Nutrient

Technologies
By: Sikyra, Rishi, Hasan, Brooke and Liam

Major Biomolecules consumed on a Daily Basis

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acids

What are Carbohydrates?

The human body works like a machine, its needs energy to function properly. And
it all starts will Carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are simple sugars and our bodies primary source to energy. But
HOW does our body break down that energy and HOW does our body use it?

Fruits and Vegetables

Starchy Foods

Sources of Energy
Primary Energy Source: Carbohydrates

Secondary: Protein

Treiterary: Lipids

All Carbohydrates consist of the following..

Monosaccharide:
Contains ONE saccharide molecule

Disaccharide:
Contains TWO saccharide molecules

Polysaccharide;
Contains MANY saccharide molecules

Carbohydrates Attributes and Functions

Simple

Mono and Di Saccharides (one or two)

Small
Simple sugars
Easy to digest
Little or no breakdown
Quickly absorbed
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Complex

Polysaccharides (multiple)
Big
Slow to digest
Excessive amounts of breakdown
Plants and Animals
Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose

Real Life Example

Simple
A candy bar is considered to be a
simple carb or mono saccharide,
because when your body goes
through the process of digestion
the candy is going to breakdown
quickly.
Meaning that their will we little or
no energy storage, but more of
an sugar reaction at the present
occurrence.

Complex
Pasta is considered a
complex carb or
polysaccharide, because
when your body goes
through digestion, its not
able to breakdown the
pasta as fast as it would
the candy bar.
Meaning that their will be
more energy storage in
the body.

How are Carbohydrates used in the body.

The four primary roles of carbohydrates in the body are to provide energy, store energy, build
macromolecules (a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic
acid, or synthetic polymer).

Glucose energy is stored as glycogen, with the majority of it in the muscle and liver. The liver uses
its glycogen reserve as a way to keep blood-glucose levels within a range between meal times.
Some glucose is also used as building blocks of important macromolecules, such as RNA
(ribonucleic acid), DNA, and ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

The presence of glucose in the body spares the breakdown of proteins from being used to make
glucose needed by the body.

(OSE) Biomolecules
Glucose: Simple sugars that the cell uses as its primary source of energy.
Galactose: A type of sugar that is less sweet than glucose.
Fructose: A sugar found in fruit. It is also the most water soluble.
Lactose: A disaccharide sugar that is formed from glucose and galactose.

What are Proteins?

Proteins are large complex molecules that do most of the structure, and regulates
the body's tissues and organs. Proteins in food are broken down into pieces
(called amino acids) that are then used to build new proteins with specific
functions, such as catalyzing chemical reactions, communication between different
cells, or transporting biological molecules from throughout the body.

Meats

Dairy

Protein Attributes and Functions

Types

Functions

Enzymes:

Promotes the breakdown of starch to sugars

Structural Proteins:

Hair, Wool, Nails, Tendons and Cartilage

Hormones:

Regulates use of blood sugar

Storage Proteins:

Stores iron in spleen

Transport Proteins:

Carries fatty acid in blood

Protein Process Vocab

Active site: The area which the reaction takes place.
Catalysts: They help the reaction speed up.
Catalysis: The process where the reaction has been speed up.
Denature: When the structure starts to break up and fall apart.
Activators: Make the enzymes work faster
Inhibitors: The opposite of an activator it slows down the enzymes.

Protein Process
Antibodies: Bind to specific foreign particles to help protect the body.
Enzymes: Carry out the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells.
4 Steps of Enzyme Action:

1 The Enzyme and Substrate are in the same area.

2 They bond together on the Active site
3 A process called catalysis happens and in the end you have a
enzyme/product complex
4 The enzyme releases the product and goes back to work on another
substrate.

How are Proteins used in the body?

Amino Acids (monomer) are the building blocks to Protein, and those acids are
incorporated in our diet that we consume on a daily basis. Our body first intakes
the amino acids and then they bond together to form what's called a peptide
bond. Any then several of them bond together which forms a polypeptide bond.
After that our body turns it to protein! Just like carbohydrates are turned into
energy from the sugar after digestion.

Real Life Example

Structural proteins are necessary components of our bodies. This includes
Collagen, Keratin and Elastin. For example, our hair, nails and skin are protein.

What are Lipids?

A lipid is defined as a fat-like molecule that does not have the ability to dissolve in
water. This inability to dissolve in water adds an element of difficulty to fat
digestion. Because fat does not like water (hydrophobic), it tends to clump
together and form large droplets as it moves through your digestive system. By the
time fat reaches your small intestine, it has not been digested at all. So, dietary fat
in the small intestine looks like a fairly large glob of fat.

Nuts

Oils

Whats Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic?

Polar or (hydrophilic) means that the cell loves
water and will attract to it.

Example: Phospholipid Bilayer

Two Groups

Non polar or (hydrophobic) means that the cell

doesnt like water and repels from it.

1.
2.

Phospho Group
Lipid

Hydrophilic Part:
Hydrophilic head with a negative charge.

Hydrophobic Part:
Two lipid tails hydrocarbon fatty acids

Types of fats
The structure of lipids depends on what type of fat it is. Whether its saturated,
unsaturated, trans and polyunsaturated. Trans fat is artificial, every other fat is
natural. The main two monomers of lipids are glycerol and fatty acids. One
example of a polymer from a lipid would be triglyceride.
Example of Trans Fat

Example of Saturated fats

Example of Unsaturated fats

Structure of the types of fats

Fats
Foods from animals These include beef, beef fat, veal, lamb, pork, lard, poultry fat,
butter, cream, milk, cheeses and other dairy products made from whole milk. These
foods also contain dietary cholesterol.
Foods from plants These include coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil (often
called tropical oils), and cocoa butter.

How lipids are used in the body

The way lipids are used in our body are

Energy production and storage

Your body relies on the left over fat to provide energy in between meals to provide energy

Insulation and Protection

You have a layer of fat just below your skin that helps to keep your internal body temperature regular despite the external temperature.

Digestion and Absorption

Bile acids produced from lipids in your liver allow fat and water to mix in your intestines and aid in the breakdown and absorption of food.

Compares and Differ?

The body converts complex carbs into simple
carbs in the form of glucose to fuel our brain and
muscles. Carbs and Protein work together to
keep our body functioning.
Carbs give you energy while the protein build
muscles, skin and hair.
With the moderate amount of carbs, protein
and fats, it will help keep our blood sugar
balanced.

Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon.They

usually contain more 2 carbon atoms.
Differences also include structure and the
overview functions of all three.

Where are they all

found in the body?

P: Hair
(Provided Structure)

L: All throughout body

(Fats)

C: Carbohydrates
L: Lipids
P: Proteins

P: Skin
(Provided
Structure)

C: Muscles
(Stored Energy)

N: Nucleic Acids
C: Liver
(Stored Energy)
L: All throughout
body
(Fats)

P: Muscles
(Provided Structure)

Reflections
Its benefiel to have a balanced diet. Not just because it will make you healthy or
feel better. Yes! In fact it does, those things are true. But in the end, Marco Polo is
an olympic swimmer. Which means his diet has to incorporate more complex
carbohydrates, proteins to structure his muscles and lipids to give storage
outside of every cell. Everyone has that in their body, but its who eats the right
amounts that benefits.

You are what you eat

Citations
http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/protein-types-best-for-you.htm
http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-a-phospholipid-bilayer-is-both-hydrophobicand-hydrophilic.html
http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/lipids-used-body-8282.html
http://www.scienceofcooking.com/types_of_fats.htm