
JT
B
RVFTUJPO
XF
VTF
Shall I? or
Shall we?
Shall I pay? Shall we do the washing-up?

I wont tell anybody.

6C SFWJFX
PG
UFOTFT
QSFTFOU
QBTU
BOE
GVUVSF
tense

example

use

present simple

I live in the city centre.

She doesnt smoke.

things that happen always or usually

present continuous

Hes looking for a new job.

things that are happening now or in the near future

Im leaving tomorrow.

things that we have arranged for the future

past simple

We saw a good film last night.

We didnt do anything yesterday.

finished actions in the past

past continuous

He was working in Paris.

What were you doing at 7.00?

actions that were in progress at a past time

be going to + infinitive

Im going to see Tom tonight.

future plans

Look! Its going to rain.

predictions when we know / can see whats going to happen

Youll love New York.

predictions

Ill phone her later.

instant decisions

Ill help you.

offers

Ill pay you back tomorrow.

promises

Ive finished the book.

recently finished actions (we dont say when)

Have you ever been to Iran?

past experiences

will / wont + infinitive

present perfect

14

ENTRY CHECKER
6A

b Complete with will + a verb from the list.

a Write sentences and questions with will / wont
6TF

contractions where you can.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

it / be very busy in the city today Itll be very busy in the

city today.
we / expect you until this evening
I think you / enjoy the film +
/ you be home for tea ?
she / want to leave without saying goodbye
/ the house be easy to find ?
we / be able to find what we need here +
I promise I / be ready on time +
/ tomorrow be a sunny day ?
Im sure there / be a problem
you / be able to finish that job later +

say

1
2
3
4
5

TFOE
SBJO
CF
XBML
TJOH

A Will you phone your boss today?

B No, I will send her an email.
A Are you going to get the bus home?
B No, I
home today.
A Im worried Ill be late for work.
B Dont worry, you
on time.
A
8IBU
XJMM
ZPV
TBZ
UP
.BSDVT
BI
exactly how I feel.
A Do you think it
tomorrow?
B No, I think it will be a sunny day.
A Will you take part in the Christmas concert?
B Yes, we
in the choir.

6B
a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODFT
Have you seen my dog anywhere? H
1 Im really tired.
2 Youve really upset me now.
3 I cant find my keys.
4 This dish is broken.

.Z
NPCJMF
JT
HFUUJOH
PME
6 I cant understand this French text.
7 Are you going on holiday?
8 What do you think of my suggestion?

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

I think its a brilliant idea.

Ill try to mend it.
Shall I translate it for you?
Yes, were going to Naples.
Why not have a break?
Have you checked your pockets?
Sorry, I didnt mean to.
No, sorry, I havent seen him.
You could get a new one.

b Complete the sentences on the right with will / wont (or shall) + a verb
stay DPOTJEFS
CSJOH
BTL
QSPWJEF
LOPX
QMBZ
VOEFSTUBOE
TBZ

1 A
B
2 A
B
3 A
B
4 A
B
5 A
B
6 A
B
7 A
B
8 A
B

Id love a cup of tea.

you one?
Can you explain to your mother?
No, she
.
We should get some exercise.
tennis tomorrow?
You should invite your friend to our party.
Im afraid she
no.
Will we get anything to drink?
I think they
tea and coffee.
Will you drive home this evening?
Yes, we
overnight.
Can you come to town with me?
I
my parents.
Do you know your results yet?
No, I
until tomorrow.

A Are you going to take the job?

B Ill consider it.

6C

b Put the verb in the right form.

a Complete the questions with one word.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Was it raining when you went out?

you thought about my suggestion?
I
think you were interested in jazz music.
we need to go shopping today?
you coming to the library?
Which top
you wear tonight?
I
decided yet.
the manager replied to your email?
you at the students meeting?
Im surprised my mother
written to me.

A Where shall we go on Saturday? (go)

we
to the theme park? (go)
B Why 1
2
you
the one near Bristol? (mean)
A
to leave quite early. (need)
B Yes. We 3
not sure about getting up early on
A I4
Saturday! (be)
fine. 6
you
the park
B Oh, you 5
before? (be, visit)
me there when I was younger. (take)
A .Z
QBSFOUT
7
you
about it? (remember)
B What 8
9
forward to seeing it
A Not much really. I
again. (look)
15

7
7A VTFT
PG
UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
XJUI
to
1 I need to buy some new clothes.
Try not to talk about politics.
2 Itll be nice to meet your parents.
Its important not to be late.
3 I dont know where to go or what to do.
4 A Why did you go to the party?
B To meet new people.
I went to the party to meet new people.

7B VTFT
PG
UIF
HFSVOE
WFSC

-ing

1 Eating outside in the summer makes me feel good.

.Z
JEFB
PG
IBQQJOFTT
JT
getting up late and
not going to work.
2 I love reading in bed.
I hate not getting to the airport early.
3 Im thinking of buying a new car.
He left without saying goodbye.

r
5IF
JOGJOJUJWF
JT
UIF
CBTF
GPSN
PG
UIF
WFSC
*U
JT
PGUFO
VTFE
XJUI
to. It can
be positive (e.g. to be) or negative (e.g. not to be).
r
6TF
UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
XJUI
to:
1 after some verbs, e.g. want, need, would like, etc.
2 after adjectives.
3 after question words, e.g. what, where, when, etc.
4 to say why you do something.
I came to this school to learn English. NOT for learn English.
Infinitive without to
3FNFNCFS
UIBU
XF
VTF
UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
without to BGUFS
BVYJMJBSZ
WFSCT

do / does / didnt

BOE
BGUFS
NPTU
NPEBM
WFSCT
can could will
would
FUD

FH
Do you live near here? Can you help me? I wont
forget. What would you do?

r
5IF
HFSVOE
JT
UIF
CBTF
GPSN
PG
UIF
WFSC
+ ing. It can be positive

(e.g. going) or negative (e.g. not going).
r
6TF
UIF
HFSVOE
1 as the subject or object of a sentence.
2 after some verbs, e.g. like, love, hate, enjoy, etc.
3 after prepositions.
r
3FNFNCFS
UIF
TQFMMJOH
SVMFT
GPS
UIF
-ing form.

7C have to
dont have to
must
mustnt

have to, dont have to
+

I have to get up at seven every day.

She has to speak English at work.
We dont have to wear a uniform at this school.
He doesnt have to work on Saturdays.
Do I have to buy a grammar book?
What time does she have to get up in the morning?

r
6TF
have to + verb (infinitive) to talk about rules and obligations.

r
6TF
dont have to + verb (infinitive) to say that there is no obligation,
or that something is not necessary.
r
6TF
do / does to make questions and negatives. Do I have to go?
NOT Have I to go?
r
%POU
DPOUSBDU
have or has. I have to go. NOT Ive to go.
must / mustnt
+

16

You must do your homework tonight.

She must tidy her room before she goes out.
You mustnt leave your bags here.
I mustnt forget to call her tonight.
(mustnt = must not)
Must I buy a grammar book?
When must we register for the exam?

r
6TF
must + verb (infinitive without to) to talk about

rules and obligations.
r
must / mustnt is the same for all persons.
r
6TF
mustnt + verb (infinitive without to) to say
something is prohibited.
must and have to
Must BOE
have to are WFSZ
TJNJMBS
CVU
UIFSF
JT
B

TNBMM
EJGGFSFODF
8F
OPSNBMMZ
VTF
have to
GPS
B

general
PCMJHBUJPO
B
SVMF
BU
XPSL

TDIPPM
PS
B
MBX


8F
OPSNBMMZ
VTF
must GPS
B
personal
PCMJHBUJPO

POF
UIBU
UIF
TQFBLFS
JNQPTFT

FH
B
UFBDIFS
UP

TUVEFOUT
PS
B
QBSFOU
UP
B
DIJME
#VU
PGUFO
ZPV
DBO

use either must or have to.
mustnt and dont have to
Mustnt BOE
dont have to
IBWF
DPNQMFUFMZ

EJGGFSFOU
NFBOJOHT
$PNQBSF
You mustnt go.

*UT
QSPIJCJUFE
%POU
HP
You dont have to go.

:PV
DBO
HP
JG
ZPV
XBOU
UP

CVU
JUT
OPU
PCMJHBUPSZ

OFDFTTBSZ
Impersonal you
8F
PGUFO
VTF
have to
BOE
must
XJUI
JNQFSTPOBM
you (you = QFPQMF
JO
HFOFSBM

FH
You have to wear a seatbelt in a car. You mustnt
take photos in the museum.

ENTRY CHECKER
7A

b Complete the sentences with a positive or negative infinitive.

DMJNC
JSPO
go
IBWF
BSSJWF
OPU
LOPX
NBLF
OPU
CVSO

a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODF
IBMWFT
1
2
3
4


You should save your money C

We can buy books more cheaply
Are good manners very important
Come out into the garden
Im worried I sometimes forget
.BLF
TVSF
UIF
DIJMESFO

A
B
C
D
E
F

my friends birthdays.
when the sales are on.
for Christmas.
cross the road safely.
in your country?
and look at the flowers.

.Z
DPVTJOT
XBOU
to go to Spain this year.

1 A Can you come to the theatre on Friday?
B Sorry, I wont be able
that evening.

.Z
NBJO
BNCJUJPO
JT

a really high mountain.
3 Id prefer
. Ive heard enough already.
4 Camping is a cheap way
a holiday.
5 Would you have time
my shirt, please?
6 Its important
on time for your appointment.
7 Take care
your fingers.

7B

b Put the verbs in the -ing form or infinitive.

a Complete the sentences with a verb in the list in the -ing form.


DPNF
sew
CF
DSPTT
QBJOU
HSPX
SVO
XSJUF
GMZ



2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Sewing is my favourite way of relaxing.

.Z
GBUIFS
FOKPZT

vegetables.
Edward goes out
every morning.
Ive always dreamed of
first class.
Shes very good at
pictures.
home is always a pleasure.
I dont like
late for meetings.
Take care when
the road.
I must carry on with
my essay.

7C
a Complete the sentences with the correct form
of have to.
I have to do some shopping for my neighbour.
1 Do you
take your dog for a walk every
morning?

.Z
EBVHIUFS

go to the doctors after school.
3 We
work today. Its a public holiday.
4 All new students
complete this form.
5 Do you
leave so soon?
6 Everyone
make choices in life.
7 Youll

UBLF
B
SBJODPBU
JUT
HPJOH
UP
SBJO
8
Gerard
look after his younger
brother today?

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

The thief was caught as he was about

to escape. (escape)
.Z
CSPUIFST
OPU
WFSZ
HPPE
BU

to emails. (reply)
I love watching autumn leaves
.
(fall)
Did you mean
the clock? (stop)
the dog is good exercise.
Id like
the last episode of the
series. (watch)
Is your sister worried about
her
bills? (pay)
Im sorry, I meant
Id be late. (say)
This train spends ten minutes
at
the station. (wait)

b Circle the correct form, have to, must, dont have to, or
mustnt. Tick if both forms are possible.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

You dont have to / mustnt provide proof of address.

We have to / must check out the latest offers online.
You dont have to / mustnt come with me if you dont
want to go.
We have to / must get back by midnight or the door will
be locked.
You have to / must lock the door someone might get in.
Do you have to / must you always ask me where
Ive been?
.Z
GSJFOE
has to / must replace her passport soon.
I dont have to / mustnt repair it, its not broken.
We have plenty of time we dont have to / mustnt make
a decision till next week.

17

8
8A should / shouldnt
You should wear a suit to the interview.
I think you should change your job.
I dont think you should speak to her.
Hes very stressed. He shouldnt work so hard.
You shouldnt drink coffee in the evening. Itll keep you awake.

8B GJSTU
DPOEJUJPOBM
if

QSFTFOU
will / wont

1 If I miss the last bus, Ill get a taxi.
If you tell her the truth, she wont believe you.
What will you do if he doesnt call you?
2 If you dont go, she wont be very pleased.
She wont be very pleased if you dont go.
3 If you miss the last bus, get a taxi.
If you miss the last bus, you can get a taxi.

r
6TF
should / shouldnt + verb (infinitive without to) to give

somebody advice or say what you think is the right thing to do.
r
should / shouldnt is the same for all persons.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
I think you should or I dont think you should
NOT I think you shouldnt
ought to
:PV
DBO
BMTP
VTF
ought to / ought not to
JOTUFBE
PG

should / shouldnt
FH
You ought to wear a suit. He ought not to work so hard.


6TF
if + present to talk about a possible situation and will /

wont + verb to talk about the consequence.
2 The if-clause can come first or second. If the if-clause comes
first, we usually put a comma before the next clause.
3 You can also use the imperative or can + infinitive instead of
will + infinitive in the other clause.

*G
*
NJTT
UIF
MBTU
CVT
*MM
HFU
B
UBYJ

8C QPTTFTTJWF
QSPOPVOT
Whose coat is it? Its my coat.
Its mine.
Whose jacket is it? Its your jacket.
Its yours.
Whose phone is it? Its his phone.
Its his.
Whose bag is it? Its her bag. Its hers.
Whose dog is it? Its our dog. Its ours.
Whose house is it? Its their house.
Its theirs.
r
6TF
QPTTFTTJWF
QSPOPVOT
UP
UBML
BCPVU

possession. Is it yours? Yes, its mine.
r
6TF
Whose to ask about possession.
Whose book is it? Whose is that bag?

18

r
%POU
VTF
QPTTFTTJWF
QSPOPVOT
XJUI
B
OPVO NOT Its mine book.

r
%POU
VTF
the with possessive pronouns, e.g. Is this yours? NOT Is this the yours?
pronouns and possessive adjectives overview
subject
pronouns

object
pronouns

4IF
MPWFT

DBO
DPNF

possessive
adjectives
me.

This is

my

possessive
pronouns
seat.

*UT

mine.

You

you

your

yours

He

him

his

his

She

her

her

hers

It

it

its

its

We

us

our

ours

They

them

their

theirs

ENTRY CHECKER
8A

b Complete the sentences with should or shouldnt + a verb

from the list below.

a Complete with should / shouldnt.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

FYQFDU
NBLF
VTF
TUBZ
IBWF

PQFO
MFBWF
XBJU
try

You shouldnt eat so many cakes.

have waited so
You
long before coming to see me.
take my advice.
You
try to have a walk every day.
You
have snacks between meals.
You
think about your diet.
You
drink alcohol every day.
You
get your eyes tested.
You
look so worried.
You

8B

I should try to learn another language.

1 They
later for late-night shopping.

1
2
3
4
5
6

Ill catch the early train, E

If you sit in the sun too long,
If you return your library book promptly,
He wont pass his exams
If I write to you,
I wont be able to afford a holiday
Will you be at home

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

if I come round to see you?

your skin will burn.
will you write back?
you wont have to pay a fine.
if I get up in time.
if he doesnt revise.
if I dont get a job.

8C

yourself a hot drink, it will help you sleep.

up late, we have an early train to catch.
to be invited shes always welcome.
the stairs instead of the lift.
regular health checks.
the party early it would be impolite.

You
We
She
We
Everyone
We

If you look carefully, youll see a rabbit. (look, see)

1 If we
, we
the start of the film.
(not hurry, miss)
2 The flowers
if we
some rain soon. (die, get)
3 We
all
sorry if you
. (be, leave)
4 If I
my husband, he
Ive had an accident.
(not phone, think)
5 If I
my handbag down, I
probably
it. (put, forget)
6 Your journey
much longer if you
that way.
(take, go)
7 If the skies
clear tonight, we
to see the stars.
(be, be able)
8 You
enough information unless you
the
papers Ive sent you. (not have, read)
9 If Shona
her exams, we
all
out
to celebrate. (pass, go)

b Complete the sentences with a pronoun or possessive

adjective.

a Circle the correct form.

everyone to agree with us.

3
4
5
6
7
8

b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODF
IBMWFT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

2 We

Is this their / theirs house?

Those are my / mine thoughts on the subject.
Please bring your / yours laptop with you tonight.
Im sure that umbrella is my / mine.
Your / Yours was the best essay in the class.
This part of the building isnt our / ours.
It was my / mine idea, not her / hers.
Please tell them their / theirs advice was
very helpful.
Have you written all the notes in
your / yours notebook?
The pencils are her / hers, but not the pens.

1


3
4
5
6
7


Venice is famous for its gondolas.

A Have you brought your camera?
B No, my brothers is better, so Ive brought
.
#FSUSBOE
BOE
.BSJB
BSF
USZJOH
UP
TFMM

house.
Theres a beautiful cat in the garden. Is it
?
Our friends have brought a picnic to share with
.
Please start writing
answers now.
Ive sent
application off today.
If you need to borrow a lawnmower, we can lend
you
.
.Z
NPUIFS
HBWF
NF
UIJT
OFDLMBDF
TP
JUT

now.
19

9
9A
TFDPOE
DPOEJUJPOBM
if

QBTU
would / wouldnt
1 If a bull attacked me, Id run away.
If you didnt go to bed so late, you wouldnt be so tired in the morning.
Would you take the managers job if they offered it to you?
2 If I had more time Id do more exercise.
Id do more exercise if I had more time.
3 If we went by car, we could stop at places on the way.

6TF
if + past to talk about an imaginary or hypothetical future situation
and would / wouldnt + verb to talk about the consequence.
r
would / wouldnt is the same for all persons.
r
$POUSBDUJPOT
d = would (Id, youd, hed
FUD

wouldnt = would not.
2 The if-clause can come first or second. If the if-clause comes first, we
usually put a comma before the next clause.
3 You can also use could + infinitive instead of would + infinitive in the
other clause.

9B QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU

for or since

A
B
A
B

Where do you live now?

*O
.BODIFTUFS
How long have you lived there?
Ive lived there for twenty years.

A
B
A
B

Where do you work?

In a primary school.
How long have you worked there?
Ive worked there since 2005.

20

Use were
OPU
was

JO
UIF
FYQSFTTJPO
If I were
you,...
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIJT
FYQSFTTJPO
GPS
BEWJDF

e.g. If I were you, I wouldnt take that job.

first or second conditional?

Compare the first and second conditionals.

r
6TF
UIF
first conditional for possible future
situations.
If I dont have to work tomorrow, Ill help you.

*UT
B
QPTTJCJMJUZ
.BZCF
*
XJMM
IFMQ
ZPV

r
6TF
UIF
second conditional for imaginary or

hypothetical situations.
If I didnt have to work tomorrow, Id help you.
(= Its a hypothetical situation. I have to work, so I
cant help you.)

r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU

for or since to talk about actions and states which

started in the past and are still true now.
Ive lived in Manchester for twenty years.

*
DBNF
UP
MJWF
JO
.BODIFTUFS
UXFOUZ

ZFBST
BHP
BOE
*
MJWF
JO
.BODIFTUFS
OPX
r
%POU
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
TJNQMF
JO
UIJT
UZQF
PG
TFOUFODF
FH

NOT I live in
Manchester for twenty years.
r
6TF
How long...? to ask questions about the duration of an action or a state.
for or since?

r
6TF
for + a period of time, e.g. for two weeks, for ten years, for a long time, etc.
Ive had this car for three months.
r
6TF
since with the beginning of a period of time, e.g. since 1980, since last June, etc.
Ive been afraid of spiders since I was a child.

9C QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
PS
QBTU
TJNQMF


1 A
B
A
B
2 A
B
A
B

be in second conditionals
8JUI
UIF
WFSC
be
ZPV
DBO
VTF
were
JOTUFBE
PG

was

BGUFS
I / he / she / it
FH
If Jack was / were here hed know what to do.

How long was
#PC
.BSMFZ
B
NVTJDJBO

He was a musician for twenty years.
How many Grammys did he win?
He didnt win any.
How long has
;JHHZ
.BSMFZ
been a musician?
Hes been a musician since he was ten.
How many Grammys has he won?
Hes won four.


6TF
UIF
past simple to talk about a finished period of time in

the past.

6TF
UIF
present perfect to talk about a period of time from
the past until now.
r
$PNQBSF
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF
BOE
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
Jack was married for ten years. = Jack is not married now. Hes
divorced or dead.
Jack has been married for ten years. = Jack is married now.

ENTRY CHECKER
9A

b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODF
IBMWFT
1
2
3
4
5
6

If you could choose anywhere in the world, D

Id feel more confident
If your boyfriend went back to Australia
You wouldnt feel lonely
If you practised more,
His car would have lasted longer
If you asked for a day off,

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

if he had looked after it better.

we could go fishing.
you would be a really good musician.
where would you like to live?
would you go with him?
if you had a pet.
if Id done more revision.

*G
;BSB
DBNF
UP
UIF
6,
*
XPVME
try to meet her. (try, meet)

1 If you
home today, you
in time for
Christmas. (drive, arrive)
2 Even if I
the card today, she
it on her
birthday. (post, not receive)
3 If you
to drive, you
to use the bus. (learn, not need)
4 Im sure she
us if there
anything wrong. (tell, be)
5 If I
a good camera I
better pictures. (have, take)
6
they
to live in Sicily if they
do it?
(prefer, can)

.Z
QBSFOUT

plenty to do if they
to retire.
(have, decide)
8 I
to go on a diving holiday, even if someone
me to
join them. (not want, invite)
9
you
your country if you
a well-paid job
abroad? (leave, get)
10
we
the Northern Lights if we
to
Norway? (see, travel)

9B

b Answer the questions in a
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU

+ for or since.

a Write questions with How long and the present perfect.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

he / study computing How long has he studied computing?

she / be a doctor
?
your friend / live in Argentina
?
your house / have air conditioning
?
you / be on this course
?
they / own their house
?
Simon / be a flight attendant
?
Ireland / be a republic
?
she / know about her illness
?

9C

5
6
7
8

Hes studied computing for three years.

She
2001.
She
five years.
Our house
last October.
I
one term.
They
ten years.
He
he left school.
It
1949.
She
some time.

b Complete with the present perfect or past simple.

a Circle the correct form.

1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

He is / Hes been married since last autumn.

He got / He has got out of the car as quickly as possible.
We lived / Weve lived here in Australia since 2005.
I sold / Ive sold my car last year.
My brother came / My brother has come with me when I
went to visit my mother.
Im glad our cat came / has come home now, hes been
out all night.
Last Tuesday a celebrity opened / has opened the new
store in our town.
When the police received a call, they sent / theyve sent
an officer to check on the house.
Tim and Sarah were / have been together for two
months already.

1 A
B
A
B
2 A
B
A
B
3 A
B
A
B

Why isnt Sally here today?

Shes on holiday.
Where
? (she / go)
To Portugal.
last weekend. (She / leave)
the books today? (you / bring)
Im sorry,
to bring them. (I / forget)
some notes with you? (you / get)
Yes, fortunately
to bring those.
( I / remember)
We love living near the sea.
How long
in Torquay? (you / live)
there five years ago. (We / move )
very lucky to find such a lovely
place. (you / be)
21

10
10A QBTTJWF
be

QBTU
QBSUJDJQMF
Present: am / is / are + past participle
+
,FWMBS
is used to make bullet-proof vests.

Tippex isnt used very much today.

?
Are disposable nappies used all over the world?
Past: was / were + past participle
+
The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane.

Windscreen wipers werent invented until 1903.

?
When was the washing machine invented?

r
:PV
DBO
PGUFO
TBZ
UIJOHT
JO
UXP
XBZT
JO
UIF
BDUJWF
PS
JO
UIF
QBTTJWF
Josephine Cochrane invented the dishwasher. (active)
The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane. (passive)
r
*O
UIF
active sentence, the focus is more on Josephine
Cochrane.
r
*O
UIF
passive sentence the focus is more on the dishwasher.
r
:PV
DBO
BMTP
VTF
UIF
QBTTJWF
XIFO
JU
JTOU
LOPXO
PS
JTOU

important who does or did the action.
My car was stolen last week.
Volvo cars are made in Sweden.
r
6TF
by to say who did the action.
The -PSE
PG
UIF
3JOHT was written by Tolkien.

10B used to / didnt use to

+

When I was a child, I used to play in the street.

.Z
CSPUIFS used to have very long hair.
Children didnt use to watch much TV when my father was young.
.Z
EBVHIUFS
didnt use to like vegetables, but now she loves them.
Did you use to wear a uniform at school? Yes, I did.
Did you use to like your teachers? No, I didnt.

used to or usually?
used to
POMZ
FYJTUT
JO
UIF
QBTU
'PS
IBCJUT
JO
UIF
QSFTFOU
VTF
usually 

QSFTFOU
TJNQMF

NOT use to
I usually cook in the evenings.
NOT I use to cook in the evenings.

r
6TF
used to / didnt use to + verb to talk about things that happened

repeatedly or were true for a long period of time in the past, but are
usually not true now, e.g. things that happened when you were a child.
r
used to / didnt use to is the same for all persons.
r
*OTUFBE
PG
used to you can use the past simple with an adverb of frequency.
When I was a child, I often played in the street.

10C might / might not
QPTTJCJMJUZ

We might have a picnic tomorrow, but it depends on the weather.

She might come with us, but shes not sure yet.
I might not go to the party. I havent decided yet.
You might not see him today. Hes coming home late.
r
6TF
might / might not + verb (infinitive without to) to say that perhaps
you will or wont do something.
We might have a picnic tomorrow. = Perhaps we will have a picnic tomorrow.
r
might / might not is the same for all persons.
r
might not is not usually contracted.

22

may / may not

:PV
DBO
BMTP
VTF
may JOTUFBE
PG might GPS

QPTTJCJMJUZ, e.g.
We may have a picnic tomorrow.
I may not go to the party.

ENTRY CHECKER
10A

b 3FXSJUF
UIF
TFOUFODFT
JO
UIF
QBTTJWF
CFHJOOJOH

with the highlighted words.

a Complete with present or past passive.

1


3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

The house was sold last year. (sell)

He
an expert on the latest technology. (consider)
.BOZ
VSHFOU
NFTTBHFT
UPEBZ

by email. (send)
The children
to go out today without an adult.
(not allow)
Yesterday I
because my car wouldnt start. (delay)
Edward
at college at all this week. (not see)
This necklace
to me by my mother. (give)
Lucy
just
she
the job.
(tell, give)
When the others went shopping, I
behind. (leave)
You
to make a decision today. (not expect)
When I got there, I found that the door
. (lock)

10B





3
4
5
6
7
8

Shakespeare wrote Othello around 1603.

Othello was written by Shakespeare around 1603.
.JDIFMBOHFMP
NBEF
the beautiful Piet in
St Peters Basilica.
"U
.VOJDI
BJSQPSU
OPOTUPQ
GJMNT
FOUFSUBJO
passengers
waiting for flights.
Ossie Clarke designed the clothes of many
famous people.
A mystery thief stole designer shoes from Swedish shops.
#PC
.BSMFZT father bought him his first guitar.
Helen Fielding wrote Bridget Joness Diary in 1996.
A huge wave struck the Grainger familys boat.
The most unexpected people produce
brilliant inventions.

b .BLF
TFOUFODFT
XJUI
used to, didnt use to,

or did use to?

a Look at how much Dan has changed.

*/
5)&
1"45

/08



2
3
4
5
6

He didnt use to have a moustache,

1
2
3
4
5

smart clothes.
sports.
glasses.
more hair.
a jacket.

10C

7
8
9
10

where / you / live

Where did you use to live? ?
XF

HP
UP
UIF
TFBTJEF
PO
&BTUFS
.POEBZ
+
your parents / have a house in Spain ?
we / like lobster, but we do now
I / think Abba were the greatest band +
she / drive a smaller car +
she / to have such good neighbours as she does
now
if you / to think that, why have you changed your
mind?
you / to go to college ?
I / to worry a lot about work +
people / look up phone numbers in a book, but
now they often use the Internet. +

b Complete the sentences with might

+ a verb phrase.

a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODFT
Dont forget your umbrella. F
1 We should book some tickets.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Dont take my advice.

She had a cold yesterday.
Weve left rather late.
Send me a reminder.
Take out your passport.
Dont go in there.
Check your mobile phone.

A You might need it at the gate.

B There might be a text message
from Pam.
C We may not get there in time.
D I might forget.
E She might be away today.
F You might need it if it rains.
G The show might sell out.
H I may be wrong.
I It might be dangerous.

PSEFS
TPNF
XJOF

IBWF
UP
SFQMBDF
JU
OPU
FOKPZ
JU
CF
MBUF
XFBS
NZ
KFBOT
OPU
TFF
UIF
TVO
BMM
EBZ
TOPX



2
3
4
5
6

Its very cold today. It might snow.

.Z
QIPOFT
OPU
XPSLJOH
*

Im not sure what to wear. I
Shes not here yet. Her train
That films quite frightening. You
Were celebrating. I
Its cloudy today. We

.
.
.
.
.
.
23

11
11A FYQSFTTJOH
NPWFNFOU

r
5P
FYQSFTT
NPWFNFOU
VTF
B
WFSC
PG
NPWFNFOU
FH
go, come,

run, walk, etc. and a preposition (or adverb) of movement
e.g. up, down, away, etc.

The man went up the steps and into the church.

He drove out of the garage and along the street.
I ran over the bridge and across the park.

in or into? out or out of?

3FNFNCFS
VTF
into / out of 
OPVO
BOE
in / out
JG
UIFSF

JTOU
B
OPVO
Come into the living room. Come in.
He went out of the house. He went out.

11B XPSE
PSEFS
PG
QISBTBM
WFSCT
1 What time do you get up?
I dont usually go out during the week.
2 Put on your coat. Put your coat on. Put it on.
Turn off the TV. Turn the TV off. Turn it off.
3 Im looking for my glasses.
Have you found your glasses? No, Im still looking for them.

11C so
neither

BVYJMJBSJFT

1 A
B
A
B
2 A
B
A
B

I love classical music.

So do I.
I went to a classical concert last night.
So did I.
Im not married.
Neither am I.
I dont want to get married.
Neither do I.

r
6TF
So do I, Neither do I, etc. to say that you have

something in common with somebody.

6TF
So + auxiliary + I to respond to positive
sentences.

6TF
Neither + auxiliary + I to respond to negative
sentences.
r
5IF
BVYJMJBSZ
ZPV
VTF
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
UFOTF

24

r
"
QISBTBM
WFSC

WFSC

QBSUJDMF
QSFQPTJUJPO
PS
BEWFSC

e.g. get up, turn on, look for.
1 Some phrasal verbs dont have an object, e.g. get up, go out.
2 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are separable. With
these phrasal verbs you can put the particle (on, off, etc.)
before or after the object.
r
8IFO
UIF
PCKFDU
JT
B
QSPOPVO
me, it, him, etc.) it always goes
between the verb and particle.
Heres your coat. Put it on. NOT Put on it.
3 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are inseparable,
e.g. look for. With these phrasal verbs the verb (e.g. look)
and the particle (e.g. for) are never separated.
Im looking for my glasses. NOT Im looking my glasses for.

present simple

*
EPOU
MJLF
DMBTTJDBM
NVTJD

/FJUIFS
do I.

present continuous

*N
IBWJOH
B
HSFBU
UJNF

So am I.

can / cant

*
DBO
TXJN

So can I.

past simple

*
EJEOU
MJLF
UIF
mMN
*
XBT
WFSZ
UJSFE

/FJUIFS
did I.
So was I.

would / wouldnt

*
XPVMEOU
MJLF
UP
HP
UIFSF

/FJUIFS
would I.

present perfect

*WF
CFFO
UP
#SB[JM

So have I.

r
#F
DBSFGVM
XJUI
UIF
XPSE
PSEFS
So do I. / Neither do I. NOT So I do. / Neither I do.
neither and nor
:PV
DBO
BMTP
VTF
nor
JOTUFBE
PG
neither
FH
A I didnt like the film.
B Nor / Neither did I.
Neither
JT
VTVBMMZ
QSPOPVODFE
/na/
CVU
DBO
BMTP
CF
QSPOPVODFE

/ni/.

ENTRY CHECKER
11A

b Complete the sentences with the

correct preposition.

a Circle the correct preposition.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

We went for a walk along the seashore.

1 The boys tried to swim
the river, but
it was too far.
2 Our cat climbed straight
a tree.
3 I lost my mobile phone signal when the train
went
a tunnel.
4 Theres a hotel
the end of the road.
5 I have 100 names
my phone book.
6 The white flowers were growing
the trees.
7 I think I might have left my bag
the bus.

We knew we were near the town when we drove

through / over the railway bridge.
I went in / into town on Saturday morning.
The box was in a cupboard in / under the stairs.
The boys rode their bicycles past / along the track.
The book was over / under a pile of papers.
The bus comes across / from the city and continues
towards / into the sea.
He went in / through the door from / in the kitchen into the
front room.
The horse ran over / up the hill to the top.
The supermarket is just across / round the corner.

11B

b Complete the sentences with it or them and a

word from the list.

a Circle the correct form. If both are correct, tick the box.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

PVU
PWFS
JO
VQ
Y

PO
Y

EPXO

Pick up your shoes / Pick your shoes up immediately.

Please can you put the rubbish out / put out the rubbish?
She wants to send money to her parents / send to her
parents money.
The vase fell off the table / off the table fell.
I need to go the bank into / into the bank.
Put your book down / put down your book.
He works from home away / away from home.
Can you text the number to me / to me text the number.
The cat every morning goes out / goes out every morning.
Dont forget to send off that parcel / that parcel off to send.
A birthday present has come from my aunt / From my aunt a
birthday present has come.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

11C

b 3FTQPOE
UP
"
4BZ
ZPV
BSF
UIF
TBNF
6TF
So I or
Neither I.

a Complete Bs answers with an auxiliary verb.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

That vase might break. Please put it down.

Are your children with you? Bring
.
Your computers turned off. Switch
.
That dogs very noisy can you take
?
Id love to meet your friends please bring
soon.
What a lovely photo. Lets hang
.
Youll need your gloves. Put
.
The milk jug is empty. Ill fill
.

A Id like to live abroad. B So would I.

A I went to university in London. B So
A I dont take milk in my coffee. B Neither
A Ive never been to Scotland. B Neither
A I hope it will be sunny tomorrow. B So
A
*
DPVME
OFWFS
EP
.BUIT
BU
TDIPPM
B Neither
A I was born in 1990. B So
I.
A Ill try to finish the essay tomorrow. B So
A I didnt know anyone before I came here.
B Neither
I.
A Im looking forward to our holiday. B So
A I can go to the cinema tonight. B So

I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

I havent been to Australia. Neither have I.

I like Indian food.
Im learning French this year.
I dont want to see that film.
I can play the piano.
I dont like spiders.
Im getting the early train tomorrow.
I didnt expect to pass the exam.
I always look forward to Christmas.

I.
I.
25

12
12A past perfect
+

8IFO
*
XPLF
VQ
UIF
HBSEFO
XBT
BMM
XIJUF

*U
had snowed
EVSJOH
UIF
OJHIU
*
TVEEFOMZ
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
*d left
NZ
NPCJMF
JO
UIF
UBYJ
8F
HPU
IPNF
KVTU
JO
UJNF
m
UIF
NBUDI
hadnt started
8IFO
TIF
HPU
UP
DMBTT
TIF
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
TIF hadnt
brought IFS
CPPL
A
*
XFOU
UP
1BSJT
MBTU
XFFLFOE
*
SFBMMZ
MPWFE
JU
B
Had
ZPV
been
UIFSF
CFGPSF
A
/P
*
hadnt

12B reported (or indirect) speech

direct speech
I love you
Ive just arrived
Well come BU
FJHIU

I dont want UP
HP
UP


UIF
QBSUZ

reported speech
)F
TBJE
UIBU

he loved me
4IF
TBJE
UIBU

she had just arrived
)F
UPME
NF
UIBU

they would
come
BU
FJHIU
+BDL
UPME
"OOB
UIBU

he didnt
want UP
HP
UP
UIF
QBSUZ

r
6TF
SFQPSUFE
TQFFDI
UP
SFQPSU
UP
UFMM
TPNFCPEZ

XIBU
BOPUIFS


QFSTPO
TBJE
r
8F
PGUFO
JOUSPEVDF
SFQPSUFE
TQFFDI
XJUI
said
PS
told

QFSTPO

r
"GUFS
said PS told that
JT
PQUJPOBM
FH
He said that

he loved me
r
1SPOPVOT
PGUFO
DIBOHF
JO
SFQPSUFE
TQFFDI
FH I DIBOHFT
UP
he
PS
she

Im tired. She told me (that) she was tired.

12C questions without auxiliaries

subject
8IP
8IJDI
TJOHFS
)PX
NBOZ
QFPQMF
8IP

26

verb
QBJOUFE
NBEF
MJWF
XBOUT

Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy

SFHHBF
QPQVMBS
BMM
PWFS
UIF
XPSME
OFBS
UIF
TDIPPM
B
DVQ
PG
DPFF

r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
QFSGFDU
XIFO
ZPV
BSF
BMSFBEZ
UBMLJOH
BCPVU
UIF

QBTU
BOE
XBOU
UP
UBML
BCPVU
BO
FBSMJFS
QBTU
BDUJPO

When I woke up the garden was all white. It had snowed during
the night

*U
TOPXFE
CFGPSF
*
XPLF
VQ
r
.BLF
UIF
QBTU
QFSGFDU
XJUI
had

hadnt 
QBTU
QBSUJDJQMF
r
5IF
GPSN
PG
UIF
QBTU
QFSGFDU
JT
UIF
TBNF
GPS
BMM
QFSTPOT
r
had
JT
TPNFUJNFT
DPOUSBDUFE
UP
d
had or would?
Be careful: d can be had or would.
I didnt know that youd found a new job. (d = had)
If you went by taxi, youd get there more quickly.
(d = would)

r
7FSC
UFOTFT
DIBOHF
MJLF
UIJT
direct speech

reported speech

I can help you.

(present simple)

He said (that) he could help me.

(past simple)

Im watching TV.
(present continuous)

She said (that) she was watching TV.

(past continuous)

Ill phone you.

(will)

He told me (that) he would phone me.

(would)

I met a girl.
(past simple)

John told me (that) he had met a girl.

(past perfect)

Ive broken my leg.

(present perfect)

Sara said (that) she had broken her leg.

(past perfect)

say or tell?
You can use said or told in reported speech but they are
used differently.
You cant use said with an object or pronoun.
He said (that) he loved me. NOT He said me (that) he
loved me.
You must use told with an object.
He told me (that) he loved me. NOT He told (that) he
loved me.

r
8IFO
UIF
RVFTUJPO
XPSE
Who?
What?
Which?
How

many?
FUD

JT
UIF
TVCKFDU
PG
UIF
WFSC
JO
UIF
RVFTUJPO
XF

EPOU
VTF
BO
BVYJMJBSZ
WFSC
do

does 
did


Who painted .S
BOE
.ST
$MBSL
BOE
1FSDZ?
NOT

Who did paint?
r
*O
NPTU
PUIFS
RVFTUJPOT
JO
UIF
QSFTFOU
BOE
QBTU
TJNQMF
XF

VTF
UIF
BVYJMJBSZ
WFSC
do / does / did

UIF
JOGJOJUJWF

What music do you like?

NOT

What music you like?

ENTRY CHECKER
12A

b Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in the past

simple and past perfect.

a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODF
IBMWFT
1
2
3
4
5
6

Pavel was confused because D

I didnt go any further because
Sheryl decided to go to the doctor because
We travelled to Scotland this summer
The lights were on in the house,
The children were sent home early from school because
We couldnt get out of the car in the safari park because

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

it had started to snow.

to go to the Edinburgh Festival.
there were wild animals walking around.
he had never driven that route before.
I couldnt see what was ahead.
shed had a cough for three weeks.
but there was no one at home.

12B

2


3
4
5
6

2
3
4
5
6
7

b Write the sentences in direct speech.

a Write the sentences in reported speech.

We left so late that we missed the start of the film.

(leave, miss)
I
home to find my sister
the
newspaper away. (get, throw)
One day when we
out walking, we
to take a map. (go, forget)
They told us that the shop
since the robbery
last week. (close)
We
get into the garden because the
gate
. (cannot, lock)
When I
at my friends house I
I
my diary. (arrive, realize, lose)
Laura
to the party because she
her
homework. (not come, finish)
We were glad that the rain
before we
our journey. (stop, start)

I need to go to the bank. He told me he needed

to go to the bank.
Theyre the best band Ive ever seen.
She said they
.
Im going to polish the furniture today.
.Z
NPUIFS
TBJE
UIBU
TIF

.
Were sorry, but we cant come with you.
They said they
.
Ive moved to a new house.
Imran told us that he
.
What would you like for your birthday?
Susan asked me
.
I know a lot of French students.
.BSDVT
TBJE
IF

.

12C





3
4






7

b Write the questions. Do you know

the answers?

a Circle the correct question form.

Where went you/ did you go?
1 Who gave / did give you that book?
2 What intends she / does she intend to do next?
3 You do think / Do you think they were telling the
truth?
4 What said you / did you say to your boyfriend?
5 Which train goes / does go to London?
6 Who did bring / brought these chocolates?
7 Why he brought / did he buy so much milk?

She told me she was coming home. She said: Im coming home.
Sadie said she hadnt looked it up on the Internet yet.
Sadie said:
.
.Z
QBSFOUT
TBJE
UIFZ
XPVME
TFF
NF
PO
5VFTEBZ
.Z
QBSFOUT
TBJE
A
.
They said they were going to watch TV all evening.
They said:
.
Evelyn told me she would like to visit Greece.
Evelyn told me:
.
.Z
BVOU
TBJE
TIF
EJEOU
MJLF
TQJDZ
GPPE
She said:
.
.Z
GSJFOET
QIPOFE
BOE
TBJE
UIFZ
IBE
NJTTFE
UIF
USBJO
.Z
GSJFOET
QIPOFE
BOE
TBJE
A
.
David said that he wanted to apologize.
David said:
.

1
2
3
4
5
6

Which Formula 1 driver won the

+VOJPS
8PSME
,BSUJOH
$IBNQJPOTIJQ

in 1996? (Formula 1 driver / win)
When

UIF
&6
#FMHJVN

KPJO

Who
Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy? (paint)
Which
a rooftop swimming pool? (airport / have)
Who
the main character in the
TV series, House M.D.? (play)
Which designer
the Nike logo? (create)
When

"VTUSBMJB
JO
UIF
3VHCZ

World Cup? (England / beat)

27

Irregular verbs

28

Present

Past simple

Past participle

CF /bi/

was /wz/
were /w/

CFFO /bin/

CFDPNF /bkm/

CFDBNF /bkem/

CFDPNF

CFHJO /bn/

CFHBO /bn/

CFHVO /bn/

CSFBL /brek/

CSPLF /brk/

CSPLFO /brkn/

CSJOH /br/

CSPVHIU /brt/

CSPVHIU

CVJME /bld/

CVJMU /blt/

CVJMU

CVZ /ba/

CPVHIU /bt/

CPVHIU

DBO /kn/

DPVME /kd/

DBUDI /kt/

DBVHIU /kt/

DBVHIU

DIPPTF /tuz/

DIPTF /tz/

DIPTFO /tzn/

DPNF /km/

DBNF /kem/

DPNF

DPTU /kst/

DPTU

DPTU

DVU /kt/

DVU

DVU

EP /du/

EJE /dd/

EPOF /dn/

ESJOL /drk/

ESBOL /drk/

ESVOL /drk/

ESJWF /drav/

ESPWF /drv/

ESJWFO /drvn/

eat /it/

ate /et/

FBUFO /itn/

GBMM /fl/

GFMM /fel/

GBMMFO /fln/

GFFM /fil/

GFMU /felt/

GFMU

mOE /fand/

GPVOE /fand/

GPVOE

y /fla/

ew /flu/

nPXO /fln/

GPSHFU /fet/

GPSHPU /ft/

GPSHPUUFO /ftn/

get /et/

got /t/

got

give /v/

gave /ev/

HJWFO /vn/

go //

XFOU /went/

HPOF /n/

grow /r/

grew /ru/

HSPXO /rn/

have /hv/

IBE /hd/

IBE

hear /h/

IFBSE /hd/

IFBSE

hit /ht/

hit

hit

LFFQ /kip/

LFQU /kept/

LFQU

LOPX /n/

LOFX /nju/

LOPXO /nn/

ENTRY CHECKER

Present

Past simple

Past participle

MFBSO /ln/

MFBSOU /lnt/

MFBSOU

MFBWF /liv/

MFGU /left/

MFGU

MFOE /lend/

MFOU /lent/

MFOU

MFU /let/

MFU

MFU

MPTF /luz/

MPTU /lst/

MPTU

NBLF /mek/

NBEF /med/

NBEF

NFFU /mit/

NFU /met/

NFU

QBZ /pe/

QBJE /ped/

QBJE

QVU /pt/

QVU

QVU

SFBE /rid/

SFBE /red/

SFBE /red/

SJOH /r/

SBOH /r/

SVOH /r/

SVO /rn/

SBO /rn/

SVO

say /se/

TBJE /sed/

TBJE

see /si/

saw /s/

TFFO /sin/

TFMM /sel/

TPME /sld/

TPME

TFOE /send/

TFOU /sent/

TFOU

shut /t/

shut

shut

TJOH /s/

TBOH /s/

TVOH /s/

sit /st/

sat /st/

sat

TMFFQ /slip/

TMFQU /slept/

TMFQU

TQFBL /spik/

TQPLF /spk/

TQPLFO /spkn/

TQFOE /spend/

TQFOU /spent/

TQFOU

TUBOE /stnd/

TUPPE /std/

TUPPE

TUFBM /stil/

TUPMF /stl/

TUPMFO /stln/

TXJN /swm/

TXBN /swm/

TXVN /swm/

take /tek/

took /tk/

UBLFO /tekn/

UFBDI /tit/

taught /tt/

taught

UFMM /tel/

UPME /tld/

UPME

UIJOL /k/

thought /t/

thought

throw /r/

threw /ru/

UISPXO /rn/

VOEFSTUBOE /ndstnd/

VOEFSTUPPE /ndstd/

VOEFSTUPPE

wake /wek/

woke /wk/

XPLFO /wkn/

wear /we/

wore /w/

XPSO /wn/

XJO /wn/

XPO /wn/

XPO

write /rat/

wrote /rt/

XSJUUFO /rtn/

29

SOUND BANK

Vowel sounds
examples

i
fish

tree

feel sheep
teach mean
she we

cap hat
back catch
carry match

ar
a
car
o
clock

horse

bull

computer

bird

egg

far large
scarf
fast pass
after
top lost
socks wrong
hot box

or boring north
al walk ball
aw awful saw
u
oo

boot

thin slim
history kiss
if since

ee
ea
e

cat

pull push
football book
look good

oo school choose
u* use polluted
ew few knew
.BOZ
EJGGFSFOU
TQFMMJOHT
// is always unstressed.
clever nervous arrive police
inventor agree

er
ir
ur

person verb
dirty shirt
curly turn

spell lend
west send
very red

* especially before consonant + e

30

your examples

examples

sunny mustnt
funny run
lucky cut

a*
ai
ay

change wake
trainers fail
away pay

o*

open hope
wont so
coat goal

up

train

phone

oa

your examples

i* quiet item
y
shy why
igh might sights
bike
trousers round
account blouse
ow crowded down

ou
owl

oi
boy

ear

chair

oy

coin noisy
point
toy enjoy

eer beer engineer

ere here were
ear beard earrings
air airport stairs
pair hair
are square careful
A very unusual sound.
Europe furious sure plural

tourist

/i/

/u/
short vowels

A sound between // and /i/.

Consonant + y at the end of words is
pronounced /i/.
happy angry thirsty
An unusual sound.
education usually

situation

long vowels

diphthongs

SOUND BANK

Consonant Sounds
examples

p
parrot

pp
b

bag

your examples

promise possible
copy flip-flops
opposite appearance

bb

belt body
probably job cab
rabbit rubbish

c
k
ck

camping across
skirt kind
checkout pick

flower

gg

grow goat
forget begin
foggy leggings

f
ph
ff

find afraid safe

elephant nephew
off different

video visit
lovely invent
over river

vase

t
tie

tt
d

dog

snake

try tell
start late
better sitting

dd

did dead
hard told
address middle

s
ss
ci/ce

stops faster
miss message
place circle

z
s

zoo lazy freezing

reason lose
has toes

zebra

shower

voiced

neither the
clothes sunbathe
that with

chicken child
beach
tch
catch match
t (+ure) picture future

j
jazz

dge
l

leg

ll
r

right

rr
w

witch

wh

jacket just
journey enjoy
bridge judge
little less
plan incredible
will trolley
really rest
practice try
borrow married
website twins
worried win
why which whale

yacht

yet year
young yoga
before u useful uniform

m
mm

mountain modern
remember email
summer swimming

monkey

n
nose

nn

need necklace
none any
funny dinner

ng

angry ring
along thing
bring going

hat hate
ahead perhaps
hire helpful

singer

house

unvoiced

th

your examples

ch

An unusual sound.
revision decision confusion usually garage

television

thing throw
healthy south
maths both

mother

sh

shut shoes
washing finish
ti (+ vowel)
patient information
ci+a
special musician

th
thumb

chess

key

girl

examples

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