A Brief of Islamic Laws PDF

ABriefOfIslamicLaw
Author:TheGrandAyatollahAlSistani
Taqli'd
Taqli'd/2
Change(Inqilab)
GhuslforTouchingaDeadBody
RulesofSalat
ExceptionalCases
TakbiratInIhram
ThingsonwhichSajdahisAllowed
DoubtsWhichAreValid
MiscellaneousRules
Fasting
Khums
ZAKA`T
Transactions
LawsofPartnership
PersonswhoHaveNoRightofDisposalorDiscretionOverTheirOwnProperty
RulesRegardingMortgage(Rahn)
Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Marriage
Mut'ah(TemporaryMarriage)
Divorce
Usurpation(Ghasb)
VowandCovenant(NadhrandÀhd)
TAQLI'D
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FollowingaMujtahid
1.ItisnecessaryforaMuslimtobelieveinthefundamentalsoffaithwithhisowninsightand
understanding,andhecannotfollowanyoneinthisrespect,i.e.hecannotacceptthewordof
anotherwhoknowsthem,simplybecausehehassaidit.Howere,onewhohasfaithinthetrue
tenetsofIslam,andmanifestsitbyhisdeeds,isaMuslimandMumin,evenifheisnotvery
profound,andthelawsrelatedtoaMuslimwillholdgoodforhim.Inmattersofreligiouslaws,
apartfromtheonesclearlydefined,oroneswhichareindisputable,apersonmust:
EitherbeaMujtahid(jurist)himself,capableofinferringanddeducingfromthereligious
sourcesandevidence;
OrifheisnotaMujtahidhimself,heshouldfollowone,i.e.heshouldactaccordingtothe
verdicts(Fatw)ofaMujtahid;
OrifheisneitheraMujtahidnorafollower(Muqallid),heshouldactonsuchprecaution
whichshouldassurehimthathehasfulfilledhisreligiousobligation.Forexample,ifsome
Mujtahidsconsideranacttobeunlawful(Halal(allowed)),whileotherssaythatitisnot,he
shouldnotperformthatact.
Similarly,ifsomeMujtahidconsideranacttobeobligatory(Wjib)whileothersconsideritto
berecommended(Mustaa*b),heshouldperformit.
Therefore,itisobligatoryuponthosepersonswhoareneitherMujtahids,norabletoacton
precautionarymeasures(Ihtiyat),tofollowaMujtahid.
2.Taqli'dinreligiouslawsmeansactingaccordingtotheverdictsofaMujtahiditisnecessary
fortheMujtahidwhoisfollowed,tobemale,shiahIthnaÀshariyyah,adult(Bligh),sane,of
legitimatebirth,livingandjust(Àdil).
Apersonissaidtobejustwhenheperformsallthoseactswhichareobligatoryuponhim,and
refrainsfromallthosethingswhichareforbiddentohim.
Andthesignofbeingjustisthatoneisapparentlyofgoodcharacter,sothatifenquiriesare
madeabouthimfromthepeopleofhislocality,orfromhisneighbours,orfromhisnei
ghbouers,orfromthosepersonswithwhomhelives,theywouldconfirmhisgoodconduct.
AnditisnecessarythattheMujtahidwhoisfollowedbeAlam(themostlearned),whoismore
capableofunderstandingthedivinelawsthananyofthecontemporaryMujtahids.
3.TherearethreewaysofidentifyingaMujtahid,andtheAlam:
WhenapersoniscertainthataparticularpersonisaMujtahid,orthemostlearnedone.For
this,heshouldbealearnedpersonhimself,andshouldpossessthecapacitytoidentifya
MujtahidoranAlam;
Whentwopersons,whoarelearnedandjustandpossessthecapacitytoidentifyaMujtahid
ortheAlam,confirmthatapersonisaMujtahidoranAlam,providedthattwootherlearned
andjustpersonsdonotcontradictthem.Infact,beingaMujtahidoranAlamcanalsobe
establishedbyastatementofonlyonetrustedandreliableperson;
WhenanumberoflearnedpersonswhopossessthecapacitytoidentityaMujtahidoranA
lam,certifythataparticularpersonisaMujtahidoranAlam,providedthatoneissatisfiedby
theirstatement.
4.TherearefourwaysofobtainingtheverdictsofaMujtahid:
WhenonehearsfromtheMujtahidhimself.
WhentheverdictoftheMujtahidisquotedbytwojustpersons.
Whenonehearstheverdictfromapersonwhosestatementsatisfieshim.
ByreadingtheMujtahidsbookofMasail(religiousrulesormatters),providedthat,oneis
satisfiedaboutthecorrectnessofthebook.
5.IfanAlamMujtahidgivesaFatwaonsomematter,hisfollowercannotactinthatmatteron
theFatwofanotherMujtahid.ButifhedoesnotgiveaFatw,andexpressesaprecaution
(Ihtiyat)thatamanshouldactinsuchandsuchamanner,forexampleifhesaysthatasa
precautionarymeasure,inthefirstandsecondRakah(unit)oftheprayer(Salat)heshould
readacompleteSurahaftertheSurahofA*amd,thefollowermayeitheractonthis
precaution,whichiscalledobligatoryprecaution(IhtiyatulWjib),orhemayactontheFatwa
ofanotherMujtahid,whileconsideringthesrquenceoflearnednesshence,ifhe(thesecond
Mujtahid)rulesthatonlySuratulA*amdisenough,he(thepersonofferingprayers)maydrop
thesecondsurah.ThepositionwillbethesameiftheAlamMujtahidexpressestermslike
Taammul(contemplation)orIshkal(objection).
6.IfTheAlamMujtahidobservesprecautionafterorbeforehavinggivenaFatw,forexample,
ifhesaysthatifaNajis(impure)vesseliswashedoncewithakurrwater(about388litres),it
becomesTahir(pure),althoughasprecatonarymeasure,itshouldbewashedthreetimes,his
followerscanabandonactingaccordingtothisprecaution.Thisprecautioniscalled
recommendedprecaution(Ihtiyatulmustahab).
7.IfaMujtahid,whoisfollowedbyapersondies,hiscategorywillbethesameaswhenhewas
alive.Basedonthis,ifheismorelearnedthanalivingMujtahid,thefollowermustcontinueto
remaininhisTaqlid.AndifthelivingMujtahidismorelearned,thenthefollowermustturnto
himforTaqlid.Andiftheirdifferenceinlearnednessisnotlenouinortheyareidentical,hehas
theoptiontoactontheverdictsofeitherofthem,exceptincasesofpiefknowledgeaboutthe
dutyorraisingapiefargumentonit,likethecasesofdiversityoftheverdictsinfullor
shortened(Qa?r)prayer,inwhich,asanobligatoryprecaution,bothverdictsshouldbe
observed.Theterm.Taqli'dusedhereimpliesonlyanintentiontofollowaparticular
Mujtahid,anddoesnotincludehavingactedaccordingtohisFatwa.
8.ItisobligatoryforafollowertolearntheMasail(matters)whichheconsidersprobablethat
iftheyarenotlearned,hemaycommitsins(i.e.abandonanobligatoryactordoanunlawful
act).
9.IfapersonperformshisactsforsometimewithoutTaqli'dofaMujtahid,hisformeractions
wouldbevalidiftheywereaccordingtotheverdictsofthenewMujtahid,whocanbehis
Marja,otherwisetheywouldbevalidonlywhenheisconsideredasignorantbutnotnegligent,
andthedefecfoftheactionswasnotinelementals(Rukns)andthelike.Theactionswouldbe
validalsowhenthepersonhasbeennegligentlyignorantandthedefectoftheactionhasbeen
likerecitingloudlyinsteadofsilentlyorviceversr,inwhichtheactionwouldbecorrectincase
ofignorance.Thepreviousactionsarevalidalsowhenthepersondoesnotknowtheirquality,
exceptinsomecasesmenticnedinMinhajussalihin.
TAHARAH(PURITY)
UnmixedandMixedWater
10.Wateriseitherunmixedormixed.Mixedwared(MaulMudhaf)meansthewaterwhichis
obtainedfromsomething,likemelonjuiceorrosewater,orawaterinwhichsomethingelseis
mixed;forexample,somuchdustismixedinitthatitmayonlongerbecalledwater.
Anywaterotherthanmixedwateriscalledunmixedwater(Maulmutlaq),andtheyareoffive
types:
KurrWater.
UnderKurrWater(QALIL).
RunningWater(JARI).
RainWater.
WaterofaWell.
I.KurrWater
11.Water,whichfillsacontainerwhosevolumeis36cubicspans,isequaltoakurrandthisis
nearlyequalto384liters.
12.Ifanessentialimpurity(Najsah)likeurineandblood,oranythingwhichhasbecome
impure(Najis),likeanimpurecloth,fallsinkurrwater,itbecomesNajisprovidedthewater
acquiresthesmell,colour,ortasteofthatNajasah;atherwiseitdoesnotbecomeNajis.
13.Ifthesmell,colour,ortasteofkurrwaterchangesowingtosomethingelse,whichisnot
Najis,itdoesnotbecomeNajis.
14.IfaNajisobjectiswashedunderatapwhichisconnectedwithkurr,thewaterwhichflows
fromthatobjectwillbeTahirprovideditremainsconnectedwithkurr,anddoesnotcontain
essentialNajsahorthesmell,colour,ortasteoftheNajsah.
II.UnderkurrWater
15.Underkurrwatermeanswaterwhichdoesnotspringforthfromtheearth,anditsquantity
islessthanakurr.
16.IfunderkurrwaterispouredonsomethingwhichisNajis,orifaNajisthingcontactsit,it
becomesNajis.
17.UnderKurrwaterwhichispouredoveraNajis.ObjecttoremovetheessentialNajsahwill
beNajis,asitflowsafterthecontact.Similarly,theunderKurrwaterwhichispouredovera
NajisthingtomakeitpureaftertheessentialNajsahhasbeenremoved,willbeNajis,asan
obligatoryprecaution.
18.TheunderKurrwaterwithwhichtheoutletsofurineandstoolarewashed,doesnotmake
anythingNajis,subjecttothefollowingfiveconditions:
Itdoesnothavethesmell,colorortasteofNajsah.
ExtraNajsahhasnotreacheditfromoutside.
AnyotherNajsahlikeblood,hasnotcomeoutwithurineorstool.
Particlesofstooldonotappearinthewater.
Najsahhasnotspreadaroundtheoutletmorethanusual.
III.RunningWater
19.Runningwateristhatwaterwhichspringsforthfromtheearthandthanflows,likethe
waterofaspringorasubterraneancanal(Qanat).Theflowingorrunningwater,evenifitis
lessthanKurr,doesnotbecomeNajisuponcontactwithanyNajsah,unlessitssmell,colour,
ortastechangesduetothatNajsah.
20.Ifwaterfromthepipesfittedinbathroomsandbuildings,pouringthroughtapsand
showers,isconnectedtoatankholdingwaterequaltoaKurr,itwillbetreatedasKurrwater.
IV.RainWater
21.ANajisthingbecomesTahirifrainwaterfallsonitonce,providedthatitdoesnotcontain
anessentialNajsah,exceptinthecasesofclothesandbodywhichhavebecomeNajisbecause
ofurine,fortheybecomeTahirafterbeingwashedtwice,asperprecaution.Andinobjectslike
carpetsanddress,itisnotnecessarytowringorsqueeze.Byrainismeantasufficient
downpour,andnotscantyshowerordroplets.
22.TheNajisearthorgroundonwhichrainfallsbecomesTahir,andifitbeginsflowingonthe
ground,andwhileitisstillrainingitreachesaNajisplaceundertheroof,itmakesthatplace
Tahiraswell.
23.IfitrainsonapurecarpetwhichisspreadoveraNajisground,andthewaterseepsonto
theNajisgroundwhileraincontinues,thecarpetdoesnotbecomeNajis.Infact,theground
alsowillbecomeTahir.
V.WellWater

24.TheWatherofawellwhichspringsforthfrometheearth,(althoughitsquantitymaybeless
thanaKurr)doesnotbecomeNajisowingtosomethingNajisfallinginit,unlessitscolour,
smell,ortastechanges.
25.IfaNajsahfallsintowellwaterandchangesitssmell,colour,ortaste,itwellbecomeTahir
assoonasthechangeinitssmelletc.vanishes.Butasanobligatoryprecaution,itwillbecome
Tahironlywhenitismixedwithfreshwaterspringingfromtheearth.
VI.RulesRegardingWaters:
26.Mixedwater,whosemeaninghasbeenexplainedinArticle15,doesnotmakeanyNajis
thingTahir,anditsuseisnotallowedforGhuslorGhosl.
27.Mixedwater,howeverlargeitsquantitymaybe,becomesNajiswhenevenasmallparticle
ofNajsahfallsinit.
28.WhenNajismixedwaterismixedwithKurrorrunningwater,inamannerthatitcanno
longerbecalledmixedwater,itbecomesTahir.
29.IfaNajisobjeetismadeTahirinKurrorrunningwater,thewaterwhichdropsfromthe
objectafterithasbecomeTahir,isTahir.
30.Water,whichhasbeenoriginallyTahir,anditisnotknownwhetherithasbecomeNajis,
willbedeemedTahir;andwater,whichhasbeenoriginallyNajis,anditisnotknownwhetherit
hasbecomeTahir,isNajis.
VII.RulesofLavatory:
31.itisobligatorytoconcealonesprivatepartsinthetoiletandatalltimesfromadultpersons
eveniftheyareonescloserelatives(Maharim)likemother,sisteretc.Similarly,itisobligatory
toconcealonesprivatepartsfrominsanepersonsandchildrenwhocandiscernbetweengood
andevil.However,husbandandwifeareexemptedfromthisobligation.
32.Whileusingthetoiletforurinationordefecation,thefrontorthebackpartofonesbody
shouldnotasanobligatoryprecaution,facetheholyKa`bah.
33.TheurinaryorgancannotbemadeTahirwithoutwater.Andwashingitoncewillsuffice.
34.TheanuscanbemadeTahirwithstone,clodorclothprovidedtheyaredryandTahir.if
thereisslightmoistureonit,whichdoesnot,wetthesitethereisnoobjection.
TAQLI'D
Istip:
35.Istip,isarecommendedactformenafterurinating.Itsobjectistoensurethatnomoreurine
isleftintheurethra.
TherearecertainwaysofperformingIstip,thebestofwhichisthatafterthepassingofurine,if
theanusalsohasbecomeNajisitismadeTahirfirst.Thereafter,fromtheanusuptotherootof
penisshouldbepressedthrice,withthemiddlefingerofthelefthand.Thenthethumbisplacedon
thepenis,andtheforefingerbelowitpressingthreetimesuptothepointofcircumcision,thenthe
frontpartofthepenisshouldbepressedthreetimes.
36.Themoisturewhichisdischargedfrompenisduringwooingandcourtship,iscalledMadh.Itis
Tahir,andsoistheliquidwhichisseenafterejeculation,whichiscalledWadh.Similarly,theliquid
whichattimescomesoutafterurination,iscalledwadhanditisTahirifurinehasnotreachedit.If
apersonperformsIstipafterurinating,andthendischargessomeliquiddoubtingwhetheritis
urineoroneoftheabovementionedthreeliquids,thatliquidisTahir.
37.Whenenoughtimehaslapsedsinceurinating,andonebecomessurethatnourineisleftin
urethra,andthenheseessomeliquid,doubtingwhetheritisTahirornot,hewillconsideritas
Tahir,evenifhehadnotdoneIstip.IfhehasWudu,itwillbevalid.
38.Istipisnotmeantforwomen,andifsheseesanyliquidandshedoubtswhetheritisurine,
thatliquidisTahir,anditwillnotinvalidateGhoslandGhusl.
ImpureThings(Najst)
39.ThefollowingtenthingsareessentiallyNajis:
Urine
Faeces
Semen
Deadbody
Blood
Dog
Pig
Kfir
Wine
ThesweatofananimalwhopersistentlyeatsNajsah.
UrineandFaeces
40.UrineandfaecesofthefollowinglivingbeingsareNajis:
Humanbeings
AnimalswhosemeatisHalal(allowed)toeat,andwhosebloodgushesoutforcefullywhenits
largevein(jugular)isslit.
TheexcretionofthoseanimalswhoareHalal(allowed)toeat,buttheirblooddoesnotgushforth
forcefullywhenkilled,likeHalal(allowed)fish,isTahir.Similarly,droppingsofsuchsmallanimalsas
mosquitoandflieswhosemeatisscarceareTahir.Ofcourse,theuringofananimalwhosemeatis
Halal(allowed)anditsblooddoesnotgushforthwhenkilled,shouldbeavoidedasperobligatory
precaution.
41.TheurineanddroppingsofthosebirdswhichareHalal(allowed)toeat,isTahir,butitisbetter
toavoidthem.
Semen
42.Thesemenofhumanbeings,andofeveryanimalwhosebloodgusheswhenitslargevein
(jugular)iscutanditsmeatisHalal(allowed),andasperobligatoryprecautioneventhosewhose
meatisHalal(allowed),isNajis.
DeadBody
43.ThedeadbodyofahumanbeingisNajis.Similarlythedeadbodyofanyanimalwhoseblood
gushesforthwithforceisNajis,irrespectiveofwhetheritdiesanaturaldeathoriskilledina
mannerotherthanthatprescribedbyIslam.Asthebloodofafishdoesnotgushforth,itsdead
bodyisTahir,evenifitdiesinwater.
44.Thosepartsofadeadbodywhichdonotcontainlife,likewool,hair,teeth,nails,bonesand
hornsareTahir.
45.Ifflesh,oranyotherpartwhiehcontainslife,iscutofffromthebodyofalivinghumanbeing,
oralivinganimalwhosebloodgushesforth,itwillbeNajis.
46.Smallpiecesofskinwhichpeeloffeasilyfromthelips,orotherpartsofthebody,areTahir,
providingtheydonotcontainlife.
47.Theliquidmedicines,perfumes,ghee,soapandwaxpolishwhichareimported,areTahir,ifone
isnotsureoftheirbeingNajis.
48.Fat,meatorhideorananimal,aboutwhichthereisaprobabilitythatitmayhavebeen
slaughteredaccordingtotheIslamiclaw,areTahir.However,ifthesethingsareobtainedfroma
nonMuslim,orfromaMuslimwhohimselfobtainedthemfromanonMuslim,without
investigatingwhethertheanimalwasslaughteredaccordingtoIslamiclaw,itisHalal(allowed)to
eatthatmeatandfat,butprayerinthathidewillbepermissible.But,ifthesethingsareobtained
fromMuslimmarket,oraMuslim,anditisnotknownthathegotthemfromanonMuslim,orifit
iskonwnthathegotfromanonMuslimbutthereisagreatprobabilitythathehasinvestigated
aboutitbeingslaughteredaccordingtoShariah,theneatingsuchmeatandfatispermissible,
providedthattheMuslimhasdoneanactonit,whichisdoneonlywhenthemeatisHalal
(allowed),likewhenheissellingitforeating.
Blood
49.Thebloodofahumanbeing,andofeveryanimalwhosebloodgushesforthwhenitslarge
(jugular)veiniscut,isNajis.Thebloodofananimallikeafish,oraninsectlikemosquito,isTahir
becauseitdoesnotgushforth.
50.Ifananimalwhosemeatislawfultoeat,isslaughteredinaccordancewiththemethod
prescribedbyShariàh,andenoughbloodflowsout,thebloodwhichisstillleftinitsbodyisTahir.
However,thebloodwhichgoesbackintothebodyoftheanimalduetopeath,orbecauseofits
headhavingbeenatahigherlevelatthetimeofitsslaughtering,isNajis.
51.Asarecommendedprecaution,oneshouldrefrainfromeatinganeggwhichhaseventhe
smallestamountofbloodinit.However,ifthebloodisintheyolk(yellowportion),thealbumen
(whiteportion)willbeTahir,aslongastheskinovertheyolkisnottorn.
52.Ifthebloodwhichcomesfromthegumsoftheteeth,vanishasitgetsmixedwiththesaliva,the
salivaisTahir.
53.Ifthebloodwhichdriesunderthenailorskin,onaccountofbeinghurt,cannolongerbecalled
blood,itisTahir.Butifitiscalledbloodandispresentedonthesurface,itwillbeNajis.Thusifa
holeappearsinthenailortheskin,anditisdifficulttoremovethebloodandtomakeitTahirfor
thepurposeofGhoslorGhusl,oneshouldperformTayammum(ablutionwithsoil).
54.Ifapersoncannotdiscernwhetheritisdriedbloodundertheskin,orthatthefleshhasturned
thatwaybecauseofbeinghit,itisTahir.
55.Whenawoundishealing,andpusformsaroundit,thatsubstanceisTahirifitisnotknownto
havebeenmixedwithblood.
DogsandPigs
56.DogsandpigsareNajis,andeventheirhair,bones,pawsandnails,andeveryliquidsubstance
oftheirbody,isNajis.
Kfir
57.ApersonwhodoesnotbelieveinAllahorhisoneness,isNajis.Similarly,ghulatwhobelievein
anyoftheholytwelveImmsasGod,orthattheyareincarnationsofGod,andkhawarijand
nawasibwhoexpressenmitytowardstheholyImms,arealsoNajis.Andsimilaristhecaseof
thosewhodenyProphethood,oranyofthenecessarylawsofIslam,likeprayerandfasting,ifthey
resultindenyingtheholyprophet(s).AsregardsthepeopleoftheScripture(i.e.theJews,the
ChristiansandtheMagian),theyareconsideredTahir
Wine
58.WineisNajisandeverythingelsewhichintoxicatesapersonisnotNajis.
59.Allkindsofindustrialalcoholusedforpaintingdoors,windows,tables,chairsetcareTahir.
60.Ifgrapejuicefermentsbyitself,oronbeingcooked,itisTahir,butitisHalal(allowed)
(unlawful)todrinkit.Also,asanobligatorwprecaution,boiledgropeisHalal(allowed)toeat,butis
notNajis.
61.Ifdates,currants,raisins,ortheirjuiceferment,theyareTahiranditisHalal(allowed)(lawful)
toeatthem.
62.Beer,whichlightlyintoxicates,andiscalledFuqa,isHalal(allowed),andasanobligatory
precaution,isNajis.Butbarlewjuice,whichdoesnotintoxicateatall,isTahirandHalal(allowed).
SweatofanAnimalWhoPersistentlyEatsNajasah
63.TheperspirationofacamelwhicheatshumanNajasahisNajisandasanobligatoryprecaution,
theperspirationofeveryanimalwhichishabituatedtoeathumanNajasah,isNajis.
64.TheperspirationofapersonwhoentersthestateofJanbah(majorritualimpurity)byan
unlawfulactisTahir,andprayingwithitisinorder.
WaysofProvingNajasah
65.TherearethreewaysofprovingtheNajasahofanything:
Oneiscertain,orsatisfiedthatsomethingisNajis.
Ifareliablepersonwhopossesses,controlsormanagesathing,saysthatitisNajisandheorshe
isnotaccusedoflying.
IftwojustmentestifythatacertainthingisNajis,providedthattheirtestimonydealswiththe
reasonforNajaasah,forexampletheysaythethinghasmetabloodorurine.
Ifonejustmantestifiesthis,theobligatoryprecautionistoavoidit.
HowaTahirthingBecomesNajis
66.IfaTahirthingtouchesanajisthingandeitherorbothofthemaresowetthatthewetnessof
onereachestheother,theTahirthingwillbecomeNajis.ButitwillnotbecomeNajiswith
numerousconsecutivetransmission.Forexample,iftherighthandofapersonbecomesNajiswith
urine,andthen,whilestillwet,ittoucheshislefthand,thelefthandwillalsobecomeNajis.Now,if
thelefthandafterhavingdriedup,touchesawetclloth,thatclothwillalsobecomeNajis,but,if
thatclothtouchesanotherwetthing,itcannotbesaidtobeNajis.Inanycase,ifthewetnessisso
little,thatitdoesnotaffecttheotherthing,thentheTahirthingwillnotbecomeNajis,evenifit
hadcontactedaNajisulAyn.
67.Whenasyruporoilisinafluidstate,inamannerthatifsomequantityofitisremoved,itdoes
notleaveanemptytrace,theentirequantitywillbecomeNajisimmediatelywheneventheir
slightestpartbecomesNajis.Butifithassolidified,sothatwhensomepartofitisremoved,atrace
ofemptinessisseen,onlythatpartwhichhascomeincontactwithNajasahwillbeNajis,evenif
theemptytracegetsfilleduplater.So,ifthedroppingsofaratfallonit,onlythatpartonwhich
thedroppingshavefallenwillbecomeNajis,andtherestwillremainTahir.
RulesRegardingNajst
68.TomakethescriptandpagesofholyQuranNajis,andviolateitssanctity,isundoubtedlyHalal
(allowed),andifitbecomesNajis,itshouldbemadeTahirimmediatelywithwater.Infact,asan
obligatoryprecaution,itisHalal(allowed)tomakeitnajisevenifnoviolationofsanctityis
intended,anditisobligatorytomakeitTahirbyrinsingit.
69.ItisHalal(allowed)toeatordrinkormakeotherseatordrinksomethingwhichhasbecome
Najis.However,onemaygivesuchathingtoachild,oraninsaneperson.Andifachildoraninsane
personeatsordrinksNajisthingonhisownaccord,ormakesfoodNajiswithhisNajishandsbefore
consumingit,itisnotnecessarytostophimfromdoingso.
70.IfapersonseessomeoneeatdrinksomethingNajis,orpraywithaNajisdress,itisnot
necessarytoadmonishhim.
Mutahhirat(PurifyingAgents)
71.TherearetwelvethingswhichmakeNajisobjectsTahir:
(i)Water
(ii)Earth
(iii)TheSun
(iv)Trancformation(Istihalah)
(v)Change(Inqilab)
(vi)Transfer(Intiqal)
(vii)Islam
(viii)Subjection(Tabaiyyah)
(ix)RemovaloforiginalNajasah
(x)Confining(Istip)ofanimalwhichfeedsonNajasah
(xi)DisappearanceofaMuslim
(xii)Drainingoftheusualquantityofbloodfromtheslaughteredbodyofananimal.
I.Water
72.TheinteriorofaNajisvessel,orutensil,evenifithasbeenmadeNajiswithwine,mustbe
washedthreetimesiflessthanKurrwaterisused,andasperobligatorypercaution,thesamewill
applyifKurrorrunningwaterisused.Ifadogdrinkswateroranyotherliquidfromautensil,the
utensilshouldbefirstscrubbedwithTahirearth,andafterwashingoffthedust,itshouldbe
washedtwicewithrunning,KurrorunderKurrwater.similarly,ifthedoglicksautensil,itshould
bescrubbedwithdustbeforewashing.Andifthesalivaofadogfallsintotheutensil,or
somewhereofitsbodymeetstheutensil,asperobligatoryprecaution,itshouldbescrubbedwith
dustandthenwashedwithwaterthreetimes.
73.Ifautensilislickedbyapig,orifitdrinksanyliquidfromit,orinwhicharathasdied,itshould
bewashedseventimeswithrunningwater,orKurrorlesserwater.Itwillnotbenecessarytoscour
itwithdust.
156.ANajisutensilcanbemadeTahirwithunder_Kurrwaterintwoways:

(i)Theutensilisfilledupwithwaterandemptiedthreetimes.
(ii)somequantityofwaterandpouredinit,andthentheutensilisshaken,sothatthewater
reachesallNajisparts.Thisshouldbedonethreetimesandthenthewaterisspilled.
74.IfaNajisthingisimmersedonceinKurrorrunningwater,issuchawaythatwaterreacherall
itsNajisparts,itbecomesTahir.Andinthecaseofacarpetordress,itisnotnecessarytosqueeze
orwringorpressit.AndwhenbodyordressisNajisbecauseofurine,itmustbewashedtwice
eveninKurrwater.
75.WhenathingwhichhasbecomeNajiswithurine,istobemadeTahirwithunder_Kurrwater,it
shouldbepouredonce,andaswaterflowsoffeliminatingallthetracesofurine,thethingwill
becomeTahir.ButifdressorbodyhasbecomeNajisbecauseofurine,itmustbewashedtwiceto
bemadeTahir.whenaclothoracarpetandsimilarthingsaremadeTahirwithwaterwhichisless
thanKurr,itmustbewrung,orsqueezed,tillthewaterremaininginitrunsout.
76.IfanythingbecomesNajiswiththeurineofasucklingchild,whohasnotyetstartedtakingsolid
food,thethingwillbeTahirifwaterispouredoveritonce,reachingallpartswhichhadbeenNajis.
163.IfanythingbecomesNajiswithNajasahotherthanurine,itbecomesTahirbyfirstremoving
theNajasahandthenpouringunderKurrwateronceallowingittoflowoff.But,ifitisadressetc,
itshouldbesqueezedsothattheremainingwatershouldflowoff.
77.IftheexteriorofsoapbecomesNajis,itcanbemadeTahir,butifitsinteriorbecomesNajis,it
cannotbecomeTahir,andifsoapornot,itsinteriorwillbeconsideredTahir.
78.ANajisthingdoesnotbecomeTahirunlessthenajis_ul_Aynisremovedfromit,butthereisnot
harmifthecolour,orsmelloftheNajasahremainsinit.So,ifbloodisremovedfromacloth,and
theclothisrinsedwithwater,itwillbecomeTahirevenifthecolourofbloodremainsonit.
79.MeatorfatwhichbecomesNajis,canbemadeTahirwithwaterlikeallotherthings.sameisthe
caseifthebodyordressorutensilhasalittlegreaseonit,whichdoesnotreventwaterfrom
reachingit.
80.TapwaterwhichisconnectedwithKurrwaterisconsideredtobeKurr.
81.Ifapersonwashedathingwithwater,andbecomessurethatithasbecomeTahir,butdoubts
laterwhetherornothehadremovedtheNajis_ul_Aynfromit,heshouldwashitagain,andensure
thattheNajis_ul_Aynhasbeenremoved.
82.Ifagroundwhichabsorbswater(e.g.landonthesurfaceofwhichthereisfinesand)becomes
Najis,itcanbemadeTahirevenwithunderKurrwater.
83.Ifthefloorwhichismadeofstones,orpicksorotherhardground,inwhichwaterisnot
absorbed,becomesNajis,itcanbemadeTahirwithunderKurrwater,but,itisnecessarythatso
muchwaterispouredonitthatitbeginstoflow.AndifthatWaterisnotdrainedout,andit
collectsthere,itshouldbedrawnoutbyavesselorsoakedbyacloth.
II.Earth
84.TheearthmakesthesoleofonesfeetandshoesTahir,providedthatthefollowingfour
conditionsarefulfilled:
(i)TheearthshouldbeTahir.
(ii)Theearthshouldbedry,asaprecaution.
(iii)Asanobligatoryprecaution,theNajasahshouldhavestuckfromtheearth.
(iv)IfnajisulAny,likebloodorurine,orsomethingwhichhasbecomeNajis,likenajisclay,isstuck
onthesoleofafoot,orashoe,itwillbeTahironlyifitisclearedbywalkingonearth,orbyrubbing
thefootortheshoeagainstit.therefore,iftheNajisulAnyvanishesbyitself,andnotbywalking
orrubbingontheground,thefootorthesolewillnotbeTahirbyearth,asanobligatory
precaution.Andtheearthshouldbedustorsand,orconsistingofstonesorlaidwithpicks;which
meanswalkingoncarpet,mats,greengrasswillnotmakethesoleoffeetorshoesTahir.
85.ItisamatterofIshkalthatwalkingoveratarredroad.orawoodenfloorwillmaketheNajis
soleoffeetandshoesTahir.(Inotherwords,asanobligatoryprecaution,tarredroadorwooden
floordoesnotmakeNajissoleoffeetorshoesTahir.)
86.WhentheNajissoleofone'sfootorshoebecomesTahirbywalkingonearth,thepartsadjacent
toit,whichareusuallyblotchedwithmud,becomeTahir.
87.Ifapersonmovesonhishandsandknees,andhishandsorkneesbecomeNajis,itisamatterof
Ishkal(itisimprobable)thattheybecomeTahirbysuchmovement.Similarly,theendofastick,the
bottomofaprostheticleg,theshoeofquadrupedandthewheelsofacaroracartetc.wouldnot
becomeTahir.
III.TheSun
88.Thesunmakestheearth,building,andthewallsTahir,providedthefollowingfiveconditions
arefulfilled:
(i)TheNajisthingshouldbesufficientlywet,andifitisdry,itshouldbemadewetsothatthesun
driesitup.
(ii)AnyNajisulAynshouldnotberemainedonit.
(iii)NothingshouldintervenebetweentheNajisthingandthesun.Therefore,iftheraysfallonthe
Najisthingfrombehindacurtain,oracloudetc,andmakesitdry,thethingwillnotbecomeTahir.
But,thereisnoharmifthecloudissothinthatitdoesnotserveasanimpedimentbetweenthe
Najisthingandthesun.
(iv)OnlythesunshouldmaketheNajisthingdry.So,ifaNajisthingisjointlydriedbythewindand
thesun,itwillnotbecomeTahir.However,itwouldnotmatterifthewindblowssolightlythatit
canbesaidthatthethinghasdriedbythesun.
(v)ThesunshoulddryupthewholeNajispartofthebuildingallatonce.ifthesundriesthesurface
oftheNajisearth,orbuilding,first,andlaterondriestheinnerpart,onlythesurfacewillbecome
Tahir,andtheinnerportionwillremainNajis.
89.IfthesunshinesonNajisearth,andonedoubtslaterwhethertheearthwaswetornotatthat
time,orwhetherthewetnessdriedupbecauseofthesunshineornot,theearthwillremainnajis.
Similarly,ifonetoubtswhetherNajisulAynhadbeenremovedfromtheearth,orwhetherthere
wasanyimpedimentpreventingdirectsunshine,theearthwillremainNajis.
IV.Transformation(Istia*lah)
90.IfaNajisthingundergoessuchachange,thatitassumesthecategoryofaTahirthingit
becomesTahir;forexample,ifaNajiswoodburnsandisreducedtoashes,oradogfallsinasalt
marshandtransformsintosalt,itbecomesTahir.ButathingdoesnotbecomeTahirifitsessence
orcategorydoesnotchange;like,ifwheatisgroundintoflour,orisusedforbakingpead,itdoes
notbecomeTahir
Change(Inqilab)
91.Anywinewhichbecomesvinegarbyitself,orbymixingitwithvinegarorsalt,becomesTahir.

92.Ifthejuiceofgrapesfermentsbyitself,orwhenheated,itbecomesHalal(allowed).However,if
itboilssomuchthatonlyonethirdofitisleft,itbecomesHalal(allowed).Ithasalreadybeen
mentionedinrule60thatthejuiceofgrapesdoesnotbecomeNajisonfermentation.

VI.Transfer(Intiqal)
93.Ifthebloodofahumanbeing,orofananimalwhosebloodgushesforthwhenitslargeveinis
cut,issuckedbyaninsect,normallyknowntobebloodless,anditbecomespartofitsbody,the
bloodbecomesTahir.Thisprocessiscalledintiqal.
VII.Islam
94.IfanunbelievertestifiesOnenessofAllah,andtheProphethoodofprophetMuhammad(s),in
whateverlanguage,hebecomesaMuslim.AndjustashewasNajisbefore,hebecomesTahirafter
becomingaMuslim,andhisbody,alongwiththesalivaandthesweat,isTahir.
95.IfanunbelieverprofessesIslam,hewillbeTahirevenifanotherpersonisnotsurewhetherhe
hasempacedIslamsincerely,ornot.Andthesameorderappliesevenifitisknownthathehasnot
sincerelyacceptedIslam,buthiswordsordeedsdonotbetrayanythingwhichmaybecontraryto
theconfirmationbyhimoftheOnenessofAllah,andofprophetMuhammad(s)beingprophetof
Allah.
VIII.subjection(TABAIYYAH)
96.TabaiyyahmeansthataNajisthingbecomesTahir,insubjectionofanotherthingbecoming
Tahir.
97.Whenwineistransformedintovinegar,itscontainer,uptothelevelwinereachedonaccount
offermentation,willbecomeTahir.Andsowilltheclothorotherthingwhichisusuallyputonit,if
ithasbecameNajisduetothewine.But,ifthebackpartofthecontainerbecomeNajisbecauseof
contactwithwine,itshouldbeavoided,asanobligatoryprecaution,evenafterwinehas
transformedintovinegar.
98.IfanunbelieverempacesIslam,hischildinsubjectiontohimbecomesTahir.Similarly,ifthe
mother,grandfatherorgrandmotherofachildempacesIslam,thechildwillbecomeTahir,
providedthatitisintheircustodyandcareandthereisnotaKfirrelativecloserthanthemwithit,
andifthechildhasattainedtheageofunderstandinganddiscerning,itdoesnotshowinclination
tounbelief.
99.TheplankorslabofstoneonwhichadeadbodyisgivenGhusl,andtheclothwithwhichhis
privatepartsarecovered,andthehandsofthepersonwhogivesGhuslandallthingswashed
togetherwiththedeadbody,becomeTahirwhenGhuslisover.
100.WhenapersonwashessomethingwithwatertomakeitTahir,hishandswashedalongwith
thatthing,willbeTahirwhenthethingisTahir.
101.Ifclothetc.IswashedwithunderKurrwaterandissqueezedasusual,allowingwatertoflow
off,thewaterwhichstillremainsinitisTahir.
102.WhenaNajisutensiliswashedwithunderKurrwater,thesmallquantityofwaterleftinit
afterspilligthewateroffinalwash,isTahir.
IX.RemoralofNajisulAyn
103.IfbodyofananimalisstainedwithaNajisulAynlikebloodorwithsomethingwhichhas
becomeNajis,forexample,Najiswater,itsbodybecomesTahirwhentheNajasahdisappears.
Similarly,theinnerpartsofthehumanbody,forexampleinnerpartsofmouth,ornoseorinner
earswhichbecomeNajiswithanexternalNajasah,becomeTahir,aftertheNajasahhas
disappeared.ButtheinternalNajasah,likethebloodfromthegumsoftheteeth,doesnotmake
innermouthNajis.Similarly,anyexternalthingwhichisplacedinternallyinthebody,doesnot
becomeNajiswhenitmeetswiththeinternalNajasah.Soifthedenturescomeincontactwith
bloodfromthegums,itdoesnotrequirerinsing.Ofcourse,ifitcontactsaNajisfood,itmustbe
madeTahirwithwater.
104.Iffoodremainsbetweentheteeth,andbloodemergeswithinthemouth,thefoodwillnotbe
Najisifitcomesincontactwiththatblood.
105.Thosepartsofthelipsandtheeyeswhichoverlapwhenshut,willbeconsideredasinnerparts
ofthebody,andtheyneednotbewashedwhenanexternalNajasahreachesthem.Butapartof
whichoneisnotsurewhetheritisintenalorexternal,mustbewashedwithwaterifitmeetswith
anexternalNajasah.
X.IstipaofananimalwhichEatsNajasah
106.Thedungandurineofananimalwhichishabituatedtoeatinghumanexcrement,isnajis,and
itcouldbemadeTahirbysubjectingitto"Istip",thatis,itshouldbepreventedfromeating
Najasah,andTahirfoodshouldbegiventoit,tillsuchtimethatitmaynomorebeconsideredan
animalwhicheatsNajasah.
XI.DisappeanceofaMuslim
107.Whenbody,dress,householdutensil,carpetoranysimilarthing,whichhasbeeninthe
possessionofanadultMuslimoranunderageMuslimwhoiscapableofdistinguishingbetween
purityandimpurity,becomesNajis,andthereafterthatMuslmdisappears,thethingsinquestion
canbetreatedasTahir,ifonebelievesthathemayhaverinsedthem.

108.AscrupulouspersonwhocanneverbecertainaboutaNajisbecomingTahir,heshouldfollow
themethodusedbythecommonpeople.
XII.FlowingoutofaslaughteredAnimalsBloodinNormalQuantity
109.Asstatedinrule98,ifananimalisslaughteredinaccordancewiththerulesprescribedby
Islam,andbloodflowsoutofitsbodyinnormalquantity,thebloodwhichstillremainsinthebody
oftheanimalisTahir.
RuleofGoldandSilverUtensils
110.ItisHalal(allowed)tousegoldandsilvervesselsforeatinganddrinkingpurposes,andasan
obligatoryprecaution,theirgeneraluseisalsoHalal(allowed).However,itisnotHalal(allowed)to
havetheminpossessionasitemofdecoration.Similarly,itisnotHalal(allowed)tomanufacture
goldandsilvervessels,ortobuyandsellthemforpossessionordecoration.
Ghosl
111.InGhosl,itisobligatorytowashthefaceandhands(includingtheforearms),andtowipethe
frontportionofthheadandtheupperpartoftwofeet.
112.Thelengthofthefaceshouldbewashedfromtheupperpartoftheforehead,wherehair
grow,uptothefarthestendofthechin,anditspeadthshouldbewashedtothepartcovered
betweenthethumbandthemiddlefinger.Ifevenasmallpartofthisareaisleftout,Ghoslwillbe
void.thus,inordertoensurethattheprescribedparthasbeenfullywashed,oneshouldalsowash
abitoftheadjacentparts.
113.Ifapersonsuspectsthatthereisdirtorsomethingelseintheeyepows,orcornersofhiseyes,
oronhislips,whichdoesnotpermitwatertoreachthemandthatsuspicionisreasonable,he
shouldexamineitbeforeperformingGhosl,andremoveanysuchthingifitisthere.
114.Iftheskinofthefaceisvisiblefromunderthehairgrowingontheface,likebeard,liphairetc,
heshouldmakethewaterreachtheskin,butifitisnotvisible,itissufficienttowashthehair,and
itisnotnecessarytomakethewaterreachbeneathit.
115.WhileperformingGhosl,itisnotobligatorythatoneshouldwashtheinnerpartsofthenose,
norofthelipsandeyeswhichcannotbeseenwhentheyclose.however,ifoneisnotsurethatall
partshavebeenwashed,inordertoensure,itisobligatorythatsomeportionoftheseparts(i.e.
innerpartsofnose,lipsandeyes)arealsoincluded.Andifapersondidnotknowhowmuchofthe
faceshouldbewashed,anddoesnotrememberwhetherhehaswashedhisfacethoroughlyin
Ghoslalreadyperformed,hisprayerswillbevalid,andtherewillbenoneedtodofreshGhoslfor
theensuingprayers.
116.Thehandsandforearms,andasanobligatoryprecautiontheface,sholdbewashedfrom
abovedownwards,andifonewashestheoppositeway,hisGhoslwillbevoid.
117.Afterwashingtheface,oneshouldfirstwashtherightforearmandhandandthentheleft
forearmandhand,fromtheelbowstothetipsofthefingers.
118.Ifoneisnotsurethattheelbowhasbeenwashedthoroughly,inordertoensure,heshould
includesomeportionabovetheelbowinwashing.
119.Ifbeforewashinghisface,apersonhaswashedhishandsuptothewrist,heshould,while
performingGhosl,washthemagainuptothetipsofthefingers,andifhewashesonlytheforearms
uptothewrist,hisGhoslwillbevoid.
120.254.WhileperformingGhosl,itisobligatorytowashthefaceandthehandsandforearms
once,anditisrecommendedtowashthemtwice.WashingthemthreeormoretimesisHalal
(allowed).Asregadstowhichwashingshouldbetreatedasthefirst,itwilldependuponpouring
wateronthefaceorhandsomuchthatitcoverthemthoroughly,leavingnoroomforprecaution,
withtheintentionofGhosl.So,ifonepourswateronhisfacetentimes,inordertocoverit
thoroughly,withtheintentionofthefirstwashingforGhosl,thereisnoharm.Thefirstwashing
realisesonlywhenonewasheswiththeintentionofGhosl.Thus,hecanwashhisfaceorhands
severaltimes,andinthefinalwash,maketheintentionofwashingforGhosl.Butifhefollowsthis
procedure,thefaceorthehandsshouldnotbewashedmorethanonceagain,asanobligatory
precaution,evenifwithouttheintentionofwashingforGhosl.
121.Afterwashingboththehandsandforearms,oneperformingGhoslshouldwipefrontpartof
theheadwiththewetnessofhishand:andtherecommendedprecautionisthatheshouldwipeit
withthepalmofhisrighthand,fromtheupperpartofthehand,downwards.
256.Thepartonwhichwipingshouldbeperformed,istheonefourthoftheheadposteriortothe
foreheaditissufficienttowipehowevermuchatanyplaceinthispartofthehead.<
122.Itisnotnecessarytowipeontheskinofthehead.Itisalsoinorderifonewipesthehairon
thefrontofhishead.However,ifthehairissolongthatwhencombeditfallsonhisface,oron
otherpartsofhishead,heshouldwipeontherootsofhishairIfapersoncollectshislonghairon
thefrontsideofhishead,andwipesonit,orifhewipesthehairofotherplaceswhichextendto
thefrontpartofthehead,suchawipingwouldbevoid.
123.Afterwipingthehead,onesholdwipewiththemoisturepersentinone'shands,one'sfeet
fromanytoeofthefootuptotheanklejoint.Asarecommendedprecaution,therightfootshould
bewipedwiththerighthand,andtheleftfootwiththelefthand.
124.Wipingofthefeetcanhaveanypeadth,butitisbetterthatthepeadthofthewipingbeequal
tothreejoinedfingers,anditisstillbetterthatthewipingoftheentirefootisdonewiththeentire
hand.
125.Atthetimeofwipingthefoot,itisnotnecessarytoone'shandonthetipofthetoesandthen
drawittotheanklejoint,butonecansimplyplacethewholehandonthefoot,andpullitalittle.
126.Whilewipingone'sheadandfeet,itisnecessarytomoveone'shandonthem,andifthefeet
orheadaremovedleavingthehandstationary,Ghoslwouldbevoid.However,thereisnoharmif
theheadorfootmoveslightly,whilethehandisbeingmovedforwiping.
127.Thepartsbeingwipedshouldbedry,andiftheyaresowetthatthewetnessofthepalmof
thehandhasnoeffectonthem,thewipingwillbevoid.However,thereisnoharmifthewetness
onthosepartissoinsignificant,thatthemoistureofthepalmovercomesit.
128.Ifwetnessdisappearsinthepalm,itcannotbemadewetwithfreshwater.Inthatsituation,
thepersonperformingGhoslshouldobtainmiosturefromhisbeard.Obtainingmoisturefromany
partotherthanthebeardandwipingwithitisamatterofIshkal.
129.Iftheupperpartofone'sfeetisNajis,anditcannotberinsedforwiping,oneshouldperform
Tayammum.
GhoslbyImmersion(GhoslulIrtimasi)
130.Ghoslbyimmersionmeansthatoneshoulddipone'sface,forearmsandhandsintowater,
withtheintentionofperformingGhosl.Andtherecanbenoprobleminperformingwipingwiththe
moisturethusacquired,thoughitisagainstprecaution.
131.EvenwhileperformingGhoslbyimmersion,oneshouldwashone'sfaceandhanddownwards
fromabove.Hencewhenapersondipshisfaceandhandsinwater,withtheintentionofGhosl,he
shoulddiphisfaceinwaterfromtheforeheadandhishandsfromelbows.
ComditionsfortheValidityofGhosl
ThecomditionsforacorrectGhoslareasfollows:
*Thefirstconditionisthatthewatershouldbe
I`hir,andasaprecautionclean,notsulliedwithadirtwhichmanhatesit,evenifthatdirtisTahir,
liketheurineofanimalswhosemeatisHalal(allowed)orpus.
*Thesecondconditionisthatthewaterwhouldbeunmixed.
132.GhoslperfromedwithNajisormixedwaterisvoid,evenifonemaynotbeawareofitsbeing
Najis,ormixed,ormayhaveforgottenaboutit.AndifonehasofferedprayerwiththatGhosl,one
shouldrepeatthatprayerwithavalidGhosl.
*ThethirdconditionisthatthewatershouldbeMubah(permissibleforuse).
133.ToperformGhoslwithusurpedwater,orwithwateraboutwhichonedoesnotknowwhether
theownerwouldallowitsuse,isHalal(allowed),andGhoslwillbevoid.
134.Ifapersonwhodoesnotwishtoofferprayersinaparticularmosque,isnotawarewhetherits
poolhasbeenendowedtothegeneralpublic,orspecificallytothosewhoofferprayersinthat
mosque,hecannotperformGhoslwiththewaterofthepoolofthatmosque.However,ifpeople
whodonotprayinthatmosque,usuallyperformGhoslthere,withoutanyprohibition,hecan
performGhoslfromthatpool.
135.Ifapersonforgetsthatthewaterhasbeenusurped,andperformsGhoslwithithisGhoslisin
order,but,ifapersonhasusurpedthewaterhimself,andthenforgetsaboutit,hisGhoslbeing
validisamatterofIshkal.
136.ThefourthconditionisthatpartsofthebodyonwhichGhoslisperformed,shouldbeTahir,at
thetimeofwashingandwiping.
137.IftheplacewhichhasbeenalreadywashedorwipedinGhoslbecomesNajisbeforethe
completionoftheGhosl,itwillbedeemedvalid.
138.IfanypartofthebodyotherthanthepartsofGhoslisNajis,theGhoslwillbeinorder.
139.Ifapersonhasacutorwoundonhisface,orhands,andthebloodfromitdoesnotstop,and
ifwaterisnotharmfulforhim,heshould,afterwashingthehealthypartsofthatlimborfacein
proper
sequence,puttheplaceofwoundorcutinKurrorrunningwater,andpressitalittlesothatthe
bloodmaystop.Thenheshouldpasshisfingeronthewoundorcut,withinthewater,fromabove
downwards,sothatwatermayflowonitandthenwashthelowerparts.ThiswayhisGhoslwillbe
inorder.
*ThefifthconditionisthatthepersondoingGhoslshouldhavesufficienttimeathisdisposalfor
Ghoslandprayer.
140.IfthetimeissoshortthatbydoingGhosl,theentirprayerorapartofitwillhavetobe
offeredafteritstime,beshouldperformTayammum.Butifhefeelsthatthetimerequiredfor
TayammumandGhoslisequal,thenheshoulddoGhosl.
ThesixthconditionisthatoneshouldperformGhoslwiththeintentionofwinningGodsfavor,i.e.
toobeytheordersofAllah.IfapersonperformsGhosl,forthepurposeofcoolinghimselforfor
someotherpurpose,theGhoslwouldbevoid.
TheseventhconditionisthatGhoslshouldbeperformedintheprescribedsequence,thatis,he
shouldfirstwashhisface,thenhisrightforearmandhandandthenhisleftforearmandhand,and
thereafter,heshouldwipehisheadandthenthefeet.Asarecommendedprecaution,heshould
notwipeboththefeettogether.Heshouldwipetherightfootfirstandthentheleft.
TheeighthconditionisthattheactsofGhoslshouldbedoneoneaftertheother,withouttime
gapinbetween.
141.IfthereissomuchgapbetweentheactsofGhosl,thatitcannotbesaidthatitisbeing
preformedinnormalsuccession,Ghoslwillbevoid.Butthisruledoesnotapplywhenthereisa
justifiableexcuse,likeforgettingorwaterbeingexhausted.Whenoneisgoingtowashorwipe
somepart,heshouldfirstensurethatalltheprecedingpartswhichhehadwashedorwipedhave
notdriedup.Iftheyhavealldriedup,hisGhoslwillbevoid.Butifonlythepreviosoneparthas
driedup,hisGhoslwillbeinorder.Forexample,whilegoingtowashhisleftforearm,hefindsthat
hisrightforearmhasdriedup,buthisfaceisstillwet,hisGhoslwillbevalid.
142.ThereisnoharminwalkingwhileperformingGhosl.Hence,ifafterwashinghisfaceand
hands,apersonwalksafewstepsandthenwipeshisheadandfeet,hisGhoslisvalid.
*TheninthconditionisthatapersondoingGhoslshouldwashhishandsandfaceandwipehis
headandfeethimself.Hence,ifanotherpersonmakeshimperformGhosl,orhelpshiminpouring
wateroverhisface,orhands,orinwipinghishead,orfeet,hisGhoslisvoid.
143.IfapersoncannotperformGhoslhimself,heshouldappointsomeonetoassisthim,evenifit
meanswashingandwipingjointly.Andifthatpersondemandsanypaymentforthat,heshouldbe
paid,providedonecanafford,andonedoesnotsustainanyloss.butheshouldmakeintentionof
Ghoslhimself,andshouldwipeusinghisownhands.Ifthepersonhimselfcannotparticipatein
actuallydoingGhosl,andifhemustbeassistedbyanotherpersonthenanobligatoryprecautionis
thatbothshouldmaketheintertionofGhosl.Thenhisassistantwillholdhishand,andhelphimdo
thewiping.Andifthatisnotpossible,hewilltakesomemoisturefromhishands,andwiththat
moisturewipehisheadandfeet.
144.oneshouldnotobtainassistanceinperformingthoseactsofGhosl,whichonecanperform
alone.
*Thetenthconditionisthatthereshouldbenoharmforusingwater.
145.IfapersonfearsthathewillfallillifheperformsGhosl,or,ifwaterisusedupforGhosl,no
waterwillbeleftfordrinking,hedoesnothavetodoGhosl.Ifhewasunawarethatwaterwas
harmfultohim,andheperformedGhosl,andlateron,itturnedouttobeharmful,hisGhoslwillbe
void.
*Theeleventhconditionisthatthereshouldbenoimpedimentinthewayofwaterreachingthe
partsofGhosl.
146.IfapersonfindsthatsomethinghasstucktoanypartofGhosl,butdoubtswhetheritwill
preventwaterfromreachingthere,heshouldremovethatthing,orpourwaterunderit.
147.DirtunderthefingernailswouldnotaffectGhosl.However,whenthenailsarecut,andthere
remainsdirtwhichpreventswaterfromreachingtheskin,thenthatdirtmustberemoved.
Moreover,ifthenailsareunusuallylong,thedirtcollectedbeneaththeunusualpart,oughttobe
cleansed.
148.IfthereisdirtonthepartofGhoslwhichwillnotpreventwaterreachingthebodywhile
washingorwiping,theGhoslwillbeinorder.Similarly,ifsomewhitelimesplashedfromthe
whitewashstaysonthebody,notobstructingwaterfromreachingit,Ghoslwillbevalid.
Andifonedoubtswhetheritmayobstruct,thenoneshouldremovethesplashedparticles.
149.IfapersondoubtsafterGhoslwhetheranyobstructionwasthereornot,hisGhoslwillbe
valid.
RulesRregardingGhosl
150.IfapersondoubtstoooftenabouttheactsofGhoslanditscondition,like,aboutwaterbeing
Tahir,oritsnotbeingusurped,heshouldnotpayheedtosuchabout.
151.IfapersondoubtswhetherhisGhoslhasbecomevoid,heshouldtreatitasvalid.But,ifhedid
notperformIstip(ruleno.35)afterurinating,andperformedGhosl,andthereaftersomefluidwas
dischargedaboutwhichhewasnotsurewhetheritwasurineorsomethinglse,hisGhoslwillbe
void.

152.Ifapersonrealisesafterofferingprayer,thathisGhoslbecamevoid,butdoubtswhetherit
becamevoidbeforeprayerorafter,theprayerofferedbyhimwillbedeemedinorder.
153.Ifapersonsuffersfromanincontinence,duetowhichdropsofurinecomeoutcontinuously,
orheisnotinapositiontocontrolhisdefecation,heshouldactasfollows:
*Ifheissurethatatsometimeduringtheprayertime,therewillbearespiteduringwhichthere
willbearestraint,thenheshouldperformGhoslandprayeratsuchtime.
*Ifduringtherestraint,hecancontrolhisurineorexcretiononlyforperformingWajib(obligatory)
actsofprayer,thenheshouldperformonlyobligatoryacts,andabandontheMustahabacts(e.g.
Adhan,Iqamah,Qunutetc.).
154.IfthetimeofrestraintisjustenoughtoallowGhoslandapartofprayer,andifhedischarges
urineorexcretiononce,orseveraltimesduringprayer,thenasanobligatoryprecaution,heshould
doGhoslinthosemomentsofrespiteandpray.ItwillnotbenecessaryforhimtorenewtheGhosl
duringprayerbecauseofdischargingurineorexcretion.
155.Ifthereisacontinuedincontinence,allowingnoperiodofrestraintforGhosl,orevenapartof
prayer,thenoneGhoslwillbeenoughforseveralprayers,exceptwhereonecommitsany
extraneousact,invalidatingtheGhosl.
156.Apersonwhocannotcontrolurine,shoulduseabagfilledwithcottenorsomesimilardevice,
toprotectoneself,andtopreventurinefromreachingotherplaces,andtheobligatoryprecaution
isthatbeforeeveryprayer,heshouldwashtheoutletofurinewhichhasbecomeNajis.Moreover,
apersonwhocannotcontrolexcretionshould,ifpossible,preventitfromreachingotherparts,at
leastduringthetimerequiredforprayer.Andtheobligatoryprecautionisthatifnohardshipis
involved,heshouldwashtheanusforeachprayer.
157.Ifapersonwhosufferedincontinence,recoversfromtheailment.Itisnotnecessaryforhimto
repeatthoseprayerswhichheofferedaccordingtohisreligiousduty,duringtheperiodofhis
ailment.However,ifherecoversduringprayer'stime,heshouldrepeatthatprayer,asan
obligatoryprecaution.
158.Ifapersonsuffersfromaninccontinence,whichrendershimunabletocontrolpassingthe
wind,hewillactaccordingtotherulesapplicabletotheincontinentpersonsdescribedinthe
foregoingrules.
ThingsforwhichGhoslisObligatory
159.ItisobligatorytoperformGhoslforthefollwoingsixthings:
Forallobligatoryprayers,exceptfuneralprayer(?altulmayyit).AsregardsMustahabprayers,
Ghoslisaconditionfortheirvalidity.
FortheSajdahandTashahhudwhichapersonforgottoperformduringtheprayers,providedthat
heinvalidatedhisGhoslafterprayer,andbeforeperformingthoseforgottenacts.Itisnot
obligatorytoperformGhoslforSajdatussahw.
FortheobligatoryTawafoftheholyKa'bah,whichisapartofHajjorUmrah.
IfapersonhasmadeaNadhr(vow),orasolemnpledge,
OrtakenanoathforGhosl.
IfapersonhasmadeaNadhr,forexample,thathewouldkisstheholyQur'an.
ForwashingandmakingTahirtheholyQur'anwhichhasbecomeNajis.
160.ItisHalal(allowed)totouchthescriptoftheholyQur'anwithanypartofone'sbody,without
performingGhosl.However,thereisnoharmintouchingthetranslationoftheholyQur'an,inany
language,withoutGhosl.
161.ItisHalal(allowed),asanobligatoryprecaution,totouchtheNameofAllahorHisspecial
AttributeswithoutGhosl,
Inwhicheverlanguagetheymayhavebeenwritten.Anditisalsobetternottotouch,without
Ghosl,thenamesoftheholyProphetofIslam,theholyImmsand
FatimatuzZahra,(peacebeuponthem).
162.IfapersonperformsGhosl,alittleormuchbeforeorafterenteringprayer'stime,withthe
intentionofQurbah,hisGhoslwillbevalid,anditisnotnecessarytomaketheintentionof
obligatoryorrecommendedGhosl.EvenifhemakestheintentionofobligatoryGhosl,and
afterwardrealisesthatitwasnotobligatorytheGhoslwillbevalid.
ThingswhichInvalidateGhosl
163.Ghoslbecomesvoidonaccountofthefollowingseventhings:
Passingofurine.

Excretion.
Passingwindfromtherear.
Asleep,deepenoughtorestrictsightandhearing.However,iftheeyesdonotseeanything,but
theearscanhear,Ghosldoesnotbecomevoid.
Thingsonaccountofwhichapersonloseshissensibility,likeinsanity,intoxicationor
unconsciousness.
Istihadhahwhichwillbedealtwithlater.
Janbah,and,asarecommendedprecaution,everystatewhichrequiresGhusl.
Jabi'rah(Splint)Ghosl
Thesplintwithwhichawoundorafracturedboneisbandagedorhelpstightandthemedication
usedoverawoundetc.iscalledJabi'rah.
164.Ifthereisawound,orsore,orafracturedboneinthepartsonwhichGhoslisperformed,and
itisnotbandaged,thenoneshouldperformGhoslintheusualmanner,providingtheuseofwater
isnotharmful.
165.Ifthereisanunbandagedwound,sore,orpokenboneinone'sfaceorhands,andiftheuseof
waterisharmfulforit,oneshouldwashthepartsadjoiningthewoundfromabovedownwards,in
theusualmannerofGhosl.
166.Ifthereisanunbandagedwound,orsoreorfracturedboneonthefrontpartofthehead,or
onthefeet,andonecannotwipeit,becausethewoundhascoveredtheentirepartofwiping,orif
hecannotwipeeventhehealthyparts,thenitisnecessaryforhimtodoTayammum.
167.Ifthestore,orwound,orfracturedboneishandaged,anditispossibletoundoit,andifwater
isnotharmfulforit,oneshoulduntieitandthendoGhosl,regardlessofwhetherthewoundetc.Is
onhisfaceorhands,oronthefrontpartofhisheadoronhisfeet.
168.Ifthewound,orsore,orthefracturedbonewhichhasbeentiedwithasplintorabandageis
onthefaceorthehandsofaperson,andifundoingitandpouringwateronitisharmful,heshould
washtheadjacentpartswhichispossibletowash,andasanabligatoryprecautionwipethe
Jabi'rah.
169.Ifitisnotpossibletountiethebandageofthewound,butthewoundandthebandageonit
areTahir,anditispossibletomakewaterreachthewoundwithoutanyharm,watershouldbe
madetoreachthewoundbypouringfromabovedownward.Andifthewoundoritsbandageis
Najis,butitispossibletowashit,andtomakewaterreachthewould,heshouldrinseitandshould
makewaterreachthewoundatthetimeofGhosl.Andifwaterisnotharmfulforthewound,butit
isnotpossibletomakewaterreachit,orundoingthebaudageresultsinharmorhardship,he
shouldperformTayammum.
170.IftheJabi'rahcoverssomeofthepartsofGhoslthenwuduprescribedforJabi'rahisenough.
ButifallthepartsofGhoslaretotallycoveredwithJabi'rah,then,asaprecaution,oneshoulddo
Tayammum,andalsodoGhoslasperrulesofJabi'rah.
171.IfapersonhasJabi'rahonhispalmandfingers,andhepassesawethandonitwhile
perfromingGhosl,hecandothewipingofhisheadandfeetwiththesamewetness.
172.IftheJabi'rahhascoveredtheentiresurfaceofthefood,butapartofthefingers,andapart
fromtheuppersideofthefootadjacenttotheanklejointisopen,oneshoulddowipingonthe
footattheopenplaces,andalsoonthesurfaceoftheJabi'rah.
173.IftheJabi'rahhascoveredunusuallymorespacethanthesizeofthewound,anditisdifficult
toremoveit,thenoneshouldperformTayammum,exceptwhentheJabi'rahisartheplacesof
Tayammum.Itself,inwhichcase,itisnecessarytoperformbothwuduAndinboththecases,ifit
ispossibletoremovetheJabi'rahoneshouldremoveit.Then,ifthewoundisonthefaceorhands,
heshouldwashitssides,andiftheyareontheheadorthefeet,heshouldwipeitscorners.Asfor
thewoundsthemselves,hewillactaccordingtotherulesofJabi'rah.
174.IfthereisnowoundorfracturedboneinthepartsofGhosl,buttheuseofwaterisharmfulfor
someotherreason,oneshouldperformTayammum.
175.IfapersonhasgothisveinopenedonanyoneofthepartsofGhosl,andhecannotrinseit,he
mustperformTayammum.Butifwaterisharmfulforit,thenheshouldactasrulesofJabi'rah.
176.IfsomethingisstuckonthepartofGhoslorGhusl,anditisnotpossibletoremoveit,orits
removalinvolvesunbearablepain,thenoneshouldperformTayammum.But,ifthethingisstuck
onthepartsofTayammum,itisnecessarytoperformbothGhoslandTayammum.Andifthestuck
thingisamedicine,thenrulesrelatingtoJabi'rahwillapplytoit.
177.InallkindsofGhusls,excepttheGhuslulMayyit(bathofthedeadbody),theJabi'rahGhuslis
likeJabi'rahGhosl.However,insuchcasesoneshouldresorttoGhuslutTartibi(systematicGhusl).
Ifthereisawound,orasoreonthebody,thenapersonhasachoicebetweenGhusland
Tayammum.However,ifthereisfracturedboneinthebody,heshoulddoGhuslandshould,asa
precautionarymeasure,alsoperformwipingontheJabi'rah.Andifitisnotpossibletowipeonthe
Jabi'rah,orifthefracturedboneisnotinsplint,itisnecessaryforhimtoperformTayammum.
178.IftheobligationofapersonistodoTayammum,andatsomeoftheplacesofTayammumhe
haswound,sore,orfracturedbone,heshouldperformJabi'rahTayammumaccordingtotherules
ofJabi'rahGhosl.
179.IfapersoncannotdecidewhetherheshouldperformTayammumorJabi'rahGhosl,the
obligatoryprecautionisthatheshouldperformboth.
180.TheprayersofferedwithJabi'rahGhoslarevalid,andthatGhoslcanbevalidforlaterprayers
also.
GhuslforTouchingaDeadBody
284.Ifapersontouchesahumandeadbodywhichhasbecomecoldandhasnotyetbeengiven
Ghusl(i.e.pingsanypartofhisownbodyincontactwithit)heshoulddoGhusl.
285.Ifapersontouchesadeadbodywhichhasnotbecomeentirelycold,Ghuslwillnotbe
obligatory,eveniftheparttouchedhasbecomecold.
286.Ifapersonpingshishairincontactwiththebodyofadeadperson,orifhisbodytouchesthe
hairofthedeadpersonorifhishairtouchesthehairofthedeadperson,Ghuslwillnotbecome
obligatory.

287.ItisnotobligatorytodoGhuslfortouchingaseparatedbonewhichhasnotbeengivenGhusl,
whetherithasbeenseparatedfromadeadbodyoralivingperson.Thesameruleappliesto
touchingtheteethwhichhavebeenseparatedfromadeadbodyoralivingperson.
288.ThemethodofdoingGhuslfortouchingthedeadbodyisthesameasofGhuslforJanaban
anditdoesnotrequireanyGhosl.
RulesRelatedtoaDyingPerson
289.AMu'minwhoisdying,whethermanorwoman,oldoryoung,should,asameasureof
precaution,belaidonhis/herbackifpossible,insuchamannerthatthesolesofhis/herfeetwould
facetheQiblah(directiontowardstheholyKa'bah).

290.ItisanobligatoryprecautionuponeveryMuslim,tolayadyingpersonfacingtheQiblah.And
ifitisknownthatthedyingpersonconsentstoitandheorsheisnotdefective,thereisnoneedto
seekthepermissionforitfromtheguardian.Otherwise,thepermissionmustbesoughtasa
precaution.
291.ItisrecommendedthatthedoctrinaltestimoryofIslam(Shahadatayn)andthe
acknowledgementofthetwelveImmsandothertenetsoffaithshouldbeinculcatedtoadying
personinsuchamannerthathe/shewouldunderstand.Itisalsorecommendedthatthese
utterancesarerepeatedtillthetimeofhis/herdeath.
TheobligationofGhusl,Kafn(Shrouding),SalatandBurial
292.GivingGhusl,Kafn,Hunot,salatandburialtoeverydeadMuslim,regardlessofwhether
he/sheisanIthnaAshariornot,isobligatoryontheguardianmusteitherdischargealltheseduties
himselforappointsomeonetodothem.
TheMethodofGhuslofMayyit
293.ItisobligatorytogivethreeGhusltoadeadbody.Thefirstbathingshouldbewithwater
mixedwithSidr(powderedleavesoflotetree).Thesecondbathingshouldbewithwatermixed
withcaphorandthethirdshouldbewithunmixedwater.
294.ThequantityofSidrandcaphorshouldneitherbesomuchthatthewaterbecomesmixed
(Muf),norsolittlethatitmaybesaidthatSidrandcaphorhavenotbeenmixedinitatall.
295.ApersonwhogivesGhusltoadeadbodyshouldbeaMuslimandsaneandasaprecautiona
Shi'ahIthnaAshariyyah,andahouldknowtherulesofGhusl.
296.OnewhogivesGhulstothedeadbodyshouldperformtheactwiththeintentionofQurbah,
anditisenoughtobewithintentionofcomplyingwiththeGod'swill.
297.GhusltoaMuslimdeadchild,evenillegitimate,isobligatory.
298.Ifafoetusof4monthsormoreisaborteditisobligatorytogiveitGhuls,andevenifithasnot
completedfourmonths,butithasformedfeaturesofahumanchild,itmustbegivenGhuslasa
precaution.Intheeventofbothofthesecircumstancesbeingabsent,thefoetuswillbewrapped
upinaclothandburiedwithoutGhusl.
299.ItisunlawfulforamantogiveGhusltothedeadbodyofanonMahramwomanandfora
womantogiveGhusltothedeadbodyofanonMahramman.Husbandandwifecan,however,
giveGhusltothedeadbodyofeachother.
300.Ifthereisanessentialimpurityonanypartofthedeadbody,itisobligatorytoremoveitbefor
givingGhusl.
301.GhuslforadeadbodyissimilartoGhuslofJanbah.Andtheobligatoryprecautionisthata
corpseshouldnotbegivenGhuslbyIrtimsi',thatis,immersion,aslongasitispossibletogive
GhuslbywayofTartibi.AndeveninthecaseofTartibiGhuslitisnecessarythatthebodyshouldbe
washedontherightsidefirst.Andthentheleftside.
302.ThereisnoruleforJabi'rahinGhuslofmayyit,soifwaterisnotavailableorthereissome
othervalidexcuseforabstainingfromusingwaterfortheGhusl,thenthedeadbodyshouldbe
givenoneTayammuminsteadofGhusl.
303.AperscongivingTayammumtothedeadbodyshouldstrikehisownpalmsonearthandthen
wipethemthefaceandbackofthehandsofthedaedbody.Andtherecommendedprecautionis
thatheshould,ifpossible,usethehandsofthedeadforanotherTayammum.
RulesRegardingKafn(Shrouding)
304.ThebodyofadeadMuslimshouldbegivenKafnwiththreepiecesofcloth:aloincloth,ashirt
ortunic,andafullcover.
305.Asanobligatoryprecaution,theloinclothshouldbelongenoughtocoverthebodyfromthe
naveluptotheknees,betterstillifitcoversthebodyfromthechestuptothefeet.Asan
obligatoryprecaution,theshirtshouldbelongenoughtocovertheentirebodyfromthetopofthe
shouldersuptothemiddleoftheforelegs,andbetterstillifitreachesthefeet.Thesheetcover
shouldbelongenoughtoconcealthewholebody,andasanobligatoryprecautionitshouldbeso
longthatbothitsendscouldbetied,anditspeadthshouldbeenoughtoallowonesidetooverlap
theother.
306.Asaprecaution,itmustbeensuredthateachofthethreepiecesusedforKafanisnotsothin
astoshowthebodyofthedeceased.However,ifthebodyisfullyconsealedwhenallthethree
piecesareputtogether,thenitwillsuffice.
307.ItisnotpermissibletogiveaKafanwhichisNajis,orwhichismadeofpuresilk,orasa
precautionwhichiswomenwithgold,exceptinthesituationofhelplessness,whennoalternative
istobefound.
308.IftheKafanbecomesNajisowingtoNajasah,ofthedeceased,orowingtosomeother
Najasah,itsNajispartshouldbewashedorcutoffinsuchamannerthattheKafanmaynotbelost,
evenafterthedeadbodyhasbeenplacedinthegrave.Andifitisnotpossibletowashit,ortocut
itoff,butitispossibletochangeit,thenitshouldbechanged.
RulesofHunot
309.AfterhavinggivenGhusltoadeadbodyitisobligatorytogiveHunot,whichistoapplycaphor
onitsforehead,boththepalms,boththekneesandboththebigtoes.Itisnotnecessarytorubthe
caphor;itmustbeseenonthoseparts.ItisMustahabtoapplycaphortothenosetipalso.Caphor
mustbepowderedandfreashandTahirandMubah,andifitissostalethatithaslostitsfragrance,
thenitwillnotsuffice.
310.ItisbetterthatHunotisgivenbeforeKafn,althoughthereisnoharmingivingHunotduring
Kafnorevenafter.
311.ThoughitisHalal(allowed)foraMutakifandawomanwhosehusbandhasdiedandsheisin
Iddahtoperformhim/herself,butifheorshedies,itisobligatorytogiveherHunot.
312.ItisMustahabtomixasmallquantityofTurbah(soiloftheshrineofImmHusayn)with
caphor,butitshouldnotbeappliedtothosepartsofthebody,whereitsusemayimplyany
disrespect.ItisalsonecessarythatthequantityofTurbanisnotmuch,sothattheidentityof
caphordoesnotchange.
RulesofSalatulMayyit
313.ItisobligatorytoofferSalatulMayyitforeverydeadMuslim,aswellasforaMuslimchildifit
hascompleted6yearsofitsage.
314.Ifachildhadnotcompleted6yearsofitsage,butitwasadiscerningchildwhoknew
whatSalatwas,thenasanobligatoryprecautionSalatulMayyitforitshouldbeoffered.Ifitdidnot
knowofSalat,theprayermsybeofferedwiththehopeofpleasingAllah(Raja'an).However,to
offerSalatulmayyitforastillbornchildisnotMustahab.
315.SalatulMayyitshouldbeofferedafterthedeadbodyhasbeengivenGhusl,HunotandKafan
andifitisofferedbeforeorduringtheperformanceoftheseacts,itdoesnotsuffice,evenifitis
duetoforgetfulnessoronaccountofnotknowingtherule.
316.ItisnotnecessaryforapersonwhooffersSalatulMayyittobeinGhoslorGhuslor
TayammumnorisitnecessarythathisbodyanddressbeTahir.Ratherthereisnoharmevenifhis
dressisausurpedone.
317.OnewhooffersSalatulMayyitshouldfacetheQiblah,anditisalsoobligatorythatatthetime
ofSalatulMayyit,thedeadbodyremainsbeforehimonitsback,inamannerthatitsheadisonhis
rightanditsfeetonhisleftside.
318.TheplacewhereamanstandstoofferSalatulMayyitshouldnotbehigherorlowerthanthe
placewherethedeadbodyiskept.However,itsbeingalittiehigheroriowerisimmaterial.
319.ThepersonofferingSalatulMayyetshouldnotbedistantfromthedeadbody.However,ithe
isprayinginacongredation(Jamaah),thenthereisnoharminhisbeingdistantfromthehead
bodyintherowswhichareconnectedtoeachother.
320.InSalatulMayyit,onewhooffersprayershouldstandinsuchaWaythatthedeadbodyisin
frontofhim,exceptiftheSalatisprayedinacongregationandthelinesextendbeyondonboth
sides,thenprayingawayfromthedeadbodywillnotbeobjectionable.
321.IfadeadbodyisburiedwithoutSalatulMayyet,eitherintentionallyorforgetfully,oron
accountofanexcuse,orifittrancpiresafteritsburialthattheprayerofferedforitwasvoid,itwill
notbepermissibletodigupthegraveforprayingSalatulMayyit.Thereisnoobjectiontopraying,
withthehopeofpleasingAllah,bythegraveside,ifonefeelsthatdecayhasnotyettakenplace.
MethodofSalatulMayyit
322.Thereare5Takbirs(sayingAllahuAkbar)inSalatulMayyitanditissufficientifaperson
recitesthose5Takbirsinthefollowingorder:
Aftermakingintentiontooffertheprayerandpronouncingthe1stTakbirheshouldsay:Ashhadu
anlailahaillallah,waannamuhammadanRasulullah.(IbearwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah
andthatMuhammadisAllah'sMessenger.)
Afterthe2ndTakbirheshouldsay:AllahummasallialaMuhammadinwaaliMuhammad.(O'Lord!
BestowpeaceandblessinguponMuhammadandhisprogeny.)
Afterthe3rdTakbirheshouldsay:Allahummaghfirlilmu'mininawalmu'minat.(O'Lord!Forgive
allbelieversmenaswellaswomen.)
Afterthe4thTakbirheshouldsay:Allahummaghfirlihadhalmayyit.(O'LordForgivethisdead
maleperson).Ifthedeadpersonisafemale,hewouldsay:
Allahummaghfirlihadhihilmayyit.
Thereafterheshouldpronouncethe5thTakbir.
323.ApersonofferingprayerforthedeadbodyshouldreciteTakbirsandsupplicationsina
sequence,sothatSalatulMayyitdoesnotloseitsfrom.
324.ApersonwhojoinsSalatulMayyittofollowanImmshouldrecitealltheTakbirsand
supplisations.
RulesAboutBurialoftheDeadBody
325.Itisobligatorytoburyadeadbodyintheground,sodeepthstitssmelldoesnotcomeout
andthebeastsofpreydonotdigitout.
326.Thedeadbodyshouldbelaidinthegraveonitsrightsidesothatthefaceremainstowards
theQiblah.
327.ItisnotpermittedtoburyamusliminthegraveyardoftheconMuslims,nortoburyanon
MusliminthegraveyardoftheMuslims.
328.Itisnotpermissibletoburyadeadbodyinausurpedplacenotinaplacewhichisdedicated
forpurposesotherthenburial(e.g.inaMasjid),ifitisharmfulorobtrusiveforthededication.Asan
obligatoryprecautionthisisnotpermitted,evenifitisnotharmfulorobstructiveforthe
dedication.
329.Itisnotpermissibletodigupagraveforthepurposeofburyinganotherdeadbodyinit,
unlessoneissurethatthegraveisveryoldandtheformerbodyhasbeentotallydisintegrated.
330.Anythingwhichisseparatedfromthedeadbody(evenitshair,nailortooth)shouldbeburied
alongwithit.Andifanypartofthebody,includinghair.nailsorteetharefoundafterthebodyhas
beenburied,theyshouldbeburiedataseparateplace,asperobligatoryprecaution.Anditis
Mustahabthatnailsandteethcutofforextractedduringlifetimearealsoburied.
Exhumation
331.ItisHalal(allowed)toopenthegraveofaMuslimevenifitbelongstoachildoraninsane
person.However,thereisnoobjectionindoingsoifthedeadbodyhasdecayedandturnedinto
dust.
332.DiggingupordestroyingthegravesofthedescendantsofImmsthemartyrs,theUlama
(religiousscholars)andallcaseswhosedestroyingamountstodesecration,isHalal(allowed)even
iftheyareveryold.
333.Diggingupthegraveisallowedinsomecases,whichareexplainedfullyindefailedbooks.
RecommendedGhusls
334.InIslam,severalGhuslsareMustahab.Someofthemarelistedbelow:
*Ghusluljumu'ah(FridayGhusl):ItsprescribedtimeisfromFajr(dawn)tosunset,butitisbetter
toperformitnearnoon.If,however,apersondoesnotperformittillnoon,hecanperformittill
duskwithoutanententionofeitherperformingitontimeorasQa.Andifapersondoesnot
performhisGhuslonFridayitisMustahabthatheshouldperformtheQaofGhuslonSaturday
atanytimebetweendawnanddusk.
*Takingbathsonthe1st,17th,19th,21st,23rdand24thnightsoftheholymonthofRamadan.
*GhuslonidulFitrdayandidulAdhaday.ThetimeofthisGhuslisfromFajruptosunset.itis,
however,bettertoperformitbeforeidprayer.
*Ghuslonthe8thand9thofthemonthofDhulHijjah.Asregarsthebathingonthe9thofDhul
Hijjaditisbettertoperformitatnoontime.
*SomeotherGhuslswhicharementionedindetailedbooks.
335.AfterhavingtakenaGhuslwichitsbeingrecommendedisestablished,likethoselistedinrule
no.651,onecanperformacts(e.g.prayer)forwhichGhoslisnecessary.However,Ghuslswhich
thierbeingMustahabisnotestoblisheddonotsufficeforGhosl(i.e.Ghoslhastobeperformed).
336.IfapersonwishestoperformanumberofMustahabGhusls,oneGhuslwiththeintentionof
performingalltheGhuslswillbesufficient.
Tayammum
TayammumshouldbeperformedinsdeadofGhoslorGhuslinthefollowingsevencircumstances:
*First:whenthereisnotanywater.
337.Ifapersonhappenstobeinaninhabitedplaceheshouldmakehisbesteffortstoprocure
waterforGhoslorGhusltillsuchtimethathelosesallhope.
338.Ifapersonissurethathecannotgetwateranddoesnot,therefore,goinsearchofwaterand
offershisprayerwithTayammum,butrealisesafterprayerethatifhehadmadeanefforthewould
havefetchedwater,heshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,doGhoslandrepeattheprayer.
339.Ifapersonisalreadywithwudw,asanobligatoryprecationheshouldnotallowhisGhoslto
becomevoidifheknowsthathewillnotheabletofindwaterorhewillnotbeablitodoGhosl
againwhetherthetimeforSalathassetinornot.However,amancanhaveanintercoursewithhis
WifeevenifheknowsthathewillnotbeabletodoGhusl.
340.Ifapersonknewthathewouldnotgetwater,andyetmadehisGhoslvoidorspilledthewater
withinreach,hecommittedasinbuthisprayerwithTayammumwillbeinorder.However,the
recommendedprecautionisthatheshouldoffertheQa'oftheprayre.
*Second:Waterisnotwithinreach.
341.Ifapersonisunabletoprocurewateronacountofoldageorweakness,orfearofathiefora
beast,orbecausehedoesnotpossessmeanstodrawwaterfromawell,heshouldperform
Taayammum.
*Third:Fearingfromusingwater.
342.Ifusingwaterresultsitdeathofapersonorifheuseswaterhewillsufferfromsomeailment
orphysicaldefect,ortheillnessfromwhichheisalreadysufferingwillbeprolonged,orbecome
acuteorsomecomplicationsmayariseinitstreatment,heshouldperformTayammum.However,
ifhecanavoidtheharm,forexamplebyusingwarmwater,heshouldpreparewarmwateranddo
Ghosl,orGhuslwhenitisnecessary.
343.Itisnotnecessarytobeabsolutelycertainthatwaterisharmfultohim.Ifhefeelsthatthereis
aprobabilityofharm,andifthatprobabilityisjustifiedbypopularopinion,thenheshoulddo
Tayammum.
344.IfapersonperformsTayammumonaccountofcertaintyorfearaboutwaterbeingharmfulto
himbutrealisesbeforeSalatthatitisnotharmful,hisTayammumisvoid.Andifherealisesthis
afterhavingprayedheshouldoffertheprayeragainwithGhoslorGhusl,exceptwhenGhoslor
Ghuslincaseofcertaintyorfearaboutbeingharmfulresultsinsuchananxietywhichisdifficultto
tolerate.
345.Ifapersonwassurethatwaterwasnotharmfultohim,andhedidGhuslorGhosl,butlater
realisedthatwaterwasharmfultohim,hisGhoslandGhuslwillbevoid.
*Fourth:Hardshipanddifficulty.
346.Itprovidingwaterorusingitissohardanddifficultthatitusuallycannotbetelerated,onecan
doTayammum.ButifhetoleratesthehardshipandperformsGhoslorGhusl,hisGhoslorGhusl
willbeinorder.
* Fifth:Neadtowaterforquenchingone'sthirst.
347.Ifoneneedsthewaterforquenchingone's
thirst,heshouldperformTayammum.Tayammumispermissibleinthefollowingtwocases:
*IfhefearsthatbyusingupthewaterforGhuslorGhoslhewillsufferanacutethirst,whichmay
resultinhisillnessordeath,oritmaycauseintolerablehardship.
*Ifhefearsthatothers,whoarehisdeapendents,maydieorsuffersomeillnessorbecome
unbearablyrestlessanddistressedduetolackofwater,eveniftheyarenotofpoeplewhose
respectisobligatory,providingthattheirlifeisimportantforhim,whetherbecauseofhis
attachmenttothemorbecausetheirdeathisharmfulforhimorrespeetingthemiscommanly
necessarylikefriendsandneighbours.
*Sixth:WhenGhoslorGhuslinterruptsanotherdutyWhichismoreimportantorqualtoit.
348.IfthebodyordressofapersonisNajisandhepossessesonlyasmuchwaterasislikelytobe
exhaustedifhedoesGhuslorGhosl,andnowaterwouldbeavailableformakinghisbodyordress
Tahir,heshouldmakehisbodyordressTahirandpraywithTayammum.Butifhedoesnothave
anythingupenwhichhewoulddoTayammum,thenheshouldusethewaterforGhuslorGhosl,
andpraywithNajisbodyordress.
*Seventh:Shortageoftime.
349.WhenthetimeleftforSalatissolittlethatifapersondoesGhuslorGhoslhewouldbeobliged
tooffertheentireprayerorapartofitaftertheprescribedtime,heshouldperformtayammum.
350.IfapersonintentionallydelaysofferingtheprayertillnotimeisleftforGhuslorGhosl,he
commitsasin,buttheprayerpfferedbyhimwithTayammumwillbevalid.
351.IfapersondoubtswhetheranytimewillbeleftforprayerifhedoesGhuslorGhosl,heshould
performTayammum.
352.IfapersonhasonlyjustenoughtimethathemayperformGhoslorGhuslandofferprayer,
withoutitsMustahabactslikeIqamahandQunut,heshoulddoGhualorGhosl,whicheveristhen
necessary,andparywithoutthoseMustahabparts.Inface,ifforthatpurpose,hehastoavoidthe
nextSurahafteralhamd,heshoulddosoafterdoingGhoslorGhusl.
ThingsonwhichTayammumisAllowed
353.Tayammumcanbedoneonearth,sand,lumpofclayorstone.
693.Tayammumcanalsobedoneongypsumorlimestone.Similarly,Tayammumisallowedon
dustwhichgathersonthedressorthecarpetsetc,providedthatitsquantityissuchthatitcanbe
termedassoftearth.
354.Ifapersoncannotfindearth,sand,lumpofclayorstone,heshouldperformTayammumon
mud,andifeventhatisnotavailable,thenondustparticleswhichsettleonthecarpetsorthe
dresses,thoughitmaynotbeinaquantity,whichcouldbeconsiderdassoftearth.Andifnoneof
theseisavailableheshould,onthebasicofrecommendedprecaution,praywithoutTayammum,
butiswillbeobligatoryforhimtorepeattheprayerlaterasQa'.
355.ThethingonwhichapersonperformsTayammumshouldbeTahirandasasobligatory
precautionbecleanaccordingtocommon,i.e.shouldnotbetreatedwithsomethingdisgusting,
andifhehasnoTahirandcleanthingonwhichTayammumwouldbecorrect,itisnotobligatory
forhimtoofferprayer.Heshould,however,giveitsQa',exceptwhenone'sdutyistodo
Tayammumondustycarpetetc,inwhichcasetheobligatoryprecautionistodoTayammumonit
andpray,thengiveitsQa'too.
356.ThethingonwhichapersonisperformingTayammumshould,ifpossible,onthebasisof
obligatoryprecaution,haveparticleswhichwouldsticktothehands,andafterstrikinghandsonit,
oneshouldnotshakeoffalltheparticlesfromoneshands.
MethodofperformingTayammumInsteadofGhuslorGhosl
357.Thefollowing3thingsareobligatoryinTayammumperformedinsteadofGhuslorGhosl:
StrikingorkeepingboththepalmsontheobjectonwhichTayammumisvalid.Asanobligatory
precaution,thisshouldbedonebyboththepalmstogether.
Wipingorstrokingtheentireforeheadwiththepalmsofboththehands,commencingfromthe
spotwherethehairofonesheadgrowdowntotheeyepowsandabovethenoseandasan
obligatoryprecautiontothesidesofforehead.Anditisrecommendedthatthepalmspassoverthe
eyepowsaswell.
Topasstheleftpalmoverthewholebackoftherighthandandtopasstherightpalmoverthe
wholebackofthelefthand.Asanobligatoryprecautionthesequenceofrightandlefthands
shouldbeobserved.ItisnecessaryforTayammumtobewiththeintentionofQurbah,as
mentionedinsectionofGhosl.
OrdersRegardingTayammum

358.IfapersonleavesoutevenasmallpartofhisforeheadorthebackofhishandsinTayammum,
forgetfullyorintentionally,orevenduetoignorance,hisTayammumwillbevoid.However,itisnot
necessarytobeveryparticular;ifitcanbeordinarilyassumedthattheforeheadandthebacksof
thehandshavebeenwiped,itwouldbesufficient.
359.Inordertobesurethatthebacksofthehandshavebeenwiped,wipingshouldbedonefrom
slightlyabovethewrist,butwipinginbetweenthefingersisnotnecessary.
360.Asaprecaution,theforeheadandthebacksofthehandsshouldbewipeddownwardsfrom
above,andtheiractsshouldbeperformedoneaftertheotherwithoutundueinterruption.If
someoneinterruptsthesequencesomuchthatitcouldnotbesaidthatheisdoingTayammum,
thenTayammumwillbevoid.
361.ItisnotnecessarytodeterminewhilemakingintentionthataparticularTayammumisinstead
ofGhoslorGhusl.However,ifhehastoperformtwoTayammums,thenhemustclearlyspecify
whichisinsteadofGhoslandwhichforGhusl.Andevenifhefailstodeterminecorrectlythe
purposeofoneTayammumwhichisobligatoryuponhim,duetosomeerror,itwillbedeemed
correctaslongasheisawarethatheisdischarginghisreligiousobligation.
362.Theforehead,thepalmofthehandsandthebacksofthehandsofapersonwishingtodo
TayammumarenotnecessarytobeTahir,thoughitisbettertobeso.
363.WhileperformingTayammumoneshouldremovetheringoneiswearingandalsoremoveany
obstructionwhichmaybeonhisforeheadoronthepalmsorbackofhishands(e.g.ifanythingis
stuckonthem).
364.Ifapersonhasawoundonhisforeheadoronthebackofhishandsandifitistiedwitha
bandageorsomethingelse,whichcannotberemoved,heshouldwipewithhishandsoverit.Andif
thepalmofhishandiswoundedand,bandagedinawaythatitcannotberemoved,heshould
strikehisbandagedhandsonathingwithwhichitisperrmissibletoperformTayammumandthen
wipehisforeheadandthebackofhishands.Butifapartofitisopen,strikingandwipingwiththat
partwillbeenough.
365.Thereisnoharmifthereishairontheforeheadoronthebackofhands.However,ifthehair
ofhisheadfallonhisforeheadthenitshouldbepushedback.
366.Ifonefeelsthatonehassomeobstructiononhisforeheadoronthepalmorbackofhishands,
anobstructioncommonlyknowntobeso,thenoneshouldverifyandensurethattheobstructionis
removed.
367.IftheobligationofapersonisTayammumbuthecannotpeformithimselfheshouldsolicit
assistance.Andtheonewhoassistsshouldhelphimtostrikehisownhandsonathingonwhichit
islawfultoperformTayammumandthenwipehisforheadandhandswithhisownhands.Ifthisis
notpossibletheonewhoassistsshouldmakehimperformTayammumwithhisownhands.
However,ifthisisnotpossibletootheassistantshouldstrikehishandsonathingonwhichitis
lawfultoperformTayammumandthenwipeitonthepersonsforeheadandhands.Inthefirst
instance,theintentionforTayammumbythepersonhimselfwillbesufficient,butintheothertwo
cases,asanobligatoryprecaution,bothheandhisassistantshouldmaketheintention.
368.IfamandoubtswhileperformingTayammumwhetherornothehasforgottenacertainpart
ofit,afterhehaspassedthatstage,heshouldignorehisdoubt,andifthatstagehasnotyet
passed,heshouldperformthatpart.
369.If,afterwipingthelefthand,amandoubtswhetherornothehasperformedhisTayammum
correctlyhisTayammumisvalid.Butifhisdoubtisaboutwipingofthelefthandandifitcannotbe
saidthathehaspassedtheTayammum,likewhenhehasenteredanactwhichrequiresTaharah
(purity)orwhenagaphashappenedafterit,heshouldwipethelefthand.
370.ApersonwhoseobligationisTayammumifhedoesnothopetoberelievedofhisexcuse
duringtheentiretimeofSalatorifconsidersprobablethatifdelaysifhecannotdoitintime,he
candoTayammumbeforetheprayerstime.However,ifheperformsTayammumforsomeother
obligatoryorMustahabactandhisexcuse(onaccountofwhichhisreligiousobligationis
Tayammum)continuestillthetimeforprayersetsin,hecanofferhisprayerwiththatTayammum.
371.IfapersonwhoseobligationisTayammumknowsthathisexcusewillcontinuetilltheendof
thetimeofSalat,orhasnohopeforitsremoval,hecanofferprayerwithTayammumevenduring
theearlypartofthetime.
But,ifheknowsthathisexcusewillceasetoexistbytheendofthetimeheshouldwaitandoffer
prayerwithGhoslorGhuslasthecasemaybe.Infact.ifhehasaglimmerofhopethathisexcuse
mightberemovedneartheendofSalattime,itwillnotbepermissibleforhimtodoTayammum
andpray,untilheloseshopealtogether,unlesswhenheconsidersprobablethatifhedoesnot
prayearlierwithTayammum,hecannotpraytilltheendofthetime,evenwithTayammum.
372.ItispermissibleforapersonwhocannotdoGhuslorGhosl,toofferwithTayammumthedaily
Mustahabprayersforwhichthetimeisfixed.
However,ifhehashopethathisexcusemayceasetoexistbeforethetimeforprayersisoverthen,
asanobligatoryprecaution,heshouldnotoffertheMustahabprayersduringtheearliereartof
theirtime.ThoseMustahabprayeswhichdonothaveanyfixedtime,absolutelycanbedonewith
Tayammum.

373.IfapersondoesGhuslinstateofJabi'rah,andperfomsTayammumasameasureof
precaution,andafterhavingprayedheexperiencesaminorritualimpurity(anactwhichpeaks
Ghosl,likepassingwindorurinating),heshoulddoGhoslforsubsequentprayers.Andifthatritual
impurityhadoccurredbeforehehadprayed,heshoulddoGhoslforthatalso.
374.IfapersonperformsTayammumonaccountofnonavailabilityofwaterorbecauseofsome
otherexcusehisTayammumbecomesvoidassoonasthatexcuseceasestoexist.
375.ThethingswhichinvalidateGhoslinvalidatetheTayammumperformedinsteadofGhoslalso.
Similarly,thethingswhichinvalidateGhuslinvalidatetheTayammumperformedinsteadofGhusl
also.
376.IfonehasuponhimseveralobligatoryGhusls,buthecannotdothem,itispermissibleforhim
toperformoneTayammuminsteadofallthoseGhusls.
377.IfapersonperformsTayammuminsteadofGhuslitisnotnecessaryforhimtoperformGhosl
forprayers,whethertheGhuslisJanbahoroneofotherGhusls.
378.IfapersonperformsTayammuminsteadofGhuslandlaterhecommitsactswhichmakes
GhoslvoidandifhestillcannotdoGhuslforlaterprayers,heshoulddoGhosl.
379.IfapersonwhoseobligationisTayammumperformsTayammumforanact,hecanperformall
thoseactswhichshouldbedonewithGhoslorGhusl,aslongashisTayammumandtheexcuse
remain.However,ifhisexcusewasshortageofSalattime,thenhisTayammumisvalidforits
intentionandpurposeonly.
RulesofSalat
380.Salatisthebestamongallactsofworship.IfitisacceptedbytheAlmightyAllah,otheractsof
worshiparealsoaccepeted.And,ifprayersarenotaccepted,otheractsarealsonotaccepted.

Offeringofprayersfivetimesduringdayandnightpurifiesusofsinsinthesamemannerasbathing
fivetimesduringdayandnightmakesourbodycleanofallfilthandonedirt.
Itisbefittingthatoneshouldofferprayerspunctually.Apersonwhoconsidersprayerstobe
somethingordinaryandunimportantisjustlikeonewhodoesnotofferprayersatall.

Theholyprophethassaidthatapersonwhodoesnotattachanyimportancetoprayersand
considersittobesomethinginsignificantdeserveschastisementinthehereafter.
Once,whiletheholyprophetwaspresentintheMosque(i.e.MasjidunNabi,amanenteredand
beganofferingprayerbutdidnotperformtheRukuandSajdahproperly.Theholyprophetsaid:If
thismandiesandhisprayerscontinuetobethisway,hewillnotdepartonmyreligion.Hence,one
shouldnotofferonesprayerhurriedly.WhileofferingprayeroneshouldrememberAllah
constantlyandshouldoffertheprayershumblyandwithallsolemity.Oneshouldkeepinmindthe
GreatnessofAlmightyAllahwithwhomonecommuneswhileofferingprayersandshouldconsider
oneselftobeveryhumbleandinsignificantbeforeHisGrandeurandGlory.Andifapersonkeeps
himselfabsorbedinthesethoughtswhileperfoemingprayerhebecomesunmindfulandoblivious
tohimself,justaswhenanarrowwaspulledoutofthefootofthecommanderofthefaithful,
ImmAli(peacebeonhim)whilehewasofferingprayer,buthedidnotbecomeawareofit.
Furthermore,onewhoperformsprayershouldberepentantandshouldrefrainfromallsinsand
especiallythosewhichareanimpedimentinthewayofacceptanceofonesprayer(e.g.jealousy,
pride,backbiting,eatingHalal(allowed)things,drinkingintoxicatingbeverages,nonpaymentof
khumsandZakat).Infact,heshouldrefrainfromallsins.Similarly,heshouldavoidactswhich
diminishtherewardforprayerslikeprayingwhenoneisdrowsyorrestlessbecauseofanurgeto
urinate,andwhileofferingprayerheshouldnotlookuptowardsthesky.Ontheotherhand,one
shouldperformsuchactswhichincreasetherewardlikewearinganAqiqring(aringwithasignet
ofagate),wearingcleanclothes,combingthehair,pushingtheteethandusingperfume.
Obligatoryprayers
Thefollowingsixprayersareopligatory:
DailySalats.
SalattulAyat(signspryar).
SalattulMayyit(funeralprayer).
SalattfortheobligatoryIàwf(circumambulationoftheholykabah).
SalattulQadaoffatherwhichis,asaprecaution,obligatoryuponhiseldestson.
Salattwhichbecomesobligatoryonaccountofhire,voworoath.
Salattuljumuah(Fridayprayer)isincludedtheDailySalat.
ObligatoryDailySalats
381.Itisobligatorytoperformthefollowingfiveprayersduringdaynight:
Dawnprayer(Fajr)2Rakahs.
Midday(Tuhr)andAfternoon(A?r)prayerseachoneconsistingof4Rakahs.
Duskprayer(Maghrib)3RakahsandNightprayer(Isha)4Rakahs.
382.Whiletraveling,atravellershouldreducetheprayersof4Rakahsto2Rakahs.Theconditions
underwhichtheRakahsarereducedwillbementionedlater.
TimeforTuhrandAarprayers
383.ThetimeforTuhrandA?rprayersisfromwhenthesunstartsdeclining(Ziwal)[1]atmidday
tillsunset.But,ifapersonintentionallyoffersAarprayerearlierthanTuhrprayer,hisprayeris
void.However,ifapersonhadnotprayedTuhrtilltheendoftime,andthetimeleftbeforetheend
allowsonlyoneSalattobeprayed,hewillfirstofferA?rprayerintimeandthenhisTuhrprayer
willbeQa.AndifbeforethattimeapersonofferscompleteA?rprayerbeforeTuhrprayerby
mistake,hisprayerisvalidandheorsheshouldofferTuhrprayerafterit.
384.IfapersonbeginsofferingA?rprayerforgetfullybeforeTuhrprayerandduringtheprayerhe
realisesthathehascommittedamistake,heshouldreverthisintentiontoTuhrprayer,i.e.he
shouldintendthatthosepartsofferedbeforeandthoseofferedfromnowonwardstilltheendof
theprayer,wouldbeTuhrprayerAftercompletingtheprayer,hewillofferA?rprayer.
Fridayprayer
385.Fridayprayerconsistsof2RakahslikeFajrprayer.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoprayers
isthatFridayprayerhastwosermonsbeforeit.Salatuljumuahisobligatoryinchoice(Wajibut
takhyiri),andwehaveanoptiontoofferjumuahprayer,ifitsnecessaryconditionsarefulfilled,or
toofferTuhrprayer.Hence,ifSalatuljumuahisofferedthenitisnotnecessarytoofferTuhr
prayer.
Thefollowingconditionsmustbefulfilledforjumuahprayertobecomeobligatory:
*Thetimeforjumuahprayershoyersetin.Andthetmeansthatthemiddaytimeshouldhave
beguntodecline.Thetimeforsalatuljumuahistheearliestpartofzuhe.Ifitisverymuch
delayed,thensalatuljumuahtimewillbeover,andZuhrsalatwillhovetobeprayed
ThenumberofpersonsjoiningSalatuljumuahshouldbeatleastfive,includingtheImm.Ifthere
arelessthanfivepeople,Salatuljumuahwouldnotbecomeobligatory.
TheImmshouldfulfilthenecessaryconditionsforleadingtheprayer.
Theseconditionsincluderighteousness(Adalah)andotherqualitieswhicharerequiredofanImm
andwhichwillbementionedinconnectionwiththecongationalprayer.InabsenceofanImm
qualifyingtolead,Salatulujmuahwillnotbeobligatory.

ThefollowingconditionsshouldbefulfilledfortheSalatuljumuahtobecorrect:
Theprayershouldbeofferedincongregation.Hence,Fridayprayercannotbeprayedalone.Ifa
personjoinsSalatuljumuahbeforetheRukuofthesecondRakahhisprayerwillbevalidandhe
willhavetoaddanotherRakahtocompleteit.But,ifhejoinstheImmintheRukuofthesecond
Rakahthenasanobligatoryprecautiontheprayermaynotsuffice,andTuhrprayershouldbe
prayed.
TwosermonsshouldbedeliveredbeforetheprayerbyImm.
ThedistancebetweenthetwoplaceswhereSalatuljumuahareofferedshouldnotbelessthan
oneFarsakh(3miles).
AFewRulesconcerningjumuahprayerareasfollows:
Asmentionedbefore,SalatulJumuahisnotabsolutelyobligatoryduringthetimeofImms(A.S.)
absence.ThenitispermissibleTuhrprayerintheearlypartofitstime.
ItisMakruhtotalkwhileImmdeliversthesermom.Andifthenoisecreatedbytalkingprevents
othersfromlisteningtothesermon.ThenitisHalal(allowed)asaprecaution.
Asanobligatoryprecaution,itisobligatorytolistentoboththesermons.
However,listeningtothesermonsisnotobligatoryuponthose,whodonotunderhandtheir
meanings.
ItisnotobligatoryforapersonwishingtojoinjumuahSalattobepresentwhileImmis
deliveringthesermon.
TimeforMaghribandIshaprayers
386.Ifapersondoubtsaboutsunset,andconsidersitprobablethatthesunmaybehiddenbehind
mountains,buildingsortrees,aslongastherednessintheeasternskyappearingaftersunsethas
notpassedoverhead,MaghribSalatshouldnotbeperformedbyhim.However,asanobligatory
precaution,oneshouldwaittillthattime,evenifheorshedoesnothaveanydoubtaboutsunset.
387.Innormalcircumstances,theprescribedtimeforMaghribandIshaprayersistillmidnight
andnightisfromearlysunsettillrisingoffajr.Butifforgetfulness,oversleepingorbeinginHaydh
andsimilarunusualsituationspreventonefromperformingtheprayerstillmidnight,thenforthem
thetimewillcontinuetillFajrsetsin.Inallthecases,MaghribmustbeprayedbeforeIsha,andif
onecontradictstheirsequencepurposelyorknowingly,theSalatwillbevoid.However,ifthetime
leftoverisjustenoughforIshaprayertobeofferedwithintime,thenIshawillprecedeMaghrib
prayer.
388.IfapersonbeginsIshaprayerbymistakebeforeMaghribprayerandrealisesduringthe
prayerthathehasmadeanerror,andifhehasnotyetgoneintoRukuofthe4thRak'ahheshould
turnhisintentiontoMaghribprayerandcompletetheprayer.ThereafterhewillofferIshaprayer.
However,ifhehasenteredRukaofthe4thRakahhecancontinuetocompletetheIshaprayer
andthereafterprayMaghrib.
389.IfapersoninnormalcircmstancesdoesnotofferMaghriborIshaprayertillaftermidnight,
heshould,asanobligtotyprecautionoffertheprayerinquestionbeforethedawnAdhan,without
makinganintentionofAda(i.eintime)orQa(i.eafterthelapseoftime).
TimeforSubh(Fajr=Dawn)prayer
390.Justbeforedawnacolumnofwhitenessrisesupwardsfromtheeast.Itiscalledthefirstdawn.
Whenthiswhitenessspreads,itiscalledtheseconddawn,andtheprimetimeforSubhprayer.The
timeforSubhprayeristillsunrise.
RulesRegardingSalatTimes
391.Apersoncanstartofferingprayeronlywhenhebecomescertainthatthetimehassatinor
whentwojust(Adil)personsinformthatthetimehassetin.Infact,onecanrelyupontheAdhan,
oronadviceofapersonwhoknowsthetimingsandisreliable.
392.Ifapersonissatisfiedonthebasisofanyoneoftheabovemethodsthatthetimeforprayer
hassetinandhebeginsofferingprayer,butthenrealisesduringtheprayerthatthetimehasnot
yetsetin,hisprayerisvoid.
Andthepositionisthesameifherealisesaftertheprayerthathehasofferedtheentireprayer
beforetime.However,ifonelearnsashepraysthatthetimehasjustenteredorifhelearnsafter
theprayerthatthetimeenteredwhilehewasintheprocessofpraying,hisSalatwillbevalid.
MustahabPrayers
393.TherearemanyMustahabprayerswhicharegenerallycalledNfilahbutmorestresshasbeen
laidonthedailyMustahabprayers.ThenumberoftheirRak'ahseverydayexcludingFriday,is34.It
isasfollows:
*8Rak'ahsNfilahforTuhr
*8Rak'ahsNfilahforA?r
*4Rak'ahsNfilahforMaghrib
*2Rak'ahsNfilahforIsha
*11Rak'ahsNfilahmidnight(Nafilatullayl,ShafandWatr)
*2Rak'ahsNfilahforFajr
Asanobligatoryprecaution,theNfilahforIshaprayershouldbeofferedwhilesitting,and
thereforeits2Rak'ahsarecountedasone.ButinFriday,4Rak'ahsareaddedtothe16Rak'ahsof
theTuhrandtheA?rNfilahs,anditispreferablethatallthese20Rak'ahsareofferedbeforethe
Tuhrsetsin,exceptfortwoRak'ahsofit,whichisbetterbeofferedinthetimeofZiwal.
394.Outofthe11Rak'ahsofthemidnightNfilah,8Rak'ahsshouldbeofferedwiththeintention
ofthemidnightNfilah,2Rak'ahswiththeintentionofShaf,and1Rak'ahwiththeintentionof
Watr(odd).CompleteinstructionsregardingNafilatullaylaregiveninthebooksofsupplications.
395.AllNfilahprayerscanbeofferedwhilesitting,evenbypersonswithoption,anditisnot
necessarytocount2Rak'ahsprayedwhilesittingasoneRak'ahwhilestanding.Butitisbetterto
performallNfilahprayerswhilestanding,exceptfortheNfilahforIsha,whileshowld,asan
obligatoryprecaution,beperformedwhilesitting.
396.TuhrNfilahandA?rNfilahshouldnotbeofferedwhenoneisonajourney,andonemay
offerIshaNfilahwiththeintentionofRaja.
TheTimingsoftheDailyNfilahPrayers
397.TheTuhrNfilahisofferedbeforeTuhrprayer.Itstimeisfromthecommencementofthetime
ofTuhr,uptothetimewhenitispossibletoofferitbeforeTuhrprayer.
398.TheA?rNfilahisofferedbeforeA?rprayer,anditstimeistillthemomentwhenitispossibe
toofferitbeforeA?rprayer.
399.TheMaghribNfilahshouldbeofferedafterMaghribprayer,anditstimeistillthemoment
whenitispossibletoofferitafterMaghribprayerintime.
400.ThetimeforIshaNfilahisfromthecompletionofIshaprayertillmidnight.
401.TheFajrNfilahisofferedbeforetheFajrprayer,anditstimecommenceswhenatime
requiredforofferingNafilatullaylhasbeenpassedfromitstime,tillthetimewhenitispossibleto
offeritbeforeFajrprayer.
402.ThetimeforSalatullaylisfromthebeginingofnighttillAdhanforFajrprayer,anditisbetter
toofferitnearertothetimeoffajrprayer.
403.Ifapersongetsupatthetimeofrisingoffajr,heorshecanofferSalatullaylwithoutan
intentionofAdaorQada.
GhufaylahPrayer
404.GhufaylahprayerisoneoftheMustahabprayerswhichisofferedbetweenMaghribandIsha
prayers.InitsfirstRak'ahafterSuratulHamdinsteadoftheotherSurah,thefollowingverse
shouldberecited:WadhannuniidhdhahabamughadibanfazannaanlannaqdiraalayhiAhaadfa
nadafizulumatianlailahaillaantasubhanakainnikuntuminazzalimin,fastajabnalahuwa
najjaynahuminalghammiwakadhalikanunjilmuminin.InthesecondRakahafterSuratulHamd,
insteadofotherSurah,thefollowingverseshouldberecited:Waindahumafatihulghaybila
ya'lamuhaillahuwaya'lamumafilbarriwalbahriwamatasqutuminwaraqatinillayalamuhawa
lahabbatinfizulumatilwalaratbinyabisinillafikitabimubin.AndinQunutthissuppliceationbe
recited:Allahummainnias'alukabimafatihilghybillatilaya'lamuhaillaant,antusalliya'ala
MuhammadinwaaliMuhammad,waantaf,alabi.....(hereoneshouldmentionhiswishes).
Thereafter,thefollowingsuppliceationshouldberead:xAllahummaantawaliyyuni'matwal
qadiru'alatalibati,ta'lamuhajatifaas'alukbihaqqiMuhmmadinwaaliMuhammad,alayhimus
salam,lammaqadaytahali.
RulesofQiblah
405.QurQiblahisthesiteoftheholyKa'bah'whichissituatedinMakkah,andoneshouldoffer
one'sprayersfacingit.However,apersonwhoisfar,wouldstandinsuchamannerthatpeople
wouldsaythatheisprayingfacingtheQiblah,andthatwouldsuffice.Thisalsoappliestootheracts
whichshouldbeperformedfacingtheQiblah,likewhileslaughteringananimaletc.
406.AMustahabSalatcanbeofferedwhileoneiswalking,orridingandifapersonoffersMustahab
prayerinthistwoconditions,itisnotnecessarytobefacingtheQiblah.
407.Apersonwhowishestoofferprayer,shouldmakeeffortstoascertainthedirectionofQiblah,
andforthat,hehastoeitherbeabsolutelysure,oracquiresuchinformationasmayamountto
certainty,liketestimonyoftworeliablepersons.Ifthatisnotpossible,heshouldformanideafrom
theprayerniches(Mihrab)oftheMasjidorformthegravesoftheMuslims,orbyotherways,and
actacordingly.Infact,ifanonMuslimwhocandetermineQiblahbyscientificmethod,indicates
Qiblahsatisfactorily,hecanbereliedupon.
408.Ifaperson,whohasameresurmiseaboutQiblah,andisinapositiontohaveabetteridea,he
shouldnotactonthatguesswork.Forexample,ifaguesthasanideaaboutthedirectionofQiblah
onthestatementoftheownerofthehouse,butfeelsthathecanacquireafirmerknowledge
aboutQiblahbysomemeans,heshouldnotsctonhishost'swords.

409.IfapersondoesnotpossessanymeansofdeterminingthedirectionofQiblah,orinspiteof
hisefforts,hecannotfromanideaaboutit,itwillbesufficientforhomtoofferhisprayersfacing
anydirection.
410.IfapersonissureorguessesthatQiblahisononeofthetwodirections,heshouldoffer
pyayerfacingboth.
411.IfapersonwhoisnotcertainaboutthedirectionofQiblah,wishestoperformactsother
thanSalat,whichsuoldbedonefacingtheQiblahlike,slaughteringananimal,heshouldact
accordingtohissurmiseaboutthedirectionofQiblah,andifthatdoesnotseempossible,then
performingtheactfacinganydirectionwillbevalid.
CoveringtheBodyinPrayers
412.Whileofferingprayer,amanshouldcoverhisprivatepartsevenifnooneislookingathimand
preferenceisthatheshouldalsocoverhisbodyfromthenaveltotheknee.
413.Awomanshouldcoverherentirebodywhileofferingpreayer,includingherheadandhair.As
anobligatoryprecaution,sheshouldcoverherselfevenforher.Therefore,ifshecoversherself
withaveilinsuchamannerthatshemayseeherbody,itwillbewithanIshkal.Itisnotnecessary
forhertocoverherface,orthehandsuptothewrists,ortheupperpartsoffeetuptotheankles.
Nevertheless,inordertoensurethatshehascoveredtheobligatorypartsofherbodyadequately,
sheshouldalsocoverapartofthesidesofherfaceaswellaslowerpartofherwristsandthe
ankles.
ConditionsforDressWornduringPrayer
Thefirstcondition:
ThedressofapersonwhooffersprayershouldbeTahir.Therefore,ifheprayswithNajisbody,or
dress,innormalsituations,hisprayerwouldbevoid.
414.IfapersondidnotcaretoknowthatSalatofferedwithNajisbodyordressisvoidorthat
semenisNajis,andheprayedinthatstate,hisprayer,asanobligatoryprecaution,shouldbe
offeredagain,andifitstimehadlapsed,heshouldofferitsQada.
415.IfapersonwhowhodoesnotknowtheruleprayswithNajisbodyordress,hedoesnothave
toofferitagainorgiveitsQada,providedthathehasnotbeennegligenttolearntherule.
416.IfapersonwassurethathisbodyordresswasnotNajis,andcametoknowafterSalatthat
eitherofthenwasNajis,theprayerisinorder.
417.IfapersonforgetsthathisbodyordressisNajis,andremembersduringSalat,asorafter
completingsalatanobligatoryprecation,heshouldoffertheprayeragain,ifhisforgettingwasdue
tocarelessness.Andifthetimehaslapsed,heshouldgiveitsQada.Ifitwasnotdueto
carelessness,itisnotnecessarytoprayagain,exceptwhenheremembersduringSalat,inwhich
circumstances,hewillactasexplainedbelow.
418.Ifapersonhasampletimeathisdisposalwhileofferingprayer,andherealisesduringthe
prayerthathisclothesareNajis,andsuspectsthattheymayhavebecomeNajisafterhestartedthe
prayer,heshouldwashit,orchangeit,ortakeitoff,providedthatinsodoing,hisSalatdoesnot
becomeinvalidated,andcontinuewiththeSalattoitscompletion.Butifhehasnootherdressto
coverhisprivateparts,orwashingthedress,ortakingitoffmayinvalidatehisSalat,heshould,as
anobligatoryprecaution,repeathisSalatwithTahirclothes.
419.IfapersondoubtswhetherhisbodyordressisTahir,andifhedidnotfindanythingNajisafter
investigation,andprayed,hisSalatwillbevalidevenifhelearnsafterSalatthathisbodyordress
wasactuallyNajis.Butifhedidnotcaretoinvestigate,thenasanobligatoryprecaution,hewill
repeattheprayer,andifthetimehaslapsed,hewillgiveitsQada.
420.Ifapersonwasheshisdress,andbecomessurethatithasbecomeTahir,andoffersprayer
withit,butlearnsaftertheprayerthatithadnotbecomeTahir,hisprayerisinorder.
421.ApersonwhodoesnothaveanydressotherthanaNajisone,shouldofferprayerwiththat
Najisdress,andhisprayerwillbeinorder.
422.Thesecondcondition:
Thedresswhichapersonusesforcoveringtheprivateparts,whileofferingprayershould,asan
obligatoryprecaution,beMubah.Hence,ifapersonknowsthatitisHalal(allowed)tousea
usurpeddress,ordoesnotknowtheruleonaccountofnegligence,andintentionallyoffersprayer
withtheusurpeddress,asaprecaution,hisprayerwouldbevoid.Butifhisdressincludessush
usurpedthingswhichalonecannotcovertheprivateparts,oreveniftheycancovertheprivate
parts,butheisnotactuallywearingthematthattime(forexample,abighandkerchifwhichisin
hispocket)orifheiswearingtheusupedthingstogetherwithaMubahcovering,inallthesecases,
thefactthatsuchextrathingsareusurpedwouldnotaffectthevalidityoftheprayer;although,as
aprecautionarymeasure,theiruseshouldbeavoided.
423.IfapersonpurchasesadresswithasumofmoneywhoseKhumshasnotbeenpaidbyhim,
butthetransactiononthewholeisindebt,likemostoftransactions,thedresswillbeHalal
(allowed)forhim,butheowestheKhumsofthemoneypaidbyhim.Howeverifhepurchasesa
dresswiththeparticularsumofmoneywhoseKhumshasnotbeenpaidbyhimthenwithoutthe
permissionofaMujtahib,SalatinthatdresswillamounttotheSalatinadresswhichhasbeen
usurped.
424.Thethirdcondition:
Thedressofthepersonwhichalonecancovertheprivateparts,andalso,asanobligatory
precaution,thosewhichalonewouldnotcovertheprivateparts,shouldnotbemadeoftheparts
ofthedeadbodyofananimalwhosebloodgusheswhenkilled.
425.Iftheperson,whooffersprayer,carrieswithhimpartsfromaNajiscarcass,whicharecounted
aslivingparts,like,itsfleshandskin,theprayerwillbeinorder.
426.Ifapersonwhooffersprayerhaswithhimpartsfromacarcass,whosemeatislawfultoeat,
andwhichisnotcountedasalivingpart,e.g.itshairandwool,orifheoffersprayerwithadress
whichhasbeenmadefromsuchthings,hisprayerisinorder.
427.Thefourthcondition:Thedressofonewhoispraying,apartfromthesmallclotheslikesocks
whichwouldnotordinarilyservetocovertheprivateparts,shouldnotbemadeofanypartofthe
bodyofawildanimal,nor,asanobligatoryprecaution,ofanyanimalwhosemeatisHalal
(allowed).Similarly,hisdressshouldnotbesoiledwiththeurine,excretion,sweat,milkorhairof
suchanimals.However,ifthereisoneisolatedhaironthedress,orifhecarrieswithhimsay,abox
inwhichanysuchthingshavebeenkept,thereisnoharm.
428.Ifthepersonofferingprayer,doubtswhetherhisdressismadeofthepartsofananimal
whosemeatisHalal(allowed),orwiththepartsoftheanimalwhosemeatisHalal(allowed),heis
allowedtoofferprayerwithit,irrespectiveofwhetherithasbeenmadeinIslamiccountryorin
nonIslamiccountry.
429.Thefifthcondition:TheuseofadressempoideredwithgoldisHalal(allowed)formen,andto
prayinsuchadresswillmakeSalatvoid.Butforwomenitsuse,whetherinprayerorotherwise,is
allowed.
430.ItisHalal(allowed)formentoweargold,likehangingagoldenchainonone'schest,or
wearingagoldring,ortouseawristwatchmadeofgold,andtheprayersofferedwhilewearing
thesethingswillbevoid.Butwomenareallowedtowearthesethingsinprayersorotherwise.<br
431.Ifapersondidnotknow,orforgotthathisringordresswasmadeofgold,orhadadoubt
abountit,hisprayerwillbevalidifheprayedwearingthem.
432.Thesixthcondition:InSalat,thedressofamanwhichalonemaycovertheprivateparts,
shouldnotbemadeofpuresilk.And,formenitisHalal(allowed)towearpuresilkatanytime,but
forwomenitisinorder.
434.ItisnotHalal(allowed)foramantowearthedressofawomanandforawomantowearthe
dressofaman,andprayerwiththemisinorder.Howeveritisnotallowed,asanobligatory
precauyion,formentomakethemselvessimilartowomen,andviceversa.
ExceptionalCases
435.Inthefollowingthreecases,theprayerofferedbyapersonwillbevalid,evenifhisbody
ordressbeNajis:
*Ifhisbodyordressisstainedwiththeblooddischargedfromawoundorasoreonhisbody.
*Ifhisbodyordressisstainedwithblood,spreadoveraspacelesserthanaDirham(which,asan
obligatoryprecaution,isequaltotheupperjointofthethumb).
*IfhehasnoalternativebuttoofferprayerwithNajisbodyordress.Further,thereisonesituation
inwhich,ifthedressofonewhopraysisNajis,theSalatwillbevalid.Andthatis,whensmall
clotheslikesocks,skullcapsareNajis.
436.Ifthebodyorthedressofapersonwishingtoprayisstainedwithbloodfromwoundorsore
etc,hecanpraySalatwiththatbloodaslongasthewoundorthesorehasnothealedup.Andthe
sameappliestopus,whichmayflowoutwithblood,oranymedicinewhichbecameNajis,when
appliedtothewoundorthesore.
437.Ifbloodonthedressorthebodyofapersonwhoispraying,isequaltoormorethana
Dirham,anditoriginatesfromasmallcutorwoundwhichcanbehealedeasily,andwhichcanbe
washedclean,thenhisSalatisvoid.
438.Ifanypartofthebody,orthedress,whichisawayfromthewound,becomesNajisowingto
thefluidwhichoozesoutfromthewound,itisnotpermissibletoofferprayerwithit.However,ifa
partofthebodyordressaroundthewoundbecomesNAjis,owingtosuppuration,thereisnot
harminofferingprayerwithit.
439.Ifthebodyordressofapersonisstainedwithbloodfrompiles(whetherinternalorexternal),
orfromawoundwhichiswithinone'smouth,noseetc,hecanofferprayerwiththatblood.
440.Iftheclothesorthebodyofapersonpraying,isstainedwiththebloodofHaydh,however
little,theSalatwillbevoid.Andasaprecaution,thesameruleappliestothebloodofNifas,
IstihadahandthebloodfromsourceswhichareessentiallyNajis,likeapig,acarcass,orananimal
whosemeatisHalal(allowed).Asregardsotherbloods,likethebloodfromahumanbody,orfrom
ananimalwhosemeatislawfultoeat,thereisnoharminofferingprayerwiththem,evenifthey
arefoundatseveralplacesonthedressorthebody,providedthat,whenaddedtogether,their
areaislessthanthatofaDirham.
441.Iftheareaofthebloodonone'sbodyordressislessthanthatofaDirham,andsome
moisturereachesitandspreadsoveritssides,theprayerofferedwiththatbloodisvoid,evenifthe
bloodandthemoisturewhichhasspreadthere,isnotequaltotheareaofaDirham.
442.Ifthereisnobloodonthebodyordressofaperson,butitbecomesNajisbecauseofcontact
withsomemoisturemixedwithblood,prayercannotbeofferedwithitevenifthepartwhichhas
becomeNajisislessthantheareaofaDirham.
443.Ifsmalldressesbelongingtoapersonofferingprayer,likehissocksorskullcap,whichwould
notordinarilycoverhisprivateparts,becomeNajis,andiftheyarenotmadeofthepartsofa
carcassorananimslwhosemeatisHalal(allowed)toeat,theprayerofferedwiththemwillbein
order.ButiftheyaremadeofthepartsofacarcassoraNajisanimal,asanobligatoryprecaution,
theprayerofferedwiththemwillbevoid.AndthereisnoobjectionifoneoffersprayerwithaNajis
ring.
PlaceWhereSalatCanBePrayed
Therearesevenconditionsfortheplacewhereonecanofferprayeron:
First:Theplacewheretheprayerisofferedshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,beMubah.
444.Ifapersonpraysonausurpedproperty,thenasanobligatoryprecaution,hisprayerisvoid,
evenifhepraysonacarpet,oracouch,orsimilarobject.
445.Prayerofferedinapropertywhoseuseandbenefitbelongstosomeoneelso,willbelikethe
prayerofferedonausurpedproperty,unlesspermissionistakenfromtheentitledperson.For
example,ifahousehasbeenrentedout,andtheownerofthehouse,oranyoneelsooffersprayer
inthathousewithoutpermissionofthetenant,thenasameasureofprecaution,hisprayerisvoid.
446.Ifapersonsittinginamosque,ismadetoquithisplacebysomeonewhothenoccupieshis
place,theprayerofferedtherewillbevalid,thoughhewillhavecommittedasin.
447.IfapersonpurchasesapropertywiththesumofmoneyfromwhichKhumshasnotbeenpaid
byhimbutthetransactiononthewholeisindebt,likemostoftransactions,usingthatproperty
willbelawful,butheowestheKhumsofthemoneypaidbyhim.Howeverifhepurchasesa
propertywithaparticularsumofmoneywhoseKhumshasnatbeenpaidbyhim,thenhisuseof
thatproperty,withoutthepermissionofaMujtahhid,isHalal(allowed)andasanobligatory
precautiontheprayerswhichheoffersinitarevoid.
448.Useofapropertywhichbelongstoadeadperson,whohasnotpaidZakat(alms)orowesa
debt,isallowedwiththepermissionoftheheirs,providedthatsuchausedoesnotinanyway
preventfromobligations.Soapersonwishingtoprayinsuchpropertycandoso,withthe
permissionoftheheirs.
449.Ifsomeoftheheirsofadeadpersonareeitherminor,orinsane,orabsent,thenuseofthat
propertywithoutpermissionoftheguardianofthoseheirs,isHalal(allowed),anditisnot
permissibletoofferprayersinit.Butusualuses,whicharemadeinordertoperparethedeadbody
forburying,willbeinorder.
889.Thesecondcondition:Theplaceforobligatoryprayersshouldnothavesuchavigorous
movementwhichwouldmakenormalstandng,RukuorSajdahimpossible.Infact,asanobligatory
precaution,itshouldnotpreventthebodyfrombeginatease.Butifoneisforcedtoprayatsuch
places,duetoshortageoftime,oranyotherreason,likeinacar,onashiporontrain,theone
shouldtrytoremainstill,andtomaintainthedirectionofQiblah,asmuchaspossible.Andifthe
vehiclesmoveawayfromthedirection,heshouldreturntoQiblah.Ifmaintainingtheexact
directionofQiblahisnotpossible,thenoneshouldtrytokeepthedeviationinananglelessthan
godegrees,andifthisagainisimpossible,heshouldkeepthedirectionofQiblahonlywhile
offeringTakbiratuliharm.Butifthisisnotimpossibleeither,consideringthedirectionofQiblah
willbenotnecessary.
450.Thereisnoharminofferingprayersinacaroraboat,oronrailwaytrainorothervehicles,
whiletheyaremotionless.Andiftheydonotcauseexcessiveswayingtothebodywhentheyarein
motion,onecanprayintheminmotion.
Thethirdcondition:Theceilingoftheplacewhereonepraysshouldnotbesolow,thatonemay
notbeabletostanderect,norshouldtheplacebesosmall,thattheremaybenoroomfor
performingRukuorSajdah.
Thefourthcondition:IftheplacewhereonewishestoprayisNajis,itshouldnotbesowetthatits
moisturewouldreachthebodyorthedressofthepersonpraying,providedthattheNajasahisof
thatkindwhichinvalidatestheprayer.But,iftheplacewhereoneplacesone'sforeheadwhile
performingSajdah,isNajis,theprayerwillbevoid,evenifthatplaceisdry.
Thefifthcondition:Asanobligatoryprecaution,womenshouldstandbehindmenwhilepraying.At
least,herplaceofSajdahshouldbeinlinewithhisknees,whenheisinSajdah.
451.Ifawomanstandsinlinewithaman,orinfrontofhiminprayerandbothofthembeginthe
prayertogether,theyshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,repeattheirprayers.Andthesame
appliesifoneofthemstartsearlierthantheother.
452.IfamanandawomanarestandingsidebysideinSalat,orwomanisinfront,butthereisa
wall,curtain,orsomethingelseseparatingthem,sothattheycannotseeeachother,theprayersof
bothofthemareinorder.Similarly,theprayersofbothwillbevalidifthedistancebetweenthem
ismorethantencubits.
Thesixthcondition:TheplacewhereapersonplaceshisforeheadwhileinSajdah,shouldnotbea
spanoffourfingersormorehigherorlowerthantheplaceofkneesortoes.Thedetailsofthisrule
willbegivenintherulesrelatingtoSajdah.
453.ForaNonMahrammanandwomantobeinprivateataplace,wherethereisapossibilityof
fallingintosinisHalal(allowed).Andasarecommendedprecaution,onemustavoidprayingat
suchplaces.
RulesRegardingaMosque
454.ItisHalal(allowed)tomakethefloor,roof,ceilingandinnerwallsofaMasjidNajis,andwhen
apersoncomestoknowthatanyofthesepartshasbecomeNajis,heshouldimmediatelymakeit
Tahir.Andtherecommendedprecautionisthattheouterpartofthewallofamosque,to
oshouldnotbemadeNajis.AndifitbecomesNajis,itisnotobligatorytoremovetheNajasah.But
ifsomeonemakesitNajistoviolateitssanctity,thatactisHalal(allowed),andtheNajasahshould
beremoved.
455.ItisHalal(allowed)tomaketheprecincts(Halal(allowed))oftheHolyShrinesofImamNajis,
andifanyoneoftheseprecinctsbecomesNajis,andifitsremaininginthatstateaffectsitssanctity,
thenitisobligatorytomakeitTahir.Andtherecommendedprecautionisthatitshouldbemade
Tahir,evenifnodesecrationisinvolved.
456.IfthematorcarpetofamasjidbecomesNajis,itshouldbemadeTahir.
457.ItisHalal(allowed)tocarryanyNajisulAynorathingwhichhasbecomeNajis,intoa
mousque,ifsodesecratesthemosque.
458.IfamosqueisdrapedwithblackclothorcoveredwithamarqueeinpreparationofMajlis
(recicationofthesufferingsofholymartyrs),andteaisprepared,therewillbenoobjectiontoall
that,ifthaydonothaveanyharmfuleffectonthemosque,andifitdoesnotobstructthosewho
cometopray.
AdhanandIqamah
459.ItisMustahabformanandwomantosayAdhanandthenIqamehbeforeofferingdaily
obligatoryprayers,butforotherMustahaborobligatoryprayers,theyarenotprescribed.
460.ItisrecommendedthatAdhanbepronouncedintherightearofthechild,andIqamahinits
leftear,onthedayitisbornorbeforetheumbilicalcordiscastoff.
461.Adhanconsistsofthefollowing18sentences:
AllahuAkbar(fourtimes).
(Allahisgreaterthananydescription.)
Ashhaduanlailahaillallah(twice).
(ItestifythatnoonedeservestobeworshippedbutAllah.)
AshhaduannaMuhammadanRasulullah(twice).
(ItestifythatMuhammadisAllah'sMessenger.)
HayyaalasSalah(twice)
(Hastentoprayer.)
HayyaalalFalah(twice).
(Hastentodeliverance.)
HayyaalaKhayrilAmal(twice).
(Hastentothebestact.)
AllahuAkbar(twice).
(Allahisgreaterthananydescription.)
Lailahaillallah(twice).
(Noonedeservestobeworshipped.)
AsregardtoIqamah,itconsistsof17sentences.InIqamah,AllahuAkbarisreducedinthe
beginningtotwice,andattheend,Lailahaillallahtoonce,andafterHayyaalaKhiyrilAmal,Qad
qamatisSalah(i.e.theprayerhascertainlybeenestablished)mustbeaddedtwotimes.
462.AshhaduannaAmiralMu'mininaAliyyanWaliyyullah(ItestifythattheCommanderofthe
faithful,ImamAli(A.S.)isthevicegerentofAllahforallpeople)isnotapartofeitherAdhanor
Iqamah.ButitispreferablethatitispronouncedafterAshhaduannaMuhammadanRasulullah
withtheintentionofQurban.
463.ThereshouldnotbeanunusualintervalbetweenthesentencesofAdhanorIqamah,andifan
unusualgapisallowedbetweenthem,theAdhanorIqamahwillhavetoberepeated.

464.Wheneverapersonofferstwoprayerswithonecommontimetogether,oneaftertheother,
Adhanisnotnecessaryforthesecondprayer,ifhehassaiditforthefirstone.
465.IfAdhanandIqamahhavebeenpronouncedforcongregationalprayer,apersonjoiningthat
congregationshouldnotpronounceAdhanandIqamah,forhisownprayer.
466.AdhanandIqamahshouldbepronouncedincorrectArabic.Hence,iftheyarepronouncedin
incorrectArabic,oronelettrerisutteredforanother,orif,forexample,itstranslationis
pronounced,itwillnotbevalid.
467.AdhanandIqamahforaprayershouldbepronouncedwhenthetimeforthatprayerhasset
in.Ifapersonpronouncesthembeforetime,whetheritbeintentionallyorduetoforgetfulness,his
actionisvoid,exceptwhenifthetimeofSalatsetsinduringtheprayerbeingoffered,thenthatwill
bevalid,asexplainedin(rule752.)
ObligatoryActsRelatingtoSalat
Thereareelevenobligatoryactsforprayers:
*Niyyah(intention)
*Qiyam(standing)
*TakbiratulIhram(sayingAllahuAkbarwhilecommencingtheprayer)
*Ruku(bowing)
*Sajdatayn(twoprostrations)
*Qira'ah(recitationofSuratulHamdandanothersurah)
*Dhikr(prescribedrecitationinRukuandSajdah)
*Tashahhud(bearingwitnessaftercompletingtheSajdahofthesecondandthelastRak'ah)
*Salam(Salutation)
*Tartib(sequence)
*Muwalat(toperformthedifferentactsofprayerinregularsuccession).
468.Someoftheopligatoyactsofprayersareelemental(Rukn).Hence,apersonwhodoesnot
offerthem,whetherintentionallyorbymistake,hisprayerbecomesvoid.Someotherobligatory
actsofprayersarenotessential.Therefore,iftheyareomittedbymistake,theprayerdoesnot
becomevoid.
TheelementalsofSalatarefive:
*Intention(Niyyah)
*TakbiratulIhram
*StandingbeforetheRuku
*Ruku
*TwoSajdahsineveryRak'ahn
Anyadditionmadetotheseelemental(Rukn)acts,intentionally,willrendertheprayervoid.Ifthe
additionisdonebymistake,theprayerdoesnotbecomevoidexceptwhenaRukuisadded,or
morethantwoSajdahsareofferedinoneRak'ah,inwhichcasesasanobligatoryprecautionthe
prayerisvoid.
Intention
469.ApersonshouldofferprayerwiththeintentionofQurban,thatis,payinghomagetothe
AlmightyAllah.Itisnot,however,necessarytomaketheintentionpassthroughhismind,or,for
example,utter:IamofferingfourRak'ahsofTuhrprayerQurbatanilallah.
470.IfapersonstandsforTuhrprayerorforA?rprayer,withintentiontoofferfourRak'ahs
withoutspecifyingwhetheritisTuhrorA?rprayer,hisprayerisvoid;butitisenough,while
specifyingtheprayers,toconsiderTuhrprayerasthefirstandA?rprayerasthesecondprayer.
Similarly,ifhewantstoofferaQada'TuhrprayeratthetimeofTuhr,heshouldspecifywhetherhe
isofferingtheTuhrprayeroftheday,ortheQada.
471.Apersonshuoldbesonsciousandawareofhisintention,fromthebeginningoftheprayertill
itsend.Hence,ifduringtheprayerhebecomessolostthatheisunabletosaywhatheisdoing,if
asked,hisprayerisvoid.
472.ApersonshouldofferprayertopayhomagetotheAlmightyAllahonly.So,ifapersonpraysto
showofftothepeople,hisprayerisvoid.Itwillbevoidevenifhecouplestheintentionofshowing
off,withtheperformanceforthepleasureofallah.
TakbiratInIhram
473.TosayAllahuAkbarinthebeginningofeveryprayerisobligatory,andoneofitsRukns.And
thesetwowordsshouldbepronouncedincorrectArabic.Ifapersonpronouncesthesewords
incorrectly,orutterstheirtranslation,itwillnotbevolid.
474.ItisnecessarythatwhenapersonpronouncesTakbiratulIhramforanobligatoryprayer,his
bodyissteady,andifhepronouncesTakbirulIhramintentionallywhenhisbodyisinmotion,his
Takbirisvoid.
475.OneshouldpronounceTakbir.Suratulhamd,otherSurah,DhikrandDu'a(supplication)in
suchamannerthatheshouldatleasthearthewhisper.Andifhecannothearitbecauseof
deafnessortoomuchnoise,heshouldpronouncetheminsuchamannerthathewouldbeableto
hear,iftherewasnoimpediment.
476.Ifapersonisdumb,orhassomedefectinhistonguerenderinghimunabletopronounce
AllahuAkbar,heshouldpronounceitinwhatevermannerhecan.Andifhecannotproounceitat
all,heshouldsayitinhismind,andshouldmakeasuitablesignwithhisfingerforTakbir,and
shouldalsomovehistongueandlipsifhecan.Butapersonwhoisborndumb,shouldmovehis
tongueandlipslikesomeonewhopronouneesthetakbir,andmadesignswithhisfingers,too.
477.ItisMustahabforapersonpronouncingthefirstTakbiroftheprayer,andalsotheTakbir
whichoccurduringtheprayer,toraisehishandsparalleltohisears.
Qiyam(ToStand)
478.TostanderectwhilesayingTakbiratulIhram,andtostandbeforetheRukuareRuknsofthe
prayers.but,standingwhilerecitingSuratulHamdandtheotherSurahandstandingafter
performingtheRuku,arenotRuknandifapersonomitsitinadvertently,hisprayerisinorder.
479.ItisobligatoryforapersontostandawhilebeforeandafterpronouncingTakbir,soasto
ensurethathehaspronouncedtheTakbirwhilestanding.
480.IfapersonforgetstoperformRuku,andsitsdownafterrecitingSuratulHamdandother
Surah,andthenremembersthathehasnotperformedRuku,heshouldfirststandpuandthengo
intoRuku.Ifhedoesnotstandupfirst,andperformRukuwhileheisbowing,hisprayerwillbevoid
becauseofnothavingperformedstandingbeforeRuku.
481.WhenapersonstandsfortakbiratulIhramorQira'ah(recitation),heshouldnotwalk,nor
shouldheinclineononeside,andasanobligatoryprecaution,heshouldnotmovehisbodynor
leanonanythinginnormalcondition.However,ifheishelpless,andisobligatorytoleanon
something,thereisnoharminit.
482.Ifwhilestanding,apersonforgetfullywalksalittle,orinclinesononeside,orleanson
something,thereisnoharminit.
483.WhenapersonisengagedinobligatoryDhikrintheprayer,hisbodyshouldbestill,and,asan
obligatoryprecaution,itappliestoMustahabDhikralso.Andwhenhewishestogoalittlebackward
orforward,ortomovehisbodyalittletowardsrightorleft,heshouldnotreciteanythingatthat
time.
484.IfherecitessomethingMustahabwhileinmotion,forexample,ifhesaysTakbirwhilegoing
intoRukuorSajdah,hisDhikrwillnotbecorrectprovidedthathehassaiditwiththeintentionofa
Dhikrorderedtobesaidinprayers,buthisSalatwillbevalid.Bihawlillahiwaquwwatihiaqumuwa
aq'udshouldbesaidinthestateofrising.
485.Ifapersonbecomesunabletostandwhileofferingprayer,heshouldsitdown,andifheis
unabletosit,heshouldliedown.However,untilhisbodybecomessteady,heshouldnotutterany
oftheobligatoryDhikr.
486.Aslongasapersonisabletoofferpraversstanding,heshouldnotsitdown.Forexample,if
thebodyofapersonshakes,ormoveswhenhestands,orheisobligedtoleanonsomthingorto
inclinchisbodyabit,heshouldcontinuetoofferprayerstandinginwhatevermannerhecan.But,
ifhecannotstandatall,heshouldsitupright,andofferprayerinthatposition.
487.Ifapersonisofferingprayerinasittingposition,andifafterrecitingSuratulHamdandother
Surah,heisabletostandupandperformRuku,heshouldfirststand,andthenperformRuku.But,
ifhecannotdoso,heshouldperformRukuwhilesitting.
488.Ifapersonwhocanstand,fearsthatowingtostandinghewillbecomeillorwillbeharmed,he
canofferprayerinasittingpositionandifhefearssitting,hecanoffertheprayerinalyingposture.
Qira'ah(RecitingtheSuratulHamdandOtherSurahofholyQur'an)
489.Inthedailyobligatoryprayers,oneshouldreciteSuratulHamdinthefirstandsecond
Rak'ahs,andthereafteroneshouldreciteanotherSurahandonthebasisofprecautionitshouldbe
onecompleteSurah.
490.IfthetimeleftforSalatislittle,orifpersonhastohelplesslyabandontheSurahbecauseof
fearthatathief,abeast,oranythingelse,maydohimharm,orifhehasanimportantwork,hecan
ablandontheotherSurah.Infact,therearesituationswhenheshouldavoidit,likewhentheSalat
timeathisdisposalislimited,orwhenincertainfears.
491.IfapersonrealisesbeforebowingforRuku,thathehasnotrecitedalHamdandSurah,he
shouldrecitethem,andifherealisesthathehasnotrecitedtheSurah,heshouldrecitetheSurah
only.But,ifherealisesthathehasnotrecitedalHamdonly,heshouldrecitealHamdfirstand
thenrecitetheSurahagain.Moreover,ifhebendsbutbeforereachingtheRukurealisesthathe
hasnotrecitedsurahoronlyalHamdandSurahoronlyalHamd,heshouldstandupandact
accordingtotheforegoingrules.
492.ItisnotnecessarytoreciteaSurahafteralHamdinMustahabprayer,evenifthatprayermay
havebecomeobligatoryduetoNadhr(vow).But,asforsomeMustahabprayerslikeWahshah
prayer,inwhichaparticularSurahisrecommended,ifapersonwishestoactaccordingtothe
rules,heshouldrecitetheprescribedSurah.
493.Itisobligatory,asaprecaution,foramantorecitealHamdandtheotherSurahloudly,while
offeringFajr,MaghriborIshaprayer,anditisobligatoryalso,asaprecaution,foramananda
womantorecitealHamdandtheotherSurahsilentlywhileofferingTuhrandA?rprayers.
494.AwomancanrecitealHamdandotherSurahinFajr,MaghribandIshaprayersloudlyor
silently.But,ifanonMahramhearshervoice,andifitisHalal(allowed)forhertobeheardbya
nonMahramman,sheshouldrecitethemsilently,andifsherecitesthemloudly,asaprecaution,
herprayerwillbevoid.
495.Ifapersonintentionallypraysloudlywhereheshouldpraysilently,andviceversa,asa
precautionhisprayerisvoid.But,ifhedoessoowingtoforgetfulness,ornotknowingtherule,his
prayerisinorder.AndifherealisesthatheisdoingamistakewhilerecitingalHamdandtheother
Surah,itisnotnecessarytoreciteagainwhathehasrecitednotfollowingtherule.
496.Apersonshouldsayhisprayercorrectly,andifonecannotbyanymeansrecitethewholeof
SuratulHamd,heshouldreciteitashecanprovidedthatthepartpronouncedcorrectlyis
considerable;butifthatisaverysmallpart,thenasanobligatoryprecaution,heshouldaddtoit
someversesofQur'anwhichhecanrecitecorrectly.Andifhecannotdothat,heshouldaddsome
Tasbihtoit.ButifsomeonecannotrecitealHamdcorrectlyatall,thenthereisnonecessary
replacementforit.
497.IfapersondoesnotutteracertainwordofalHamdortheotherSurahintentionallyorwhile
heisnegligentlyignorant,oruttersoneletterforanother,likeZforD,orchangestheinflections,
byaddingavowelkikeAorIwherenotneededorchangingtheirpronunciationsinsuchamanner
thatthewordisconsideredasincorrect,ordoesnotrenderTashdid(pronouncingtheletterhard
asifthereistwoletters)properly,hisprayerisvoid.
498.Ifapersonhaslearntawordwhichhebelievestobecorrect,andrecitesitthatwayin
prayers,butcomestoknowlaterthathehasbeenrecitingitincorrectly,itisnotnecessaryforhim
tooffertheprayersagain.
499.Therecommendedprecautionisthatwhileofferingprayer,oneshouldnotrecitetheending
wordofanyphrase,withWaqf(i.e.nottoutterthelastvowel)ifonewishestojoinittothenext
phrase.Norshouldoneutterthelastvowelofaword(doWasl)whenonewishestopause.For
example,ifyoureciteArRahmanirrahimiandthenpausebeforestartingthenextword,itisnot
proper,butyoushouldcontinuewithnopause.Similarly,inthesamevorse,thatis,ArRahmanir
Rahim,ifyouutterthelastconsonant(M)withoutthevowel(I),youshoulddoapauseandnot
attachtheversetoMalikiyawmiddin.
500.InthethirdandfourthRak'ahsofprayer,onemayeitherraedonlyalHamdorTasbihat(i.e.
Subhanallahiwalhamdulillahiwalailahaillallahuwallahuakbar)whichmaybesaidonce,
althoughitisbettertosayitthreetimes.ItisalsopermissibletorecitealHamdinoneRak'ah,and
Tasbihatintheother,butitisbettertorecitethelatterinboth.
501.Itisobligatory,asaprecaution,formenandwomenthatinthethirdandfourthRak'ahs,they
shouldrecitealHamdorTasbihatsilently.
502.Ifapersondoubtswhetherhehaspronouncedaverseorawordcorrectly,like,whetherhe
hasutteredQulHuwallahuAhadcorrectlyornot,hemayignorehisdoubt.However,ifherepeats
thatverseorwordcorrectlyasaprecautionarymeasure,thereisnoharminit.Andifhedoubts
severaltimeshemayrepeatasmanytimes.However,ifitbecomesanobsession,itisbetternoto
reapeat.
Ruku(Bowing)
503.IneveryRak'ah,apersonofferingprayershould,afterrecitingtheSurahs(Qira'ah),bowtoan
extentthatheisabletorestallhisfingertips,includingthethumbonhisknees.Thisactiscalled
Ruku.
504.Thereisnoharm,ifapersonbowstotheextentprescribedforRuku,buthedoesnotresthis
fingertipsonhisknees.
505.BendingshouldbewiththeintentionofRuku.Ifapersonbendsforsomeotherpurpose(e.g.
toKillaninsect),hecannotreckonitasRuku.HewillhavetostandupandbendagainforRuku,
andinsodoing,hewillnothaveaddedanyRukn,norwillhisprayerbevoid.
506.ApersonwhoperformsRukuinthesittingposition,shouldbowdowntillhisfaceisparallelto
hisknees.
507.ItisbetterthatinnormalsituationsoneshouldsayinRukuSubhanallahthreetimesor
Subhanarabbiyalazimiwabihamdihonce.Butactually,utteringanyDhikrissufficientandasan
obligatoryprecautionitshouldbetotheextentoftheaboveDhikr.However,ifSalattimeisshort,
orifoneisunderanypressure,itwillbesufficienttosaySubhanallahonce.Apersonwhocannot
utterSubhanarabbiyalazimiwabihamdihcorrectly,heshouldsayanotherDhikrlike`Subhana
llah`threetimes.
508.TheDhikrofRukushouldbeutteredinsuccessionandincorrectArabic.
509.InRuku,thebodyshouldbesteady,andoneshouldnotpurposelymoveorshakeoneself
resultinginnotbeingsteady,evenif,asaprecaution,heorsheisnotrecitingtheobligatoryDhikr.
Andifsomeonedoesnotobservethissteadiness,hisprayer,asaprecaution,willbevoid,evenif
herepeatstheDhikrinsteadystate.
510.IfatthetimeofutteringtheobligatoryDhikrofRuku,helosessteadinessbymistakeor
involuntarilybecauseofuncontrollablevigorousmovement,itwillbebetterthatafterhisbody
resumessteadinessherepeatstheDhikr.However,ifthemovementissonegligiblethatsteadiness
isnotlost,orifhejustmoveshisfingers,thereisnoharmonit.
511.IfapersonintentionallyrecitestheDhikrofRukubeforehehasproperlyboweddown,and
beforehisbodybecomesstill,hisprayerwillbevoid,unlessherepeatstheDhikrinsteadystate.
Butifhehasuttereditbymistakebeforesteadiness,itisnotnecessarytorepeatitagain.
512.IfapersonintentionallyraiseshisheadfromRukubeforecompletingobligatoryDhikr,his
prayerisvoid.Ifheraiseshisheadbymistake,repeatingtheDhikrisnotnecessary.
513.IfapersoncannotbowdownforRukuproperly,heshouldleanonsomethingandperform
Ruku.AndifhecannotperformRukuevenafterhehasleaned,heshouldbowdowntothe
maximumextenthecan,sothatitcouldbecustomarilyrecognisedasaRuku.Andifhecannot
bentatall,heshouldmakeasignforRukuwithhishead.
514.IfapersonsupposedtomakeasignwithhisheadforRukuisunabletodoso,heshouldcloes
hiseyeswiththeintentionofRuku,andthenreciteDhikr.AndforrisingfromRuku,heshouldopen
hiseyes.Andifheisunabletodoeventhat,heshouldmakeanintentionofRukuinhismind,and
then,asaprecaution,makeasignofRukuwithhishandsandreciteDhikr.Inthiscase,the
precautionistoaddtothisact,itpossible,makingasignforRukuwhlisitting.
515.IfapersoncannotperformRukuwhilestanding,butcanbendforitwhilesitting,heshould
offerprayerstandingandshouldmakeasignwithhisheadforRuku.
516.AfterthecompletionoftheDhikrofRuku,oneshouldstandstraight,andasaprecaution
proceedtoSajdahafterthebodyhasbecomesteady.IfonegoestoSajdahintentionallybefore
standing,theprayerisvoid.also,asaprecaution,theprayerwillbevoid,ifonegoestosajdah
intentionallybeforethebodyissteady.
Prostration
517.ApersonofferingprayershouldperformtwosajdhsaftertheRuku,ineachRak'ahsofthe
obligatoryaswellasMustahabprayer.Sajdahoccurswhenoneplaceshisforeheadonearthina
specialmanner,withtheintentionofhumility(beforeAllah)

WhileperformingSajdahsduringprayer,itisobligatorythatboththepalmsandthepalmsand
boththebigtoesareplacedontheground.Foreheadinthisrulemeans,asaprecaution,the
middleofit,thatistherectangleboundedbytheeyepowsonbelow,andthelimitofhaironabove.
518.TwoSajdahstogetherareoneRukn(elemental),andifapersonomitstoperformtwoSajdahs
inoneRak'ahofanobligatoryprayer,whetherintentionallyorowingtoforgetfulnessorignorance,
orasanobligatoryprecautionifheaddstwomoresajdahsinoneRak'ahduetoforgetfulnessor
ignorancewithnonegligence,hisprayerisvoid.
519.IfapersonomitsoraddsoneSajdahintentionally,hisprayerbecomesvoid.Andifheomitsor
addsoneSajdahforgetfully,theprayerwillnotbecomevoid,andtherulewhenomittingone
Sajdah,willbeexplainedintherulesofSajdatusSahv.
520.Ifapersonwhocankeephisforeheadontheground,doesnotdosowhetherintentionallyor
forgetfully,hehasnotperformedSajdah,evenifotherpartsofhisbodymayhavetouchedthe
ground.But,ifheplaceshisforeheadontheearth,butdoesnotkeepotherpartsofhisbodyon
theground,ordoesnotuttertheDhikrbymistake,hisSajdahisinorder.
521.Itisbetterinnormalsituationtosay`Subhanallah`threetimes,or`Subhanarabbiyala'lawa
bihamdihonce.AndheshouldutterthesewordsinsuccessionandincorrectArabic.Actuallyany
otherDhikrwillsuffice,butasanobligatoryprecaution,itshouldbetotheextentoftheabove
Dhikrs.
522.IfapersonintentionallyutterstheDhikrofSajdahbeforehisforeheadreachesthegroundand
hisbodybecomessteadyhisprayerwillbevoid,unlessherepeatstheDhikrwhenthebody
becomessteadyinSajdah,andifheraiseshisheadfromSajdahintentionallybeforetheDhikris
completed,hisprayerisvoid.
523.IfapersonutterstheDhikrofSajdahbymistakebeforehisforeheadreachesthegroundand
realiseshismistakebeforeheraiseshisheadfromSajdah,heshoulduttertheDhikragainwhenhis
bodyissteady,butifwhentheforeheadhasreachedtheground,andbeforethestaidnessofthe
body,heutterstheDhikr,itisnotnecessarytorepeatit.
524.IfafterraisinghisheadfromSajdah,apersonrealisesthathehasdonesobeforethe
completionoftheDhikrofSajdah,hidprayerisinorder.
525.IfatthetimeofutteringDhikrofsajdah,apersonintentionallyliftsoneofhissevenpartsof
thebodyfromtheground,hisSalatwillbevoid,providedthatitisinconsistentwiththesteadiness
requiredforSajdah.Thisruleappliesalso,asanobligatoryprecaution,whenoneisnotutteringany
Dhikr.

526.Ifapersonraiseshisforeheadfromthegroundbymistake,beforethecompletionoftheDhikr
ofSajdah,heshouldnotplaceitonthegroundagain,andheshouldtreatitasoneSajdah.
However,ifheraisesotherpartsofthebodyfromthegroundbymistake,heshouldplacethem
backonthegroundanduttertheDhikr.
527.AftertheDhikrofthefirstSajdahiscompleted,oneshouldsittillthebodyissteady,andthen
performthesecondSajdah.
528.Itisnecessarythatthereshouldbenothingbetweentheforeheadofthepersonoffering
prayer,andthethingonwhichSajdahcanbeoffered.HenceiftheTurbahissodirtythatthe
foreheaddoesnotreachtheTurbahitself,theSajdahisvoid.ButifonlythecolouroftheTurban
haschanged,thereisonharm.
529.InSajdahapersonofferingprayershouldplacehistwopalmsonthegroundandasan
obligatoryprecaution,heshouldplacethesurfaceofthepalmifpossible.Inastateofhelplessness,
therewillbenoharminplacingthebackofthehandsontheground,andifeventhisisnot
possible,heshould,onthebasisofprecaution,placethewristsofhandsontheground.Andifhe
cannotdoeventhis,heshouldplaceanypartoftheforearmuptohiselbowontheground,andif
eventhatisnotpossibleitissufficienttoplacethearmsontheground.
530.InSajdah,apersonshouldplacehistwobigtoesontheground,butitisnotnecessarytoplace
thetipsofthetoes.Ifheplacestheouterortheinnerpartsofthetoes,itwillbeproper.Butifhe
placesinsteadofthebigtoes,anyothersmallertoesontheground,ortheouterpartofhisfeet,or
ifhisbigtoedoesnotrestonthegroundduetoverylongnails,hisprayerwillbevoid.Andifa
persondoesnotfollowthisruleduetoignoranceorcarelessness,hehastoprayagain.
531.TheTurbahorotherthingonwhichapersonperformsSajdah,shouldbeTahirtoasize
requiredforcorrectnessofSajdah.If,heplacestheTurbahonaNajiscarpet,orifonesideofthe
TurbahisNajis,andheplaceshisforeheadonitsTahirpart,thereisnoharminit.
532.Ifapersoncansitbutcannotmakehisforeheadreachtheground,heshouldbowasmuchas
hecan,providedthathisbowingiscustomarilyconsideredasSajdah,andshouldplacetheTurban
oranyotherallowablethingonsomethinghigh,andplacehisforeheadonit.Buthispalms,his
kneesandtoesshould,ifpossiblebeonthegroundasusual.
533.Ifapersonwiththeabovesituationcannotfindsomethinghighonwhichhemayplacethe
Turbah,oranyotherallowablething,andhecannotfindanypersonwhowouldraisestheTurbah
etc.Forhim,thenheshouldraiseitwithhishandanddoSajdahonit.
534.IfapersoncannotperformSajdahatallorcanbowverylittlesothatitcannotbecustomarily
consideredasSajdah,heshouldmakeasignforitwithhishead,andifhecannotdoeventhat,he
shouldmakeasignwithhiseyes.Andifhecannotmakeasignevenwithhiseyesheshouldmake
anintentionforSajdahinhismindand,onthebasisofobligatoryprecaution,makeasignfor
Sajdahwithhishandsetc.AndrecitetheobligatoryDhikr.
535.IftheforeheadofapersonisraisedinvoluntarilyfromtheplaceofSajdah,heshouldnot,if
possible,allowittoreachtheplaceofSajdahagainandthiswillbetreatedasoneSajdahevenifhe
maynothaveutteredtheDhikrofSajdah.Andifhecannotcontrolhishead,anditreachesthe
placeofSajdahagaininvoluntarily,bothofthemwillbereckonedasoneSajdah,andifhehasnot
utteredtheDhikr,asarecommendedprecaution,hewilldosowiththeintentionofQurban,but
notasapartofprayer.
536.AtaplacewhereapersonhastoobserveTaqiyyah(concealingone'sfaithindangerous
situation)hecanperformSajdahonacarpet,orothersimilarthings,anditisnotnecessaryforhim
togoelsewhere,ordelaytheprayersothatheisabletoprayfreelyatthatplacewithoutTagiyyah.
ButifhefindsthathecanperformSajdahonamat,oranyotherallowedobjects,withoutany
impediment,thenheshouldnotperformSajdahonacarpetorthingslikeit.
537.TheobligatoryprecautionisthatinthefirstRak'ahofSalatandinthethirdRak'ahwhichdoes
notcontainTashahhud(likethethirdRak;ahinTuhr,A?randIshaprayers)oneshouldsitfora
whileafterthesecondSajdahbeforerising.
ThingsonwhichSajdahisAllowed
538.Sajdahshouldbeperformedonearth,andonthosethingsnotediblenorworn,whichgrow
fromearth(e.g.woodandleavesoftrees).ItisnotpermissibletoperformSajdahonthingswhich
areusedasfoodordress(e.g.wheat,barleyandcottonetc.),oronthingswhincharenot
consideredtobepartsoftheearth(e.g.golol,silver,etc.).Andinthesituationofhelplessness,pitch
andtarwillhavepreferenceoverothernonallowablethings.

539.Sajdahshouldnotbeperformedonthevineleaves,whentheyaredelicateandhenceedible.
Otherwise,thereisnoobjection.
540.ItisinordertoperformSajdahonthingswhichgrowfromtheearthandserveasfodderfor
animals(e.g.grass,hayetc.).
541.ItisallowedtoperformSajdahonlimestoneandgypsum.Infact,thereisnoobjectionalsoin
performingSajdahonbakedgypsum,lime,pickandbakedearthenwareetc.
542.ItisinordertoperformSajdahonpaper,ifitismanufacturedfromallowedsourceslikewood
orgrass,andalsoifitismadefromcottonorflax.Butitismadefromsilketc,Sajdahonitwillnot
bepermissible.Incaseoftissue(disposablehandkercheif),Sajdahonitisorderonlywhenoneis
surethatitismadefromallowedsources.
543.TurbatulHusaynisthebestthingforperformingSajdah.Afterit,thereareearth,stoneand
grass,inorderofpriority.
544.IftheTurbahstickstotheforeheadinthefirstSajdah,itshouldberemovedfromtheforhead
forthesecondSajdah.
545.IfathingonwhichapersonperformsSajdahgetslostwhileheisofferingprayer,andhedoes
notpossessanyotherthingonwhichSajdahisallowed,hecanperformSajdahonanyotherthing.
TheMustahabandMakruhThingsinSajdah
546.ItisMustahabtosayTakbirbeforegoingtoSajdah.Apersonwhopraysstandingwilldoso
afterhavingstoodupfromRuku,andapersonwhoprayssittingwilldosoafterhavingsat
properly.ItisalsorecommendedtoplacethenoseonaTurbah,oronanyotherthingonwhich
Sajdahisallowed;andtosayTakbir,aftereverySajdah,whenthepersonhassatdownandhis
bodyiscomposed;andwhenhisbodyissteadyafterthefirstSajdah,tosay:Àstaghfirullaharabbi
waatubuilayh`;andtosayÀllahuAkbar`forgoingintosecondSajdah,whenhisbodyissteady;
andtoreciteSalawatwhileinprostrations.
ObligatoryProstrationsintheHolyQur'an
547.UponrecitingorhearinganyofthefollowingversesoftheholyQur'an,theperformanceof
Sajdahbecomesobligatory:
*SuratusSajdah,32:15
*SurahFussilat,41:38
*SuratunNajm,53:62
*SuratulAlaq,96:19
Wheneverapersonrecitestheverseorhearsitwhenrecitedbysomeoneelse,heshouldperform
Sajdahimmediatelywhentheverseends,andifheforgetstoperformit,heshoulddoitasand
whenheremember.Ifonehearstheversewithoutanyexpectation,inaninvoluntarysituation,the
Sajdahisnotobligatory,thoughitisbettertoperformit.
548.IfapersonhearstheSajdahverse,andrecitesithimselfalso,heshouldperformtwoSajdahs.
549.IfapersonhearstheverseofobligatorySajdahfromapersonwhoisasleep,oronewhois
insane,orfromachildwhoknowsnothingoftheQur'an,itwillbeobligatoryuponhimtoperform
Sajdah.Butifhehearsfromagramophoneorataperecorder,Sajdahwillnotbeobligatory.
Similarly,theSajdahwillnotbeobligatoryifhelistenstoatapedrecitationfromradio(nottoalive
programme).ButifthereisaliveprogrammeandapersonrecitesaverseofSajdahfromthe
station,itwillbeobligatorytoperformSajdah.
550.TheobligotoryprecautionisthatintheobligatorysajdahcausedbytheQuranicverse,
apersonshouldplacehisforehadonaTurbah,oranyotheronwhichsajdahisallowed,andasa
recommendedprecautiononeshouldkeeootherpartsofonesbodyonthegroundasrequirein
asajdahofprayer.
551.WhenapersonpeformstheobligatorySajdahuponhearingtherelevantverse,itwillbe
sufficientevenifhedoesnotreciteanyDhikr.However,itisMustahabtoreciteDhikr,preferably
thefollowing:Lailahaillallahuhaqqanhaqqa;lailahaillallahuimananwatasdiqa;lailahailla
llahuubudiyyatanwariqqa;sajadtulakayarabbita'abbudanwariqqa,lamustankifanwala
mustakbira,balanaabdundhalilundaifunkha'ifunmustajir.
Tashahhud
552.Inthesecondunit(Rak'ah)ofallobligatoryprayers,andinthethirdunitofMaghribprayer
andinthefourthunitofTuhr,A?randIshaprayers,oneshouldsitafterthesecondprostration
withatranquilbody,andreciteTashahhudthus:Ashhaduanlailahaillallahuwahdahulasharika
lah,waashhaduannaMuhammadanabduhuwarasuluh;allahummasallialaMuhammadinwaali
Muhammad.
553.ThewordsofTashahudshouldberecitedincorrectArabic,andinusualsuccession.
554.IfapersonforgetsTashahhud,andrisesandremembersbeforeRuku,heshouldsitdownto
reciteit,andthenstandupagain.Hewillthencontinuewithhisprayer.Butifheremembersthisin
Rukuorthereafter,heshouldcompletetheprayerandperformtwoSajdahusSahvforthe
forgottenTashahhid.
555.ItisMustahabtosaybeforeTashahhud:Alhamdulillah;Bismillahiwabillah,walhamduli
llah,waKhayrulasma'ilillah.ItisalsoMustahabtoplaceone'shandsonnoe'sthights,withjoined
fingers,andtolookatone'slaps,andtosaythisafterTashahhudandSalawat:Wataqabbalshafa
atahuwarfadarajatah.
SalaminthePrayers
556.Whileapersonissitting,afterrecitingTashahhudinthelastunit(Rak'ah),andhisbodyis
tranquil,itisMustahabtosay:Assalamualaykaayyuhannabiyyuwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh.
Thenitisobligatorytosay:Assalamualaykum;andasarecommendedprecautionaddtoit,Wa
rahmatullahiwabarakatuh.Alternatively,hecansay:
Assalamualaynawaalaibadillahissalihin.ButifherecitesthisSalam,thenasperobligatory
precaution,hemustfollowitupwithsaying:Assalamualaykum.
Tartib(Sequence)
557.IfapersonforgetsaRukn(elementalpart)oftheprayer,anperformsthenextRukn,like
beforeperformingRukuifheperformsthetwoSajdahs,hisprayerwouldbecomevoid,asas
measureofprecaution.
558.IfapersonforgetsaRukn,andperformsanactafteritwhichisnotaRukn,likeifhe
recitesTashahhudwithoutperformingthetwoSajdahs,heshouldperformtheRuknandshould
reciteagainthepartwhichheperformederroneouslyearlierthantheRukn.
559.IfapersonforgetsathingwhichisnotaRukn,andperformsaRuknwhichcomesafterit,like
ifheforgetsalHamdandbeginsperformingRuku,hisprayerisinorder.
560.IfapersonforgetsanactwhichisnotaRukn,andperformsthenextactwhichtoo,isnota
Rukn,likeifheforgetsalHamdandrecitestheotherSurah,heshouldperformwhathehas
forgotten,andthenreciteagainthethingwhichhemistakenlyrecitedearlier.
Muwalat(MaintenanceofSuccession)
561.Apersonshouldmaintaincontinuityduringprayer,thatisheshouldperformvariousactsof
prayer,likeRuku,twoSajdahsandTashahhud,incontinuoussuccession,andheshouldrecitethe
Dhikretc.alsoinusualsuccession.Ifheallowsanundueintervalbetweendifferentacts,tillit
becomesdifficulttovisualisethatheispraying,hisprayerwillbevoid.
Qunut
562.ItisMustahabthatQunutberecitedinallobligatoryandMustahabprayersbeforetheRukuof
thesecondRak'ah,anditisalsoMustahabthatQunutberecitedintheWitrprayer(inSalatullayl)
beforeRuku,althoughthatprayerisofoneRak'ahonly.
InFridayprayerthereisoneQunutineveryRak;ah.InSalat,therearefiveQunut,andinIdPrayers
thereareseveralQunutintwoRak'ahswhichwillbeexplainedlater.IntheprayerofShaf,whichis
apartofSalatullayl,QunutistobeperformedwiththeintentionofRaja.
563.ItisalsoMustahabthatwhilerecitingQunut,apersonkeepshishandsinfrontofhisface,
turningthepalmsfacingthesky,andkeepingboththehandsandthefingers,exceptthethumbs,
closetogether.ItisMustahabtolookatthepalmsinQunut.ButasanobligatoryprecautionQunut
willnotbeinorderwithoutraisingthehands,exceptincaseofhelplessness.000
Taqibat(SupplicationsafterPrayers)
564.ItisMustahabthatafterofferingtheprayer,oneshouldengageoneselfinreciting
suppliacations,andreadingfromtheholyQur'an.Itisbetterthatbeforeheleaveshisplace,and
beforehisWudu,orGhuslorTayammumbecomesvoid,heshouldrecitesupplicationsfacing
Qiblah.TheTasbihofFatimatuzZahra(peacebeonher)isoneofthoseactswhichhavebeen
emphasised.ThisTasbihshouldberecitedinthefollowingorder:
*AllahuAkbar34times
*Alhamdulillah33times
*Subhanallah33times
SubhanallahcanberecitedearlierthanAlhamdulillah,butitisbettertomaintainthesaidorder.
565.ItisMustahabthataftertheprayerapersonperformsaSajdahofthanksgiving,anditwillbe
sufficientifoneplacedhisforeheadonthegroundwiththatintention.However,itisbettertosay:
ShukranlillahorShukranorAfwan,100times,orthreetimes,orevenonce.ItisalsoMustahab
thatwheneverapersonisblessedwithHisbounties,orwhentheadversitiesareaverted,heshould
gotoSajdahforShukr,thatis,thanksgiving.
SalawatontheHolyProphet
566.ItisMustahabthatwheneverapersonhearsoruttersthesacrednameoftheholyProphetof
Islam,likeMuhammadorAhmad,orhistitle,likeMusatfaorhispatronymicappellationlikeAdul
Qasim,heshouldsay,AllahummasallialaMuhammadenwaaliMuhammad;evenifthathappens
duringtheSalat.
ThingswhichInvalidatePrayers
567.Twelvethingsmakeprayersvoid,andtheyarecalledMubtilatusSalatt.
First:IfanyoftheprerequisitesofprayerceasestoexistwhileoneisinSalat,like,ifhecomesto
knowthatthedresswithwhichhehascoveredhimselfisNajis.

Second:Ifaperson,intentionallyorbymistake,oruncontrollably,commitsanactwhichmakeshis
WuduorGhuslvoid,like,whenurinecomesout,evenif,asaprecaution,itisdischarged
forgetfully,orinvoluntarily,afterthelastSajdahoftheprayer.Butifapersonisincontinent,unable
tocontrolurineorexcretion,hisprayerwillnotbevoidifheactsaccordingtotherulesexplained
earlyintheChapterofWudu.Similarly,ifawomanseesbloodofIstihadahduringprayer,herSalat
isnotinvalidatedifshehasactedaccordingtotherulesofIstihadah.
Third:Ifapersonfoldshishandsasamarkofhumilityandreverence,hisprayerwillbevoid,but
thisisbasedonprecautionaryrule.However,thereisnodoubtaboutitbeingHalal(allowed),ifitis
donebelievingthatitisordainedbyShariah.
568.Thereisnoharmifapersonplacesonehandonanotherforgetfully,orduetohelplessnessor
Taqiyyah,orforsomeotherpurposes,like,scratching.
Fourth:ThefourththingwhichinvalidatesprayeristosayAminafteralHamd.Thisrule,when
appliedtooneprayinginvalidually,isbasedonprecaution,butifsomeoneuttersitbeliveingthatit
hasbeenordainedbyShariah,itisHalal(allowed).Thereisnoharmifsomeoneuttersit
erroneouslyorunderTaqiyyah.
Fifth:ThefifththingwhichinvalidatesprayeristoturnawayfromQiblahwithoutanyexcuse.Butif
thereisanexcuse,hisSalatwillbevalid,providinghehasnotdeviatedentirelytohisrightorleft
side.ButitisnecessarytoreturntothedirectionofQiblahassoonastheexcusedisappears.Andif
heturnedawaytowardsrightorleftsideorhisbackturnedtowardsQiblah,duetoforgetting,or
ignoranceormistakingindirectionofQiblah,heshouldprayagaintowardsQiblahassoonashe
remembers,ifthereistimeleftevenforoneRak'ah.ButifthereisnotimeforevenoneRak'ahat
hisdisposal,thenheshouldcontinuewiththesameSalattowardsQiblah,andhewillnothaveto
giveanyQadaforthat.Similarruleappliestotheonewhohasdeviatedbecauseoftheexternal
force.
Sixth:Thesixththingwhichinvalidatesprayeristotalkinternionally,evenbyutteringasingleword
consistingofonesingleletterwhichhasameaningordenotessomething.Forexample,oneletter
QiinArabicmeans:protect.Orifsomeoneaskedapersonwhoispraying,astowhichisthe
secondletterofArabicalphabet,andhesaidsimplyBa.Butiftheutteranceismeaningless,then,if
itconstitutestwoormoreArabicletters,hisprayerwillbevoid,basedonprecaution.
569.Ifapersonforgetfullyuttersawordconsistingofoneormoreletters,hisprayerdoesnot
becomevoid,evenifthatwordmaycarrysomemeaning,butasaprecaution,itisnecessarythat
aftertheprayer,heshouldperformSajdatusSahv,aswillbeexplainedlater.
570.IfapersonuttersawordwiththeobjectofDhikr,like,ifhesaysAllahuAkbar,andraiseshis
voicetoindicatesomething,thereisnoharminit.
571.ThereisnoharminrecitingtheQur'anorsupplicationsinprayers.
572.IfapersonintentionallyorasamatterofprecautionrepeatspartsofalHamdandother
Surah,andtheDhikrofprayer,thereisnoharminit.
573.ApersonofferingprayershouldnotgreetanyonewithSalam,andifanotherpersonsays
Salamtohim,heshouldusethesamewordsinreplywithoutaddinganythingtoit.Forexample,if
someonesaysSalamunalaykum,heshouldalsosaySalamunalakuminreply,withoutaddingwa
rahmatullahiwabarakatuh.
574.ItisnecessarythatthereplytoSalamisgivenatonce,irrespectiveofwhetheroneispraying
ornot.Andif,whetherintentionallyorduetoforgetfulness,hedelaysreplytotheSalam,somuch
thatifhegivesareplyafterthedelay,itmaynotbereckonedtobeareplytothatSalam,thenhe
shouldnotreplyifheisinSalat.AndifheisnotinSalatitisnotobligatoryforhimtoreply.
575.Ifawomanormanoradiscerningchild,thatis,onewhocandistinguishbetweengoodand
evil,saysSalamtoapersoninSalat,thepersonshouldrespond.However,inreplytotheSalambya
womanwhosaysSalamunalayka,thepersonofferingprayercansaySalamunalayki,givingKa?rah
toKafattheend.
576.IfapersoninSalatdoesnotrespondtoSalamhisprayerisinorder,thoughhewillhave
committedasin.
577.IfapersonsaysSalamtoagroupofpoeple,itisobligatoryforallofthemtogiveareply.
However,ifoneofthemrelies,itissufficient.
578.IftwopersonsimultaneuslysaySalamtoeachother,eachoneofthemshould,onthebasisof
obligatoryprecaution,replytheSalamoftheother.<br
Seventh:ThesevenththingwhichmakesSalatvoidisanintentionalloudlaugh.Butifonelaughs
loudlyunintentionally,orifhepurposelylaughswithoutemittinganyvoice,thereisnoharm.
579.Ifinordertocontrolhislaughter,theconditionofthepersoninSalatchanges,like,ifthe
colourofhisfaceturnsred,heshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,prayagain.
Eighth:Asanobligatoryorecaution,ifoneintentionallyweeps,silentlyorloudy,oversomeworldly
matters,hisSalatwillbevoid.But,ifheweepssilentlyorloudlyduetofearofAllahorstrongdesire
toHimAlsoifsomeonepeyshomegetoAllahforhisworldlyneedsfromHim,andweepsduetoit,
thereisnoobligatoryinit,orfortheHereafter,thereisnoharminit.Inface,itisamongthebest
acts.

Ninth:AnyactwhichchangestheformofSalatlike,clappingorjumping,invalidatestheSalat,
regardlessofwhetherthatactisdoneintentionallyorforgetfully.However,thereisnoharmin
actionswhichdonotchangetheformofSalat,like,makingapiefsignwithone'shand.
580.IfapersonremainssilentduringSalatforsolong,thatitmaynotbesaidthatheisoffering
prayer,hisSalatisinvalidated.
Tenth:Eatingordrinking.Ifapersonofferingprayereatsordrinksinsuchamannerthatpeople
wouldnotsaythathewasinSalat,hisprayerwouldbevoid,regaralessofwhetherhedoesit
intentionallyorforgetfully.
581.IfapersoninSalatswallowsthefoodwhichhasremainedaroundhisteeth,hisprayerisnot
invalidated.Similarly,ifthingslikegrainsofsugarremaininthemouthandtheydissolveinthe
salivaslowlyandgodownthethroat,thereisonharminit.
Eleventh:AnydoubtconcerningthenumberofRak'ahsinthoseprayerswhichconsistoftwoor
threeRak'ahs,willrendertheSalatvoidifonecontinuestobeindoubt.Also,ifonedoubtsabout
thenumberofthefirsttwoRak'ahsofthoseprayershavingfourRak'ahs,(like,Tuhr,A?randIsha),
hisSalatwillbevoidifhecontinuestobeindoubt.
Twelfth:IfapersonomitstheRukn(elementalparts)oftheprayer,eitherintentionallyor
forgetfully,hisSalatisvoid.Similarly,ifhedoesanextraRuknbymistake,likeaddingaRukuortwo
SajdahinoneRak'ah,hisSalat,asanobligatoryprecaution,willbevoid.Andifoneomitspurposely
actswhicharenotRukn,ormakesanaddition,Salatwillbevoid.Butifoneforgetfullyaddsone
moreTakbiratulIhram,Salatwillnotbevoid.
582.Ifapersondoubtsaftertheprayer,Whetherornotheperformedanysuchactwhich
invalidatedtheprayer,hisSalatwillbeinorder.
DoubtswhichMakePrayerVoid
583.Thefollowingdoubtsmakeprayervoid:
DoubtsaboutthenumberofRak'ahsoccurringinthoseobligatoryprayerswhichconsistof2
Rak'ahs,like,Eajrprayer,orprayersofferedbyatrayeller.
However,doubtsaboutnumberofRak'ahsinMustahabprayersorSalatulIhtiyatdoesnotmake
theprayersvoid.
DoubtsaboutthenumberofRak'ahsoccurringinprayersconsistingof3Rak'ahsthatis,Maghrib
prayer.
Doubtoccurringinprayersof4RakahsastowhetheronehasperformedoneRakahormore.
Doubtsinprayerof4Rak'ahsbeforegoingtothesecondSajdah,astowhetherhehasperformed
2Rak'ahsormore.
Doubtsbetween2and5Rak'ahsorbetween2andmorethan5Rak'ahs.
Doubtsbetween3and6Rak'ahsorbetween3andmorethan6Rak'ahs
Doubtsbetween4and6Rak'ahsorbetween4andmorethan6Rak'ahs.
DoubtsWhichShouldBeIgnored
584.Thefollowingdoubtsshouldbeingored:
Doubtsaboutanactwhosetimeofperformancehasalreadypassed,like,duringRukuaperson
doubtsastowhetherhedidornotrecitealHamd.
DoubtsoccurringaftertheSalamofprayers.
Doubtsafterthetimeofprayerhasalreadypassed.
Doubtsofaperson,whodoubtstoomuch.
DoubtsbytheImam(onewholeadsthecongregationprayer)aboutthenumberofRak'ahswhen
theMa'mum(follower)isawareofthenumber;andsimilarlythedoubtsoftheMa'mumwhenthe
ImamknowsthenumberofRak'ahs.
DoubtswhichoccursinMustahabprayerandSalatulIhtiyat.
I.DoubtsaboutanActWhoseTimeofPerformancehasPassed
585.Ifapersondoubtswhileofferingprayerastowhetherornothehasperformedaparticular
obligatoryact,likeifhedoubtswhetherornothehasrecitedalHamd,andifhehasengaged
himselfinthenextact,whichheshouldnothaveperformedaccordingtoShariahafterhaving
eliminatedintentionallythepreviousact(aboutwhichhehasdoubt),likedoubtingaboutalHamd
whilerecitingthenextSurah,heshouldignoretheabout.Butinasituationotherthanthis,he
shouldperformtheactaboutwhichhehasdoubt.
586.IfapersondoubtsafterRukuorSajdah,whetherornothehasperformeditsobligatoryparts,
likeDhikrandsteadinessofthebody,heshouldignorehisdoubt.
587.Ifapersondoubtswhilerisingtostand,whetherornothehasperformedSajdahor
Tashahhud,heshouldignorethedoubt.
588.IfapersondoubtswhetherornothehasperformedoneoftheRuknofprayer,andifhehas
notyetengagedhimselfinthenextact,heshouldperformit.Forexample,ifhedoubtsbefore
recitingTashahhud,whetherornothehasperformedtwoSajdahs,heshouldperformthem.Andif
herememberslaterthathehadalreadyperformedthatRukn,asanobligatoryprecaution,his
prayerwillbecomevoidbecauseofadditionalRukn.
589.IfapersondoubtswhetherornothehasperformedanactwhichisnotaRuknofSalat,andif
hehasnotegagedhimselfinthefollowingact,heshouldperformit.Forexample,ifhedoubts
beforerecitingtheotherSurah,whetherornothehasrecitedalHamd,heshouldrecitealHamd.
AndifheremembersafterrecitingalHamdthathehadalreadyrecitedit,hisprayerwillbein
order,becauseaRuknhasnotbeenadded.
II.DoubtsaftertheSalam
590.IfapersonbecomesdoubtfulaftertheSalamofprayer,astowhetherornothehasoffered
theprayercorrectly,like,ifhedoubtswhetherornothehasperformedtheRuku,ordoubtsafter
theSalamofa4Rak'ahprayerastowhetherhehasperformed4or5Rak'ah,heshouldignorehis
doubt.Butifbothsidesofthedoubtleadtoinvalidityoftheprayer,likeifhedoubtsina4Rak'ahs
prayerwhetherhehasperformed3or5Rak'ahs,hisprayerwouldbevoid.
III.DoubtaftertheTimeofSalathasPassed
591.Ifapersondoubts,afterthetimeforprayerhasalreadypassed,astowhetherhehasoffered
theprayerornot,orifhesuspectsthathemaynothaveofferedit,itisnotnecessaryforhimto
offerthatprayer.If,however,hedoubtsbeforetheexpirlyofthetimeforthatprayer,asto
whetherornothehasofferedit,heshouldofferit,evenifhehasafeelingthathemighthavedone
so.
592.Ifapersondoubtsafterthetimeforprayerhaspassed,whetherornothehasofferedthe
prayercorrectly,heshouldignorehisdoubt.
IV.OneWhoDoubtsTooMuch
593.Kathirushshakisapersonwhodoubtsquiteoften,meaningthathedoubtsmorethana
normalsimilarpersondoes,duetoanunsettledmindorwhims.

594.Ifapersonwithsuchanobsessiondoubtsabouthavingperformedanypartofprayer,he
shoulddecidethathehasperformedit.Forexample,ifhedoubtswhetherhehasperformedRuku,
heshouldsaythathehasperformedit.Andifhedoubtsabouthavingperformedanactwhich
invalidatesprayers,likeifhedoubtswhetherintheFajrprayerhehasoffered2or3Rak'ahs,he
shouldconsiderthathehasofferedtheprayerproperly.
595.IfaKathirushshakpersondoubtswhetherhehasperformedaRuknornot,andignoreshis
doubt,butrememberslaterthathehadactuallynotperformedit,heshouldperformitandits
followingacts,ifhehasnotgoneintonextRukn.AndifhehascommencedthenextRukn,his
prayer,asaprecaulionisvoid.Forexample,ifhedoubtswhetherhehasperformedRukuornot,
andignoreshisdoubt,butremembersbeforethesecondSajdahthathehasnotperformedRuku,
heshouldreturnandperformRuku,butifheremembersitinthesecondSajdah,hisprayer,asa
precautionisvoid.
596.IfaKathirushshakpersondoubtswhetherhehasperformedanactwhichisnotaRukn,and
ignoreshisdoubtandremebereslaterthathehasnotperformedit,andthestageofits
performancehasnotpassed,heshouldperformitanditsfollowingacts,andifhehaspassedits
stage,hisprayerisinorder.Forexample,ifhedoubtswhetherhehasrecitedalHamdornotand
heignoresit,heshouldreciteitandtheothersurah,ifheremembersduringQunutthathehasont
recitedalHamd.ButifheremembersafterhavinggonetoRuku,hisSalatwillbeinorder.
V.Imam'sorFollower'sDoubt
597.IfanImamwhoisleadingacongregationalprayer,doubtsabautthenumberofRak'ahs,like,if
hdoubtswhetherhehasperformedthreeorfourRak'ahs,hewillfollowtheindicationgivenbythe
followerwhoiscertainorhasafeelingaboutthenumber.Ifheindicatesthatitisthefourth,Imam
willacceptitandcompletetheprayer,andsalatulIhtiyatwillnotbenecessary.Similarlyifthe
ImamissureorhasafeelingaboutthenumberofRak'ajs,andthefollowerhasaabout,heshould
ignorehisdoubt.Thisruleappliesalsowhenanyofthemdoubtsaboutsomeactoftheprayer,like
thenumberofSajdah.
VI.DoubtinMustahabPrayers
598.IfapersondoubtsaboutthenumberofRak'ahsinaMustahabprayerandifthehigherside
makestheprayervoid,heshoulddecideonthelessersideofthedoubt.Forexample,ifhedoubts
whetherhehasperformed2Rak'ahsor3inNfilahofFajrprayer,heshoulddecidethathehas
performed2Rak'ahs.Butifthehighersidedoesnotinvalidatetheprayer,likeifhedoubtswhether
hehasperformed2Rak'ahsor1,heisfreetodecideeitherway,andhisprayerwillbevalid.
599.OmissionofaRukninvalidatesNfilah(Mustahabprayer),butadditionofaRukndoesnot
invalidateit.Hence,ifthepersonofferingNfilahprayerforgetstoperformanypart,and
rememberedwhenhehasenteredintoaRukn,heshouldreturntoperformtheforgottenpartand
thenreentertheRukn.Forexample,ifheremembersduringRukuthathehasnotrecitedalHamd,
heshouldreturntorecitealHamd,andthengointoRukuagain.
600.IfapersondoubtswhetherhehasperformedanyRuknornonRuknpartofNfilahprayer,he
shouldperformitifitsstagehasnotpassed,andifithas,thenheshouldignorethedoubt.
661.IfapersoninNfilahprayerperformsanactwhich,ifhehadperformedinanobligatory
prayer,itwouldhavebeennecessaryforhimtodoSajdatusSahv,orifheforgetsoneSajdah,it
willnotbenecessarytoperformSajdatusSahv,orgiveQadafortheSajdah,aftertheNfilahis
over.
DoubtsWhichAreValid
602.ThereareninesituationsinwhichapersoncanhavedoubtsaboutthenumberofRak'ahsin
theprayersconsistingoffourRak'ahs.Inthosesituations,oneshouldpausetothink,andifhe
arrivesatanydecisionorprobability,heshouldactaccordingly.Ifdoubtpersists,heshouldfollow
theserules:
(i)AfterenteringthesecondSajdah,ifapersondoubtswhetherhehasperformed2Rak'ahsor3,
heshouldassumethathehasperformed3Rak'ahs,andfinishtheprayerafterperformingone
moreRak'ah.AndafterfinishingtheprayerheshouldofferoneRak'ahofSalatulIhtiyat
(precautionaryprayer),standing.Asanobligatoryprecaution,twoRak'ahswhilesittingwillnot
suffice.
(ii)IfafterenteringthesecondSajdah,apersondoubtswhetherhehasperformed2or4Rak'ahs,
heshoulddecidethathehasperformed4Rak'ahs,andfinishhisprayer.Heshouldthenstandupto
offer2Rak'ahsofSalatulIhtiyat.
(iii)Ifapersondoubts,afterenteringthesecondSajdah,whetherhehasperformed2,3or4
Rak'ahs,heshoulddecidethathehasperformed4Rak'ahs.AfterCompletingtheprayer,heshould
perform2Rak'ahsofSalatulIhtiyatstanding,and2Rak'ahsinthesittingposition.
(iv)Ifapersondoubtsafterenteringthesecond
Sajdah,astowhetherhehasperformed4or5Rak'ahs,heshoulddecidethathehasperformed4
Rak'ahsandfinishhisprayer.AfterthatheshouldperformtwoSajdatusSahv.
(v)Ifapersondoubtsatanystageduringhisprayer,whetherhehasperformed3or4Rak'ahs,he
shoulddecidethathehasperformed4Rak'ahsandfinishhisprayer.Thereafterheshould
offerSalatulIhtiyatofoneRak'ahstandingorof2Rak'ahsinthesittingposition.
(vi)Ifapersondoubtswhilestanding,astowhetherhehasperformed4Rak'ahsor5,heshouldsit
downandreciteTashahhudandtheSalamofprayer.ThenheshouldstanduptoofferSalatul
Ihtiyatof1Rakah,orgive2Rak'ahswhilesitting.
(vii)Ifonedoubts,whilestanding,whetherhehasperformedthreeorfiveRak'ahs,heshouldsit
downandreadTashahhudandSalamtofinishtheprayer.Afterthat,heshouldoffer2Rak'ahs
ofSalatulIhtiyatstanding.
(viii)Ifapersondoubtswhilestanding,astowhetherhehasoffered3,4or5Rak'ahs,heshouldsit
downandreciteTashahhudandtheSalamoftheprayer.Thereafter,heshouldofferSalatulIhtiyat
of2Rak'ahsstanding,andanother2Rak'ahsinthesittingposition.
(ix)Ifapersondaubts,whilestandingwhetherhehasperformed5or6Rak'ahs,heshouldsitdown
andreciteTashahhudandSalamoftheprayer.Thereafter,heshouldperformtwoSajdatusSahv.
603.Whenapersonhasanyoftheabovevaliddoubts,heshouldnotpeaktheprayer,ifthetime
forSalatisveryshort.Heshouldactaccordingtotherulesgivenabove.Butifthereisampletime
forSalat,hecanpeaktheprayerandrepeatitfromthebegining.
MethodofOfferingSalatulIhtiyat
604.Aperson,forwhomitisobligatorytoofferSalatuly'Ihtiyat,shouldmakeitsintention
immediatelyaftertheSalamofprayer,nadpronounceTakbirandrecitealHamdandthenperform
RukuandtwoSajdah.
Now,ifhehastoperformonlyoneRak'ahofSalatulIhtiyat,heshouldreciteTashahhudandSalam
oftheprayeraftertwoSajdah.Ifitisobligatoryforhimtoperform2Rak'ahsofSalatulIhtiyat,he
shouldperform,afterthe2Sajdah,anotherRak'ahlikethefirstone,nadthencompletewith
TashahhudandSalam.
605.SalatulIhtiyatdoesnothaveotherSurahandQunut,anditsintentionshouldnotbeuttered
andasanobligatoryprecaurtion,alHamdshouldbeofferedsilently.
606.IfapersonrealisesbeforestartingSalatulIhtiyatthattheprayerwhichhehadofferedwas
correct,heneednotofferit,andifherealisesthisduringSalatulIhtiyat,heneednotcompleteit.

607.AsfarasRak'ahsofSalatareconcerned,probabilityorstrongfeelingaboutitwillbetreatedat
thesamelevelascertainty.Forexample,ifapersondoesnotknowforcertainwhehterhehas
offered1Rak'ah2,andhasastrongfeelingthathehasoffered2Rak'ahs,heshoulddecideinits
favour.Andifinaprayerof4Rak'ahs,hestronglyfeelsthathehasoffered4Rak'ahs,heshouldnot
offerSalatulIhtiyat.ButinthematterofactsofSalat,probabilityhasthepositionofdoubt.Hence,
ifhefeelsthatprobablyhehasperformedRuku,andifhehasnotyetenteredSajdah,heshould
performtheRuku.AndifhethinksthathehasnotrecitedalHamd,andhasalreadystreadystarted
theotherSurahheshouldignorehisdoubtandhisprayerisinorder.
608.Thereisnodifferencebetweentherulesofdoubt,forgetting,andprobabilityorstrongfeeling,
regardlessofitoccurringinthedailyobligatoryprayersorotherWajibSalat.Forexample,ifone
doubtsinSalatulayat,whetherhehasperformed1Rak'ahor2,hisSalatwillbevoid,becauseitisa
doubtwhichhasoccurredinaSalatconsistingof2Rak'ahs.Similarly,ifhehasastrongfeelingthat
ishisfirstorhissecondRak'ah,hewillcompletetheprayerbasedonthatfeeling.
SajdatusSahv(SajdahforForgottenActs)
609.TwoSajdatusSahvbecomenecessaryintwocases,andtheyareperformedafterSalam.Their
methodwillbeexplainedlater.
(i)ForgottingTashahhud.
(ii)Whenthereisadoubtina4Rak'ahprayer,afterenteringsecondSajdah,astowhetherthe
numberofRak'ahsperformedis4or5,or4or6likethefourthcaseinvaliddoubts.
Andinthreecases,SajdatusSahvis,asanobligatoryprecaution,necessary:
(i)Fortalkingforgetfullyduringprayer.
(ii)RecitingSalamatthewrongplace,like,forgetfullyrecitingitinthefirstRak'ah.
(iii)Whenaftery'Salatt,onerealisesthathehaseitheromittedoraddedsomethingbymisatke,but
thatomissionoradditiondoesnotrenderthaprayervoid.
610.Ifapersontalks,bymistakeorundertheimpressionthathisprayerhasended,heshould
perform2SajdatusSahv,asaprecaution.
611.IfatatimewheretheSalamofprayerisnottobesaid,apersonforgetfullysaysAssalamu
alaynawaalaibadillahissalihinorsays:
Assalamualaykum,heshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,perform2SajdatusSahv,evenifhe
didnotaddWarahmatullahiwabarakatuh.Butifhesays:Assalamualaykaayyuhannabiyyu
warahmatullahiwabarakatuh,thenSajdatusSahvwillbearecommendedprecaution.Ifone
utterstwoormorelettersofSalam,heshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,offertwoSajdatus
Sahv.
612.Ifapersonsays,bymisatke,allthe3SalamsatthetimewhenSalamshouldnotberecited,it
issufficienttoperform2SajdatusSahv.
613.IfapersonremembersduringRukuorthereafter,thathehasforgottenoneSajdahor
TashahhudoftheprecedingRak'ah,heshouldperformtheQadaofSjadahaftertheSalamof
prayer,nadforTashahhudheshouldperformtwoSajdatusSahv.
614.IfapersondoesnotperformSajdatusSahvaftertheSalamofprayerintentionally,he
commitsasin,anditisobligatory,asaprecaution,uponhimtoperformitasearlyaspossible.And
ifheforgetstoperformit,heshouldperformitimmediatelywhenheremembers.Itis,however,
notnecessaryfor
TheMethodofOfferingSajdatusSahv
615.ImmediatelyaftertheSalamofprayer,oneshouldmakeanintentionofperformingSajdatus
Sahv,placingone'sforehead,asanobligatoryprecaurion,onanobjectwhichisallowed.Itisa
recommendedprecautionthatDhikrberecited,andabetterDhikris:Bismillahiwabillah,as
salamualaykaayyuhannabiyyuwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh.Thenoneshouldsitupand
performanotherSajdahrecitingtheabovementionedDhikr.AfterperformingthesecondSajdah
oneshouldsitupagainandreciteTashahhudandthensay:Assalamualaykum;itisbettertoadd
toit:Warahmatullahiwanarakatuh.
QadaoftheforgottenSajdah
616.IfapersonforgetsSajdah,nadoffersitsQadaafterprayer,heshouldfulfilalltheconditionsof
prayer,likehisbodyanddressbeingTahir,andfacingtheQiblah,andallvariousotherconditions.
617.IfapersonforgetsoneSajdahandTashahhud,heshouldoffertwoSajdatusSahvforthe
forgottenTashahhud,butitisnotnecessaryfortheforgottenSajdah,thoughitisbettertoperform
itforthelattertoo.
AdditionandomissionoftheActsandconditionsofPrayers
618.Wheneverapersonintentionallyaddssomethingtotheobligatoryactsofprayers,oromits
somethingfromthem,evenifitbeonlyaletter,hisprayersbecomevoid.

619.IfapersonomitsaRukn(elementalpart)ofprayerduetoignorance,hisprayerisvoid.But
omittinganonRuknduetojustifiableignorance(likewhenapersonreliesonsomeauthorityora
reliablebookofIslamiclaws,andthereafterherealisesthattheauthorityorthebookwaswrong),
Willnotmaketheprayervoid.andifsomeone,duetohisignoranceabouttheruleevenifwith
negligence,praysFajr,Maghriband'Isha'prayerswithsilentQira'ah,orTuhrand'A?rprayerswith
loudQira'ah,oroffersfourRak'ahswhereheshouldhaveprayedtwobecauseoftravelling,his
prayerwillbeinorder.
620.IfapersonrealisesduringprayerorafteritthathisWuduorGhuslhadbeenvoid,orthathe
hadbegunofferingprayerwithoutWuduorGhusl,heshouldrepeatthesamewithWuduorGhusl,
butpeakingtheprayerisnotobligatory.Andifthetimefortheprayerhaslapsed,heshould
performitsQada.
621.IfapersonrealisesaftertheSalamofprayerthathehasnotofferedoneRak'ahormorefrom
theendpartoftheprayer,andifhehasdoneanysuchthingwhichwouldinvalidatetheprayer,
werehetodosointentionallyorforgetfully,liketurningawayfromQiblah,hisprayerwillbevoid.
Butifhehasnotperformedanysuchactthen,heshouldimmediatelyproceedtoperformthatpart
oftheprayerwhichheforgot,andshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,offertwoSajdatusSahvfor
additionalSalam.
622.IfapersonaftertheSalamofprayer,doesanactwhichwouldhaveinvalidatedtheprayer,
werethentodosointentionallyorotherwise,liketurningawayfromQiblah,andthenremembers
thathehadnotperformedtwolastSajdahs,hisprayerwillbevoid.Andifheremembersitbefore
heperformsanyactwhichwouldinvalidatetheprayer,heshouldperformthetwoforgotten
Sajdah,andshouldreciteTashahhudagain,togetherwithSalamoftheprayer.Thereafter,he
shouldperform,asanobligatoryprecaution,twoSajdatusSahvfortheSalamrecitedearlier.
623.Ifapersonrealisesthathehasofferedtheprayerbeforeitstimesetin,heshouldofferthat
prayeragain,nadiftheprescribedtimeforithaslapsed,heshouldperformitsQada.Ifherealises
thathehasofferedtheprayerwithhisbacktoQiblahorwithadeviationof90ormoredegrees
fromQiblahignoranceabouttoQiblah;orwithadevitionof90ormoredegreesfromQiblahhe
shouldparyagainifthetimeofsalatisstillthere;andifthetimehaslaosed,therewillbeQadaif
hehadprayeddirectionbecauseofotherwisetheQadaisnotnecessary.Ifherealisesthatthe
deviationhasbeenlessthan90degrees,thenifhehadnotanyexcuseforhisdeviation,likewhen
hehadnotmadeenougheffortstodeterminethedirectionofQiblahortoknowitsrule,hehasto
prayagainasaprecaution,whetherthetimehaslapsedornot.Butifhehadsomeexcuse,itisnot
necessarytorepeattheprayer.
PrayerofaTraveller(Musafir)
AtravellershouldreducetheRak'ahsinTuhr,A?randIshaprayers,thatis,heshouldperformtwo
Rak'ahsinsteadoffour,subjecttothefollowingeightconditions:
*Thefirstconditionisthathisjourneyisnotlessthan8Farsakh(44kilometersor28miles
approximately).
624.Ifthetotalofoutwardjourneyandreturnjourneyis8Farsakh,evenifthesinglejourney
eitherwaydoesnotequal4Farsakh,heshouldshotenhisprayers.Therefore,ifhisoutward
journeyis3Farsakh,andhisreturnis5Farsakh,orviceversa,heshouldoffershortenedprayers,
thatis,oftwoRak'ahs.
625.Ifthetotalofoutwardandreturnjourneyisjust8Farsakh,thetravellershouldshortenhis
prayers,evenifhedoesnotreturnonthesamedayornight.
626.Ifapersonbelievedthathisjourneyequalled8Farsakh,andheshortenedhisprayers,and
learntlaterthatitwasnot8Farsakh,heshouldofferfourRak'ahsofprayers,andifthetimeforthe
prayershaslapsed,heshouldperformtheirQada.
627.Thebeginningof8Farsakhshouldbecalculatedfromapointbeyondwhichhewillbedeemed
atraveller,andthispointisrepresentedbythelastboundaryofacity.Incertainverybigcities,it
wouldbeprobablyreckonedfromtheendoflocality.
*Thesecondconditionisthatthetravellershouldintendatthetimeofthecommencementofthe
journey,tocoveradistanceof8Farsakhifhetravelsuptoapointwhichislessthan8Farsakh
away,heshouldofferfullprayers.Thisisso,becausehedidnotintendtravelling8Farsakhwhen
hecommencedhisjourney.Butifhedecidestotravelfurther8Farsakhfromthere,ortogotoa
distancewhichbesidethereturnwillcovereightFarsakh,heshouldshortenhisprayers.
628.Atravellershouldoffershortenedprayersonlywhenheisfirmlydeterminedtotravel8
Farsakh.Hence,ifaperdongoesoutsidethecitythinkingthathewouldcover8Farsakhifhefinds
acompanion,hewilloffershortenedprayersonlyifheissurethathewillfindacompanion.Andif
heisnotsuretofindone,heshouldprayfull.
629.Ifapersonwhoisunderthecontrolofanotherpersonwhileonajourney,likewife,child,
servantoraprisoner,knowsthathisjourneyis8Farsakh,heshouldoffershortenedprayers.Butif
hedoesnotknow,heshouldofferfullprayers,anditisnotnecessaryforhimtoinquire;though
inquiringisbetter.
630.Ifapersoncommenceshisjourneytogotoaplacewhichisatadistanceof8Farsakh,and
aftercoveringapartofthejourney,decidestogoelsewhere,andthedistancebetweentheplace
fromwherehestartedhisjourney,uptothenewplace,is8Farsakh,heshouldshortenhisprayers.

*Thefourthconditionisthatthetravellerdoesnotintendtopassthroughhishometownandstay
there,ortostayatsomeplacefor10daysormore,beforehereachesadistanceof8Farsakh.
Henceaperson,whointendstopassthroughhishometownandstaythere,ortostayataplace
for10days,beforehereachesadistanceof8Farsakh,heshouldofferfullprayers.Ifhewishesto
passthroughhishometownwithoutstayingthere,heshould,asaprecaution,praybothfulland
shortenedprayers.
631.Aperson,whodoesnotknowwhetherornothewillpassthroughhishometown,before
reaching8Farsakh,orthroughaplacewherehewillstayfor10days,shouldofferfullprayers.
632.Apersonwhowishestopassthroughhishometownandstaythere,beforehereaches8
Farsakh,ortostayataplacefor10days,orifheisundecidedaboutit,shouldoffercomplete
prayersevenifhelaterabandonstheideaofpassingthroughhishometown,orstayingotaplace
for10days.However,ifhteremainingjourneyisof8Farsakhoraddsupto8Farsakhonreturn,he
shouldshortenhisprayers.
*ThefifthconditionisthatthepurposeoftravellingshouldnotbeHalal(allowed).Therefore,ifa
persontravelstodosomethingunlawful,like,tocommittheft,heshouldofferfullprayers.The
sameruleapplieswhentravellingitselfisHalal(allowed),like,whentravellinginvolvesaharm
whichresultsindeathordefectinbody,orwhenawifetravelswithoutthepermissionofher
husbandforajourneywhichisnotobligatoryuponher.Butifitisanobligatoryjourney,likethatof
obligatoryHajj,thenshortenedprayersshouldbeoffered.
633.Ajourneywhichisnotobligatory,andisacauseofdispleasureofone'sparents,isHalal
(allowed),andwhilegoingonsuchajourney,oneshouldofferfullprayersandshouldalsofast.
634.Ifapersontravelsforreceationandouting,hisjourneyisnotHalal(allowed),andheshould
shortenhisprayers.
635.Ifapersongoesoutforhunting,withtheobjectofsportandpleasure,hisprayersduringthe
outwardjourneywillbefull,thoughthishuntingisnotHalal(allowed),butonreturnitwillbe
shortenedifitdoesnotinvolvehuntingandthereturnjourneycoversadistanceofatleast8
Farsakh.Butifapersongoesoutforhunting,toearnhislivelihood,heshouldoffershortened
prayers.Similarly,ifhegoesforbusinessandincreaseinhiswealth,hewillprayQA?r(shortened).
636.Ifapersonhasjourneyedtocommitasin,heshould,onhisreturn,shortenhisprayers,ifthe
returnjourneyalonecovers8Farsakh
*Thesixthconditionisthatthetravellershouldbeanomad,whoroamaboutinthedeserts,and
temporarilystayatplaceswheretheyfindfoodforthemselves,andfodderandwaterfortheir
animals,andagainproceedtosomeotherplaceafterafewdayshalt.Duringthesejourneysthe
nomadsshouldofferfullprayers.
637.Ifanomadtravelstofindoutresidenceforhimself,andpastureforhisanimals,andcarrieshis
bagandbaggagewithhimsothatitcanbesaidthathishomeiswithhim,heshouldofferfull
prayers,otherwiseifhisjourneyis8Farsakhheshouldshortenhisprayers.
638.IfanomadtravelsforZiyarah,Hajj(pilgrimage),tradeoranyothersimilarpurpose,heshould
shortenhisprayers,providedthatitcannotbesaidthathishomeiswithhim,butifthiscanbe
said,hisprayerisfull.
*TheseventhconditionisthatheshouldnotbeKathirusSafar(onewithfrequenttravels).But
onewhoseprofessionrequirestravelling,likedrivers,herdsmen,sailorsandpostnen,oronewho
trvelsfrequently,evenifhisjobdoesnotrequiretravelling,likethreetimesaweekforrecreation
ortouringetc,shouldofferfullprayers.
639.Ifapersonwhoseprofessionisintravels,travelsforanotherpurposelike,forHajj,heshould
shortenhisprayersexceptwhenheisaknownfrequenttravellerlikeapersonwhofrequently
travelsthreetimesaweek.If,forexample,thedriverofautomobilehiresouthisvehiclefor
pilgrimage,andincidentallyperformspilgrimagehimselfaswell,heshouldofferfullprayers.
640.Forbeingadriveretc,oneshoulddecidetocontiniuehisprofessionasadriveretc,andhis
stayingshouldnotbelongerthanusual.Thenapersonwhotravelsonedayaweekasadriver,he
isnotcalledasdriver.Butonewhotravelsatleastthreedaysaweekortendaysamonth,and
decidestocontinuethistravellingforatleasttwoconsecutivemonths,iscalledKathirusSafar;
thoughheshould,asaprecaution,offerbothfullandshortenedprayersduringthefirstmonth.But
apersonwhotravelsonedayaweekisnotcalledKathirusSafar.Onewhotravelstwodaysaweek
should,asanobligatoryprecaution,offerbothshortenedandfullprayers.
641.Apersonwhoseprofessionforapartoftheyearistravelling,likeadriverwhohiresouthis
automobileduringwinterorsummer,shouldofferfullprayersduringthosejourneys,andthe
recommendedprecautionisthatheshouldofferQA?rprayers,aswellasfullprayers.
642.Ifadriverorahawker,whogoesroundwithinanareaof2or3Farsakhfromthecity,happens
totravelonajourneyconsistingof8Farsakh,heshouldshortenhisprayers.
643.Ifapersonwhoseprofessionistravelling,staysinhishometownfor10daysormore,withor
withouttheoriginalintention,heshouldofferfullprayersduringthefirstjourneythathe
undertakesaftertendays.Thesamerulewillapply,whenhetravelsaftertendaysfromaplace
whichisnothishometown.
644.Forapersonwhoseprofessionistravelling,itisnotnecessarytotravelthreetimes,inorderto
offeringtheprayersfully.Infact,justasthepersonisknownasdriveretc,hecanofferfullprayers,
eveninthefirsttravelling.
645.Ifapersonwhoseprofessionisnottravelling,hastotravelquiteoftentotransporta
commodityheowns,hewillprayQA?r,unlesswhenheisknownasKathirusSafar,definedinthe
(ruleno1318.)
*TheeighthconditionisthatthetravellerreachesthelimitofTarakhkhus,ifhetravelsfromhis
hometown,thatis,atapointbeyondwhichtravellingbegins.Butifapersonisnotinhis
hometown,theruleofTarakhkhuswillnotapplytohim,andjustashetravelsfromhisplaceof
residence,hisprayerswillbeQA?r.
646.ThelimitofTarakhkhusisaplacewherepeopleofthecity,eventhoselivinginitsoutskirts,
cannotseethetraveller,anditssignis,whenhecannotseethem.
647.AtravellerwhoisreturningtohishometownwillcontinueprayingQA?r,tillheentersthe
hometown.Similarly,apersonwhointendstostayfortendaysataplace,willofferQA?rprayers,
tillhereachesthatplace.
648.IfapersondoubtswhetherornothehasreachedthepointofTarakhkhusheshouldofferfull
prayers.
649.Atravellerwhoispassingthroughhishometown,ifhemakesastopoverthere,hewillpray
full,otherwise,asanobligatoryprecaution,hewillcombineboth,fullaswellasQA?rprayers.
650.Aplacewhichapersonadoptsforhispermanentlivingishishome,irrespectiveofwhetherhe
wasbornthere,orwhetheritwasthehomeofhisparents,orwhetherhehimselfselecteditashis
residence.
651.Aplacewhichapersonadoptsforhisresidenceishishometown(Watan)evenifhehasnot
madeaspecificintentiontolivethereforeven.Itishishome,ifthepeopletheredonotconsider
himatraveller,inspiteofhissojournatotherplacewherehemaybeputtingupfortenormore
days.
652.Ifapersonlivesattwoplaces,forexample,helivesinonecityforsixmonths,andinanother
foranothersixmonths,bothofthemarehishome.And,ifheadoptsmorethantwoplacesforhis
living,allofthemarereckonedtobehishome(Watan).
653.Ifapersonreachesaplacewhichwaspreviouslyhishome,buthassinceabandonedit,he
shouldnotofferfullprayersthere,evenifhemaynothaveadoptedanewhome.
654.Ifatravellerintendstostayataplacecontinuouslyfortendays,orknowsthathewillbe
obligedtostayataplacefortendays,heshouldofferfullprayersatthatplace.
655.Ifatravellerintendstostayataplacefortendays,itisnotnecessarythathisintentionshould
betostaythereduringthenightortheeleventhnight.Andassoonashedeterminesthathewill
staytherefromsunriseonthefirstdayuptosunsetofthetenthday,heshouldofferfullprayers.
Samewillapplyif,forexample,heintendsstayingtherefromnoonofthefirstdayuptonoonof
theeleventhday.
656.Apersonwhointendstostayataplacefortendays,shouldofferfullprayersifhewantsto
stayfortendaysatthatplaceonly.Ifheintendstospend,forexample,tendaysinNajafandKufah,
orinTehranandShemiran(twoclosetowns),heshouldofferQA?rprayers.
657.Ifatravellerwhowantstosatyataplacefortendays,hasdeterminedattheveryoutset,that
duringtheperiodoftendays,hewilltraveltosurroundingplaceswhichareconsideredcommonly
asotherplaces,andarelessthanfourFarasakhaway,andiftheperiodofhisgoingandreturningis
sopief,thatitcannotbeconsideredasinfringementofhisintentionofstayingtherefor10days,he
shouldofferfullprayers.Butifiitisconsideredasaninfringement,thenheshouldrayQA?r.For
example,ifheintendstobeawayfromthatplaceforadayandanight,thenthatprolongedperiod
willbepeakingtheintention,andhewillprayQA?r.Butifheintendstobeawayfor,say,halfaday,
evenifreturningaftertheeveningsetsin,itwillnotbeconsideredasbeakingtheintention.Of
course,ifhetravelsfrequentlyfromthatplace,givinganimpressionthatheisvisitingtwoormore
places,thenhewillprayQA?r.
658.Ifatravellerhasdecidedtostayataplacefortendays,butatthesametimeconsidersit
probablethathemayhavetoleaveearlierbecauseofsomehindrance,andifthatsuspicionis
justifiable,heshouldoffershortenedprayers.
659.Ifatravellerdecidestostayataplacefortendaysandabandonstheideabeforeoffering
oneSalatconsistingoffourRak'ahs,orbecomesundecided,heshouldprayQA?r.But,ifhe
abandonstheideaofstayingthereafterhavingofferedoneprayerconsistingoffourRak'ahs,or
waversinhisintention,heshouldofferfullprayersaslongasheisatthatplace.
660.Ifatravellerwhohasdcidedtostayataplacefortendays,staysthereformorethantendays,
heshouldofferfullprayersaslongashedoesnotstarttravelling,anditisnotnecessarythathe
shouldmakeafreshintentionforstayingforfurthertendays.
661.Atravellerwhodecidestostayataplacefortendays,shouldkeeptheobligatoryfast;hemay
alsokeepMustahabfast,andofferNfilah(recommendedeverydayprayers)ofTuhr,A?randIsha
prayers.
662.Ifatravellerstaysataplaceunexpectedlyforthirtydays,like,ifheremainedundecided
throughoutthosethirtydayswhetherheshouldstaythereornot,heshouldofferfullprayersafter
thirtydays,evenitbeforashortperiod.
663.Anundecidedtravellerwillofferfullprayersafterthirtydays,ifhestaysforallthirtydaysat
oneplace.Ifhestaysforapartofthatperiodatoneplace,andtherestatanotherplace,heshould
offerQA?rprayersevenafterthirtydays.
MiscellaneousRules
664.AtravellercanofferfullprayersintheentirecitiesofMakkah,MadinahandKufah.Hecanalso
offerfullprayersintheHalal(allowed)ofImamHusayn(A.S.),uptothedistanceofnearly11.5
mettersfromthesacredtomb.
665.Ifapersonwhoknowsthatheisatraveller,andshouldofferQA?rprayers,intentionallyoffers
fullprayersatplacesotherthanthefourmentionedabove,hisprayersarevoid.Andthesamerule
applies,ifheforgetsthatatravellermustofferQA?rprayers,andpraysfull.However,ifheprays
fullforgettingthatatravellershouldoffershortenedprayers,andremembersafterthetimehas
lapsed,itisnotnecessaryforhimtogivetheQada.
666.Ifapersonwhoknowsthatheisatraveller,andshouldoffershortenedprayers,offersfull
prayersbymistake,andrealiseswithinthetimeforthatprayer,heshouldprayagain.Andifhe
realisesafterthelapseoftime,heshouldgiveQadaasaprecaution.
667.Ifatravellerwhodoesnotknowthatheshouldshortenhisparyers,offersfullprayers,his
paryesareinorder.
668.Ifatravellerknewthatheshouldoffershortenedprayers,butdidnotknowitsdetails,like,if
hedidnotknowthatshortenedprayersshouldbeofferedwhenthedistanceofthejouneyisof8
Farsakh,andifheoffersfullprayers,heshould,asanobligatoryprecautionrepeatthepryersifhe
comestoknowtherulewithinthetimeofprayer,andifhedoesnotdothat,hewillgiveitsQada.
Butifhelearnsoftheruleafterthetimehaslapsed,thereisnoQada.
669.Ifapersonwhoshouldoffercompleteprayers,offersQasrinstead,hisprayersarevoidinall
circumstance;andasanobligatoryprecaution,thiswillapplyalsowhenoneignorantlypraysQA?r,
ataplacewherehedecidedtostayfor10days.
670.Ifbeforethetimeofprayerlapses,atravellerwhohasnotofferedprayerreacheshis
hometown,oraplacewhereheintendstostayfortendays,heshouldofferfullprayer.Andifa
personwhoisnotonajourney,doesnotofferprayerwithintheearlytime,andthenproceedsona
journey,heshouldoffertheprayerduringhisjourneyinshortenedform.
671.IftheTuhr,A?r,orIshaprayersofatraveller,whoshouldhaveofferedQA?rprayers,becomes
Qada,heshouldperformitsQadaasQA?r,evenifhegivesQadaathishometownorwhileheis
nottravelling.AndifanontravellermakesoneofhteabovethreeprayersQada,heshould
performitsQadaasfull,evenifhemaybetravellingatthetimeheofferstheQada.
QadaPrayers
672.Apersonwhodoesnotofferhisdailyprayerswithintime,shouldofferQadaprayersevenif
heslept,orwasunconsciousduringtheentiretimeprescribedfortheprayers.Similarly,Qadamust
begivenforallotherobligatoryprayers,iftheyarenotofferedwithintime,andasanobligatory
precautionthisincludesthoseprayerswhichonemakesobligatoryupononeselfbyNadhr(vow),to
offerwithinafixedperiod.ButtheprayersofIdulFitrandIdulAdhahavenoQada,andtheladies
whohavetoleaveoutdailyprayers,oranyotherobligatoryprayers,duetoHaydhorNifas,donot
havetogiveanyQadaforthem.AndtheruleofQadaforSalatulayatwillbeexplainedlater.
673.Ifapersonrealisesafterthetimefortheprayerhaslapsed,thattheprayerwhichheoffered
intimewasvoid,heshouldperformitsQadaprayer.
674.ApersonhavingQadaprayersonhim,shouldnotbecarelessaboutofferingthem,althoughit
isnotobligatoryforhimtoofferthemimmediately.
675.ApersonwhohasQadaprayeronhim,canofferMustahabprayers.
676.ItisnotnecessarytomaintainsequentialorderintheofferingofQada,exceptinthecaseof
prayersforwhichorderhasbeenprescribed,like,TuhrandA?rprayersorMaghribandIsha
prayersofthesameday.
677.IfapersonknowsthathehasnotofferedaprayerconsistingoffourRak'ahs,butdoesnot
knowwhetheritisTuhrorIsha,itwillbesufficienttoofferafourRak'ahprayerwiththeintention
ofofferingQadaprayerfortheprayernotoffered.Andasfarasrecitingloudlyorsilently,hewill
haveanoption.<
678.IfapersonhasanumberofFajrorTuhrprayersQadaonhim,andhedoesnotknowtheir
exactnumber,orhasforgotten,forexample,hedoesnotknowwhethertheywerethree,fouror
fiveprayers,itwillbesufficientifheoffersthesmallernumbar.

679.Aslongasapersonisalive,nootherpersoncanofferhisQadaonhisbehalf,evenifhehimself
isunabletoofferthem.
QadaPrayersofaFatherwhichAreObligatoryontheEldestSon
680.Ifapersondidnotoffersomeofhisobligatoryprayers,andhehasbeenabletooffertheir
Qada,afterhisdeathitisuponhisaldestson,asanobligatoryprecaurion,toperformthoseQada
prayers,providedthatthefatherdidnotleavethemasadeliberateactoftransgression.
Alternativelythesoncanhiresomeonetoperformthem.TheQadaprayersofhismotherisnot
obligatoryuponhim,thoughitisbetterifheperformsthem.
681.IftheeldestsondoubtswhetherornothisfatherhadanyQadaonhim,heisunderno
obligatory.
682.IftheeldestsonknowsthathisfatherhadacertainnumberofQadaprayersonhim,butheis
indoubtwhetherhisfatherofferedthemornot,heshouldofferthem,asanobligatoryprecaution.
CongregationalPrayers
683.Itisrecommendedthatdailyobligatoryprayersareperformedincongregation,andmore
emphasishasbeenlaidoncongregationalprayersforFajr,MaghribandIsha,andalsoforthose
wholiveintheneighbourhoodofamosque,andareabletohearitsAdhan.Itisalsorecommended
toperformotherobligatoryprayersincongregation,butvalidityofcongregationalprayerforTawaf
prayerandSalatulayatofotherthaneclipsesisnotestablished.
684.Forthevalidityofcongregation,itisaconditionthatthereshouldbenoobstructionbetween
theImamandthefolliwer,norbetweenonefollowerandtheotherfollower,whoisbetweenhim
andtheImam.Anobstructionmeanssomethingwhichseparatesthem,regardlessofwhetherit
preventsseeingeachother,likeinthecaseofacurtain,orawall,ordoesnotprevent,likeinthe
caseofaglasswall.Therefore,ifthereisanobstruction,atanytimeoftheprayer,betweenImam
andthefollowerorbetweenthefollowersthemselves,thuspeakingthelink,congregationwillbe
void.Butwomenareexemptedfromthisrule,aswillbeexplainedinduecourse.
685.IfapersonwhoisstandingbehindapillerisnotlinkedwiththeImambyanotherfollower
fromeitherside,hecannotfollowtheImam.
686.TheplacewhereImamstandsshouldnotbehigherthantheplaceofthefollower,unlessthe
heightisnegligible.And,ifthegroundhasaslopeandtheImamisstandingatthehigherend,there
willbenoobjection,providingtheslopeissmall.
687.Inthecongregationalprayer,thereisnoobjectioniftheplacewherefollowersstandishigher
thanthatoftheImam.Butifitissohigh,thatitconnotbeconsidredthattheyhaveassembled
together,thenthecongregationisnotinorder.
688.Ifadiscerningchild,onewhoisabletodistinguishgoodfromevil,standsbetweentwo
personsinoneline,thuscausingaspacegap,theirprayerincongregationwillbevalidaslongas
theydonothaveknowledgeaboutthatchildssalathavingbecomevoid.
689.IfaftertheTakbiroftheImam,thepersonsinthefrontrowarereadyforprayerandareabout
Takbir,apersonstandinginthebackrow.
690.IfapersondecidestoseparatehimselfduringcongregationalSalatintotheintentionofFurd
withoutanyexcuse,thevalidityofhiscongregationalprayerwillbeamatterofIshkal,buthisSalat
willbevalid,exceptwhenhehasnotactedaccordingtotherulesrelatedtoFurdprayer,in
whichcase,asanobligatoryprecaution,heshouldrepeattheprayer,butifhehasaddedor
omittedsomethingwhichdoesnotinvalidatetheprayerwhenthereisanexcuse,itisnot
necessarytorepeatit.Forexample,ifhedidnothavetheintentionfromthebeginningtoseparate
himself,andthereforedidnotreciteQira'ah,anddecitedinRuk,hisprayerwillbevalidwhen
convertedtoFurdanditisnotnecessarytorepeatit.Thisrulewillapplyalsowhenonehas
addedoneSajdahtofollowtheImm.
691.IfapersonjoinstheImmatthetimeofRukandparticipatesinRukoftheImm,his
prayerisinorder,eveniftheDhikrbytheImmmayhavecometoanend,anditwillbetreatedas
oneRak'ah.However,ifhegoestoRukandmissesImm'sRuk,hecancompletehisprayeras
Furd,orhecanpeakhisprayertoreachthenextRak'ah.
692.IfapersonjoinstheImmwhenheisinRukandashebows,hedoubtswhetherornothe
reachedtheRukoftheImm,hiscongregationalprayerwillbevalidifthatdoubtoccursafterthe
Rukwasover.Otherwise,hecancompletehisprayerasFurd,andhecanpeakhisprayerto
reachthenextRak'ah.
693.IfapersonjoinstheImmwhenheisinRuk,butbeforehebowsenoughforRuk,theImm
raiseshisheadfromhisRuk,thatpersoncanpeakhisprayertoreachthenextRak'ah.
694.IfapersonjoinstheImmfromthebeginningoftheprayerorduringthetimeofalA*amd
andtheotherSrah,andifitsohappensthat,beforehegoesintoRuk,Immraiseshisheadfrom
Ruk,beinorder.
695.ThefollowersshouldnotstandinfrontoftheImm,and,asanobligatoryprecaution,when
thefollowersaremany,theyshouldnotstandinlinewithImm.Butifthereisonlyonemale
follower,hemaystandinlinewithImm.

696.IftheImmisamaleandthefollowerisafemale,andifthereisacurtainorsomethingsimilar
betweenthatwomanandtheImm,orbetweenthatwomanandanothermalefollower,whilethe
womanislinkedtotheImmthroughthatmale,thereisnoharminit.
697.Asanobligatoryprecaution,thedistancebetweentheplacewherethefollowerperforms
Sajdah,andwheretheImmstands,shouldnotbemorethanalongpace,andthesamerule
appliestoapersonwhoislinkedwiththeImmthroughanotherfollowerstandinginfront.
698.IfafollowerislinkedtotheImmbymeansofaperson,onhiseitherside,andisnotlinkedto
theImminfront,theobligatoryprecautionisthatheshouldnotbeatadistanceofmorethana
longpacefromhiscompanionsoneithersaid.
699.IfapersonjoinstheImminthesecondRak'ah,itisnotnecessaryforhimtorecitealA*amd
andSrah,buthemayreciteQuntandTashahhudwiththeImm,andtheprecautionisthat,at
thetimeofrecitingTashahhud,heshouldkeepthefingersofhishandsandtheanteriorpartsof
thesolesofhisfeetonthegroundandraisehisknees.AndaftertheTashahhud,heshouldstand
upwiththeImmandshouldrecitealA*amdandSrah.Andifhedoesnothavetimefortheother
Srah,heshouldcompletealA*amdandjointheImaninRuku,andifhecannotjointheImamin
Ruk,hecandiscontinuealA*amdandjoin.
700.IfapersonjoinstheImmwhenheisinthesecondRak'ahoftheSalathavingfourRak'ahs,he
shouldsitafterthetwoSajdahinthesecondRak'ah,whichwillbethethirdoftheImm,andrecite
obligatorypartsofTashahhud,andshouldthenstandup.Andifhedoesnothavetimetorecitethe
Tasbihatthrice,heshouldreciteitonce,andthenjointheImminRuk.
701.IfImmisinthethirdorfourthRak'ah,andoneknowsthatifhejoinshimandrecitealA*amd
hewillnotbeabletoreachhiminRuk,asanobligatoryprecaution,heshouldwaittillImmgoes
toRukandthenjoin.
702.IfapersonwhoknowsthatifhecompletesSrahorQunt,hewillnotbeabletojointhe
ImminhisRuk,yethepurposelyreciteSrahorQunt,andmissestheImminRuk,his
congregationalprayerwillbevoid,andshouldactaccordinglytotherulesofFurdprayers.
703.IfacongregationalprayerbeginswhileapersonisofferingaMustaa*abprayer,andifheis
notsurethatifhecompleteshisMustaa*abprayer,hewillbeabletojointhecongregational
prayer,itisMustaa*abtoabandontheMustaa*abprayer,andjointhecongregationalpraeyer,
evenforjoiningthefirstRak'ah.
QualificationofanImmofCongregationalPrayer
704.TheImmofthecongregationalprayershouldbe:
*Adult(Bligh)
*Sane
*IthnaAshariShiah
*Adil
*Oflegtimatebirth
*Abletooffertheprayercorrectly<br
*Furthermore,ifthefollowerisamale,theImmalsoshouldbeamaleAdilisapersonwho
performstheobligatoryactsandabandonstheA*aramacts,andthesignofAdalahistobegood
outwardlyprovidedthatonedoesnotknowanythingcontrarytoif.
705.IfapersonwhoonceconsideredanImmtobeAdil,doubtswhetherhecontinuestobeAdil,
hecanfollowhim.
706.IfImm,becauseofsomejustfiedexcuse,leadstheprayerinaNajisdress,orwith
Tayammum,orJabirahWudu,itispermissibletofollowhim.
RulesofCongregationalPrayers
707.Whenafollowermakeshisintention,itisnecessaryforhimtospecifytheImm.But,itisnot
necessaryforhimtoknowhisname.IfhemakesintentionthatheisfollowingtheImmofthe
presentcongregation,hisprayerisinorder.
708.Itisnecessaryforthefollowertoreciteallthethingsoftheprayerhimself,exceptalA*amd
andtheotherSrah.However,ifhisfirstorsecondRak'ahcoincideswiththirdorfourthRak'ahof
theImmheshouldrecitealA*amdandtheotherSrah.
709.ThefollowershouldnotsayTakbiratulIhrambeforetheImm.Asarecommended
precaution,heshouldnotsaytheTakbiruntiltheTakbiroftheImmiscompleted.
710.ThefollowercansaySalamoftheprayerbeforetheImmdoesit.
711.IfafollowerrecitespartsofprayerotherthanTakbiratulIhram,beforetheImm,thereisno
objection.
712.Itisnecessaryforthefollowerthat,otherthanthoserecitedintheprayer,heshouldperform
allactslikeRukandSajdahwiththeImmoralittleafterhim,andifheperformsthem
intentionallybeforetheImm,orafteraconsiderabledelaysothatitcannotbesaidthatheis
followingtheImm,hiscongregationalprayerbecomesvoidH0wevere,ifheconvertstoFurada,
prayerwillbeinorder.
713.IfafollowerstandsupfromRukbeforetheImmbymistake,andiftheImmisstillinRuk,
he(thefollower)should,asaprecaution,returntoRuk,andthenstandupwiththeImm.Inthis
case,theextraRuk,whichisaRukn,willnotinvalidatetheprayer,andifhedoesnotreturnto
Rukintentionally,hiscongregationalprayerwillbecome,asaprecaution,void,buthisprayerwill
beinorder,asexplainedintheruleno696.However,ifthefollowerreturnstoRuk,butImm
standsupbeforethefollowerreacheshim,asaprecaution,theprayerofthefollowerwillbevoid,
asexplainedintheruleno690.
714.IfafollowersitsupfromSajdahbymistake,andseesthattheImmisstillinSajdah,asa
precaution,heshouldreturntoSajdah,andifthishappensinboththeSajdahs,theprayerwillnot
bevoid,althoughaRukn(twoSajdahs)hasbeenadded.
715.IfapersonsitsupfromSajdahbeforetheImmbymistake,andashereturnstoSajdahhe
realisesthattheImmhasalreadysittenup,hisprayerisinorder.Butifthishappensinboththe
Sajdahs,asaprecaution,hisprayerisvoid.
716.IfafollowerstandsupfromRukorsitsupfromSajdahbeforeImmbymistake,anddoesnot
returntoRukorSajdahforgetfully,orthinkingthathewillnotreachtheImm,hiscongregational
prayerisinorder.
717.IfafollowergoestoRukbeforetheImmbymistake,andrealisesthatifhestandsup,he
mayreachsomepartoftheQira'ah(Srah)oftheImm,andifhedoessothengoestoRukagain
withtheImm,hisprayerisinorder.Andifhedoesnotreturnintentionally,hiscongregational
prayeris,asaprecaution,void,buthisprayerwillbeinorderasexplainedinruleno696.
718.IfImmmistakenlyrecitesQuntinaRak'ahwhichdoesnothaveQunt,orrecitesTashahhud
inaRak'ahwhichdoesnothaveTashahhud,thefollowershouldnotreciteQuntorTashahhud.
But,hecannotgotoRukbeforetheImmorrisebeforetheImmraises.Inface,heshouldwait
tilltheQuntorTashahhudofImmends,andoffertheremainingprayerwithhim.
GuidelinesforImamandtheFollower
719.Ifthereisonlyonemalefollower,itisMustaa*abthathestandsattherighthandsideof
Imm,andifthereisonlyonefemalefollower,shestandsinthesamedirection,butslightlybehind
sothatwhenshegoestoSajdah,herheadisatleastinlinewithImm'sknees.Ifthereisonemale,
andoneormorefemalesinthecongregational,itisrecommendedthatthemalepositionshimself
totherightofImm,andthefemalesallstandbehindImm.Whenthereareseveralmenandone
orseveralwomeninthecongregation,itisrecommendedthatthemenstandbehindImm,and
thewomenbehindthemalefollowers.
720.IfImmandthefollowersareallwomen,theobligatoryprecautionisthatallofthemshould
standinaline,andtheImmshouldnotstandinfrontofothers.
721.ItisMustaa*abthattheImmpositionshimselfinfrontofthemiddleoftheline,andthe
learnedandpiouspersonsoccupythefirstrow.
722.ItisMustahathattherowsofthecongregationareproperlyarranged,andthattherebeno
gapbetweenthepersonsstandinginonerow,andallstandshouldertoshoulder.
723.ItisMustaa*abthatafterreciting`Qadaqamatissalah`,thefollowersshouldrise.
724.Ifthereisvacantspaceintherowsofthecongregation,itisMakruhforapersontostand
alone.
725.ItisMakruhforthefollowerstorecitetheDhikrintheprayerinsuchawaythatImmhears
them.
726.SalatulAyatbecomesobligatoryduetothefollowingthreeevents:
SolarEclipse
LunarEclipse
TheprayerbecomesWajibevenifthemoonorthesunarepartiallyeclipsed,andeveniftheydo
notengenderanyfear.
Earthquake,asanobligatoryprecaution,evenifnooneisfrightened.Thisprayerwillnotbecome
obligatoryincasesotherthantheabovethreecases.
727.OfferingofSalatulAayatisobligatoryfortheresidentsofonlythatplaceinwhichtheevent
takesplace.Itisnotboligatoryforthepeopleofotherplaces.<br
728.ThetimeofSalatulAayatsetsin,astheeclipsestarts,andremainstilltheeclipseisover.
729.IfaperosndelaysofferingofSalatulAayattillthesunorthemoonstartscomingoutof
eclipse,theintentionofAda'(i.e.prayingwithintime)willbeinorder,butifheofferstheprayer
aftertheeclipseisover,heshouldmakeanintentionofQada.
730.Wheneathquaketokesplace,SalatulAyatshouldbeofferedimmediately,sothatitwouldnot
beconsideredcommonlyasdelayedprayer.Ifonedelaystheprayer,itwillbecomeunnecessary.
731.Ifapersondidnotknowaboutthesunorthemooneclipse,andcametoknowafterthe
eclipsewasover,heshouldgiveitsQadaifitwasatotaleclipse.Andifhecomestoknowthatthe
eclipsewaspartial,Qadawillnotbeobligatory.
732.Ifapersonissatisfiedwiththestatementofpersonswhoknowthetimeofsolarorlunar
eclipseaccordingtoscientificcalcuation,heshouldpraySalatulAyat.Also,iftheyinformhimthat
thesunormoonwillbeeclipsedataparticulartime,andgivehimthethatdurationoftheeclipse,
heshouldaccepttheirwordsandactaccordingly,providedheisfullysatisfiedwiththem.
733.IfsolarorlunareclipseorearthquaketakeplacewhenawomanisinhermensesorNifas,it
willnotbeobligatoryforhertoofferSalatulAyat,noristhereanyQadauponher.
MethodofOfferingSalatulAyat
734.SaltulAyatconsistsoftwoRak'ahs,andtherearefiveRukineach.Itsmethodisasfollows:
Aftermakingintentionofofferingtheprayer,oneshouldsayTakbir(AllahuAkbar)andreciteSurat
ulFatihah(alA*amd)andtheotherSrah,andthenperformtheRuk.Thereafter,heshouldstand
andreciteSuratulA*amdandanotherSrahandthenperformanotherRuk.Heshouldrepeate
thisactionfivetimes,andwhenhestandsafterthefifthRuk,heshouldperformtwoSajdah,and
thenstanduptoperformthesecondRak'ahinthesamemannerashehasdoneinthefirst.Then
heshouldreciteTashahhudandSalam.
735.SalatulAyatcanalsobeofferedinthefollowingmanner:
AftermakingintentiontoofferSalatulAyat,apersonisallowedtosayTakbirandrecitealA*amd
andthendividetheversesoftheotherSrahintofiveparts,andatfirstreciteoneverseormoreor
less(ifitislessthanaverse,asaprecaution,itmustbeacompletesentenceandoneshouldstart
fromthebeginninganddoesnotcontenthimselfwithutteringonlyBismilah),andthereafter
performtheRuk.HeshouldthenstandupandreciteanotherpartoftheSrah(withoutreciting
alA*amd)andthenperformanotherRuk.Heshouldrepeatthisaction,andfinishthatSrah
beforeperformingthefifthRuk.Forexample,hemaysay:`Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.Qul
a'udhubirabbilfalaq.withtheintentionofrecitingsuratulfalaq,andperformtheRuk.He
shouldthenstandupandsay,`Minsharrimakhalaq`,andperformanotherRuk.Heshouldthen
standupandsay,`Waminsharrighasiqinidhawaqab`,andperformthethirdRuk.Thereafterhe
shouldsatndupagainandsay,Waminsharriinnaffathatifiluqad`,andperformthefourthRuk.
Thenheshouldstandupagainandsay,Wamisharrihasidinidhahasad`,andthenafterstanding
upagainperformtwoSajdahandthenriseforthesecondRak'ah,andperformitinthesameway
asthefirstRak'ah.Attheend,heshouldreciteTashahhudandSalamafterthetwoSajdah.Itisalso
permissibletodivideaSrahintolessthanfiveparts.Inthatevent,however,itisnecessarythat
whentheSrahisover,oneshouldrecitealA*amdbeforethenextRuk.
736.Thethingswhichareobligatoryorrecommendedindailyprayersarealsoobligatoryor
recommendedinSalatulAyat.However,ifSalatulAyatisofferdincongregation,onemaysay,Às
salah`,threetimesinplaceofAdhanandIqamah.Iftheprayerisnotbeingofferedincongregation,
itisnotnecessarytosayanything.ButitisnotestablishedthatcongregationalprayerinSalatul
Ayatisvalid,exceptforeclipse.
737.ItisMustaa*abthatthepersonofferingSalatulAyatshouldsayTakbirbeforeandafterRuk;
andafterthefifthandtenthRukitisnotrecommendedtosayTakbir,butitisrecommendedto
say,`Samiallahulimanhamidah`.
738.ItisMustaa*abthatQuntberecitedbeforethesecond,fourth,sixth,eighthandtenthRuk,
butitwillbesufficientifQuntisrecitedonlybeforethetenthRuk.
739.EveryRukofSalatulAyatisaRukn,andifanyadditionordeductionintentionallytakesplace
inthem,theprayerisvold.Thesameruleapplieswhenanomissiqntakesplaceinadvertently,or,
asaprecaution,whenanadditionismadetoitunintentionally.
IdulFitrandI'dulAdhhaPrayers
740.IdulFitrandI'dulAdhhaprayersareobligatoryduringthetimeofImm(A.S.),anditis
necessarytoofferthemincongregation.HoweverduringthepresenttimeswhentheHolyImmis
inOccultation,theseprayersareMustaa*ab,andmayandmaybeofferedindiviaduallyaswellasin
congregation.
741.ThetimeforIdprayerisfromsunrisetillTuhroftheIdday.
742.ItisMustaa*abthatI'dulAdhhaprayerbeofferedaftersunrise.AsforIdulFitr,itis
Mustaa*abthatonehaveapeakfastaftersunrise,payZakatulFitrahandthenofferIdprayer.
743.IdprayerhastwoRak'ahs.IneachRak'ah,apersonshouldrecitealA*amdandaSrahand
thensaythreeTakbirsanditisbettertosayfiveTakbirsinthefirstRak'ah,andbetweeneachtwo
TakbirsreciteoneQunt.AfterthefifthTakbir,heshouldsayanotherTakbirandthenperform
RukandtwoSajdah.HeshouldthenstandupandsayfourTakbirsinthesecondRak'ah,andrecite
QuntbetweeneachtwooftheseTakbirs.Thereafter,heshouldsayanotherTakbirafterthe
fourthTakbir,andthenperformRukandtwoSajdah.AfterthesecondSajdahheshouldrecite
Tashahhud,andthencompletetheprayerwithSalam.
744.AnyrecitalorsupplicationwillsufficeinQuntoftheIdPrayer.However,itisbetterthatthe
followingsupplicationisrecited:ÀllahummaahlalKipiya'iwalazamah,waahlaljudiwaljabarut,
waahalafwiwarrahamah,waahlattaqwawalmaghfirah:asalukabihaqqihadhalyawmilaldhi
laaltahulilmusilminaida,walimuhammadinsallallahualayhiwaalihidhukhranwasharafanwa
Karamatanwamazida,antusalliyaalaMua*ammadinwaaliMua*ammad,waantudkhilanifikulli
khayrinadkhaltafihiMuhammadanwaalaMuhammad,waantukhrijaniminkullisuinakhrajta
minhuMua*ammadanwaalaMua*ammad,salawatukaalayhiwaalayhim.Allahummainni
as'alukekhayramasa'alaykabihiibadukassalihun,waaudhubikamimmastaadhaminhu
ibadukalmukhlasun.
745.ItisMustaa*abthatthefollowingTakbirsbesaidonIdulFitrnight(i.e.,nightprecedingtheId
day),afterMaghribandIshaprayers,andonIddayofterFajrprayer,aswellasafteridulFitr
prayer:Allahuakbar.Allahuakabar,Lailahaillallahuwallahuakbar.Allahuakbaruwalillahil
A*amd.Allahuakbarualamahadana.
745.InI'dulAdhha,itisMustaa*ab,thattheabovementionedTakbirsbesaidaftertenprayers,of
whichthefirstistheTuhrprayerofIddayandthelastistheFajrofthe12thofDhulA*ijjah.Itis
alsoMustaa*abthataftertheabovementionedTakbirs,thefollowingberecited:Allahuakbaruala
marazaqanaminbahimatilanam,walA*amdulillahialamaablana.
If,apersonhappenstobeinMinaonthedayofI'dulAdhha,itismustahabthatheshouldsay
theseTakbirsafterfifteenparyers,ofwhichthefirstisTuhrprayerofIdday,andthelastistheFajr
prayerofthe13thofDhulA*ijjah.
746.Likeinallothercongregationalprayers,thefollowershouldreciteeverythingintheIdprayer,
exceptalA*amdandtheotherSrah.
747.IfafollowerjoinstheprayeratatimewhentheImmhasalreadysaidsomeTakbirs,he
should,whiletheImmperformsRuk,sayalltheTakbirsandQuntwhichhehasmissedandthen
reachtheRukofImm,anditwillbesuffucuentifineachQunthesays:SubhanallahorAl
A*amdulillahonlyonce.Andifhehasnotenoughtime,heshouldsayTakbirsonly,andifeven
thisisnotpossible,itisenoughtofollowImmandgotoRuk.
748.IfapersonjoinstheIdprayerwhentheImmisinRuk,hecanmakeintention,saythefirst
Takbiroftheprayer,andthengointoRuk.<
HiringaPersontoOfferPrayer
749.Afterthedeathofaperson,anotherpersoncanbeengagedtooffer,onpaymentofwages,
thoseprayersandotheractsofworshipwhichthedeadpersondidnotofferduringhislifetime.
Anditisalsoinorderifapersonofferstheserviceswithouttakingpaymentforit.
750.ApersoncanacceengagementtooffersomeMustaa*abactslikeZiyarah,Umrah,A*ajj,on
behalfofthelivingpersons.AlsohecanperformsomeMustaa*abacts,anddedicatetheirreward
tolivingordeadpersons.
751.Atthetimeformakingintention,thehiredpersonmustspecifythedeadperson,butitisnot
necessarythatheshouldknowhis/hername.Hence,itisenoughifheintends:Iamoffering
prayersforthepersononwhosebehalfIamhired.
752.Thehiredpersonshouldactwiththeintentionthatheisactingtodischargetheobligationof
thedeadperson.Itwillnotbeenoughifheperformsanddedicatesitsrewardtothedeadperson.
753.Ifittranspiresthatthepersonhiredforofferingprayersforadeadpersonhasnotperformed
it,orhasperformedincorrectly,anotherpersonshouldbehiredforthepurpose.
754.ObservingorderisnotobligatoryfortheQadaprayersofadeadperson,exceptinthecaseof
prayerswhoseperformanceisprescribedinanorder,like,TuhrandA?rprayersorMaghriband
Ishaprayersofoneday,ashasbeenmentionedearlier.Butifoneishiredtoperformacts
accoerdingtotheverdictsoftheMarjaofthedeadpersonorofhisguardian,andthatMarja
deemstheorderoftheprayersnecessary,thenheshouldobservetheorders.
755.IfitisnotagreedwiththehiredpersonhowmanyMustaa*abactsheshouldperform,he
shouldperformasmuchasisusual.
[1]ZiwalorIûhroccordingtoShariahisthetimehalfofthedayispassed,forexampleiftheday
istwelvehours,Zuhurwillbesinhoursafterthesunrise;andifitisthirteenhours,Iûhrwillbesix
andahalfhoursafterthesunrise;andifthedayiselevenhours,thenIûhrwillbefiveandahalf
hoursafterthesunrise.
Fasting
Fastingmeansthatapersonmust,inordertodohomagetoAllah,fromthetimeofAdhanforFajr
prayeruptoMaghrib,avoidninethingswhichwillbementionedlater.
IntentionforFasting
756.Itisnotnecessaryforapersontopasstheintentionforfastingthroughhismindortosaythat
hewouldbefastingonthefollowingday.Inface,itissufficientforhimtodecidethatinordertodo
homagetoAllahhewillnotperform,fromthetimeofAdhanforFajrprayeruptoMaghrib,anyact
whichmayinvalidatethefast.Andinordertoensurethathehasbeenfastingthroughoutthistime
heshouldbeginabstainingearlierthantheAdhanforFajrprayer,andcontinuetorefrainforsome
timeafterMaghribfromactswhichinvalidateafast.
757.ApersoncanmakeintentioneverynightoftheholymonthofRamadanthathewouldbe
fastingonthefollowingday.
758.ThelasttimeformakingintentiontoabserveafastofRamadonforaconsciousperson,isthe
timeofAdhanofFajrprayer.Thismeansheshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,beintenupon
fastingatthattime,evenifinhisunconsciousheart.
759.AsforMustahabfastonecanmakeitsintentionatanytimeintheday,evenmomentsbefore
Maghribprovidedhehasnotcommittedanysuchactwhichinvalidatesthefast.
760.IfapersonsleepsbeforeAdhanforFajrprayerinRamanoranyotherdayfixedforan
obligatoryfastwithoutmakinganintention,andwakesupbeforeTuhrtomakeanintentionoffast,
hisfastwillbeinorder.ButifhewakesupafterTuhr,asaprecautionheshouldcontinuethe
abstinancewiththeintentionofQurbanandthengiveitsQadaalso.
761.IfapersonintendstokeepafastasQadaorKaffarah,heshouldspecifythatfast;forexample,
heshouldspicifyitastheQadafastorasKaffarah.Ontheotherhand,itisnotnecessaryfora
persontospicify,inhisintention,thatheisgoingtoobserveafastofRamadan.Ifapersonisnot
awareorforgetsthatitisthemonthofRamanandmakesanintentiontoobservesomeother
fastitwillbeconsideredtobethefastofRaman.Andinthefastofvoworthelike,making
intentionofvowetc.isnotnecessary.
762.IfapersondidnotknoworforgotthatitwasthemonthofRaman,andtakesnoticeofthis
beforeTuhrandifhehasperformedsomeactwhichwillinvalidateafast,hisfastisvoid.But,he
shouldnotperformanyactwhichinvalidatesafasttillMaghrib,andshouldalsoobserveQadaof
thatfastafterRaman.AndifhelearnsafterTuhrthatitisthemonthofRamanheshould,as
anobligatoryprecaution,maketheintentionoffastasRaja,andofferitsQadaafterRaman.But
ifhelearnsbeforeTuhr,andhehasnotdoneanythingwhichwouldinvalidatehisfast,heshould
maketheintentionoffast,andhisfastwillbevalid.
763.IfapatientrecoversfromhisillnessinthemiddleofadayinthemonthofRaman,before
Tuhr,andifhehasnotdoneanythingtoinvalidatethefast,heshould,asanobligatoryprecaution
makeintentionandfast.ButifhereciversafterTuhr,itwillnotbeobligatoryonhimtofastonthat
day,andheshouldobserveitsQada.
764.IfonedoubtswhetheritisthelastdayofSha'banorthefirstdayofRamanthenthefaston
thatdayisnotobligatory.Ifhowever,somebodywantstoobservefastonthatdayhecannotdoso
withtheintentionofRamanthenitistheRamanfastandifitisnotRamanthenitisQada
fastorsomeotherfastlikethat,hisfastwillbevalid.Butitisbettertoobservethefastwiththe
intentionofQadafastorsomeotherfast,andifitisknownlaterthatitwasRamanthenitwill
automaticallybeconsideredasRamanfast.Andevenifhemakesausualintentionoffast,and
lateritbecomesknownthatitisRaman,itwillbesufficient(i.e.thatfastwillbecountedasthe
Ramanfast).
765.If,whileobservingaMustohabfastoranobigatoryfastthetimeofwhichisnotfixed(ega
fastforkaffaarah)apersahintendstopeakthefastorwaverswheherornotheshoulddosa,andif
hedoesnotpeakit,heshouldmakeafreshintentionbeforZuhrinthecaseofanobligatoryfast,
andbeforeMaghribinthecaseofaMustahobfast.Thatwayhisfastwillbeinorder.
ThingsWhichMakeaFastvoid
766.Thereareeightactswhichinvalidatefast:
(i)Eatinganddrinking.
(ii)Sexualintercourse.
(iii)Masturabtion(Istimna)whichmeansdoingsomeactwithoneselforanotherpersonother
thanintercourse,resultinginejaculation.
(iv)AscribingfalsethingstoAlmightyAllah,ortheHolyProphetortothesuccessorsoftheHoly
Prophet,asanobligatoryprecaution.
(v)Allowingthickdusttoreachthethroat,asanobligatoryprecaution.
(vi)RemaininginJanabanorHaydhorNifastilltheAdhanforFajrprayer.
(vii)Enemawithliquids.
(viii)Vomitingintentionally.
Detailsoftheseactswillbeexplainedinthefollowingarticles.
I.EatingandDrinking
767.Ifapersoneatsordrinkssomethingintentionally,whilebeingconsciousoffasting,hisfast
becomesvoid,irrespectiveofwhetherthethingwhichheateordrankisusuallyedibleordrinkable
(likepeadorwater)ornot(likeearthorthejuiceofatree)andwhetheritismuchorlittle;evenifa
person,whoisfasting,takesthetoothpushoutofhismouthandthenputsitbackintohismouth,
swallowingitsliquid,hisfastwillbevoid,unlessthemoistureinthetoothpushmixesupwiththe
salivainsuchawaythatitmaynolongerbecalledanexternalwetness.
768.Ifapersonwhoisfastingeatsordrinkssomethingforgetfully,hisfastdoesnotbecome
invalid.
769.Injectionofdrugsorliquidsdoesnotinvalidatethefast,eveniftheyarestrengtheningdrugs
orfoodsupplimentsordextroseorsalinewater.Alsotheinhalersdonotinvalidatethefast,
providedthattheyallowthedrugenterthelungsonly.Usingdrugsineyesorearsdonotmakethe
fastvoidtoo,eveniftheirtastereachthethroat,andusingdrugsinthenosedoesnotinvalidate
thefast,iftheydonotreachthethroat.
770.Ifapersonobservingfastintentionallyswallowssomethingwhichremainedinbetweenhis
teeth,hisfastisinvalidated.
771.Swallowingsalivadoesnotinvalidateafast,althoughitmayhavecollectedinone'smouth
owingtothoughtsaboutsourthingsetc,andalsothereisnoharminswallowingone'sphlegmor
mucusfromheadandchest.
772.Ifapersonobservingfastbecomessothirstythathefearsthathemaydieofthirstorsustain
someharmorrxtremehardshipwhichisintolerableforhim,hecandrinkasmuchwateraswould
ensurethatthefearisaverted;thisisevenobligatoryinthecaseoffearofdeath.However,hisfast
becomesinvalid,andifitisthemonthofRaman,asanobligatoryprecaution,heshouldnotdrink
morethanthat,andthenfortherestoftheday,refrainfromallactswhichwouldinvalidatethe
fast.
773.Apersoncannotabandonfastonaccountofweakness.However,ifhisweaknessistosuchan
extentthatfastingbecomestotallyunbearable,thereisnoharminpeakingthefast.
II.SexualIntercourse
774.Sexualintercourseinvalidatesthefast,evenifthepenetrationisaslittleastheglansofthe
maleorgan,andeveniftherehasbeennoejaculation.
III.Istimna(Masturbation)
775.Ifaperson,whoisobservingfast,performsmasturbation(Istimna),hisfastbecomesvoid.
(ThemeaningofIstimnahasbeengiveninruleno.773/iii.)
776.Ifsemenisdischargedfromthebodyofapersoninvoluntraily,hisfastdoesnotbecomevoid.
777.Evenifapersonobservingfastknowsthatifhesleepsduringthedaytimehewillbecome
Muhtalim(i.e.semenwillbedischargedfromhisbodyduringsleep)itispermissibleforhimto
sleep.AndifhebecomesMuhtalim,hisfastdoesnotbecomevoid.
778.Ifapersonwhoisobservingfast,wakesupfromsleepwhileejacualtionistakingplace,itisnot
obligatoryonhimtostopit.

IV.AscribingliestoAllahandtheHolyProphet
779.Ifapersonwhoisobservingfast,intentionallyascribessomethingfalsetoAllahortheProphet
(s.a.w.a.)orImms(a.s.),verballyorinwritingorbymakingasign,asanobligatoryprecautionhis
fastbecomesvoid,evenifhemayatonceretractandsaythathehasutteredalieormayrepent
forit.
V.LettingDustReachOne'sThroat
780.Onthebasisofobligatoryprecaution,allowingblackdusttoreachone'sthroatmakesone's
fastvoid,whetherthedustisofsomethingwhichislawfultoeat,likeflour,orofsomethingwhich
isunlawfultoconsumelikedustofearth.
781.Asanobligatoryprecaution,apersonwhoisobservingfast,shouldnotallowthesmokeof
cigarettes,tobacco,andothersimilarthingstoreachhisthroat.
VI.RemaininginJanabahorHaydhorNifasTillFajrTime
782.IfapersoninJanabahdoesnottakeGhuslintentionallytillthetimeofFajrprayer,orifhis
obligationistodoTayammum,wilfullydoesnotdoit,heshouldcompletethefastofthatdayand
alsofastinanotherday,andbecauseitisnotknownthatthisisQadaorafine,heshouldbothfast
thatdayofthemonthofRamadanwiththeintentionofwhatishisobligation,andfastanotherday
insteadofit,butnotwiththeintentionofQada.
783.IfapersonwhowantstofastasQadaofafastofthemonthofRaman,remainsinJanabah
tillthetimeofFajrprayer,hecannotfastthatday,butifthisisnotintentionally,hecanfast,
thoughtheprecautionistoabandonit.
784.IfapersoninJanabahdoesnottakeGhuslintentionallytillthetimeofFajrprayer,for
obligatoryfastsotherthanthoseofthemonthofRamanortheirQada,whichhavefixeddays
similartothoseofRaman,hisorherfastwillbeinorder.
785.IfapersonentersthestateofJanabahduringanightinthemonthofRaman,anddoesnot
takeGhuslintentionallytillthetimeleftbeforeAdhanisshort,he/sheshouldperformTayammum
andobservethefast.
786.IfapersonwhodoesnothavetimeforGhuslorperformingTayammum,getsintentionally
intostateofJanabahinanightofRaman,hisfastwillbevoidanditwillbeobligatoryuponhim
togiveQadaofthatfast,aswellasKaffarah.
787.IfapersonknowsthathehasnotenoughtimeforGhuslandgoesintostateofJanabahand
thenperformsTayammum,orwhilehehasenoughtime,delaysintentionallytheGhusltillthetime
becomesshortandthenperformsTayammum,hisfastisinorder,thoughhehascommitedasin.
788.IfapersonisinJanabahduringanightinRamad'anandknowsthatifhegoestosleephewill
notwakeuptillFajr,heshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,notsleepbeforeGhuslandifhesleeps
beforeGhuslanddoesnotwakeuptillFajr,hisfastisvoid,andQad'aaandKaffarahbecome
obligatoryonhim.
789.IfapersonobservingfastbecomesMuh'talimduringdaytime,itisnotobligatoryonhimtodo
Ghuslatonce.
790.WhenapersonwakesupafterAdhanfortheFajrprayerandfindsthathehasbecome
Muhtalimhisfastisinorder,evenifheknowsthathebecomeMuhtalimbeforetheFajrprayer's
time.
791.Ifawomanbecomespure(Naqiyyah)fromHaydhorNifasbeforethetimeofFajrprayerinthe
monthofRamanandintentionallydoesnotdoGhusl,orwhenherobligationisTayammumshe
doesnotit,sheshouldcompletethefastofthatdayandfastanotherdayasitsQada.Andifone
intentionallyabandonstheGhuslorTayammuminaQadafastofthemonthofRaman,asan
obligatoryprecautionshecannotfastinthatday.
792.IfawomanbecomespurefromHaydhorNifasinanightofthemonthofRaman,anddoes
notperformGhusltillthetimeremainedforitbecomesshort,sheshouldperformTayammumand
thefastofthatdaywillbeinorder.
793.IfawomanbecomespurefromHaydhorNifasbeforethetimeofFajrprayerinthemonthof
RamanandshehasnotimetodoGhusl,sheshouldperformTayammum.Butitisnotnecessary
forhertoremainawaketillthetimeofFajrprayer.Thesameruleappliestoapersonwhose
obligationisTayammumaftergettingintothestateosJanabah.
794.IfawomangetspurefromHaydhorNifasjustnearthetimeofFajrprayerinthemonthof
Raman,andhasnotimeleftforGhuslorTaymmum,herfastisvalid.
795.IfawomangetspurefromHaydhorNifasaftertheFajr,orifHaydhorNifasbeginsduringthe
daythoughjustneartheMaghribtime,herfastisvoid.
796.IfawomanforgetstodoGhuslforHaydhorNifasandremembersitafteradayormore,the
faststhatshehasobservedwillbevalid.
797.IfawomanisinastateofexcessiveIstihadah,herfastwillbevalidevenifshedoesnotcarry
outtherulesofGhuslsasexplainedinruleno215thisislikethefastofawomanwhoisinthe
mediumIstiadah,whichwillbeinorderevenifshedoesnotdotheGhuslsprescribedforher.
798.Apersonwhohastouchedadeadbody(i.e.haspoughtanypartofhisownbodyincontact
withit)canobservefastwithouthavingdoneGhuslfortouchingadeadbody,andhisfastdoesnot
becomevoidevenifhetouchesthedeadbodyduringthefast.
VII.Enema
799.Ifliquidenemaistakenbyafastingperson,hisfastbecomesvoidevenifheisobligedtotake
itforthesakeoftreatment.
VIII.Vomiting
800.Ifafastingpersonvomitsintentionally,hisfastbecomesvoid,thoughhemayhavebeen
obligedtodosoonaccountofsickness.However,thefastdoesnotbecomevoid,ifonevomits
forgetfullyorinvoluntarily.
801.Ifafastingpersoncanstopvomitingwhichishappeningbyitself,itisnotnecessarytostopit.
802.Ifafastingpersonbelchesandsomethingcomesoutintohisthroatormouth,heshouldthrow
itout,howeverifitisswallowedunintentionally,hisfastisinorder.
RulesRegardingThingswhichInvalidateaFast
803.Ifapersonintentionallyandvoluntarilycommitsanactwhichinvalidatesfast,hisfast
becomesvoid,butifhecommitssuchanactunintentionally,thereisnoharminit(i.e.hisfastis
valid).However,ifapersoninJanabahsleepsanddoesnotdoGhusltillthetimeofFajrprayer,in
certaincasesexplainedindetailedrules,hisfastisvoid.Andifapersonduetoignoranceoftherule
thatacertainactwillinvalidatethefastnotneglectinginlearningit,orduetorelianceuponsome
authoritywhichhethoughtwasgenuine,unhesitatinglycommitsanactwhichinvalidatesthefast,
hisfastwillnotbevoid,exceptinthecasesofeating,drinkingandsexualintercourse.
804.Ifafastingpersonforgetfullycommitsanactwhichinvalidatesfastandthinkingthathisfast
hasbecomevoid,commitsintentionallyanotheractwhichinvalidatesfast,therulewillbelikethe
previousrule.
ObligatoryQadaFastandKaffarah
805.Inthefollowingsituations,bothQadaandKaffarahbecomeobligatory,providedtheseacts
arecommittedintentionally,voluntarilyandwithoutanyforceorpressure,duringthefastsof
Raman:
(i)Eating
(ii)Drinking
(iii)SexualIntercourse
(iv)Masturbation
(v)StayinginthestateofJanabahtillthetimeofFajrprayer
806.Ifapersoncommitsanyoftheforegoingactswithanabsolutecertitudethatitdoesnot
invalidatefast,Kaffarahwillnotbeobligatoryonhim.Thesameruleapplieswhenapersondidnot
knowthatfastingwasobligatoryuponhim,likepersonsinthebeginningofBulugh.
KaffarahforFast
807.TheKaffarahofleavingoutafastofRamanisto:
(a)freeaslave,or(b)fastfortwomonthsor(c)feedsixtypoortotheirfillorgiveoneMudd(about
kg)offoodstuff,likewheatorbarleyorpeadetc.toeachofthem.Andifitisnotpossiblefor
himtofulfilanyofthese,heshouldgiveSadaqah(charity)accordingtohismeansandifthistoois
notpossible,heshouldseekDivineforgiveness,andtheobligatoryprecautionisthatheshouldgive
Kaffarahasandwhenheiscapabletodoso.
808.ApersonwhointendsfastingfortwomonthsasaKaffarahforafastofRaman,shouldfast
continuouslyforonemonthandoneday,anditwouldnotmatterifhedidnotmaintaincontinuity
forcompletionoftheremainingfasts.
809.ApersonwhointendsfastingfortwomonthsasaKaffarahforafastofRaman,shouldnot
commencefastingatsuchtimewhenheknowsthatwithinamonthandoneday,dayswillfall
whenitwouldbeforbiddenorobligatorytofast,likeIduldha***.
810.Ifapersonwhomustfastcontinuosly,failstofastonanydayintheperiodwithoutanyjust
excuse,heshouldcommencefastingalloveragain.
811.Ifapersonwhomustfastcontinuously,isunabletomaintainthecontinuityduetoanexcuse
beyondcontrol,likeHaydhorNifasorajourney,whichoneisobligedtoundertake,itwillnotbe
obligatoryonhim/heraftertheexcuseisremoved,tocommencefastingagainfromthebeginning.
He/sheshouldproceedtoobservetheremainingfasts.
812.IfapersonpeakshisfastwithsomethingHalal(allowed),oneKaffarahwillbesufficient.
813.IfapersoninadayofRamanrepeatsanactwhichinvalidatesfastlikeeating,drinking,
sexualintercourseormasturbation,oneKaffarahwillbesuuficientforall.
814.Ifafastingpersonbelchesandthenswallowesintentionallythatwhichcomesinhismouth,as
anobligatoryprecautionhisfastbecomesvoidandheshouldgiveitsQadaandKaffarahalso.
815.Ifapersontakesavowthathewouldfastonaparticularday,andifheinvalidateshisfast
intentionallyonthatday,heshouldgiveKaffarah,theoneforwhichonebecomesliableupon
peakingavow.ThedetailswillcomeintherelevantChapter.
816.WhenapersonisrequiredtofeedsixtypoorbywayofKaffarahforonefast,andifhehas
accesstoallofthem,hecannotlessentheirnumberandgivethemthetotalKaffarah,forexample
givetwoMuddsoffoodtoeachofthirtypersons,andcontenthimselftoit.However,hecangive
toapoorpersononeMuddoffoodforeachmemberofhisfamily,eveniftheymaybeminors,and
thepoorpersonacceptsitasanagentofhisfamilyorasaguardianoftheminors.Andifone
cannotfindsixtypoorpersons,butcanfindfewer,saythirtypersons,hecangivetwoMuddsto
eachofthem,butasanobligatorypresaution,heshouldgivefoodtoanotherthirtypersons,one
Muddtoeach,wheneverpossible.
817.IfapersonofferingQadaofafastofRamanintentionallypeakshisfastafterTuhr,heshould
givefoodtotenpoorpersons,oneMuddtoeach,andifhecannotdothis,heshouldobservefast
forthreedays.
OccasionsonwhichitisobligatorytoObservetheQadaOnly
818.IncaseslikethefollowingcasesitisobligatoryonapersontoobserveaQadafastonlyandit
isnotolbigatoryonhimtogiveaKaffarah:
(i)IfheforgetstodoGhuslofJanabahduringthemonthofRamanandfastsforoneormore
daysinthestateofJanabah.
(ii)IfinthemonthofRaman,amanwithoutinvestigatingastowhetherFajrhassetinornot,
commitsanact,whichinvalidatesafast,anditbecomesknownlaterthatitwasFajr.
(iii)Ifapersonpeakshisfastrelyingonthestatementofanotherpersonwhosestatementisproof,
orthepersonthinksthathisstatementisproof,anditisknownlaterthatMaghribhadnotsetin.
(iv)Whenonerinseshismouthwithwaterbecauseithasdriedduetothirstandthewater
uncontrollablygoesdownone'sthroat.Butifheforgetsthathehaskeptafast,orifhedoesthe
mouthwashnotbecauseofthirst,andwaterisuncontrollablyswallowed,therewillbenoQada.
819.Ifafastingpersonputssomethingotherthanwaterinhismouthanditgoesdownthethroat
involuntarily,orputawaterinhisnoseanditgoesdowninvoluntarily,itwillnotbeobligatoryon
himtoobserveQadaofthefast.
820.IfinthemonthofRaman,apersondoesnotbecomeaware,afterinvestigation,ofbeing
Fajrandcommitsanactwhichinvalidatesafast,anditislaterknownthatitwasFajralready,itwill
notbenecessaryforhimtoofferQadaofthatfast.
821.IfapersondoubtswhetherornotMaghribhassetin,hecannotpeakhisfast.Butifhedoubts
whetherornotitisFajrhecancommit,evenbeforeinvestigation,anactwhichinvalidatesafast.
RulesRegardingtheQadaFasts
822.Ifapersondidnotfastoncertaindaysbecauseofsomeexcuseandlaterdoubtsaboutthe
exactdateonwhichtheexcusewasover,itwillnotbeobligatoryonhimtoofferQadabasinghis
calculationonthehighernumberanditissufficienttoofferQadaonlyforsuchanumberofdays
thatheissurehehasnotfasted.
823.IfapersonhastogiveQadaforRamanfastsofseveralyears,hecanbeginwiththeQadaof
Ramanofanyyearashelike.
824.IfapersonhasQadafastsofthemonthofRamanforseveralyears,andwhilemaking
intentionhedoesnotspicifytowhcihyearthefastsbelong,theywillnotbereckonedtotheQada
ofthelastyear,forwhichgivingKaffarahofdelayingisnotnecessary.
825.ApersonwhoobservesaQadaforthefastofRamancanpeakhisfastbeforeTuhr.
826.IfapersondoesnotfastinthemonthofRamanduetoillnessandhisillnesscontinuestill
nextRaman,itisnotobligatoryonhimtoobserveQadaofthefastswhichhehadnotobserved,
butforeachfastheshouldgiveoneMudd(near3/4kilos)offood,likewheat,barley,peadetc.to
thepoor.Andifhedidnotobservefastowingtosomeotherexcuse,like,ifhedidnotfastbecause
oftravellingandhisexcusecontinuedtillnextRaman,heshouldobserveitsQadafasts,andthe
obligatoryprecautionisthatforeachdayheshouldgiveoneMuddoffoodtothepoor.
827.IfapersondidnotfastinRamanduetoillness,andhisillnessendedafterRaman,due
thereemergedanotherexcuseduetowhichhecouldnotobservetheQadafaststillnextRaman,
heshouldofferQadaforthefastswhichhedidnotobservebasisofobligatoryprecaution,hewill
giveoneMuddoffoodtothepoorforeachday.Alao,ifhehadanexcuseotherthanillnessduring
Raman,butthatexcuseandedafterRaman,duehethenfellillandcouldnotgiveQadatill
nextRamadanbecausrofthatillness,hewilloffertheQadaforthefastshedidnotobsreve.
828.IfapersondoesnotobservefastsinthemonthofRamanowingtosomeexcuseandhis
excuseisremovedafterRaman,yethedoesnotobservetheQadafastsintentionallytillnext
Raman,hehastogiveQadaofthefastsandshouldalsogiveoneMuddoffoodtothepoorfor
eachfast.

829.ApersonwhohastogiveoneMuddoffoodtothepoorforeachday,cangivethefoodsof
Kaffarahofafewdaystoonepoorperson.
830.IfapersondoesnotobservefastsofthemonthofRamanintentionally,heshouldgivetheir
Qadaandforeachdayleftout,heshouldobservefastfortwomonthsorfeedsixtypoorpersonsor
setaslavefree,andifhedoesnotobservetheQadatillnextRaman,heshould,asanobligatory
precaution,alsogiveoneMuddoffoodforeachdayasaKaffarah.
831.Afterthedeathofapersonhiseldestson,asanobligatoryprecaution,shouldobservehis
QadafastsofRamanasexplainedinconnectionwiththeprayersearlier,orhecangiveone
Muddoffoodtoapoorforeachday,eveniffromthepropertiesofthedeadpersonwiththe
permissionoftheheirs.
FastingbyaTraveller
832.AtravellerforwhomitisobligatorytoshortenthefourRak'ahprayerstotwoRak'ahs,should
notfast.However,atravellerwhooffersfullprayers,like,apersonwhoisatravellerbyprofession
orwhogoesonajourneyforanunlawfulpurpose,shouldfastwhiletravelling.
833.Ifapersondoesnotknowthatthefastofatravellerisinvalidandobservefastwhile
journeying,andlearnsabouttheruleduringtheday,hisfastbecomesvoid,butifhedoesnotlearn
abouttheruletillMaghrib,hisfastisvalid.
834.IfafastingpersontravelsafterTuhr,heshould,asaprecaution,completehisfastandinthis
caseQadaisnotnecessary.IfhetravelsbeforeTuhr,hecannotasaprecaution,fastonthatday
especiallwhenhehadtheintentiontotravelfromthepreviousnight.Inanycase,hecannotpeak
thefasttillhehasreachedthelimitofTarakhkhus.Ifhedoes,hewillbeliabletogiveKaffarah.
835.IfatravellerinthemonthofRaman,regardlessofwhetherhewastravellingbeforeFajr,or
wasfastingandthenundertookthejourney,reacheshishometownoraplacewhereheintendsto
satyfortendaysbeforeTuhr,andifhehasnotcommittedanactwhichinvalidatesafast,he
should,asaprecaution,fastonthatdayandinthiscaseQadaisnotnecessary.Butifhehas
committedsuchanact,itisnotobligatoryonhimtofastonthatdayandheshouldofferitsQada.
836.IfatravellerreacheshishometownoraplacewhereheintendstostayfortendaysafterTuhr,
asaprecautionhisfastwillbevoid,andheshouldofferitsQada.
PeopleonWhomFastingisNotObligatory
837.Fastingisnotobligatoryonapersonwhocannotfastbecauseofoldage,orforwhomfasting
causesextremehardship.Butinthelattercase,heshouldgiveoneMuddoffoodtothepoorfor
everyfast.
838.Fastingisnotobligatoryonapersonwhosuffersfromadiseasewhichcausesexcessivethirst,
makingitunbearable,orfullofhardship.Butinthelattercase,thatis,ofhardship,heshouldgive
oneMuddoffoodtothepoor,foreveryfast.Ifherecoverslater,enablinghimtofast,itisnot
obligatorytogiveQadaforthefast.
839.Fastingisnotobligatoryonawomanintheendstagesofpregance,forwhomorforthechild
shecarriesfastingisharmful.Foreveryday,however,sheshouldgiveoneMuddoffoodtothe
poor.Inboththecases,shehastogiveQadaforthefastswhichareleftout.
840.Ifawomanissucklingachild,whethersheisthemotheroranurseorsomeonewhosucklesit
free,andthequantityofhermilkissmall,andiffastingisharmfultoherortothechild,itwillnot
beobligatoryonhertofast.AndsheshouldgiveoneMuddoffoodperdaytothepoor.Inboththe
cases,shewilllatergiveQadaforthefastsleftout.Butasanobligatoryprecaution,thisruleis
specificallyapplicableinacircumstancewherethisistheonlywayoffeedingmilktothechild.But
ifthereisanalternative,like,whenmorethanonewomanoffertosucklethechildorthechild
feedswithbottletwo,thenestablishingthisruleisamatterofIshkal.
MethodofAscertainingtheFirstDayodaMonth
841.The1stdayofamonthisestablishedinthefollowingfourways:
(i)Ifapersonhimselfsightsthemoon.
(ii)Ifanumberofpersonsconfirmtohavesightedthemoonandtheirwordsassureorsatisfya
person.Similarly,everyotherthingwhichassuresorreasonablysatisfieshimaboutmoonhaving
beingsighted.
(iii)Iftwojust(Adil)personssaythattheyhavesightedthemoonatnight,withconditions
explainedindetailedbooks.
(iv)If30dayspassfromthefirstofSha'ban,the1stofRamanandif30dayspassfromthelstof
Ramadanthelstofshawwalwillbeestablished.
842.The1stdayofanymonthwillnotbeprovedbytheverdictofaMujtahidexceptwhenhis
verdictorestablishmentofthe1stofthemonthforhimmakesthepersonshureofthefirstofthe
month.
843.Thefirstdayofamonthwillnotbeprovedbythepredictionmadebytheastronomers.
However,ifapersonderivesfullastisfactionandcertitudefromtheirfindings,heshouldact
accordingly.
844.Ifthemoonishighupinthesky,orsets,late,itisnotanindicationthatthepreviousnightwas
thefirstnightofthemonth.Similarly,ifthereisahaloroundit,itisnotaproofthatthenewmoon
appearedinthepreviousnight.
845.Ifthefirstdayofamonthisprovedinacity,itisalsoprovedinothercitiesiftheyareunitedin
theirhorizon.Andthemeaningofhavingacommonhorizoninthismatteristhatifnewmoonwas
sightedinacity,therewouldbeadistinctpossibilityofsightingitintheothercities,iftherewere
noimpediments,likethecloudsetc,andthisoccourswhenthecitysituatedtothewestofthefirst
cityisnearitinlatitude.Andifthecityisontheeastofthefirstcity,thefirstofthemonthis
establishedwhentheunityofthehorizonsisknown,evenbythisideathatthetimeofstayingof
themoononthefirstcity'shorizonismorethanthedifferencebetweenthetimeofsunselinboth
cities.
846.IfapersondoesnotknowwhetheritisthelastdayofRamanorthefirstofShawwal,he
shouldobservefastonthatday,andifhecomestoknowduringthedaythatitisthefirstof
Shawwal,heshouldpeakthefast.
Halal(allowed)andMakruhandMustaa*abFasts
847.ItisHalal(allowed)tofastonthedayofI'dulFii`randI'dulAdhha.ItisalsoHalal(allowed)to
fastwiththeintentionofthefirstdayofRamanonadayaboutwhichheisnotsurewhetheritis
thelastdayofSha'banorthefirstofRaman.
848.ItisHalal(allowed)forawifetokeepaMustaa*abfastifitisinconsistenwiththerightofthe
husband'sinterests.Thisruleappliesalsoinobligatoryfastswhichhavenotcertainfixeddays,like
avowwithoutfixedday,inwhich,asanobligatoryprecaution,thefastisvoidanditdoesnot
sufficeforthevow.Andifthehusbandforbidshertofastarecommendedornonfixedobligatory
fast,herfastisHalal(allowed),evenifitisnotinconsistentwithhisright.Therecommended
precautionisthat.sheshouldnotobserveaMustaa*abfastwithouthispermission.
849.ItisHalal(allowed)forthechilderentoobserveaMustaa*abfastifitcausesemotional
sufferingtotheirparents.
850.IfasonordaughterobservesaMustaa*abfastwithoutthepermissionofthisorherfatheror
mother,andhisorherfatherormotherprohibitshimorherfromitduringthedaytime,thechild
shouldpeakthefastifhisorherdisobediencewouldhurtthefeelingofhisorhermotherorfather.
851.Ifapersonknowsthatfastingisnotconsiderablyharmfultohim,heshuoldfastevenifhis
doctoradvisesthatitisharmful.Andifapersoniscertainorhasafeelingthatfastingis
considerablyharmfultohim,itisnotobligatorytofastevenifthedoctoradvisesforit.
852.Ifapersonissureorhasacertitudethatitisconsiderablyharmfulforhimtofastorconsiders
itprobable,andowingtothatfeeling,feariscreatedinhismind,andifthatfeelingisacceptableto
thewise,itisnotobligatorytoobservefast,andifthatharmresultsindeathoradefectinbody,
fastingisHalal(allowed).Incasesotherthanthis,ifonefastswiththeintentionofRaja,anditis
knownlaterthatithadnotconsiderableharmforhim,hisfastwillbeinorder.
853.FastingisMustaa*aboneverydayofayearexceptthoseonwhichitisHalal(allowed)or
Makruhtoobserveafast.Someofthesehavebeenstronglyrecommended,whichareexplainedin
detailedbooks.
Khums
854.Khumsisobligatoryontheseveralthings,ofwhichweexplainheretwomoreimportant
items,i.e.profitorgainfromearningandamalgamationofHalal(allowed)wealthwithHalal
(allowed);andotherthingslikemineralsandtreasuretroveareexplainedindetailedbooks.
855.Ifapersonearnsbymeansoftrade,industryoranyotherwaysofearning,likeearningsome
moneybyofferingprayersandfastingonbehalfofadeadpersonorifsomeonegiveshimagift,
providingthatitexceedstheannualexpensesformaintaininghimselfandhisfamily,heshouldpay
Khums(i.e.onefifth)orthesurplus,inaccordancewiththeruleswhichwillbeexplainedlater.
856.ThereisnoKhumsliabilityon?idq(marriagesettlement)whichawifereceives,noronthe
propertywhichahusbandgetsinexchangeofdivorcinghiswifebywayofKhulnoronDiyah(blood
money)receivedbysomeone;andthesameruleappliestothepropertywhichoneinherits.Ifa
Shi'ite,however,inheritsinheritsfromasourcewhichisnotacceptedinourIslamiclaws,like
inheritingfromadistantrelativedespitehisheirsbeingpresent(Tasib),itwillbeconsideredagain,
andKhumswillhavetobepaidfromit.Similarly,ifapersoninheritsfromanunexpectedsource,
neitherfromhisfathernorfromhisson,thenasanobligatoryprecaution,hewillpayKhumsfrom
thatinheritanceifitexceedshisannualexpenses.
857.Ifapersoninheritssomepropertyandknowsthatthepersonfromwhomhehasinheriteddid
notpayKhumsfromit,he(theheir)shouldpayitsKhums.Andifthatpropertyisitselfnotliablefor
Khums,buttheheirknowsthatthepersonfromthedeceasedsestate.Butinboththecases,ifthe
personfromwhomheinheritsdidnotbelieveinKhums,orneverpaid,it,thenitisnotnecessary
fortheheirtopayofftheKhumsowedbythedead.
858.Ifapersonpurchasesacommidity,andafterthetransaction,paysitspricefromthemoney
fromwhichKhumshasnotbeenpaidbyhim,thetranactionwillbeinorder,buthewillbe
indebtedtothosewhodeservetoreceiveKhums,forthesumhehaspaidtotheseller.
859.IfaShi'ite(IthnaAshariyyah)personpurchasessomethingonwhichKhumshasnotbeenpaid,
theKhumswillbetheliabilityoftheseller,andthebuyerisnotresponsibleforanything.
860.IfapersongivesagifttoaShi'ite(IthnaAshariyyah),fromwhichKhumshasnotbeenpaid,
onefifthofitistheliabilityofthedonorhimself,andonewhogetsthegiftisnotrequiredtopay
anything.
861.Ifapersonacquireswealthfromanunbeliever,orapersonwhodoesnotbelieveinpaying
khumsordoesnotpayKhumsatall,itwillnotbeobligatoryforhim,thatis,thepersonwho
receivesit,topayKhums.
862.Itisolbigatoryonthemerchants,theearners,theartisans,theemployeesandotherslike
them,topayKhumsfromwhateverisinexcessoftheiryearlyexpenses,whenayearpassessince
theystartedearning.Thisruleappliesalsotothepreachersandthelike,eveniftheirearningisin
certainpartsofayearonly,providedthatitsufficesforthemostexpensesoftheyear,andalsotoa
personwhohasnotpayjobtoearnmoneyforhislifeandprofitsbyprofitsgovernmentorpeople
ormakesanunexpectedgain;inallthesecasesoneshouldpayKhumsafterayearhaspassedsince
hegained,onthesavingswhichexceedshisexpenditureforthatyear.Thenhecancalculateayear
foreachearningseparately.
863.AperaoncanpayKhumsasandwhenheearnsaprofitduringayear,anditisalsopermissible
todelaypaymentofKhumstilltheendoftheyear.Butifheknowsthathewillhavenoneedtoit
tilltheendoftheyear,heshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,payitsKhumsimmediatelyand
thereisnoobjectaanifadoptsthesolaryearforthepoymentofkhums.
864.Ifonemakesaprofit,butdiesduringthesameyear,hisexpensestillhisdeathshouldbe
deductedfiomtheprofit,andKhumsshouldbepaidonthebalanceimmediately.
865.Ifthepriceofacommodityonepurchasesforthepurposeofbusinessshootsup,andhedoes
notsellit,anditspricefallsduringthesameyear,itisnotobligatoryonhimtocalculateKhumson
theincreasedprices.
866.Ifthepriceofacommoditywhichapersonpurchasesforthepurposeofbusinessshootsup,
andhedoesnotsellittillaftertheendoftheyear,expectingthatthepricewillrise,andthenthe
pricefalls,itisobligatory,asaprecautionforhimtocalculateKhumsbasedontheincreaseinthe
price.
867.Ifapersonpossessessomegoodsotherthanmerchandise,fromwhichKhumshasbeenpaid
byhim,ifitspriceshootsup,andhesellsit,hewillpayKhumsontheexcessgainedprovidingit
exceedshisexpenditureforthatyear.Similarlyifatreebearsfruit,orasheepwhichiskeptforits
meatbecomesfatheshouldpayKhumsontheirexcess.
868.Ifapersonestablishesagardenwithamoney,onwhichKhumshasbeenpaidorisnot
entitledtoKhums,withtheintentionofsellingitafteritspricegoesup,heshouldpayKhumson
thefruit,thegrowthofthetreesandthesaplingsgrownorwhichareplanted,anddrytwigswhich
couldbecutandusedandtheincreaseinthepriceofgraden.But,ifhisintentionistosellthefrut
thefruitoftreesandbenefitfromitsvalue,payingtheKhumsoftheexcesssofthepriceisnot
obligatory,butheshouldpayKhumsonrest.
869.Ifapersonplantswillow,planetreeandothertreeslikethem,heshouldpayKhumsontheir
growtheveryyear.Andsimilarly,ifthepanchesofthetreeswhicharecuteveryyear,makeshis
incomeexceedhisexpenditurefortheyear,heshouldpayhisKhums.
870.Ifapersonhasafewkindsoftrade,forexample,hetradesbothsugarandrice,iftheyareall
consideredasonebusinessingainsandexpenditures,benefitsandlossesetc.,heshouldpay
Khumsattheendoftheyearfromwhatexceedshisexpenses.Andifhemakesaprofitinone
sourceandsustainslossinanother,hecanoffsethislossofonewiththeprofitoftheother.Butif
hehastwodifferentbusinesses,like,ifheisengagedintradeaswellasfarmingorhastwo
businessesconsideredasonebuttheiraccountsofbenefitsandexpendituresareapart,hecannot,
asanobligatoryprecaution,offestthelossinonewiththeprofitmadefromtheother.
871.Apersoncandeductfromhisprofit,theexpenditurewhichheincursinmakingprofit,like,on
pokerageandtransportationorlossesoccuredinhisinstrumentsorequipments,anditisnot
necessarytopayKhumsonthatamount.
872.NoKhumsispayableonwhatonespendshisprofitduringtheyearonfood,dress,furniture,
purchaseofhouse,marriageofson,dowryofdaughter,Ziyarahetc.,providedthatitisnotbeyond
hisstatus.
873.WhateverapersonspendsonNadhr(vow)andKaffarahisapartofhisannualexpenditure.
Similarly,whathegivesawayasagiftoraprizeisincludedinhisannualexpenditure,provideditis
notbeyondhisstatus.
874.Ifapersonisusuallyexpectedtoprepareallthedowryforhisdaughteroverafewyears,and
ifitisdeemedunbecomingforhimnottogiveawayanydowry,Khumswillnotbeliableonwhat
hepurchasesasapartofdowryduringtheyear,provideditiswithinhismeansandpreparingthat
partofdowryinoneyeariscommonlyconsideredasusualyearlyexpenditure.Butifheexceedshis
means,orspendstheprafitofoneyeartobuythedowryinthefollowingyear,hewillpayits
Khums.
875.WhateverapersonspendsforhisjourneytoA*ajjorotherZiyarah(pilgrimages)isreckoned
tobepartofhisexpenditureoftheyearinwhichhespendsit,andifhisjourneyextendstillpartof
thenextyear,heshouldpayKhumsonwhathespendsduringthesecondyear.
876.Ifapersonwhoearnsprofitfromhisworkandtrade,hassomeotherpropertyonwhich
Khumsisnotliable,hecancalculatehisexpenditurefortheyearfromtheprofitearnedfromhis
workorbusiness.
877.Ifspersonpurchasesprovisionforhisuseduringtheyear,withtheprofitmadebyhim,andat
theendoftheyearapartofitremainsunused,heshouldpayKhumsonit.Andifhewantstopay
itsvalue,whichmayhaveincresedsincehepoughttheprovision,heshouldcalculatetheprice
prevailingattheendoftheyear.
878.Ifapersonpurchaseshouseholdaccessorieswiththeprofitearnedbyhimbeforepaying
Khums,itisnotnecessaryforhimtopayKhumsonthemiftheirneedendsaftertheyearends.
TherewillnoliabilityofKhumsiftheirneedscasestoexistduringtheyear,buttheymustbethose
articleswhicharekeptforfollowingyears,likethewinterandsummerdresses.Otherthanthese
articles,Khumswillbe,asanobligatoryprecaution,liableassoomastheirneedisoverduringthat
year.Also,whenawomannomoreneedsherornamentsforadornment,Khumswillnotbeliable.
879.Ifapersondoesnotmakeanyprofitinthebeginningoftheyear,andspendshiscapital,and
thenmakessomeprofitbeforetheyearends,heisallowedtodeducttheamountspentfromhis
capital,fromtheprofit.
880.Ifapartofthecapitalislostintradeetc.,apersoncandeductthelostamountfromtheprofit
madeinthesameyear.
881.Ifsomethingelseotherthancapitalislostfromhiswealth,andheneedsthatthingduringthat
everyyear,hecanprocureitfromtheprofit,andKhumsisnotliableonit.
882.Ifapersondoesnotmakeanyprofitthroughoutayear,andborrowsmoneytomeethis
expenses,hecannotdeducttheborrowedamountfromtheprofitmadebyhimduringthe
succeedingyearsnotpayingitsKhums.But,ifheborrowsmoneyduringtheyeartomeethis
expenses,andmakesprofitbeforetheyearends,hecandeducttheborrowedamountfromhis
profit.Similarly,inthefirstcasementionedabove,hecandeducthisdebtfromtheprofitmade
duringtheyear,andthatpartoftheprofitwillnotbeliableforKhums.
883.IfapersonbecomesliableforKhumsandhehasnotpaiditalthoughayearhaspassed,he
cannothaveanydiscretionoverthatproperty,beforepayingitsKhums.
884.IfapersonwhoowesKhumsmakesacompromisewiththeMujtahid,andtakesresponsibility
forit,hecanappropraitetheentireproperty,andtheprofitheearnsfromitafterthecompromise,
belongstohimandheshouldpayhisdebtgraduallysothathemaynotbeconsideredasengligent.
885.IfonepartnerpaysKhumsontheprofitmadebyhim,andtheotherpartnerdoesnotpayit,
andhe(theotherpartner)offersinthenextyear,asshareofhiscapital,thepropertyonwhich
Khumshasnotbeenpaidbyhim,thefirstpartnerwhohaspaidKhumscanhavetherightof
disposaloverthatproperty,ifheisaShi'iteMuslim(IthnaAshariyyah).
886.Ifaminorchildprofitsinsomeway,evenifheisgivenagift,Khumsbecomesliableanditis
obligatoryuponhisguardaintopaytheKhumsprovidedthattheprofitisnotexpendedforhis
necessitiesduringtheyear.Butiftheguardaindoesnotpayit,theminorchildwillhavetopayit
whenheattainspuberty.
887.Ifapersonacquireswealthfromanotherperson,anddoubtswhetherornothehaspaid
Khumsonit,hehasadiscretionoverit.Infact,evenifheiscertainthattheotherpersonhasnot
paidKhumsonit,hehasthediscretionoveritifheisaShi'ite(IthnaaAshariyyah),andtheother
persondoesnotpayKhumsatall.
888.Ifapersonpurchaseswiththeprofitearnedbyhim,athingwhichisnotsupposedtobepart
ofhisneedsandannualexpenses,itisobligatoryonhimtopayKhumsonitattheendoftheyear.
AndifhedoesnotpayKhums,andthevalueofthethingsincreases,heshouldpayKhumsonits
currentvalue.
889.IfHalal(allowed)propertygetsmixedupwithHalal(allowed)propertyinsuchawaythatitis
notpossibletoidentofyeach,fromtheother,ofandtheownertheHalal(allowed)propertyandits
quantityarenotknown,andifitisalsonotknownwhetherthequantityoftheHalal(allowed)
propertyismoreorlessthanonefifth,thepersonconcernedmaypayKhumsonittomakethe
balanceHalal(allowed),andasanobligatoryprecautiontheKhumsshouldbepaidtooneentitled
toreceiveKhumsandsuchpaymentsasRaddulmazalim.
890.IfHalal(allowed)propertygetsmixedupwithHalal(allowed)property,andtheperson
concernedknowsthequantityofHalal(allowed)property,(irrespectiveofitbeingmoreorless
thanonefifth),butdoesnotknowitsowner,heshouldgiveawaythatquantityasSadaqahon
behalfofitsowner,andtheobligatoryprecautionisthatheshouldalsoobtainpermissionfromthe
Mujtahid.
891.IfHalal(allowed)propertygetsmixedupwithHalal(allowed)property,andtheperson
concerneddoesnotknowthequantityofHalal(allowed)property,butknowsitsowner,theymay
cometosomecompromise,butiftheydonotcometoanagreementwitheachother,theperson
concernedshouldpaytheownerasumwhichwouldensurethattheamountduehasbeenpaidup.
Infact,ifthepersonconcernedknowsthatitwasduetohisownnegligencethatthemixup
occurred,thenheshould,asaprecaution,paymorethanwhathefeelsmightbelongtotheowner.
892.IfapersonpayskhumsonapropertywhichhasHalal(allowed)mixedwithHalal(allowed)
parts,andlearnslaterthatthequantityofHalal(allowed)propertywasmorethanKhums,he
shouldgivetheexcessasSadaqah,onbehalfoftheowneroftheproperty.
893.IfapersonpaysKhumsonapropertywhichhasbeenmixedup,orgivessomeproeprtyas
Sadaqahonbehalfofanunknownperson,andiftheownerturnsuplater,asanobligatory
precaution,hemustreimbursehimhispart,ifhedoesnotagreetotheactiontaken.
894.IfaHalal(allowed)propertymixesupwithHalal(allowed)property,andthequantityofthe
Halal(allowed)propertyisknown,andthepersonconcernedknowsthattheownerisoneofa
group,butcannotidentifyhim,heshouldinformallofthem.Ifoneofthemclaimswhileothersdo
not,orconfirmthefirstperson,heshouldhandovertotheonewhoclaimed.Andiftwoormore
peopleclaim,heshouldrefertotheMujtahidforhisdecisionafterallattmeptsatcompromiseand
understandinghavefailed.Andifalloftheminthegroupshowednointerest,ordidnotpresent
themselvesforacompromise,thenhewilldrawlotstodeterminetheowner,andasaprecaution,
thelostwillbedrawnbytheMujtahid,orhisagent(Wakil).
DisposalofKhums
895.Khumsshouldbedividedintotwoparts.OnepartistheshareofSayyids(descendantsofthe
holyProphet,s.a.w.a.),whichshouldbegiventoaSayyidwhoispoor,ororphan,orwhohas
becomestrandedwithoutmoneyduringhisjourney.ThesecondpartistheshareofImam(A.S.),
andduringthepresenttimeitshouldbegiventoafullyqualifiedMujtahid,orbespentforsuch
purposesasallowedby,thatMujtahid.Asanobligatoryprecaution,thatMujtahidmustbeA`lam,
andwellversedinpublicaffairs.
896.IfapersoncanbegiventoasayyidwhomaynotbeAdil,butitshouldnotbegiventoasayyid
whoisnotIthnaAshariyyah.
897.IfapersonclaimsthatheisSayyid,Khumscannotbegiventohimunlesstwojust(Adil)
personsconfirmthatheisaSayyid,orifoneissureandsatisfiedinsomewayabouthimbeinga
Sayyid.
898.KhumscanbegiventoapersonwhoisknownasSayyidinhishomecity,ifoneisnotcertain
orsatisfiedaboutanythingtothecontrary.

899.IfitisobligatoryonapersontomeetthexpensesofaSayyidoraSayyidah,whoisnothis
wife,hecannot,onthebasisofobligatoryprecautiongivehim/herfood,dressandotheressential
itemsofsubsistencefromKhums.However,thereisnoharmifhegiveshim/herapartofKhumsto
meetsomeexpensesotherthanthoseobligatoryonhim.
900.TheobligatoryprecautionisthataneedySayyidshouldnotbegivenKhumsinexcessofhis
yearlyexpenses.
901.IfapersonisthecreditorofapersonwhoisentitledtoreceiveKhums,andwantstoadjusthis
debtagaintsKhumspayablebyhim,heshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,eitherseekthe
permissionofaMujtahidtodoso,orgiveKhumstothedeservingpersonandthereafter,the
deserringpersnreturnsittohimtowardsthedebt.Hecanalsobecomepkoxyofthedeserving
person,receivingKhumsonhisbehalf,andthendeducthisdebtfromit.
ZAKA`T
902.ItisobligatorytopayZaktonthefollowingthings:
(i)Wheat
(ii)Barley
(iii)Dates
(iv)Raisins
(v)Gold
(vi)Silver
(vii)Camel
(viii)Cow
(ix)Sheep(includinggoat)
(x)Asanobligatoryprecaution,uponthewealthinbusiness(merchandise).
Andifapersonistheownerofanyofthesetenthingsheshould,inaccordancewiththeconditions
whichwillbementionedlater,puttheirfixedquantitytooneoftheusesasprescribed.
ConditionsforObligatoryofZakt
903.PaymentofZaktbecomesobligatoryonlywhenthepropertyreachestheprescribedtaxable
limit,andwhentheownerofthepropertyisafreeperson,andthepropertyishisownpossession.

904.Ifapersonremainstheownerofcow,sheep,camel,goldorsilverfor11months,thepayment
ofZaktbecomesobligatoryforhimfromthefirstofthe12thmonth;butheshouldcalculatethe
beginningofthenewyearaftertheendofthe12thmonth.
905.TheliabilityofZaktongold,silverandmerchandiseisconditionaltoitsownerbeingsaneand
Blighduringthewholeyear.Butinthecaseofwheat,barley,raisins,date,camel,cowandsheep,
beingsaneBlighisnotaprerequisite.
906.PaymentofZaktonwheatandbarleybecomesliablewhentheyarerecognisedaswheatand
barley.AndZaktonraisinsbecomesobligatorywhentheycollthemgrapesandZakatondatest
becomesliablewhenArabscallitTamr.However,thetimefordeterminingthetaxablelimitisthe
timeofdryingup,andthetimeofobligationofpaymentofZaktonwheatandbarleyiswhenthey
arethreshed,andgrainsareseparatedfromchaff;andthetimeforpaymentofZaktonraisinsand
datesiswhentheyareplucked.Ifonedelayssincethistimewithoutanyexcuseandincaseof
preseneceofentitledperson,andthenthepropertyislost,theownerwillberesponsible.
ZaktofWheat,Barley,DatesandRaisins
907.Zaktonwheat,barley,datesandraisinsbecomesobligatorywhentheirquantityreachesthe
taxablelimitwhichis300Saanditissaidthatitequalsapproximatelykg.
908.Iftheownerofwheat,barley,datesorgrapesdiesafterZaktonithasbecomeobligatory,
thatquantityofZaktshouldbepaidfromhisestate.However,ifhediesbeforeZaktbecomes
obligatory,eachoneofhisheirs,whosesharereachesthetaxablelimit,shouldpayZakatfromhis
ownshare.
908.IfpaymentofZaktbecomesobligatoryondatetreeandgrapesorthecropofwheatand
barleyafteronebecomesitsowner,oneshouldpayZaktonthem.
909.IfapersonsellsthecropandtreesafterZaktonwheat,barley,palmdatesandgrapes
becomesobligatory,thesellershouldpaytheZaktonthem,andifhepays,itwillnotbe
obligatoryonthebuyertopayanything.
910.Ifapersonpurchaseswheatorbarleyordatesorgrapes,andknowsthatthesellerhaspaid
Zaktonthem,ordoubtswhetherornothehaspaidit,itisnotobligatoryonhim(i.e.thebuyar)to
payanything.Butifheknowsthathe(theseller)hasnotpaidZaktonthem,hecanpaytheZakt
himselfandreclaimitlaterfromtheseller.
911.IfapersonhaspaidZaktonceonwheat,barley,datesorraisins,onfurtherZaktispayable
onit,eveniftheyremainwithhimforafewyears.

912.Ifwheat,barley,datesandgrapesarewateredwithrainorriver,oriftheybenefitfromthe
moistureoftheland,likeinthecaseofEgyptaincrops,theZaktpayableonthemis10%andif
theyarewateredwithbucketsetc.,theZaktpayableonthemis5%.
913.Apersoncannotdeducttheexpensesincurredbyhimontheproductionofwheat,barley,
datesandgrapesfromtheincomeobtainedfromthem,andthenweightheremaining.Henceifthe
weightofanyoneofthem,beforecalculatingtheexpenses,wasabout847kilogrammes,heshould
payZaktonit.
914.Apersonwhohasusedseedsforfarming,whetherheownedthemorheboughtthem,cannot
deducttheirvaluefromthetotalharvestandcalculatetheremaining.Rathre,heshouldculculate
thetacablelimittakingintoaccounttheentirecrop.
915.ItisnotobligatorytopayZaktonwhatgovermenttakesawayfromthegoodsorwealth
itself.Forexample,iftheharvestis2000kilogrammes,andgovermenttakes50kilogrammesfrom
itastaxation,itisobligatorytopayZakton1950kilogrammesonly.
916.Asanobligatoryprecaution,apersoncannotdeductfromtheharvesttheexpensesincurred
byhimbeforeorafterZaktbecamedue,payingZaktonthebalanceonly.
917.Ifadatetreeorvinebearsfruittwiseinayear,andwhencombinedtheyreachtheminimum
taxablelimit,itisobligatoryasaprecaution,topaytheirZakt.
918.Ifapersondieswithadebt,andhasapropertyonwhichZakthasbecomedue,itisnecessary
that,inthefirstinstance,theentireZaktshouldbepaidoutfromthatproperty,andthereafter
payhisdebt.ButifZaktisobligatoryonhimasadebt,itwillbedeemedasotherdebts.
919.Zaktongoldandsilverbecomesobligatoryonlywhentheyaremadeintocoins,arein
currencyfortransaction,andasthesearenotfoundnowadays,weabandonmentioningtheirrules
here.
ZaktPayableonCamel,CowandSheep(IncludingGoat)
920.ForZaktoncamels,cowsandsheep(includinggoats)thereisoneadditionalcondition,
besidestheotherusualconditions:
Theanimalshouldhavegrazedinthejungleoropenfieldsforoneyear.If,forayearorapartofit,
itisfedwithcutorpluckedgrass,orifithasgrazedinthefarmownedbyitsowner,orsomebody
else,thereisnoZaktonit,exceptwhenitwasonlyalittletimeduringwhichtheanimalfeditself
withthegrassfromitsmaster'sfarm,sothatitcanbesaidcommonlythatitgrazedinopenfields
forthewholeyear.ItisnotaconditionforobligationofZaktthatthecamel,coworsmallcattle
shouldnothaveworkedduringthewholeyear.Infact,Zaktonthemwillbeobligatory,iftheyare
usedforirrigationandploughingtheland,orthelike,providedthatitissaidcommonlythatthey
wereidleornotbusy.Eveniftheyarenotconsideredso,asanobligatoryprecautionZaktshould
bepaidonthem.
MinimumTaxablelimitofCamels
921.Camelhas12taxablelimits:
(i)5Camels:andtheZaktonthemisonesheep.Aslongasthenumberofcamelsdoesnotreach
five,noZaktispayableonthem.
(ii)10camels:andtheZaktonthemis2sheep.
(iii)15camels:andtheZaktonthemis3sheep.
(iv)20camels:andtheZaktonthemis4sheep.
(v)25camels:andtheZaktonthemis5sheep.
(vi)26camels:andtheZaktonthemisacamelwhichhasenteredthe2ndyearofitslife.
(vii)36camels:andtheZaktonthemisacamelwhichhasenteredthe3rdyearofitslife.
(viii)46camels:andtheZaktonthemisacamelwhichhasenteredthe4thyearofitslife.
(ix)61camels:andtheZaktonthemisacamelwhichhasenteredthe5thyearofitslife.
(x)76camels:andtheZaktonthemis2camelswhichhaveenteredthe2rdyearoftheirlife.
(xi)91camels:andtheZaktonthemis2camelswhichhaveenteredthe4thyearoftheirlife.
(xii)121camelsandabove:Inthiscase,thepersonconcernedshouldeithercalculatethecamelson
groupof40each,andgiveforeachsetoffortycamelsacamel,whichhasenteredthethirdyearof
itslife;orcalculatethemongroupsof50eachandgiveasZakt,forevery50camels,acamel
whichhasenteredthe4thyearofitslife,orhemaycalculatetheminthegroupsoffortyandfifty.
Insomecasesonehastheoptiontocalculateinthegroupsoffortyorfifty,likewhenthenumberis
200,butineverycaseheshouldcalculateinsuchawaythatthereshouldbenobalance,andeven
ifthereisabalance,itshouldnotexceednine.Forexample,ifhehas140camelsheshouldgivefor
100camels,twosuchcamelsashaveenteredthefourthyearoftheirlife,andfortheremaining
fortycamels,heshouldpayonecamelwhichhasenteredthethirdyearofitslife.Andthecamelto
begiveninZaktshouldbefemale.Inthesituationoftheabovesixthcase,however,ifonehasnot
atwoyearoldfemalecamel,athreeyearoldmalecamelwillsuffice,andifhehasnoteventhis,he
hastheoptiontobuyeitherofthem.
922.ItisnotobligatorytopayZaktonwhatisinbetweentwotaxablelimits.Therefore,ifthe
numberofcamelsofapersonexceedsthefirsttaxablelimit,whichis5camels,butdoesnotreach
thesecondtaxablelimitwhichis10camels,heshouldpayZakotonony5ofthemandthesame
waywiththesucceedingtaxablelimits.
TheMinimumTaxableLimitofCows
923.Cowhastwotaxablelimits.
Itsfirsttaxablelimitis30.Ifthenumberofcowsownedbyapersonreaches30,andother
conditionsmentionedabovearefulfilled,heshouldgivebywayofZaktacalfwhichhasentered
the2ndyearofitslife;andtheobligatoryprecautionisthatthecalfshouldbeamale.Andits
secondtaxablelimitis40,anditsZaktisafemalecalfwhichhasenteredthe3rdyearofitslife.
AnditisnotobligatorytopayadditionalZaktwhenthenumberofthecowsisbetween30and40.
Forexample,ifapersonpossesses39cows,heshouldpayZakton30cowsonly.Furthermore,if
hepossessesmorethan40cowsbuttheirnumberdoesnotreachheshouldpayZakaton40cows
only.Andwhentheirnumberreaches60,whichistwiceasmuchasthefirsttaxablelimit,he
shouldgiveasZakt2calves,whichhaveenteredthe2ndyearoftheirlife.Andsimilarly,asthe
numberofthecowsincreases,heshouldcalculateeitherinthirtiesorinfortiesorinboth30and
40,andshouldpayZaktinaccordancewiththeruleexplainedabove.However,heshould
calculateinsuchaway,thatthereshouldbenoremalnder,andincasethereisaremainder,it
shouldnotexceed9.Forexample,ifhehas70cows,heshouldcalculateattherateofboth30and
40,andheshouldnotcalculatethemastwogroupsof30,because10cowswillbeleftwithout
Zaktbeingpaidonthem.Insomecaseslikewhenthecowsare120,onehastheoptionto
calculatetheirZaktingroupsof30or40.
TaxablelimitofSheep(IncludingGoats)
924.Sheephas5taxablelimits:
*The1sttaxablelimitis40,anditsZaktisonesheep.Andaslongasthenumberofsheepdoes
notreach40,noZaktispayableonthem.
*The2ndtaxablelimitis121,anditsZaktis2sheep.
*The3rdtaxablelimitis201,anditsZaktis3Sheep.
*The4thtaxablelimitis301,anditsZaktis4Sheep.
*The5thtaxablelimitis400andabove,andinthiscaseonesheepshouldbegivenasZaktfor
eachgroupof100sheep.AnditisnotnecessarytogiveZaktfromthesamesheep.Itwillbe
sufficientifsomeothersheeparegivenormoneyequaltothepriceofthesheepisgivenasZakt.
925.ItisnotobligatorytopayadditionalZaktforthenumberofsheepbetweenthetwotaxable
limits.So,ifthenumberofsheepexceedsthefirsttaxablelimit(whichis40),butdoesnotreach
the2ndtaxablelimit(whichis121),theownershouldpayZakton40sheeponly,andnoZaktis
dueonthesheepexceedingthatnumber,andthesameruleappliestothesucceedingtaxable
limits.

926.IfapersongivesasheepasZakt,itisnecessary,asanobligatoryprecaution,thatitsholud
haveatleastenteredthe2ndyearofitslife,andifhegivesagoatitshouldhave,onthebasisof
precaution,enteredthe3rdyearofitslife.
927.Ifsomepersonsarepartners,thenthepersonwhosesharereachesthefirsttaxablelimit
shouldpayZakt.Itisnotobligatoryonthepersonwhosesharedoesnotreachthefirsttaxable
limittopayZakt.
ZaktonBusinessGoods
928Goodsearnedbycommutativecontracts,andsetasideforinvestmentinbusinessorprofit
earning,is,asaprecaution,liableforZaktifcertainconditionsarefulfilled.TherateofZaktis
1/40.
(i)TheownerofthegoodsshouldheBlighandsane.
(ii)Thegoodsshouldhavereachesthepriceof15Mithqalsofcoinedgoldor105Mithqalsof
coinedsilver.
(iii)Thegoodsshouldhaveremainedforoneyeareversincetheownerintendedtoinvestitfor
profit.
(iv)Theintentionofinvestingitforprofitshouldhaveremainedunchangedthroughouttheyear.If
theintentionchanges,like,whenhedecidestospenditformaintenance,thenpayingZaktisnot
necessary.
(v)Theownershouldbeactuallycapableofitsdisposalthroughouttheyear.
(vi)Throughouttheyeartheownershouldhaveabuyerofthegoodsequaltothecapitalormore.
If,duringtheyear,hegetsanybuyerforthegoodsforequaltothecapitaloutlay,itwillnotbe
obligatoryuponhimtopayitsZakt.
DisposalofZakt
929.Zaktcanbespentforthefollowingeightpurposes:
(i)Itmaybegiventoapoorperson,whodoesnotpossessactualorpotentialmeanstomeethis
ownexpenses,aswellasthatofhisfamilyforaperiodofoneyear.However,apersonwhohasan
artpossessespropertyorcapitaltomeethisexpenses,isnotclassifiedaspoor.
(ii)ItmaybepaidtoaMiskin(adestituteperson)wholeadsaharderlifethanapoor(Faqir)
person.
(iii)ItcanbegiventoapersonwhoisanagentofholyImam(A.S.)orofhisrepresentativefor
collectingZakt,tokeepitinsafecustody,tomaintainitsaccountsandtodeliverittotheImamor
hisrepresentativeortothepoor.
(iv)ItcanbegiventothosenonMuslimswhomay,asaresult,beinclinedtoIslam,ormayassist
theMuslimsforfightingagainsttheenemies,orforotherjustifiedpurposes.Itcanbegivento
thoseMuslimsalsowhosefaithintheProphetorintheWilayahofAmirulMu'mininisunstable
andweak,providedthat,asaresultofgivingZakt,theirfaithisenterenched.
(v)Itcanbespenttopurchasetheslavestosetthemfree,thedetailsofwhichhavebeengivenin
itsreleventchapter.
(vi)Itcanbegiventoanindebtedpersonwhoisunabletorepayhisdebt.
(vii)ItmaybespentinthewayofAllahforthingswhichhavecommonbenefittotheMuslims;for
example,toconstructamosque,oraschoolforreligiouseducation,ortokeepthecityclean,orto
widenortobuildtarroadsetc.
(viii)Itmaybegiventoastrandedtraveller.
ThesearethesituationsinwhichZaktcanbespent.Butinsituationsnumber3and4,theowner
cannotspendwithoutthepermissionofImam(A.S.)orhisrepresentative;andthesameappliesto
the7thsituation,asperobligatoryprecaution.Rulesrelatingtotheseareexplainedinthe
followingarticles:
930.Apoorpersonwhocandobusinessandearnmoneyforhisandhisfamily'smaintenance,but
doesnotdoitlazily,isnotpermittedtoreceiveZakt.Alsoapoorstudent,whoseworkingordoing
businessstopshimcontinuingthestudy,cannottakefromthepoorpartofZaktinanyway,
exceptwhenstudyisabsolutelyobligatoryonhim.Hecanasanobligatoryprecaution,takefrom
thepartwhichcanbespentinthewayofAllahwiththepermissionofMujtahid,providinghisstudy
hasapublicbenefit,andifitisnotdifficultforapersontolearnanart,heshouldnot,asan
obligatoryprecaution,dependonZakt.However,hecanreceiveZaktaslongasheislearningthe
art.<
QualificationsofthoseEntitledtoReceiveZakt
931.ItisnecessarythatthepersontowhomZaktispaidisaShi'ite(IthnaÀshariyyah).If,
therefore,onepaysZakttoapersonundertheimpressonthatheisaShi'ite,andittranspires
laterthatheisnotaShi'ite,oneshouldpayZaktagain,even,asanobligatoryprecaution,ifhehas
investigatedaboutitorhasreliedonanIslamicproof.
932.ApersoncannotpayfromZakttheexpensesofhisdependents,likehischilderen,whose
maintenanceisobligatoryonhim.Butifhehimseffailstomaintainthem,othersmaygivethem
fromZakt.However,ifheisnotabletopaytheobligatorymaintenancesofthosewhose
maintenanceisobligatoryonhim,hecanpaytheirmaintenancesfromZakt,whenZaktbecomes
obligatoryonhim.
933.ThereisnoharmifapersongivesZakttohisdeservingsonforspendingonhiswife,servant
andmaidservant,orforrepayinghisdebts,inpresenceofotherconditions.
934.Fathercannotpayforthereligiousorsecularbooksrequiredbyhissonforeducation,from
Zaktmoney,exceptwhenpublicwelfarewarrantsit,andasaprecaution,hehassoughtthe
permissionoftheMujtahid.
935.AfathercangethispoorsonmarriedbyspendingZakt,andthesoncansimilarlydosoforhis
father.
936.ASayyidcannottakeZaktfromanonSayyid,exceptwhenhelplessness.
937.ZaktcanbegiventoapersonaboutwhomoneisnotsurewhetherheisaSayyidornot,butif
someoneclaimsthatheisSayyid,andtheownerpaysZakttohim,heisnotacquiltedfrom
obligation.
IntentionofZakt
938.ApersonshouldgiveZaktwiththeintentionofQurban,thatis,todohomagetoAlmighty
AllahandifonegivesitwithouttheintentionofQurban,itwillsuffice,thoughhehascommitteda
sin.Andheshouldspecifyinhisintention,whetherheisgivingtheZaktonhiswealth,orZaktul
Fii`rah.Also,ifitisobligatoryonhimtogiveZaktonwheatorbarley,andhewantstopayasum
ofmoneyequaltothevalueofZakt,heshouldspecifywhetherheispayinginlieuofwheator
barley.
MiscellaneousRulesofZakt
939.ItisnotnecessarythatafterseparatingZakt,apersonshouldpayitatoncetoadeserving
person,andifhedelaysitbecauseofareasonableexcuse,therewillbenoobjection.
940.IfapersonseparatesZaktfromthatwealthonwhichithadbecomedue,hehastherightof
disposalovertheremainingamount,andifheseparatesitfromhisotherproperty,hehasthe
discretionovertheentireproperty.
941.WhenapersonhasseparatedZaktformhisproperty,hecannotutiliseitandreplaceitwith
otherpayment.
942.ApersoncannotpurchasetheHolyQur'anorreligiousbooksorsupplicationbooksfromthe
Zaktproperty,anddedicatethemasWaqf,exceptwhenitbecomesforpublicwelfare,andfor
thatalso,asanobligatoryprecautionhemustseekpermissionfromtheMujtahid.
ZaktofFii`rah
943.AtthetimeofsunsetonIdulFitrnight(i.e.thenightprecedingIdday),whoeverisadultand
saneandisneitherunconscious,norpoor,northesalveofanother,shouldgive,onhisownbehalf
aswellasonbehalfofallthosewhoarehisdependents,aboutthreekilosperheadofcurrentfood
inhistownlikewheatorbarleyordatesorraisinsorriceormilletetc.toadeservingperson.Itis
alsosufficientifhepaysthepriceofoneoftheseitemsincash.Asperobligatoryprecaution,he
shouldnotgivefromthatfoodwhichisnotstapleinhisplace,evenifitbewheat,barley,datesor
raisins.
944.Ifapersonisnotinapositiontomeethisownexpenses,aswellasthoseofhisfamily,fora
periodofoneyear,andhasalsonoonewhocanmeettheseexpenses,thenheisapoorperson
anditisnotobligatoryonhimtopayZaktofFii`rah.
945.OneshouldpayFii`rahonbehalfofallthosepersonswhoaretreatedashisdependentsathis
houseonthenightfallofIdulFitr,wethertheybeyoungorold,MuslimsornonMuslims;
irrespectiveofwhetherornotitisobligatoryonhimtomaintainthem,andwhethertheyareinhis
owntownorinsomeothertown.
946.ItisobligatorytopaytheFii`rahofaguestwhoarrivesatone'shousebeforesunsetonIdul
Fitrnightandstaysallnightthere,sincehebecomeshisdependent,thoughastemporary.
947.IfaguestarrivesaftersunsetonIdulFitrnight,paymentofhisFii`rah,asaprecaution,is
obligatoryuponthehost,providingthatheisconsideredtobedependentuponthehost.
Otherwise,itisnotobligatory;AndonewhoisinvitedforIftarofIdulFitrnightisnotconsidered
asone'sdependent,andhisZaktofFii`rahisnotobligatoryuponthehost.
948.IftheFii`rahofapersonisobligatoryonanotherperson,itisnotobligatoryonhimtogivehis
Fii`rahhimself,butifhedoesnotpayitorisnotabletopayit,itspaymentwillbe,asanobligatory
precaution,obligatoryonthelatter,providedalltheconditionsmentionedinruleno1999are
fulfilled.
949.IfitisobligatoryonapersontppaytheFii`rahofanotherperson,hisobligatorywillnotendif
thelatterhimselfpayhisownFii`rah.
950.Aperson,whoisnotaSayyid,cannotgiveFii`rahtoaSayyid,andifaSayyidishisdependent,
hecannotgivehisFii`rahtoanotherSayyideither.
DeservingPersonstowhomFii`rahMayBePaid
951.AsanobligatoryprecautionFii`rahshouldbepaidtothepooronly,andpoorshouldbeShi'ite,
whofulfiltheconditionsmentionedforthosewhodeservereceivingZakt.Butifthereisno
deservingShi'iteinone'shometownitcanbegiventootherdeservingMuslims.Butinno
circumstancesshouldFii`rahbegiventoNasibitheenemiesofAhlulBayt(A.S.).

952.ItisnotnecessarythatthepoortowhomFii`rahisgivenshouldbeAdil(ajustperson).But,as
anobligatoryprecaution,Fii`rahmustnotbegiventoadrunkard,oronewhodoesnotofferhis
dailyprayers,orcommitssinsopenly.
953.Ifapersonclaimstobepoor,Fii`rahcannotbegiventohimunlessoneissatisfiedwithhis
claim;or,ifoneknowsthattheclaimanthasbeenpoorpreviously.
MiscellaneousMattersRegardingFitrah
954.OneshouldgiveFii`rahwiththeintentionofQurban,thatis,topayhomagetoAlmightyAllah,
andwhengivingit,shouldintendtobegivingFii`rah.
955.ItisnotcorrecttogiveFii`rahbeforethemonthofRamadan,anditisbetterthatitshouldnot
begivenevenduringthemonthofRamadan.However,ifapersongivesloantoapoorperson
beforeRamadan,andadjuststheloanagainstFii`rah,whenpaymentofFii`rahbecomesobligatory,
thereisnoharminit.
956.IfapersonoffersIdulFitrprayer,heshould,onthebasisofobligatoryprecaution,giveFii`rah
beforeIdprayer.ButifhedoesnotofferIdprayer,hecandelaygivingFii`rahtillZuhr.
957.IfapersonsetsasideFii`rahfromhismainwealth,anddoesnotgiveittoapersonentitledto
receiveittillZuhrofIdday,heshouldmakeintentionofFii`rahasandwhenhegivesit.Thereisno
objectiontodelaypayingFii`rahduetoareasonableexcuse.
958.IfapersondoesnotgiveFii`rahtillZuhrofIdday,anddoesnotalsosetitaside,heshouldgive
Fii`rahlater,onthebasisofobligatoryprecaution,withoutmakingtheintentionofAdaorQada.
959.IfapersonsetsasideFii`rah,hecannottakeitforhisownuseandreplaceitwithanothersum
orthing.
960.Ifadeservingpersonisavailableinthehometownofaperson,theobligatoryprecautionis
thatheshouldnottransfertheFii`rahtosomeotherplacebutifhedidandgaveittoadeserving
person,itwouldsuffice,andifhetransfersitanditislost,heshouldgiveitsreplacement.
Transactions

Halal(allowed)Transactions
961.TherearemanyHalal(allowed)dealsandbusinesses,somearementionedbelow:
(i)Tosellandpurchaseintoxicatingbevereges,nonhuntingdogs,pigs,andunsalughteredcarcass
(asaprecaution).Basides,ifapermissibleuseofNajisAynispossible,like,excrementandfaeces
beingconvertedtofertilisers,itstransactionispermitted.
(ii)Saleandpurchaseofusurpedproperty,whenrequiredusingit,likedeliveringortakingover.
(iii)Transactionwithcreditlessmoneyorcounterfeilmoney,iftheothersideofthetransaction
doesnotknowit.Ifheknows,however,thetransactionwillbepermissible.
(iv)SaleandpurchaseofthosethingswhichareusuallyusedforHalal(allowed)actsonly,like,
gamblingtools.
(v)Atransactionwhichinvolvesfraudoradulteration,like,whenonecommodityismixedwith
another,anditisnotpossibletodetecttheadulteration,nordoesthesellerinformthebuyer
aboutit,like,tosellgheemixedwithsuet.Thisactiscalledcheatingoradulteration(Ghishsh).The
holyProphetofIslam(s.a.w.a.)said:IfapersonmakesadeceitfultransactionwiththeMuslims,or
putsthemtoaloss,orcheatsthem,heisnotoneofmyfollowers.Andwhenapersoncheartshis
fellowMuslim(i.e.sellshimanadulteratedcommodity),AllahdepriveshimofBlessingsinhis
livelihood,closesthemeansofhisearnings,andbeamshimtohimself.Ghishshhasseveralkinds
likefollowing:
1.Mixingagoodcommaditywithanother,orwithabadcommidity,e.g.mixingmilkwithwater.2.
Givinggoodappearancetoacommodity,likepouringwateronoldvegetablestoappearnew.3.
Changingtheoutwardofthethingtoanotherthing,likeputtingrolledgold,notallowingthebuyer
toknow.4.Hidingthecommodity'sdefectwhenthebuyerreliesontheseller,inthathewillnot
hideanydefect.
962.ThereisnoharminsellingaTahirthingwhichhasbecomeNajis,butcanbemadeTahirby
washingit.AndifitcannotbemadeTahirwithwater,anditsusedoesnotrequireittobeTahir,
likesomeoils,itssaleispermissible.Inface,evenifitsuserequiresittobeTahir,ifithassubs
tantialHalal(allowed)benefit,itssaleispermitted.
963.IfapersonwantstosellaNajisthing,heshouldinformthebuyeraboutit,providingbynot
tellinghim,hemightdosomethingcontrarytotheruleofShari'ah.Forexample,ifhesellshim
NajiswaterwhichthebuyermayrequireWuduorGhusl,andtoofferhisobligatoryprayers,orhe
sellshimsomethingwhichheusesasfoorordrinkinallsuchcases,thesellershouldinformthe
buyer.Ofcourse,ifthesellerknowsthatitisnouseinformingthebuyerwhoiscareless,anddoes
notcareaboutTaharahorNajasah,thatitinotnecessarytoinform.
964.ThereisnoobjectiontosellingorbuyingtheoilswhichareimportedfromnonIslimic
countries,ifitisnotknowntobeNajis.Andasforthefatwhichisobtainedfromadeadanimal,if
thereisaprobabilitythatitbelongstoananimalwhichhasbeenslaughteredaccordingtoIslamic
law,itwillbedeemedTahir,anditssaleandpurchasewillbepermissible,evenifitisacquiredfrom
anonMuslimorisimportedfromnonIslamiccountries.ButitisHalal(allowed)toeatit,anditis
necessaryforthesellertoinformthebuyeraboutthesituation,sothathedosenotcommitany
thingcontrarytohisreligiousresponsibility.
965.ThepurchaseandsaleofhideandskinwhichisimportedfromanonIslamiccountry,oris
boughtfromanonMuslim,ispermissibleprovidedthatonefeelsthattheanimalmayprobablybe
slaughteredaccordingtoIslamiclwa.And,Salatwithitwillbeinorder.
966.TransactionofintoxicatingdrinksisHalal(allowed)andvoid.
967.Ifapersonhaspurchasedacommodityoncredit,andwishestopayitspricelaterfromhis
Halal(allowed)earningorwealth,thetransactionwillbevalid,but,hewillhavetopaytheamount
whichheowesfromHalal(allowed)property,inordertobeabsolvedofhisresponsibility.
968.IfathingwhichcanbeusedforHalal(allowed)purposesissoldwiththeintentionofputtingit
toHalal(allowed)use,forexample,ifgrapesaresoldsothatwinemaybepreparedwiththem,the
transactionisHalal(allowed)However,ifthesellerdosenotsellitwiththatintention,butonly
knowsthatthebuyerwillpreparewinewiththegrapes,thetransactionwillbeinorder.
969.Makingahumansculptureorthatofananimal,asaprecautionisHalal(allowed),butthereis
noharminpurchasingandsellingit.However,paintinghumanportraitsoranimalsispermissible.
970.ItisHalal(allowed)topurchaseathingwhichhasbeenacquiredbymeansofgambling,theft,
oravoidtransactionProvidedthatitisassociatedwithitsuse,andifapersonbuyssuchathing
fromaseller,heshouldreturnittoitsoriginalowner.
971.Ifasellersellsacommoditywhichissoldbyweightormeasurement,atahigherrateagainst
thesamecommodity,like,ifhesells3Kilosofwheatfor5Kilosofwheat,itisusuryand,therefore,
Halal(allowed).Infact,ifoneofthetwokindsofsamecommodityisfaultless,andtheotheris
defective,oroneissuperiorandtheotherisinferior,oriftheirpricesdiffer,andthesellerasksfor
morethanthequantityhegives,eventhenitisusuryandHalal(allowed).Hence,ifapersongives
unpokencopperorpassandtakesmoreofpokencopperandpass,orgivesagoodqualityofrice,
andasksformoreofinferiorkindofriceinstead,orgivesmanufacturedgoldandtakesalarger
quantityofrawgold,itisusuryandHalal(allowed).
072.Ifthething,whichheasksforinaddition,isdifferentfromthecommoditywhichhesells,like,
ifhesells3Kilosofwheatagainst3KilosofwheatandoneDirhamcash,eventhenitisusuryand
Halal(allowed).Infact,ifhedoesnottakeanythinginexcess,butimposestheconditionthatthe
buyerwouldrendersomeservicetohim,itisalsousuryandHalal(allowed).
973.Ifthepersonwhoisgivinglessquantityofacommodity,supplementsitwithsomeother
thing,forexample,ifhesells3Kilosofwheatandonehandkerchieffor5Kilosofwheat,thereisno
harminit,providedthattheintentionisthatthetransactonisnotoncerdit.Andifboththeparties
supplementthecommiditywithsomething,like3Kilosofwheatwithahandkerchiefissoldfor5
kilosofwheatandahandkerchief,thereisnoobjectiontoit,providedtheintentionisthattwo
kilosofwheatwiththehandkerchiefononeside,wasgivenforahandkerchiefontheother.
974.Fromthepointofusury,wheatandbarleyarecommoditiesofoneandthesamecategory.
Hence,ifapersongives3Kilosofwheatandtakesinexchangethereof,35kilosofbarley,itis
usuryandHaramandif,apersonpurchases30kilosofbarley,ontheconditionthatthewouldgive
inexchange30Kilosofbarley,ontheconditionthathewouldgiveinexchange30Kilosofwheatat
thetimeofitsharvest,itisHalal(allowed),becausehehastakenbarleyonthespotandwillgive
wheatsometimelater,andthisamountstotakingsomethinginexcess,andthereforeHalal
(allowed).
975.Fatherandson,husbandandwifecantakeinterestfromeachotherSimilarly,aMuslimcan
takeinterestfromanonMuslimwhoisnotunderprotectionofIslam.Butatransactioninvolving
interestwithanonMuslimwhoisunderprotectionofIslam,isHalal(allowed).Butafterthe
transactioniscompleted,anddealisclosed,ifpaymentofinterestispermissibleinthereligionof
thatnonMuslim,aMuslimcanreceiveinterestfromhim.
976.Itisnotpermissibleasanobligatoryprecaution,toshavethebeardortakingwagefordoingit,
exceptwhenthereishelplessness,ornotdoingitwillresultinharmordifficultywhichis
unbearable,evenifbecauseofbeingmockedordisgraced.
977.GhuslisHalal(allowed),andGhuslmeansavainwordwhichissunginsuchamannerthatisfit
fordebaucherymeeting.AlsoitisnotpermissibletoreciteQur'an,supplicationsandthelike,inthis
manner,andasanobligatoryprecaution,wordsotherthanthese,shouldnotberecitedthisway
too.ListeningtoGhina,andtakingwagesforitisHalal(allowed)either,andthewagetakeninthis
waywillnotbecomeone'spossession.TolearnandteachGhinaisnotpermissible.Music,i.e.
playingwithinstrumentsofmusicwillbeHalal(allowed),whenitisplayedinamannerwhichisfit
fordebaucherymeetings,andotherwiseitwillnotbeHalal(allowed).Takingwagesforplaying
unlawfulmusicsisHalal(allowed)too,anditdoesnotbecometheplayer'spossession.Tolearnand
teachunlawfulmusicsisHalal(allowed)either.
ConditionsofaSellerandaBuyer

978.Therearesixconditionsforthesellersandbuyers:
(i)TheyshouldbeBligh.
(ii)Theyshouldbesane.
(iii)Theyshouldnotbeimpudent,thatis,theyshouldnotbesquanderingtheirwealth.
(iv)Theyshouldhaveaseriousandgenuineintentiontosellandpurchaseacommidity.Hence,ifa
personsaysjokingly,thathehassoldhisproperty,thattransactionisvoid.
(v)Theyhavenotbeenforcedtosellandbuy.
(vi)Theyshouldbetherightfulownersofthecommiditywhichtheywishtosell,orgivein
exchange.Rulesrelatingtothesewillbeexplainedinthefollowing.
979.ToconductbusinesswithachildwhoisnotBligh,andwhomakesadealindependently,is
void,exceptinthingsofsmallvalue,inwhichtransactionsarenormallyconductedwiththe
childrenwhocandiscern.
980.Thefatherorpaternalgrandfatherofachildandtheexecutorofthefatherandexecutorof
thepaternalgrandfatherofachild,cansellthepropertyofthechild,andifthesepersonsarenot
presentandthecircumstancesdemand,anAdilMujtahidcanalsosellthepropertyofaninsane
person,oranorphan,oronewhohasdisappeared.
981.Ifapersonusurpssomeproperty,andsellsitandafterthesale,theowneroftheproperty
allowsthetransaction,thetransactionisvalid,andthethingwhichtheusurpersoldtothebuyer
andtheprofitsaccruedtoit,fromthetimeoftransaction,belongstothebuyersimilarly,thething
givenbythebuyer,andtheprofitsaccruedtoitfromthetimeofthetransaction,belongtothe
personwhosepropertywasusurped.
ConditionsRegardingCommodityandwhatisObtainedinExchange
982.Thecommoditywhichissold,andthethingwhichisreceivedinexchange,shouldfulfilfive
conditions:
(i)Itsquantityshouldbeknownbymeansofweightormeasureorcountingetc.
(ii)Itshouldbetransferable,otherwisethedealwillbevoid.
(iii)Thosedetailsofthecommodity,andthethingacceptedinexchange,whichinfluencetheminds
ofthepeopleindecidingaboutthetransaction,mustbeclearlydescribed.
(iv)Theownershipshouldbeunconditional,inamannerthat,onceitisoutofhisownership,on
otheroneforesakeshisrightsoverit.
(v)Thesellershouldsellthecommodityitselfandnotitsprofit.Detailsofthesewillcomelater.
983.Ifacommodityissoldinacitybyweightormeasurement,oneshouldpurchasethat
commodityinthatcitybyweightormeasure.butifthesamecommidityissoldinanothercityat
sight,onecanpurchaseitinthatcityatsight.
984.Ifthetransactionhasbecomevoidbecauseoftheabsenceofanyoftheaforesaidconditions,
exceptthefourth,butthebuyerandtheselleragreetohavetherightofdiscretionovertheir
exchangedcommodities,thereisnoobjectioniftheydoso.
985.ThetranactionofapropertywhichisMawqufah(endowed)isvoid.However,ifitissomuch
impaired,orisonthevergeofbeingimpaired,thatitcannotbepossiblyusedforthepurposefor
whichitwasdedicated,like,ifthematofamosqueissotornthatitisnotpossibletoofferprayer
onit,itcanbesoldbythetrusteeorsomeoneinhisposition.Andifpossible,asaprecaution,its
saleproceedsshouldbespentinthesamemosque,forapurposeakintotheaimoftheperson
whooriginallyendowedit.
986.Thereisnoharminbuyingandsellingapropertywhichhasbeenleasedouttoanother
person.However,theleaseholderwillbeentitledtoutilisethepropertyduringtheperiodoflease.
Andifthebuyerdoesnotknowthatthepropertyhasbeenleasedout,orifhepurchasesitunder
theimpressionthattheperiodofleaseisshort,hecancancelthetransactionwhenhecomesto
knowofthetruesituation.
CashandCredit
987.Ifacommodityissoldforcash,thebuyerandsellercan,afterconcludingthetransaction,
demandthecommodityandmoneyfromeachotherandtakepossessionofit.Thepossessionof
immovablethings,like,house,land,etc,andthemovablethings,likecarpets,dressetc.meansthat
theoriginalownerrenouncesallhisrightoverthem,andhandsitovertotheoppositepartywith
fullrightofdiscretionoverit.Inpractice,themodeofdeliverymayvaryaccordingtothesituation.
988.Whensomethingissoldoncredit,theperiodshouldbefixedclearly.Ifacommodityissold
withaconditionthatthesellerwouldreceivethepriceatthetimeofharvest,thetransactionis
void,becausetheperiodofcredithasnotbeenspecifiedclearly.
989.Ifacommodityissoldoncredit,thesellercannotdemandwhathehastoreceivefromthe
buyerbeforethestipulatedperiodisover.However,ifthebuyerdies,andhassomepropertyofhis
own,thesellercanclaimtheamountduetohimfromtheheirsofthebuyer,beforethestipulated
periodisover.
990.Ifapersonsellsacommodityoncredit,andstipulatesaperiodforreceivingitsprice,andfor
example,afterthepassageofhalfofthestipulatedperiod,hereduceshisclaimandtakesthe
balanceincash,thereisnoharminit.
ConditionsforContractbyAdvancePayment
991.Purchasebyadvancepaymentmeansthatabuyerpaysthepriceofacommodity,andtakes
itspossessionlaterHence,thetransactionwillbeinorder,if,torexample,thebuyersays:Iam
payingthisamountsothatImaytakepossessionofsuchandsuchcommodityaftersixmonths,
andthesellersays,Iagree,ortheselleraceptsthemoneyandsays:Ihavesoldsuchandsuch
thingandwilldeliveritaftersixmonths.
992.Therearesevenconditionsofadvancepaymentcontract:
(i)Thecharacteristic,duetowhichthepriceofacommoditymayvary,shouldbespecified.
However,itisnotnecessarytobeveryprecise,anditwillbesufficientifitcanbesaidthatits
particularsareknown.
(ii)Beforethebuyerandthesellerseparatefromeachother,thebuyershouldhandoverfull
amounttotheseller,orifthesellerisindebtedbywayofcashtothebuyerforanequivalent
amount,thebuyercanadjustitagainstthepriceofthecommodity,iftheselleragreestoit.Andif
thebuyerpayscertainpercentageofthepriceofthatcommoditytotheseller,thetransactionwill
nodoubtbevalidequaltothatpercentage,butthesellercanrescindthetransaction.
(iii)Thetimelimitshouldbestipulatedexactly.Ifthesellersaysthathewoulddeliverthe
commoditywhenthecropisharvested,thetransactionisvoid,because,inthiscase,theperiodhas
notbeenspecifiedexactiy.
(iv)Atimeshouldbefixedforthedeliveryofthecommoditywhenthesellerisabletodeliverit,
regardlessofwhetherthecommodityisscarceornot.
(v)Theplaceofdeliveryshould,asaprecaution,bespecified.However,ifthatplacebecomes
knownfromtheircoversation,itisnotnecessarytomentionthename.
(vi)Theweightormeasureofthecommodityshouldbespecified.Andthereisnoharminselling
throughadvancepaymentcontract,acommoditywhichisusuallyboughtandsoldbysight.
However,forsuchadeal,onemustbecarefulthatthedifferenceinthequalityofindividualitems
ofthecommoditymustbenegligiblysmall,likeinthecasesofwalnutsoreggs.
(vii)Ifthecommoditysoldbelongstothecategorywhichissoldbywayofweightandmeasure,
thenitmustnotbeexchangedforsamecommodity.Infact,asanobligatoryprecaution,itmust
notbeexchangedforanyothercommoditywhichissoldbyweightandmeasure.Andifthe
commoditysoldistheonewhichissoldbycounting,thenasaprecaution,itisnotpermissibleto
exchangeitforthesamecommodityinincreasednumber.
993.Ifapersonpurchasesacommoditybywayofadvancepayment,heisnotentitled,tillthe
expiryofthestipulatedperiodofdelivery,tosellittoanyoneexcepttheseller,butthereisno
harminsellingittoanypersonaftertheexpirtyofthestipulatedperiod,evenifhemaynothave
takenpossessionofityet.However,itisnotpermissibletosellcerealslikewheatandbarley,and
othercommoditieswhicharesoldbyweighingormeasuringotherthanfruits,unlesstheyarein
possession,exceptthatthebuyerwishestosellthematcostorlowerprice.
994.Ifthecommoditywhichthesellerdeliversisofinferiorqualitytothatwhichwasagreedupon,
thebuyercanrejectit.
995.Ifthesellerdeliversacommoditydifferentfromtheonehehadsoldtothebuyer,andthe
buyeragreestoacceptit,therewillbenoobjectiontoit.
996.Ifacommoditywhichwassoldbyadvancepaymentbecomesscarceatthetimewhenit
shouldbedelivered,andthesellercannotsupplyit,thebuyermaywaittillthesellerprocuresit,or
evencancelthetransaction,andtaketherefund,butasaprecaution,hecannotsellitbacktothe
sellerataprofit.
997.Ifapersonsellsacommoditypromisingtodeliveritaftersometime,andalsoagreestotake
deferredpaymentforit,thetransactionisvoid.
CircumstanceinWhichOneHasaRighttoCancelaTransaction
998.TherighttocancelatransactioniscalledKhiyar(optiontocancelatransaction).Thesellerand
thebuyercancancelatransactioninthefollowingtencases:
(i)Ifthepartiestothetransactionhavenotpartedfromeachother,thoughtheymayhaveleftthe
placeofagreement.ThisiscalledKhiyarulMajlis.
(ii)Ifthebuyerorthesellerhasbeencheatedinasaletransaction,orinanyothersortofdeal
eitherofthepartieshasbeendeceived,theyhavearighttocalloffthedeal.ThisiscalledKhiyarul
Ghabn.
(iii)Ifwhileenteringintoatransaction,itisagreedthatuptoastipulatedtime,oneorboththe
partieswillbeentitledtocancelthetransaction.ThisiscalledKhiyarushShart.
(iv)Ifoneofthepartiespresentshiscommodityasbetterthanitactuallyis,andtherebyattracts
thebuyer,ormakeshimmoreenthusiasticaboutit.ThisiscalledKhiyarutTadlis.
(v)Ifoneofthepartiestothetransactionstipulatesthattheotherwouldperformacertainjod,and
thatconditionisnotfulfilled.Orifitisstipulatedthatthecommoditywillbeofparticularquality,
andthecommoditysuppliedmaybelackinginthatquality.Inthesecases,thepartywhichlaidthe
conditioncancancelthetransaction.ThisiscalledKhiyaruTakhallufishShart.
(vi)Ifthecommoditysuppliedisdefective.ThisiscalledKhiyarulAyb.
(vii)Ifittranspiresthataqualityofthecommodityundertransactionisthepropertyofathird
person.Inthatcase,iftheownerofthatpartisnotwillingtosellit,thebuyercancancelthe
transaction,orcanclaimbackfromthesellerthereplacementofthatpart,ifhehasalreadypaid
forit.ThisiscalledKhiyarushShirkah.
(viii)Iftheownerdescribescertainqualitiesofhiscommoditywhichthebuyerhasnotseen,and
thenthebuyerrealisesthatthecommodityisnotasitwasdescribed,thebuyercanrescindthe
deal.Simlarly,ifthebuyermayhaveseenthecommoditysomethingback,andpurchasesit,
thinkingthatthequalitiesithadthenwillbestillexisting,andifhefindsthatthosequalitieshave
disappeared,hehasarighttocancelthedeal.ThisiscalledKhiyarurRu'yan.
(ix)Ifthebuyerdoesnotpayforthecommodityhehasboughtforthreedays,andthesellerhas
notyethandedovertohimthecommodity,thesellercancancelthetransaction.Butthisisinthe
circmstancewhenthesellerhadagreedtoallowhimtimefordeferredpayment,withoutfixingthe
period.Andifthesellerhadnotatallagreedondeferredpayment,hecancancelthetransactionat
once,withoutanydelay.Andifhehadallowedhimmorethanthreedayscredit,thentheseller
cannotrescind,thedealbeforetheterminationofthreedays.ifthecommodityisperishablelike
fruits,whichwouldperishordecayinlessthanthreedays,therespiteisless.ThisiscalledKhiyar
utTa'khir.
(x)Apersonwhobuysananimal,cancancelthetransactionwithinthreedays.Andifapersonsold
hiscommodityinexchangeforananimal,hecanalsocancelthetransactionwithingthreedays.
ThisiscalledKhiyarulayawan.
999.Ifabuyernotknowthepriceofthecommodity,orwasunconcernedaboutitatthetimeof
purchase,andbuysthethingforhigherthanusualprice,hecancancelthetransactionifthe
differenceofpriceissubstantial,andifthedifferenceisestablishedatthetimeofapigation.
Otherwise,thebuyercannotcancelthedealasaprecaution.Similarly,ifthesellerdoesnotknow
thepriceofthecommodity,orwasheedlessaboutitatthetimeofselling,andsellsthethingata
cheaperprice,hecancancelthedealifthedifferenissubstantialandifotherconditionsmentioned
aboveobtain.
1000.Inatransactionofconditionalsale,forexample,ahouseworth$2000issoldfor$1000,and
itisagreedthatifthesellerreturnsthemoneywithinastipulatedperiod,hecancancelthe
transaction,thetransaction,theisinorder,providedthatthebuyerandthesellerhadgenuine
intentionofpurchaseandsale.
1001.Inatransactionofconditionalsale,ifthesellerissurethatevenifhedidnotreturnthe
moneywithinthestipulatedtime,thebuyerwillreturnthepropertytohim,thetransactionisin
order.However,ifhedoesnotreturnthemoneywithinthestipulatedtime,heisnotentitledto
dementthereturnofthepropertyfromthebuyer.Andifthebuyerdies,he(theseller)cannot
dementthereturnofthepropertyfromhisheirs.
1002.Ifapersonmixesindemandtheferiorteawithsuperiortea,andsellsitasasuperiortea
.buyercancancelthetransaction.
1003.Ifabuyerfindsoutthatthethingpurchasedbyhimisdefective,like,ifhepurchasesan
animalandfindsthat(afterpurchasingit)itisblindofaneye,andthisdefectexistedbeforethe
transactionwasmade,buthewasnotawareofit,hecancancelthetransactionandreturnthe
animaltotheseller.
Andifitisnotpossibletoreturnit,forexample,ifsomechangehastakenplaceinit,orithasbeen
usedinsuchamannerthatitcannotbereturned,thedifferencebetweenthevalueofthesound
propertyandthedefectivepropertyshouldbeassessed,andthebuyershouldgetrefundinthat
prortionoftheamountpaidbyhimtotheseller.Forexample,hehaspurchasedsomethingfor$4
andfindsoutthatitisdefective.Nowthepriceofthethinginperfectfaultlessstateis$8andthat
ofdeficientis$6,thedifferencebetweenthesetwopriceswillbeassessedat25%.Thebuyerwill
bepaid25%ofwhatheactuallypaid,andthatwillbeonedollar.
1004.Inthefollowingtwocasesthebuyercannotcancelthetransactionbecauseofdefectinthe
propertypurchasesbyhim,norcanheclaimthedifferencebetweentheprices:
(i)Ifatthetimeofpurchasingtheproperty,heisawareofthedefectinit.
(ii)Ifatthetimeofconcludingthecontract,thesellersays,Isellthispropertywithwhateverdefect
itmayhave.But,ifhespecifiesadefectandsays,Iamsellingthispropertywiththisdefect,andit
transpireslaterthatithassomeotherdefectaswell,whichhedidnotmention,thebuyercan
returnthepropertyduetothatdefect,andifhecannotreturnit,hecantakethedifference
betweentheprices.
LawsofPartnership
1005.Iftwopersonsmakeanagreementthattheywouldtradewiththegoodsjointlyownedby
them,andwoulddividetheprofitbetweenthemselves,thepartnershipwillbevalid.
1006.Ifsomepersonenterintoapartnershiptosharethewagesfromtheirlabour,like,ifafew
barbersorlabourersagreemutuallythattheywoulddividebetweenthemselveswhateverwages
theyearn,thatpartnershipisnotinorder.Butiftheyenterintoamutualcompromisethat,say,
halfofwhatoneearnswillbegiventotheother,forafixedperiod,inexchangeofhalfofwhatthe
otherearns,thistransactionwillbevalid,andthuseachwillbeapartnerinthewagesoftheother.
1007.Iftwopersonenterintoapartnership,onthetermsthateachofthemwouldpurchasea
commodityonhisownresponsibility,andeachwouldberesponsibleforthepaymentofitsprice,
butwouldsharetheprofitwhichtheyearnofthemmakestheotherwillbeapartnerinit,which
meansthatheandhispartnerareresponsibleforthedebt,thentheywillbeconsideredpartnersin
thatcommodity.
1008.Thepersonswhobecomepartnersundertherulesofpartnership,mustbeadultandsane,
andshouldhaveintentionandfreevolitionforbecomingpartners.Theyshouldalsobeableto
exercisediscretionovertheirproperties.Hence,ifafeeblemindedpersonwhospendshiswealth
impudently,entersintopartnership,itisnotorder,becausesuchapersonhasnorightofdisposal
overhisproperty.
1009.Ifaconditionislaiddowninanagreementofpartnership,thatthepartnerwhomanages,or
doesmoreworkthantheotherpartner,ordoesmoreimportantworkthantheother,willget
largershareoftheprofit,itisnecessarythatheshouldbegivenhisshareasagreedupon.
1010.Partnershiphastwokinds:1.Partnershipwithpermission,whichoccurswhenthecapitalis
jointlysharedbythepartnersbeforethedealofpartnershipismade.2.Partnershipwithexchange
whichestablisheswheneitherofthepartiespresentshispropertyforpartnership,andtheneach
ofthemexchangeshalfofhispropertywithhalfoftheotherparty'sproperty.Ifitisnotspecified
astowhichofthepartnerswillbuyandsellwiththecapital,inthepartnershipofpermission
neitherofthemcanconcludeanytranscationswiththatcapitalwithuotthepermissionofthe
other.Butinthepartnershipofexchangeeachofthemcanmaketransactioninsuchamannerthat
thepartnershipisnotharmed.
1011.Thepartnerwhohasbeengiventherightofdiscretionoverthecapital,shouldactaccording
totheagreementofpartnership.Forexample,ifitorwillpurchasethepropertyformaparticular
place,heshouldactaccordingtotheagreement.However,ifnosuchagreementismadewithhim,
heshouldconcludetransactionsintheusualmanner,andcarryoninsuchawaythatnolossis
sufferedinthepartnership.
1012.Ifapartnerwhotransactsbusinesswiththecapitalofthepartnership,sellsandpurchases
thingscontratlytotheagreementmadewithhim,orinthecaseofabsenceofanyagreement
concludestransactionsinamannerwhichisnotnormal,thetransactionmadebyhiminboththe
caseswillbecorrectandvalid;butifsuchatransactionresultsinaloss,orapartofwealthis
squandered,thenthepartnerwhohasactedagainsttheagreementortheusualnorm,willbe
responsiblefortheloss.
1013.Ifinapermissionpartnershiponeofthepartnersdies,orbecomesinsane,orunconscious,
otherpartnerscannotcontinuetoexerciserightofdiscretionoverinvestmentheldinthe
partnership.Andthesameruleapplieswhenoneofthembecomesfeebleminded,thatis,spends
hispropertywithoutanyconsiderationofSharian,aswellascuston.
OrdersRegardingCompromise(Sulh)

1014.Compromisemeansthatapersonagreestogivetoanotherpersonhisownpropertyora
partoftheprofitgainedfromit,orwaivesorforgoesadebt,orsomeright,andthatotherperson
alsogiveshiminreturn,somepropertyorprofitfromit,orwaiveshisdebtorrightinconsideration
ofit;andevenifapersongivesoranotherpersonhispropertytoprofitfromit,orwaiveshisdebt
orrightwithoutclaiminganyconsideration,thecompromisewillbeinorder.
1015.Itisnecessarythatthepersonwhogiveshispropertytoanotherpersonbywayof
compromise,shouldbeadultandsane,andshouldhavetheintentionofmakingcompromise,and
noneshouldhavecompelledhimtomakethecompromise,andheshouldnotalsobefeeble
mindedfromwhomhisownwealthismadeinaccessible,orabankruptwhohasnorighttodispose
ofhisproperty.
1016.Ifapersonwantstomakeacompromisewithanotherpersoninrespectofthedebtwhichhe
owes,orinrespectofhisright,thecompromisewillbevalidonlyiftheoppositepersonagreesto
it.But,ifhewantstofaorgothedebtorrightowedtohim,theacceptancebytheoppositeperson
isnotnecessary.
1017.Ifadebtorknowstheamountheowes,butthecreditordoesnotknowandmakes
compromisewiththedebtorforanamountlessthanwhatisowedtohim,like,ifthecreditorhas
toreceive$50butheunknowinglymakesacompromisefor$10,thebalanceof$40isnotHalal
(allowed)forthedebtor,exceptthathehimselftellsthecreditorwhatheactuallyoweshim,and
seekshisagreement.Alternatively,thedebtorshouldbesurethatevenifthecreditorshadknown
theexactamountofthedebt,hewouldhavestillsettledforthatlesseramount.
1018.Aslongasthebuyerandthesellerdonotleavetheplacewhereatransactionwas
concluded,theycancancelthetransaction.Also,ifabuyerpurchasesananimal,hehastherightto
cancelthetransactionwithinthreedays.Andsimilarly,ifthebuyerdoesnotpaywithinthreedays,
forthecommoditypurchasedbyhim,anddosenottakedeliveryofthecommodity,thesellercan
cancelthetransaction,asstatedinruleno.However,onewhomakesacompromiseinrespectof
someproperty,doesnotpossesstherighttocancelthecompromiseinthesethreecases.
However,iftheothermakesunusualdelayindeliveringthepropertyoverwhichthecompromise
wasreached,orifithasbeenstipulatedthatthepropertywillbedeliveredimmediately,andthe
oppositepartydoesnotactaccordingtothiscondition,thecompromisecanbecancelled.And
similarly,compromisecanalsobecancelledinothercaseswhichhavebeenmentionedin
connectionwiththerulesrelatingtopurchaseandsale,exceptinthecasewhenoneofthetwo
partiesincompromisehasbeendefrauded,inwhichthecompromisecannotbecancelledifthe
compromiseisforendingthequarrel;andeveninotherconditions,thedefraudedpersoncannot,
asanobligatoryprecautioncancellthecompromise.
1009.Acompromisecanbecancelledifthethingreceivedbymeansofcompromiseisdefective.
However,itisamatterofIshkal,ifthepersonconcerneddesirestotakethedifferenceoftheprice
betweenthedefectivethingandtheonewithoutdefect.
1020.Ifapersonmakesacompromisewithanotherpersonwithhispropertyandimposesthe
conditionthatafterhisdeaththeotherpersonwill,forexample,makethatpropertyMawqufah,
andthatpersonalsoacceptsthiscondition,heshouldcarryitout.
RulesRegardingLease/Rent
1021.Thepersonwhogivessomethingonlease,aswellasthepersonwhotakesitonlease,should
beadultandsane,andshouldbeactingontheirfreewill.Itisalsonecessarythattheyshouldhave
therightofdiscretionovertheproperty.Hence,afeeblemindedpersonwhodoesnothavethe
rightofdisposalordiscretionoverhisproperty,hisleasingoutanythingortakinganythingonlease
isnotvalid.Thesameappliestoabankruptperson,inthewealthoverwhichhehasnorightof
discretion.Ofcourse,suchapersoncangivehimselfforhire.
1022.Ifapersontakesahouse,shoporroomonlease,andtheownerofthepropertyimposedthe
conditionthatonlyhe(thelessee)canutiliseitthelesseecannotsubletittoanyotherpersonfor
hisuse,exceptthatthenewleaseissuchthatitsadvantagedevolvesonthelesseehimself,like,ifa
womantakesahouseoraroomonlease,andlatermarries,andgivestheroomorhouseonlease
Forherownresidencetoherhusband.Andiftheownerofthepropertydoesnotimposeanysuch
condition,thelesseecanleaseitouttoanotherperson,but,asaprecaution,heshouldseekthe
permissionoftheownerbeforegivingitonlease.Andifhewishestoleaseitoutforahigher
amountincashorkind,hecandoso,ifhehascarriedoutsomeworkonit,like,whitewashingor
renovation,orifhehassufferedsomeexpensesinlookingaftertheproperty.
1023.Ifapersonwhoishiredonwages,laysdownaconditionthathewillworkforthehireronly,
he(thehirer)cannotleaseouthisservicetoanotherperson,exceptinthemannermentionedin
theforegoingrule.Andifthehiredpersondoesnotlaydownanysuchcondition,thehirercan
leaseouthisservicestoanother,buthecannotchargemorethantheagreedwageforthehired
person.Similarly,ifhehimselfacceptsemploymentandthenhiressomeonetodothetask,he
cannotpayhimlessthanwhathewillreceivehimself,unlesshejoinsthathiredpersonin
completingsomeofhiswork.
1024.Ifapersontakesorhiressomethingotherthanahouse,ashop,aroom,aship,orahired
person,say,hehiresalandonlease,anditsownerdoesnotlaydowntheconditionthatonlyhe
himselfcanutiliseit,andthelesseeleasesitouttoanotherpersononahigherrent,itwillbea
matterofIshkal.
1025.Ifapersontakesforexample,ahouseorashoponleaseforoneyear,onarentofone
hundredToomans,anduseshalfportionofithimself,hecanleaseouttheremaininghalfforone
hundredToomans.However,ifhewishestoleaseoutthehalfportiononarenthigherthanthaton
whichhehastakenthehouse,orshoponlease,like,ifhewishestoleaseitoutforhundredand
twentyToomans,hecandoitonlyifhehascarriedoutrepairsetc.init.
ConditionsRegardingthePropertyGivenonlease
1026.Thepropertywhichisgivenonlease,shouldfulfilcertainconditions:
(i)Itshouldbespecific.Hence,ifapersonsaystoanother,Ihavegivenyouoneofmyhouseson
lease,itisnotinorder.
(ii)Thepersontalkingthepropertyonleaseshouldseeit,orthelessorshouldgiveitsparticularsin
amannerwhichgivesfullinformationnecessaryaboutit.
(iii)Itshouldbepossibletodeliverit.Hence,leasingoutahorsewhichhasrunaway,andthehirer
cannotpossessit,willbevoid.However,ifthehirercanmanagetogetit,theleasewillbevalid.
(iv)Utilisationofthepropertyshouldnotbebywayofitsdestructionorconsumption.Hence,itis
notcorrecttogivepead,fruitsandotherediblesonleaseforthepurposeofeating.
(v)Itshouldbepossibletoutilisethepropertyforthepurposeforwhichitisgivenonlease.Hence,
itisnotcorrecttogiveapieceoflandonleaseforfarming,whenitdoesnotgetsufficientrain
water,andisalsonotirrigatedbycancelwater.
(vi)Thethingwhichapersongivesonleaseshouldbehisownproperty,andifhegivesthe
propertyofanotherpersononlease,itwillbecorrectonlyititsowneragreestoit.
ConditionsfortheUtilisationofthePropertyGivenonLease
1027.Theutilisationofthepropertygivenonleasecausesfourconditions:
(i)ThatitshouldbeHalal(allowed).ThanifapropertyisforHalal(allowed)usesonly,oritis
stipulatedthatitshouldbeusedforHalal(allowed)purposes,orbeforeconcludingthecontractthe
partiesagreetouseitforHalal(allowed)purposes,andthecontractisbasedonthat,thecontract
willbevoid.Hence,leasingoutashopforthesaleorstorageofAlcoholicdrinks,orproviding
transportationbyleasingforit,isvoid.
(ii)Thatdoingtheactorgivingthatservicefreeofchargeshouldnotbeobligatoryintheeyesof
Shariah.Therefore,asaprecautionitisnotpermissibletoreceivewagesforteachingtherules
ofHalal(allowed)andHalal(allowed),orforthelastritualservicestothedead,likewashingit,
shroudingatc..Andasaprecautionpayingmoneyinlieuoftheservicesdoneshouldnotbe
deemedfutileinpublic.
(iii)Ifthethingwhichisbeingleasedoutcanbeputtoseveraluses,thentheusepermissibletothe
lesseeshouldbespecified.Forexample,ifananimal,whichcanbeusedforridingorforcarryinga
loadisgivenonhire,itshouldbespecifiedatthetimeofconcludingtheleasecontract,whehther
thelesseemayuseitforridingorforcarryingaload,ormayuseitforallotherpurposes.

(iv)Thenatureandextentofutilisationshouldbespecified.Inthecaseofhiringahouseorashop,
itcanbedonebyfixingtheperiod,andinthecaseoflabour,likethatofatailor,itcanspecified
thathewillsewandstitchaparticulardressinaparticularfashion.
1028.Iftheperiodofleaseisnotspecified,andthelessorsaystothelessee,Atanytimeyoustayin
thehouseyouwillhavetopayrentattherateof$10permonth,theleasecontractisnotinorder.
1029.Iftheownerofahousesaystothelessee,Ìhaveleasedoutthishousetoyouforf10per
month`,orsays,~Iherebyleaseoutthishousetoyouforonemonthonarentof$10,andaslong
asyoustayinitthereaftertherentwillbe$10permonth~,ifthetimeofthecommencementof
theperiodofleasewasspecifiedoritwasknown,theleaseforthefirstmonthwillbeproper.
MiscellaneousRulesRelatingtoLease/Rent
1030.Ifapersonhasleasedoutsomething,hecannotclaimitsrentuntilhehasdeliveredit.Andif
apersonishiredtoperformanact,hecannotclaimwagesuntilhehasperformedthatact,except
inthecaseswhereadvancepaymentofwagesisanacceptednorm,likedeputyshipforA*ajj.
1031.Ifalessordeliverstheleasedproperty,thelesseeshouldpaytherent,evenifhemaynot
takethedelivery,ormaytakethedeliverybutmaynotutiliseittilltheendoftheperiodoflease.
1032.Ifapersonishiredtoperformataskonaparticulardayagainstwages,andgetsreadyon
thatdaytoperformthetask,thepersonwhohiredhimshouldpayhimthewages,evenifhemay
notassignthattasktohim.Forexample,ifatailorishiredtosewadressonaparticularday,and
hegetsreadytodothework,thehirershouldpayhimthewagesevenifhemaynotprovidehim
withtheclothtosew,irrespectiveofwhetherthetailorremainswithoutworkonthatdayor
alternativelydoeshisownorsomebodyelse'swork.
1033.Ifittranspiresaftertheexpiryoftheperiodoflease,thattheleasecontractwasvoid,the
lesseeshouldgivetheusualrentofthatthingtotheowneroftheproperty.Forexample,ifa
persontakesahouseonleaseforoneyearonarentof$100,andlearnslaterthatthelease
contractwasvoid,andifthenormalcurrentrentofthehouseis$50,heshouldpay$50.Andifits
normalcurrentrentis$200,andthepersonwholeaseditoutwasitsowner,orhisagent,andwas
awareofthecurrentrateofrental,itisnotnecessaryforthelesseetogivehimmorethan$100.
Butifapersonotherthanthesegaveitonlease,thelesseeshouldpay$200.Andthesameorder
applies,ifitisknownduringtheperiodoflease,thattheleasecontractisvoidinrelationtothe
outstandingrentforthepastperiod.
1034.Ifathingtakenbyapersononleaseislost,andifhehasnotbeennegligentinlookingafterit
norextravagantinitsuse,heisnotresponsiblefortheloss.Also,if,forexample,acothgiventoa
tailorisdamagedordestroyed,whenthetailorhasnotbeenextravegant,andhasalsonotshown
negligenceintakingcareofit,heneedmakeanyreplacement.
1035.Ifanartisanoratailorlosesthethingtakenbyhim,heisresponsibleforit.
1036Ifabutchercutsofftheheadofananimal,andmakesitHalal(allowed),hemustpayitsprice
toitsowner,regardlessofwhetherhechargedforslaughteringtheanimalordiditgratis.
1037.Ifapersoncircumcisesachild,andasaconsequenceofitthechilddies,orisinjured,the
personwhocircumcisesisresponsibleifhehasbeencarelessormadeamistake,likehavingcutthe
fleshmorethanusual.However,ifhewasnotcareless,ordidnotmakeanymistake,andthechild
diesduetocircumcision,orsustainsaninjury,hewillnotberesponsible,providedthat,hehadnot
beenconsultedearlieraboutthepossibleinjury,norwasheawarethatthechildwouldbeinjured.
1038.Ifadoctorgivesmedicinestoapatientwithhisownhands,orprescribesamedicineforhim,
andifthepatientsustainsharmordiesbecauseoftakingthatmedicine,thedoctorisresponsible,
evenifhehadnotbeencarelessintreatingthe
1039.Ifadoctortellsapatient,~IfyousustainharmIamnotresponsible~,andthenexercisesdue
precautionandcareinthetreatment,butthepatientsustainsharmordies,thedoctorisnot
responsible.
1040.Ifthelessororthelesseerealisesthathehasbeencheated,ifhedidnotnoticeatthetimeof
makingtheleasecontractthathewasbeingcheated,hecancanceltheleasecontractasexplained
intheruleno.However,ifaconditionislaiddowninthecontractoflease,thateveniftheparties
arecheated,theywillnotbeentitledtocancelthecontract,theycannotcancelit.
1041.Ifapersontakessomethingonlease,andduringtheperiodofleaseitbecomessoimpaired
thatitisnotfitfortherequireduse,theremainingleasecontractwillbevoid,andthelesseecan
canceltheleaseforthepastperiodalso.Andforthatperiod,hemaypayusualrent.
1042.Ifanemployerappointsacontractortorecruitlabourersforhim,andifthecontractorpays
thelabourerslessthanwhathereceivesforthemfromtheemployer,theexcesshekeepsisHalal
(allowed)forhimandheshouldreturnittotheemployer.Andifthecontraetorisgivenafull
contractabycomplateabuiliding,andisauthorisedtoeitherconstructithimselforgiveasub
contracttoanotherparty,ifhejoinswiththeotherpartyindoingsomework,andthenentrusting
himtodotheremainingworkagainstlowerpaymentthanwhathehascollectedfromthe
employer,thesurpluswithhimwillbeHalal(allowed)forhim.
RulesRegardingJuàlah(PaymentofReward)
1043.Juàlahmeansthatapersonpromisesthatifaparticularworkiscompletedforhim,hewill
giveaspecifiedamountforit.Forexample,hedeclaresthatifanyonerecovershislostproperty,he
willgivehim$10.OnewhomakessuchadeclarationiscalledJaìl,andthepersonwhocarriesout
thatworkiscalled~Amil~.oneofthedifferencesbetweenJuàlahandhireisthat,inthecaseof
hire,thehiredpersonisboundtodothejobaftertheagreement,andthehirerbecomesindebted
tothehiredpersonforhiswages,whereasinthecaseofJuàlah,thepersonwhoagreestodothe
jobisatlibertytoabandonitifhesowishes;andbeforehecompltesthejobassigned,theperson
whodeclaredtherewardorpaymentdoesnotbecomeindebtedtohim.
1044.Apersonwhodeclaresthepaymentorrewardshouldbeadultandsane,andshouldhave
madeitwithhisfreewillandintention,andshouldhavetherightofdisposalanddiscretionover
hisproperty.Therefore,thedeclarationbyafeeblemindedpersonwhosquandershisproperty
indiscreetlyisnotinorder.Similarly,abankruptcannotdeclareanyrewardorpaymentfromthat
partofwealthoverwhichhehasnotrightofdiscretion.
1045.ThetaskforwhichthedeclarationwasmadebytheemployershouldnotbeHalal(allowed),
futile,oroneofthoseobligatoryactswhichshouldnecessarilybeperformedfreeaccordingto
Shariah.Hence,ifapersondeclaresthathewillgive$10toapersonwhodrinksalcohol,or
traversesadarkpassageatnightwithoutanysensiblepurpose,oroffershisobligatoryprayers,the
employmentwillnotbeinorder.
1046.ItisnotnecessaryfortheemployerforJuàlahtospecifytherewardhewouldgivewithallits
particulars.Iftheemployee,inthiscase,iscertainthathewouldnotbetakenforastupidorfoolish
personifheundertooktheassignment,itissufficient.Forexample,iftheemployerinJuàlahtellsa
personthatifhesellsaparticularstockorgoodsformorethan,say,tendollars,whateveristhe
excesswillbehis,thisfromofJuàlahisvalid.Similarly,ifhesaysthatwhosoeverfindshishorse,
thatpersonwillownhalfofit,orthatpersonwillbeawardedtenkilosofwheat,Juàlahwillbein
order.
1047.Ifapersondoesnotatallmentiontheamountofrewardwhichhewouldgiveforhiswork
forexample,ifhesays,~Ishallgivemoneytothepersonwhofindsoutmyson~,anddoesnot
specifytheamountofmoney,andifsomeoneperformsthetask,heshouldpayhimaccordingto
whatiscustomarilypaidforsuchtask.
1048.IfthepersonwishestocanceltheJuàlahagreementaftertheemployeehasstartedwork,it
isamatterofIshkal,exceptwhentheycometoanagreement.
1049.ApersonappointedtoworkinJuàlahcanleavethetaskincomplete.However,ifhisfailure
tocompletethetaskcausesharmtothepersonwhoappointedhim,hemustcompleteit.For
example,ifapersonsays,'IfsomeoneoperatesuponmyeyeIshallgivehimsomuchmoney',and
asurgeoncommencestheoperation,andifbynotcompletingtheoperation,theeyewillbe
defective,hemustcompleteit.
1050.IfthepersonappointedtoworkinJuàlahleavesthetaskincomplete,hecannotdemandany
reward,providedthattheJaìldeclarestherewardforcompletingthetask,likewhenhedeclares
thatifanyonesewshisdress,hewillpayhim$10.Butifhemeanedtopaysomemoneyfordoing
anypartofthetask,heshouldpaythemoneyforthepartdone.
PersonswhoHaveNoRightofDisposalorDiscretionOverTheirOwnProperty
1051.Achildwhohasnotreachedtheageofpuberty(Bulugh),hasnorightofdiscretionoverthe
propertyheholdsorowns,evenifheisabletodiscrenandismature,andthepreviouspermission
ofhis/herguardiandoesnotapplyinthiscaseandthesubsequentpermissionisalsoamatterof
Ishkal.However,insomecasesanonBlighisallowedtomake,atransaction,likewhenbuyingor
sellingthingsofsmallworthasmentionedinrule.AgirlbecomesBlighahuponcompletionofher
ninelunaryears,andaboyisBlighwhenstiffpubichairgrows,orwhenhedischargessemen,or
ascommonlyhelduponcompletionoffifteenlunaryears.
1052.GrowingofstiffhaironthefaceandabovethelipsmaybeconsideredassignsofBulugh,but
theirgrowthonchestandunderthearmpits,andthevoicebecomingharshetc.arenotthesignsof
one'sreachingtheageofpuberty.
1053.Aninsanepersonhasnorightofdisposaloverhisproperty.Similarly,abankrupt(i.e.a
personwhohasbeenprohibitedbytheMujtahidtodisposeoforhavediscretiononhisproperty
becauseofthedemandsofhiscreditors)cannotdisposehispropertywithoutthepermissionofthe
creditors.Andafeeblemindedperson(Safih)whosquandershispropertyforuselesspurposes,has
norightofdisposalordiscretionoverhisproperty,withoutthepermissionofhisguardain.
1054.Ifapersonissaneatonetimeandinsaneatanother,therightofdiscretionexercisedbyhim
duringhislunacywillnotbeconsideredvalid.
1055.Adyingmaninhisterminalillnesscanspendhisownwealthonhimself,onthemembersof
hisfamily,hisguestsandonotherthingsasmuchashelikes,providedthat,itisnotconsideredto
beextravaganceonhispart.Also,hecansellhispropertyatitspropervalue,orhireit.Butifhe
givesawayhispropertyasgift,orsellsitatalowerpricethanusual,itwillbevalidonlyifthe
propertygiftedorsoldcheapisequaltoorlessthan1/3ofhisestate.Andifitismore,itwillbe
validonlyiftheheirsallow,andiftheydonot,thenwhateverhespentinexcessof1/3ofhisestate
willbeconsideredvoid.

RulesRegardingAgency(Wikalah)
1056.Wikalahmeansthatapersondelegatessomebodyatask(likeconcludingatransaction),
whichhehimselfhadarighttodo,sothattheotherpersonmayperformitonhisbehalf.For
example,onemayappointanotherpersontoactasonesagent.Forthesaleofahouse,orfora
marriagecontract.Sinceafeeblemindedpersondoesnothaverightofdiscretionoverhis
property,hecannotappointanagent(Wakil)tosellit.
1057.Ifapersonappointsapersoninanothercityashisagent,andsendshimpowerofattorney,
andheacceptsit,theagencyisinorder,evenorder,evenifthepowerofattorneyreachesthe
agentaftersometime.<
1058.TheMuwakkil(principal),thatis,thepersonwhoappointsanotherpersonashisWakil
(agent),aswellastheWakil,shouldbesane,actingontheirownvolitionandauthority.Andthe
principalshouldbeBligh,exceptincaseswhereadiscerningchildcanact.
1059.ApersoncannotbecomeaWakilforanactwhichhecannotperform,orwhichisHalal
(allowed)forhimtodo.Forexample,apersonwhoiswearingIhramforA*ajjcannotrecitethe
formuleofmarriageasanagentforanotherperson.
1060.Ifapersonremoveshisagentfromoffice,he(theagent)cannotperformthetaskentrusted
tohimafterthenewsofhisdismissalhasreachedhim.However,ifhehasalreadyperformedthe
taskbeforethenewsofhisdismissalreacheshim,itwillbeinorder.
1061.Anagentcanrelinquishtheagencyeveniftheprincipalisabsent.
1062.Anagentcannotappointanotherpersonasagentfortheperformanceofthetaskentrusted
tohim,exceptwhentheprincipalhasauthorisedhimtoengageanagent.Inthatcase,heshould
strictlyactaccordingtotheinstructions.Hence,iftheprincipalhassaidtohim,'Engageanagent
forme',heshouldengageanagentfortheprincipalandcannotappointtheagentonhisown
behalf.
1063.Iftheagentortheprincipaldies,theagencybecomesinvalid.Similarly,ifthethingforthe
disposalofwhichonehasappointedanagentperishes,forexample,thesheepwhichtheagent
wasentrustedtosell,dies,theagencybecomesinvalid.
1064.Ifapersonappointssomeoneasagenttoperformatask,andpromisestogivehim
somethingforhisservices,hemustgivehimthepromisedthingafterthecompletionofthetask.
1065.Ifanagentisnotcarelessinlookingafterthepropertyentrustedtohim,nordoesheexercise
suchdiscretionoveritforwhichpermissionwasnotgranted,andbychancethepropertyislostor
destroyed,itisnotnecessaryforhimtocompensateforit.
1066.Ifanagenthasbeencarelessaboutlookingafterthepropertyentrustedtohim,ortreatedit
inamannerwhichwasdifferentfromtheoneallowedbytheprincipal,andconsequentlythe
propertyislostordestroyed,heisresponsibleforit.Forexample,ifheisgivenadresstosell,and
insteadhewearsit,anditisdamaged,heshouldpaycompensationforit.
RulesRegardingDebtorLoan
1067.Ifaperiodisfixedfortherepaymentofdebtintheformalcontractofdebtbythedebtor,or
bymutualagreement,thecreditorcannotclaimrepaymentofthedebtbeforetheexpiryofthat
period.Butifitwasstipulatedbythecreditor,orifnosuchperiodwasfixed,thecreditorcan
demandtherepaymentofhisdebtatanytime.
1068.Whenthecreditordemandshisdebt,andnotimehasbeenstipulatedforitsrepaymentor
aftertheperiodisexpired,andthedebtorisinapositiontopayit,heshouldpayitimmediately,
andifhedelaysitspayment,hecommitsasin.
1069.Ifthedebtordoesnotpossessanythingotherthanthehouseheoccupies,thehousehold
effects,andotherthingsofessentialneeds,withoutwhichhewouldbefacinghardship,the
creditorcannotclaimtherepaymentfromhim.Heshouldwaittillthedebtorisinapositionto
repaythedebt.
1070.Ifapersonisindebtedandheisunabletorepayhisdebt,andemploymentforhimiseasy,or
ifithasbeenhisvocation,itisobligatoryuponhimtodosoinordertopayoffthedebt.Evenin
othercase,ifhecandoabusinessfitforhim,asanobligatoryprecaution,heshoulddoitinorder
torepayhisdebt.
1071.Ifapersonhasnoaccesstohiscreditor,anddoesnothopetofindhimorhisheirs,heshould
paytheamountheowes,tothepooronbehalfofthecreditor.Andasaprecaution,heshould
obtainpermissionforitfromtheMujtahid.Butifhehopestofindhiscreditorortheheirs,he
shouldwaitandsearchforhim/them.Andifhedoesnotsucceed,heshouldmakeawillstating
thatafterhisdeath,ifthecreditorortheheirsappear,theyshouldbepaidfromhiseastate.
1072.IftheestateofadeadpersondoesnotexceedtheobligatoryexpensesofhisKafn,burialand
thepaymentofhisdebt,hisestateshouldbeutilisedforthesepurposesandhisheirwillnotinherit
anything.
1073.Ifthepropertytakenonloanhasnotperished,anditsownerdemandsit,itisnotobligatory
uponthedebtortoreturnit,andifthedebtorwantstoreturnit,thecreditorcanavoidaccepting
it.
1074.Ifapersonwhoadvancesaloan,makesaconditionthathewilltakebackmorethanwhathe
gives,forexample,hegives3kilosofwheatandstipulatesthathewilltakeback35kilosofwheat,
orgivesteneggsandsaysthathewilltakebackeleveneggs,itwillbeusuryandthereforeHalal
(allowed).Rather,ifhestipulatesthatthedebtorshould,apartfromtherepayment,dosomework
forhim,orrepaytheloanalongwithaquantityofanothercommodity(forexample,ifhelays
downtheconditionthatthedebtorwillreturnonerupeeowedalongwithamatchbox)itwillbe
usuryandHalal(allowed).Also,ifhestipulatesthatthedebtor,willreturnthethingloanedtohim
inaparticularshape,e.g.ifhegiveshimaquantityofglod,andimposestheconditionthathewill
takeitbackasgoldenornaments,thattoo,isusuryandHalal(allowed).However,ifnoconditionis
madebythecreditor,andthedebtorhimselfdecidestorepaysomethingmorethanwhathe
borrowed,thereisnoharminit.Inface,itisMustahabtodoso.
1075.TopayinterestisHalal(allowed),thesamewayascharginginterest.However,ifaperson
takesaloanagainstinterest,hebecomesitsowner,butthecreditordoesnotbecometheownerof
theexcessreceivedbyhim,anddiscretionoveritwillbeHalal(allowed),andifhepurchasessome
thingwiththatmoney,hewillnotbecomeitsowner.Andifitisknownthatthedebtorwouldhave
allowedhimtheuseofthatmoney,eveniftheywouldnothaveagreedoninterest,thenthe
creditorcanexercisehisdiscretionoverthemoneywithoutanyobjection.Alsoifsomeonetakes
interestduetonotknowingtherule,andafterknowingitherepents,theinteresttakenatthetime
ofignorancewillbeHalal(allowed)forhim.
RulesRegardingHawalah(TransferringtheDebtsetc.)
1076.Ifapersongivesasumofmoneytoamerchant,sothathemaygetfromhimsomethingless
inanothercity,thereisnoharminit.
1077.Ifapersongivessomemoneytoanotherpersonwiththeconditionthatafterafewdays,he
willtakealargeramountfromhiminanothercity,ortown,andifthatcurrencyisofgoldorsilver
orwheatorbarley,thetransactionisusurywhichisHalal(allowed).However,ifthepersonwhois
takingmoreamountgivessomecommodityagainsttheexcessamountorperformssometask,
thereisnoharminthisarrangement.Asfortheusualbanknotes,whichisclassifiedasthingstobe
counted,itisnotpermissibletotakemoreinexchange.Butifitissoldcashorcredit,andthebank
notestwoapartunits,likeToomanandDinar,thereisnoharmifsomethingmoreistakenin
exchange.Andifapersonsellsbanknotesoncreditbasis,formoreinreturn,andiftheybelongto
thesameclassificationofcommodity,itisamatterofIshkal.
1078.Ifapersonisowedbysomeone,andthethingowedisnotinthecategoryofgold,silveror
anythingmeasuredorweighed,hecansellittothedebtororanybodyelseforalesseramountand
realisethesumincash.Onthisbasis,inthepresenttimes,acreditorcansellthebillsofexchange
orthepromissorynotesreceivedfromdebtor,tothebank,oranyotherperson,atapricelower
thantheamountduetohim(whichiscalleddiscountingincommonparlance)andcantakethe
outstandingbalanceincash,becausedealingswithregardtocommonbanknotesisnotbyweight
ormeasure.
1079.Ifadebtordirectshiscreditortocollercthisdebtfromthethirdperson,andthecreditor
acceptsthearrangement,thethirdpersowill,oncompletionofalltheconditionstobeexplained
later,becomethedebtor.Thereafter,thecreditorcannotdemandhisdebtfromthefirstdebtor.
1080.Inallcasesoftranfers,onetowhomitisassignedshouldhaveacceptedit,whetherheis
debtorornot.
1081.Thecreditormaydeclinetoacceptthetransferofdebt,althoughthepersoninwhosename
theassignmenthasbeengivenmayberich,andmaynotfailtohonourtheHawalah.
1082.IfapersonacceptingtheHawalahisnotadebtortothepersongivingtheHawalah,hecan
demandtheamountoftheHawalahfromthepersonwhogaveit,beforehonouringtheHawalah,
unlessitwaspreviouslyagreedthatthepaymentwouldbedeferredforafixedperiodandthat
periodhasnotIapsed,inthiscase,thepersonacceptingtheHawalahcannotdemandpayment
evenifhehimseifmayhavehonouredtheHawalahAndifthecreditorcompromisesforalesser
amount,thepersonhonouringtheHawalahshoulddemandonlythatsumwhichhepaid.
1083.Whentheconditionsofthetransferofdebthavebeenfulfilled,thepersoneffectingthe
HawalahandthepersonreceivingitcannotcanceltheHawalah,andifthepersonreceivingthe
HawalahwasnotpooratthetimetheHawalahwasissued,thecreditorcannotcanceltheHawalah
eveniftherecipientbecomespoorafterwards.ThesamewillapplyiftherecipientoftheHawalah
waspoorotthetimeitwasissued,andthecreditorknewaboutit.Butifthecreditordidnotknow
thatthepersontowhomHawalahhasbeenissuedispoor,andwhenhecomestoknowofit,the
recipientisstillpoor,thenthecreditorcahapogatetheHawalahtransaction,anddemandhis
moneyfromthedebtorhimself.ButiftherecipientofHawalahhasturnedrich,thentherightof
cancellingtheHawalahisamatterofIshkal.
RulesRegardingMortgage(Rahn)
1084.Mortgagemeansthatapersoneffectsaconveyanceofpropertytoanotherpersonas
securityformoneydebt,orpropertyheldunderresponsibility,withaprovisethatifthatdebtisnot
paid,thecreditormaypayhimselfoutoftheproceedsofthatproperty.

(1).Whatisnowadaysaommonlycalled~Rahn~inIran,isnotrealyRahn.Itiscustomarytogive
somemoneyasleantotheownerofthehouseinordertoliveinhishouse.Butifthisactiswithout
anyrent,itwillbeusuryandHalal(allowed),andthepersoncannotliveinit,andifitiswithrent
andleasingthehouseisaconditionforgivingtheloan,thenitwillbeHalal(allowed),andifgiving
theloanisaconditionforleasingthehouse,asanobligatoryprecaution,itisnotpermissible.
1085.Apersoncanmortgagethatpropertyoverwhichhehasarightofdisposalordiscretion,and
itisalsoinorderifhemortgagesthepropertyofanotherpersonwithhispermission.
1086.Thebenefitwhichaccruesfromthemortgagedproperty,belongstotheowner,whetherthe
mortgagororanyotherperson.
1087.Themortgageecannotpresentorsellthemortgagedpropertytoanotherpersonwithoutthe
permissionoftheowner,whetherheisthemortgagororanyotherperson.However,ifhepresents
orsellsittoanotherperson,andtheownerconsentstoitlater,thereisnoharminit.
1088.Ifthecreditordemandstherepaymentofdebtwhenitisdue,andthedebtordoesnotrepay
it,thecreditorcansellthemortgagedpropertyandcollecthisdues,providedthathehadbeen
authorisedtodoso.Andifhewasnotauthorisedtodoso,itwillbenecessarytoobtainpermission
fromitsowner.Andiftheownerisnotavailable,heshould,asanobligatoryprecautionobtain
permissionforthesaleofthepropertyfromtheMujtahid.Ineithercase,ifthesaleproceeds
exceedtheamountduetohim,heshouldgivetheamountinexcessofhisdebttoitsowner.
1089.Ifthedebtordoesnotpossessanythingotherthanhishouseheoccupies,andtheessential
householdeffects,thecreditorcannotdemandtherepaymentofdebtfromhim.But,ifthething
mortgagedbyhimishishouseoritshouseholdeffects,thecreditorcansellthemandrealisehis
dues.<
RulesRegardingSurety(Dhaman)
1090.Ifapersonwishestostandresponsibilityfortherepaymentofthedebtsofanotherperson,
hisactinthisbehalfwillbeinorder,onlywhenhemakesthecreditorunderstandbyhiswordsin
anylanguage,orbyconduct,thatheundertakestheresponsibilityfortherepaymentofthedebt,
andthecreditoralsoacceptsthedeal.Itisnotnecessarythatthedebtor,too,shouldbeagreeable.
Thisactisestablishedittwoways:
1)Thattheguarantortransfersthedebtfromthedebtor'sobligtaiontohisownobligation.Thenif
hediesbeforepayingthedebt,likeotherdebtsitwillhaveprioritytoinheritance.Andthisisthe
realDamanaccordingtothejurisprudents.
2)Thattheguarantorundertakestopaythedebtbutheisnotobligedtopayit,andifhedoesnot
mentionitinhiswill,thedebtcannotbepaidfromhisestate.
1091.Whenapersongivesaguarsnteewithacondition,aswhenhesays,ifthedebtordoesnot
repayyourdebt,Ishallpayit,itisamatterasvalld,accordingtothefirstdefinitionmadeinthe
previousrule.Butitwillbeofnomatteraccordingtotheseconddefinition.
1092.Amangivingguaranteeshouldknowthatthepersonforwhomhestandssuretyisactuallya
debtor.Ifsomeoneisstillconsideringtotakealoan,onecannotstandashisguarantortillsuch
timewhentheloanhasbeentaken.Howeverthisconditionisnotnecessaryforthesecond
definitionofDaman.
1093.Ifapersonguaranteesthepaymentofthedebtofaperson,withoutobtaininghis
permission,he(thesurety)cannotdemandanythingfromthedebtor.
1094.Ifapersonguaranteesthepaymentofdebtwiththepermissionofthedebtor,hecan
demandthatamountorquantityfromthedebtorevenbeforehavingpaidanythingtothecreditor.
Butifhepaid,ordeliveredacommodityotherthantheonewhichwasowed,hecannotaskthe
debtortopayordelivertohimthatcommodity.Forexample,ifthedebtorowed10tonsofwheat,
andtheguarantorsettledthedebtwith10tonsofrice,hecanarrangement,inwhichcase,thereis
noobjection.
1095.Ifapersonbecomesaguarantorforthepaymentofsomeone'sdebt,hecannotwithdraw
fromhisresponsibilityasaguarantor.
1096.Asaprecaution,theguarantorandthecreditorcannotstipulateanoptionforcancellationof
theguarantoratanytimetheywishtodoso.
RulesRegardingPersonalGuaranteeforBail(Kafalah)
1097.Personalsuretyorsecurity(kafalah)meansthatapersontakestheresponsibilityforthe
appearanceofadebtor,asandwhenthecreditorasksforhim.Apersonwhoacceptssucha
responsibilityiscalledKafil(guarantor).
1098.Apersonalsuretywillbevalidonlywhentheguarantormakesthecreditorunderstandby
words(inanylanguage),orconduct,thatheundertakestoproducethedebtorinpersonasand
whendemandedbythecreditor,andthecreditoralsoacceptsthearrangement.Asaprecaution,
thedebtor'sconsentisalsonecessaryforthevalidityofsuchaguarantee;infact,asamatterof
precaution,boththedebtorandthecreditormustaccepttheKafalah.
1099.Anyoneofthefollowingfivethingswillterminatethepersonalsurety(bailguarantee):
(i)Whentheguarantorhandsoverthedebtortothecreditor,orifthedebtorhimselfsurrendersto
thecreditor.
(ii)Whenthedebtofthecreditorhasbeendischarged.
(iii)Whenthecreditorhimselfforgivesthedebt,ortransfersittosemeonealse.
(iv)Whenthedebtorortheguarantordies.
(v)Whenthecreditorabsolvestheguarantorfromhispersonalsurety.
RulesRegardingDepositorCustodyorTrust(Wadiàh)
1100.Whenapersongiveshispropertytoanotherperson,andtellshimthat,itisdepositedin
trust,andthelatteracceptsit,or,withoututteringaword,byasimpleconduct,thedepositorand
thereceiverbothunderstandandaccepttheintention,thentheymustfollowtherulesofWadiàh
aswillbeexplainedlater.
1101.Ifapersonacceptsadepositfromachildwithoutthepermissionofitsowner,heshould
returnittoitsowner.Andifthatdepositbelongstothechildhimself,itisnecessarythatitis
deliveredtohisguardian;andifitgetslostordestroyedbeforethedelivery,thepersonwho
acceptedthedepositmustcompensateforit.Butifhehadsecureditfromthechildwiththe
intentionofdeliveringittotheguardian,andifhehadnotbeencarelessinitssafekeepingnorhe
hadexercisedsuchdiscretionoveritforwhichpermissionhadnotbeengranted,hewillnotbe
responsibleforalossoradamage.Thesamerulewillapplyinthecaseofaninsanedepositor.
1102.Ifapersonmakestheownerofthepropertyunderstandthatheisnotpreparedtolookafter
hisproperty,anddoesnotacceptit,yettheownerleavesitthereandgoesaway,andthenthe
propertyperishes,thepersonwhohasdeclinedtoacceptthedepositwillnotberesponsibleforit.
1103.Ifapersonrenouncesthecustodyofthepropertydepositedwithhimandapogatesthe
arrangement,heshoulddeliverthepropertytoitsownerortotheagentorguardianofitsowner,
asquicklyaspossible,orinformthemthatheisnotpreparedtocontinueasacustodian.Butifhe
doesnot,withoutanyjustifiableexcuse,deliverthepropertytothemandalsodoesnotinform
them,andthepropertyperishes,heshouldgiveitssubstitute.
1104.Ifapersonwhoacceptsadepositdoesnothaveasuitableplaceforitssafekeeping,he
shouldacquiresuchaplace,andshouldtakecareofthedepositinamannerthathewouldnotbe
accusedofnegligence.Andifheactscarelesslyinthisregard,andthepropertyislostordamaged,
hewillhavetocompensateforit.
1105.Ifapersonwhoacceptsadeposithasnotbeennegligentinlookingafterit,norhashegone
beyondmoderation,andthenthepropertyunexpectedlyperishes,hewillnotberesponsibleforit.
Butifhehasbeencarelessaboutitssecurity,say,bykeepingitataplacewhichisvulnerableto
theft,orifhecommitssuchexcesseslikeusingthosearticlesofdepositwithouttheowner's
permission(likewearingthedressorridingthevehicleortheanimaletc.)andthenthedeposited
propertyislostordamaged,heshouldpaytheowneritscompensation.
1106.Iftheownerofthedepositdies,anditdevolvesuponhisheirs,thetrusteeofthedeposit
shouldgivethepropertytoalltheheirs,ortothepersonwhohasbeenauthorisedbyallofthemto
receivetheproperty.Hence,ifhegivestheentirepropertytooneheirwithouttheconsentof
others,hewillberesponsibleforthesharesoftheremainingheirs.
1107.Ifapersonwithwhomapropertyhasbeendeposited,observesinhimselfthesignsof
approachingdeath,asaprecautionheshould,ifpossible,deliverthedepositentrustedtohimto
itsowner,hisguardianorhisagent,orinformhim.Andifitisnotpossibletodoso,heshouldmake
sucharrangementwhichwouldsatisfyhimthatthedepositwouldreachitsrightfulownerafterhis
death.Forexample,heshouldmakeawillaboutit,attestedbywitnesses,andgivethenameofthe
depositortotheexecutorofhiswillandtothewitness,describingfullythenatureofthedeposit,
andtheplacewhereitiskept.
1108.Ifapersonwithwhomapropertyhasbeendeposited,wishestogotoajourney,hecangive
thedeposittohisfamily'smemberstokeepitsafe.Butifkeepingthedepositneedshisown
presence,heshouldeitherstay,ordeliverittoitsowner,hisguardianorhisagent,orinformhim.
RulesRegardingBorrowingandLending(Ariyah)
1109.Ariyahmeansthatapersongiveshispropertytoanotherpersonforuseinpermissionways.
1110.Ifapersonwhohasborrowedsomethingisnotnegligentinitskeep,nordoeshegobeyond
moderationinitsuse,hewillnotberesponsibleifitislostordamagebychance.However,ifthe
twopartiesstipulatethat,theborrowerwouldberesponsibleforlossordamage,orifthething
borrowedisgoldorsilveranditislostordamaged,theborrowershouldcompensateforit.
1111.Ifapersonborrowsgoldsilverandstipulatesthatifitislostordamaged,hewillnotbe
responsible,heisnotresponsibleifitislost.
Marriage

Therelationbetweenmanandwomanbecomeslawfulbycontractingmarriage.Therearetwo
kindsofmarriage:
(i)Permanentmarriage
(ii)Fixedtime(temporary)marriage
Inapermanentmarriage,theperiodofmatrimonyisnotfixed,anditisforever.Thewomanwith
whomsuchamarriageisconcludediscalledDa'imah(i.e.apermanentwife).
Inafixedtimemarriage,theperiodofmatrimonyisfixed,forexample,matrimonialrelationis
contractedwithawomanforanhour,oraday,oramonth,orayear,ormore.However,the
periodfixedforthemarriage,shouldnotexceedthespanofnormallivesofthespouses,otherwise
themarriagecontractwillbevoid.Thewomanwithwhomsuchamarriageisconcludediscalled
MutàhorMunqatiàh.
Marriage
1112.Whethermarriageispermenentortemporary,theformalformulamustbepronouncesd;
meretacitapprovalandconsent,orwrittenagreement,isnotsufficient.Andtheformule(Sighah)
ofthemarriagecontractispronouncedeitherbythemanandthewomanthemselves,orbya
personwhoisappointedbythemastheirrepresentativestoreciteitontheirbehalf.
1113.Therepresentativeshouldnotnecessarilybeamale.Awomancanalsobecomea
representativetopronouncethemarriageformula.
1114.Aslongasthewomanandthemanarenotcertainthatthierrepresentativehaspronounced
theformula,theycannotlookateachotherasmahran(likehusbandandwife)andamore
probablesuspicionthattherepresentativemighthavepronouncedtheformuleisnotsufficient.
Andiftherepresentativesaysthathehaspronouncedtheformula,buthisassertiondoesnot
satisfythepartiesconcerned,asanobligatoryprecaution,itwillnotbedeemedsufficient.
1115.Onepersoncanactastherepresentativeofbothsidesforrecitingtheformulaofpermanent
ortemporarymarriage.Itisalsopermissiblethatamanmayhimselfbecometherepresentativeof
awomanandcontractpermanentortemporarymarriagewithher.
TheMethodofPronouncingtheMarriageFormula
1116.Ifawomanandamanthemselveswanttorecitetheformulaofpermanentmarriage,after
determining?idaq(marriagesettlementorMahr),thewomanshuoldfirstsay:Zawwajtukanafsi
àlas?idaqilma`lum(i.e.IhavemademyselfyourwifeontheagreedMahr),andthentheman
shouldimmediatelyrespondthus:Qabiltuttazwij(i.e.Iacceptthemarriage).Inthisway,the
marriagecontractwillbeinorder.Andifawomanandamanappointotherpersonstoactastheir
representativesforpronouncingtheformulaofmarriage,andif,forexample,thenameoftheman
isAhmadandthatofthewomanisFatimah,therepresentativeofthewomanshouldfirstsay:
ZawwajtumuwakkilakaAhmadmuwakkilatiFatimahàlas?idaqilma`lum(i.e.Ihavegivento
yourclientAhmadinmarriagemyclientFatimahontheagreedMahr)andthereafterthe
representativeofthemanshouldimmediatelyrespondthus:~QabiltuttazwijalimuwakkiliAhmad
alasSidaqilmalum(thatis,IacceptedthismatrimonialallianceformyclientlyAhmadonthe
agreedMahr).Nowthemarriagecontractisinorder.And,onthebasisofrecommended
precaution,itisnecessarythatthewordsutteredbythemanshouldconformwiththoseutteredby
thewoman;forexample,ifthewomansays,Zawwajtuka(i.e.Ihavemademyselfyourwife)
themanshouldalsosay,Qabiltuttazwija(i.e.Iacceptthematrimonialalliance)andnot
Qabiltunnikaha
1117.Itispermissibleforamanandawomantorecitetheformulaofthetemporarymarriage,
afterhavingagreedontheperiodofmaniageandtheamountofMahr.Hence,ifthewomansays:
Zawwajtukanafsifilmuddatilma`lumatiàlalmahrilma`lum.(i.e.Ihavemademyselfyour
wifeforanagreedperiodandagreedMahr),andthenthemanimmediatelyrespondsthus:
~Qabiltu(i.e.Ihaveaccepted),themarriagewillbeinorder.Andthemarriagewillalsobeinorder
iftheyappointotherpersonstoactastheirrepresentatives.First,therepresentativeofthewoman
shouldsaytotherepresentativeofthemanthus:Zawwajtumuwakkilatimuwakkilakafilmuddat
ilma`lumatiàlalmahrilma`lum(i.e.Ihavegivenmyclienttoyourclientinmarriageforthe
agreedperiodandtheagreedMahr),andthentherepresentativeofthemanshouldimmediately
respondthus:Qabiltuttazwijailmuwakkilihakadha(i.e.Iacceptedthismatrimonialalliancefor
myclientthisway).
ConditionsforMarriageContract
1118.Therearecertainconditionsforrecitingthemarriageformula.Theyareasfollows:
(i)Onthebasisofprecaution,theformulamarriagecontract(sighahshouldbepronoucedin
correctArabic.AndifthemanandthewomancannotpronouncetheformulaincorrectArabic,
theycanpronounce,itinanyotherlanguage,anditisnotnecessarytoappointany
representatives.ButthewordsusedintranslationmustconveystrictlythemeaningofZawwajtu
andQabiltu.
(ii)Themanandthewomanortheirrepresentatives,whorecitetheSighah,shouldhavethe
intentionofInsha'(i.e.recitingitinacreativesense,makingiteffectiveimmediately).Inother
words,ifthemanandthewomanthemselvespronouncetheformule,theintentionofthewoman
bysaying,Zawwajtukanafsi,shouldbethatsheeffectivelymakesherselfthewifeoftheman;
andbysaying,Qabiltuttazwija,themaneffectivelyacceptsherashiswife.Andifthe
representativesofthemanandthewomanpronouncetheSighah,theirintentionbysaying,
Zawwajtu,andQabiltu,shouldbethatthemanandthewomanwhohaveappointedthemas
theirrepresentatives,haveeffectivelybecomehusbandandwife.

(iii)ThepersonwhopronouncestheSighah(whetherhepronouncesitforhimselforhasbeen
engagedbysomeotherpersonashisrepresentative)shouldbesane,andheshouldbeBlighalso,
ifhepronouncesitforhimself.Andasaprecautiontheformulapronouncedbyaminorwhois
discerningforanotherpersonisnotsufficient,andifhepronounced,theyshouldbedevorcedor
theformuleshouldbeutteredagain.
(iv)IftheSighahispronouncedbytherepresentativesortheguardiansofthemanandthewoman,
theyshouldidentifythemanandthewomanbyutteringtheirnamesormakingintelligiblesigns
towardsthem.Hence,ifapersonhasmorethanonedaughters,andhesaystoaman,Zawwajtuka
ihdabanati(i.e.Ihavegivenawayoneofmydaughterstoyouasyourwife),andthemansays,
Qabiltu(i.e.Ihaveaccepted),themarriagecontractisvoid,becausethedaughterhasnotbeen
identified.
(v)Thewomanandthemanshouldbewillingtoenterintoamatrimonialalliance.If,however,they
ostensiblydisplayhesitationwhilegivingtheirconsent,butitisknownthatintheirheart,theyare
agreeabletothemarriage,themarriageisinorder.
1119.If,whilerecitingtheSighah,evenonewordispronouncedincorrectly,asaresultofwhichits
meaningischanged,themarriagecontractwouldbevoid.<
1120.IfagirlwhohasreachedtheageofBulughandisvirginandmature(i.e.shecandecidewhat
isinherowninterest)wishestomarry,sheshould,obtainpermissionfromherfatherorpaternal
grandfather,although,asaprecaution,shemaybelookingafterherownaffairs.itisnot,however,
necessaryforhertoobtainpermissionfromhermotherorpother.
1121.Inthefollowingsituations,itwillnotbenecessaryforawomantoseekthepermissionofher
fatherorpaternalgrandfather,beforegettingmarried:
(i)Ifsheisnotavirgin.
(ii)Ifsheisavirgin,butherfatherorpaternalgrandfatherrefusetograntpermissiontoherfor
marryingamanwhoiscompatibletoherintheeyes,ofshariah,aswellascustom.
(iii)Ifthefatherandthegrandfatherarenotinanywaywillingtoparticipateinthemarrinage.
(iv)Iftheyarenotinacapacitytogivetheirconsent,likeinthecaseofmentalillnessetc.
(v)Ifitisnotpossibletoobtaintheirpermissionbecouseoftheirabsence,orsuchotherreasons,
andthewomaniseagertogetmarriedurgently.
OccasionsWhenHusbandorWifeCanNullifytheMarriageContract
1122.Ifthehusbandcomestoknowafterthemarriagecontractthathiswifehad,atthetimeof
thecontract,anyoneofthefollowingsixdeficiencies,hecanannulthemarriage.

(i)Insanity,evenifitisintermittent.
(ii)Leprosy
(iii)Vitiligo.
(iv)Blindness.
(v)Beingcrippled,evenifitisnottotheextentofimmobility.
(vi)Presenceoffleshoraboneinthewoman'suterus,whichmayormaynotobstructsexual
intercourseorpregnancy.Andifthehusbandfindsthatthewifeatthetimeofthemarriage
contract,sufferedfromIfdameaningthatherurinaryductandmenstrualpassage,orher
menstrualpassageandrectumhavebeenone,hisbeingabletoannulthemarriageisamatterof
Ishkal,andasanobligatoryprecaution,hewillhavetopronouncetheformulaofdivorceifhe
wantstodissolvethemarriage.
1123.Awomancanannulthemarriagecontractinthefollowingcases,withoutobtainingdivorce:
(i)Ifshecomestoknowthatherhusbandhasnomaleorgan.
(ii)Ifshefindsthathispenishasbeencutoffbeforeorafterthesexualintercourse.
(iii)Ifhesuffersfromadiseasewhichdisableshimfromsexualintercourse,evenifthatdiseasewas
contractedafterthemarriagecontractandbeforeorafterthesexualintercourse.
Inthefollowingsituationsasanobligatoryprecaution,thewomanshouldnotannulthemarriage,
andifshedidso,theprecautionistocontractmarriageagainiftheywanttocontinuewiththe
matrimony,andiftheywanttopart,theformulaofdivorceshouldbepronounced:
(i)Ifshecomestoknowafterthemarriagecontract,thatthehusbandwasinsaneatthetimeofthe
contract;orifhebecomesinsaneafterthecontract,beforeorafterconsummationofthemarriage.
(ii)Ifshefindsoutthatatthetimeofthemarriagecontractthehusbandhadbeencastrated.
(iii)Ifshelearnsthathesufferedatthetimeofthemarriagecontractfromlepsoryorvitilgo,or
blindness.
Inthecasewhenthehusbandisincapableofsexualintercourse,andshewishestoannulthe
marriage,itwillbenecessaryforhertoapproachtheMujtahidorhisrepresentative,whomay
allowthehusbandaperiodofoneyear,andifitisfoundthathewasnotabletohavesexual
intercoursewithherorwithanyotherwoman,thewifecanannulthemarriage.
1124.Ifthewifeannulsthemarriagebecauseofthehusband'sinabilitytohavesexualintercourse,
thehusbandshouldgiveherhalfofherMahr.But,ifthemanorthewifeannulsthemarriage
becauseofoneoftheotherdeficienciesenumeratedabove,andifthemarriagehasnotbeen
consummated,hewillnotbeliableforanythirig.Butifthemarriagewasconsummated,heshould
payherfullMahr.

1125.Ifamanorwomanisdescribedtoanotherbetterthanhe/sheis,inordertointerestthe
otherpersoninthemarriage,eitherthedescriptionismadeduringthemarriagecontractorbefore
it,anditisknownafterthecontractthatithasnotbeentrue,theothercanannulthemarriage,
providedthatthemarriagehasoccuredbasedonthatdescription.Thisruleisexplainedindefailin
otherbookslikeMinhajussalihin.
WomenwithWhomMatrimonyisForbidden
1126.MatrimonialrelationisHalal(allowed)withwomenwhoareone'sMaa*ram,forinstance,
mother,sister,daughter,paternalaunt,maternalaunt,niece(one'spother'sorsister'sdaughter)
andmotherinlaw.
1127.Ifamanmarriesawoman,thenhermother,hermaternalgrandmother,herpaternal
grandmotherandallthewomenasthelineascendsarehisMaa*ram,evenifhemaynothave
sexualintercoursewiththewife.
1128.Ifapersonmarriesawomanandhassexualintercoursewithher,thedaughtersandgrand
daughters(daughtersofsons,orofdaughters)ofthewifeandtheirdescendants,asthelinegoes
low,becomehisMaa*ram,irrespectiveofwhethertheyexistedatthetimeofhismarriage,or
werebornlater.
1129.Ifamanmarriesawomanbutdoesnothavesexualintercoursewithher,theobligatory
precautionisthataslongastheirmarriagelasts,heshouldnotmarryherdaughter.
1130.Theparternalandmaternalauntofaman,andtheparternalandmaternalauntofhisfather,
andtheparternalandmaternalauntofhispaternalgrandfatherandgrandmother,andthe
paternalandmaternalauntofhismother,andthepaternalandmaternalauntofhismaternal
grandmotherandgrandfather,asthelineascends,areallhisMahram
1131.Thehusband'sfatherandgrandfather,howeverhigh,arethewife'sMahramSimilarlythe
husband'ssonsandthegrandsons(sonofhissonsorofdaughters),howeverlow,areher
Maa*ram,regardlessofwhethertheyexistedatthetimeofhermarriageorwerebornafterwards.
1132.Ifamanmarriesawoman(whetherthemarriagebepermanentortemporary)hecannot
marryhersister,aslongassheishiswife.
1133.Ifapersongivesarecovabledivorcetohiswife,inthemannerwhichwillbeexplainedunder
therulesrelaitingtodivorce,hecannotmarryhersisterduringtheIddah.Butifitisanirrevocable
divorce,hecanmarryhersister.AndifitistheIddahoftemporarymarriage,theobligatory
precautionisthatoneshouldnotmarryhersisterduringthatperiod.

1134.Amancannotmarrytheniece(pother'sorsister'sdaughter)ofhiswifewithoutthewife's
permission.Butifhemarrieshernieceswithouthiswife'spermissionandshelaterconsentstothe
marriage,itwillbeinorder.
1135.Ifthewifelearnsthatherhusbandhasmarriedherniece(pother'sdaughterorsister's
daughter)andkeepsquiet,andifshelaterconsentstothatmarriage,itwillbeinorder.Butifshe
doesconsentlater,themarriagewillbevoid.
1136.Ifbeforemarryinghismaternalorpaternalaunt'sdaughter,apersoncommitsincest(sexual
intercourse)withhermother,hecannotmarrythatgirlonthebasisofprecaution.Butifhe
commitsfornicationwithanotherwoman,herdaughterwillnotbecomeHalal(allowed)forhim,
however,therecommendedprecautionisnottomarryher.
1137.AMuslimwomancannotmarryanonMuslim,andamaleMuslimalsocannotmarryanon
MuslimwomanwhoisnotAhlulKitab(followeroftheDivineBook).However,thereisnoharmin
contractingtemporarymarriagewithAhlulKitablikeJewishandChristainwomen,butthe
obligatoryprecautionisthataMuslimshouldnottaketheminpermanentmarriage.Asan
obligatoryprecaution,aMuslimmanshouldnotmarryaMagianwoman,eveniftemporarily.
1138.IfapersoncommitsfornicationwithawomanwhoisintheIddahofherrevocabledivorce,
asaprecautionthatwomanbecomesHalal(allowed)forhim.Andifhecommitsfornicationwitha
womanwhoisintheIddahoftemporarymarriage,orofirrevocabledivorce,orintheIddahof
death,hecanmarryherafterwards.Themeaningofrevocabledivorceandirrevocabledivorce,and
Iddahoftemporarymarriage,andIddahofdeath,willbeexplainedintherulesrelatingtodivorce.
1139.IfapersoncommitsfornicationwithahusbandleeswomanandwhoisnotinIddah,asa
precaution,hecannotmarryhertillhehassoughtforgivenessfromAllah,andrepented.Butif
anotherpersonwishestomarryherbeforeshehasrepented,thereisnoobjection.Ifawomanis
commonlyknownasafornicatress,itwillnotbepermissible,asaprecaution,tomarryhertillshe
hasgenuinelyrepented,andsimilarly,itisnotpermissibletomarryamancommonlyknownasa
fornicator,tillhehasgenuinelyrepented.Ifamanwishestomarryafornicatresswoman,he
should,asarecommendedprecaution,waittillshemenstruates,irrespectiveofwhetherhehad
committedfornicationwithher,oranyoneelsehaddoneso.
1140.Ifapersoncontractsmarriagewithawomanwhoisinthe,Iddahofanotherman,andifboth
themanandthewomanoranyoneofthemknowsthattheIddahofthewomanhasnotyetcome
toanend,andiftheyalsoknowthatmarryingawomanduringherIddahisHalal(allowed),that
womanwillbecomeHalal(allowed)forthemanforever,evenifafterthemarriagecontractthe
manmaynothavehadsexualintercoursewithher.Andifbothofthemareignorantabouttherule
ofIddah,oraboutbeingHalal(allowed)tomarryduringIddah,themarriagecontractisvoid.Then
iftheyhadsexualintercoursetheybecomeHalal(allowed)toeachotherforever.Otherwisethey
donotbecomeHalal(allowed)andtheycanmarryagainafterthecompletionofIddah.
1141.Ifapersonmarriesawomanknowingthatshehasahusband,heshouldgetseparatedfrom
her,andshouldalsonotmarryheratanytimeafterwards.Andthesamerulewillapply,asa
precaution,ifhedidnotknowthatthewomanhadahusband,andhadsexualintercoursewithher
afetrthecontract.
1142.Ifamarriedwomancommitsadultery,she,onthebasisofprecaution,becomesHalal
(allowed)permanentlyfortheadulterer,butdoesnotbecomeHalal(allowed)forherhusband.
Andifshedoesnotrepent,andpersistsinheraction(i.e.continuestocommitadultery),itwillbe
betterthatherhusbanddivorcesher,thoughheshouldpayherMahr.
1143.Inthecaseofthewomanwhohasbeendivorced,orawomanwhocontractedatemporary
marriageandherhusbandforgoestheremainingperiodofmarriage,oriftheperiodofthe
temporarymarriageends,ifshemarriesaftersometime,andthendoubtswhetheratthetimeof
hersecondmarriage,theIddahofherfirsthusbandhadendedornot,sheshouldignoreherdoubt.
1144.IfaBlighpersoncommitssodomywithaboy,themother,sisteranddaughteroftheboy
becomeHalal(allowed)forhim,evenifthepenetrationislessthanthelimitofcircumcision.And
thesamelawapplies,asanobligatoryprecaution,whenthepersononwhomsodomyiscommitted
isanadultmale,orwhenthepersoncommittingsodomyisnonBligh.Butifonesuspectsor
doubtswhetherpenetrationoccurredornot,thenthesaidwomenwouldnotbecomeHalal
(allowed).Alsomother,sisteranddaughterofthepersoncommittingsodomyarenotHalal
(allowed)forthepersononwhomsodomyiscommitted.
1145.Ifapersonmarriesthemother,daughter,orsisterofaboyorman,andcommitssodomy
withtheboyormanafterthemarriage,asaprecaution,theywillbecomeHalal(allowed)forhim.
1146.IfamandoesnotperformTawafunnisa(whichisoneoftheactstobeperformedduring
A*ajjandUmratulmufradah)hiswifeandotherwomenbecomeHalal(allowed)forhim.Also,ifa
womandoesnotperformTawafunnisa,herhusbandandothermenbecomeHalal(allowed)for
her.But,ifthey(manorwoman)performTawafunnisalater,theybecomeHalal(allowed).Ifa
personwhodidnotperformTawafunnisamarries,hisorhermarriagewillbeinorder,provided
thatheorshehascompletedtheIhramafterperformingHalqorTaqsir.
1147.IfapersoncontractsNika*withanonBlighgirl,itisHalal(allowed)tohavesexual
intercoursebeforeshehascompletedhernineyears.Butifhecommitssexualintercoursewith
her,shewillnotbeHalal(allowed)forhimwhenshebecomesBligh,evenifshemayhave
sufferedIfda(whichhasbeendescribedinrule1132),butinthiscaseheshouldpayitsDiyah,
whichisequaltothatofkillingahuman,andpayhermaintenanceforever,evenafterherdivorce
andevenifshemarriesanotherpersonafterthedivorce.
1148.Awomanwhoisdivorcedthreetimes,betweenwhichtoreturnsormarriagecontracthas
occured,becomesHalal(allowed)forherhusband.But,ifshemarriesanotherman,subjecttothe
conditionswhichwillbementionedundertherulespertainingtodivorce,herfirsthusbandcan
marryheragainafterhersecondhusbanddies,ordivorcesher,andshecompletestheperiodof
Iddah.<
RulesRegardingPermanentMarriage
1149.Forawomanwithwhompermanentmarriageiscontracted,itisHalal(allowed)togooutof
thehousewithoutthepermissionofherhusband,thoughherleavingmaynotviolatetherightsof
thehusband,exceptwhenhelplessorwhenstayinginthehousehasadifficultyforherorthe
housedoesnotfither.Alsosheshouldsubmitherselftohissexualdesires,andshouldnotprevent
himfromhavingsexualintercoursewithher,withoutjustifiablesexuse.Andaslongasshedoesnot
failinherduties,itisobligatoryonthehusbandtoprovideforherfood,clothesandhousing.Andif
hedoesnotprovidethesame,regadlessofwhetherheisabletoprovidethemornot,heremains
indebtedtothewife.Alsoofthewife'srightsisthatthehusbandshouldnotannoyorhurther,and
shouldnottreatharshlyorberudewithher,withoutjustifiableexcuse.
1150.Ifthewifedoesnotfulfilhermatrimonialdutiestowardsherhusband,shewillnotbe
entitledforthefood,clothesorhousing,evenifshecontinuestolivewithhim.Butifsherefusesto
obeyoccasionally,theobligatoryprecautionisthatsheisentitledforthefoodetc.,butinthecase
ofrefusingsexualintercourse,thereisnodoubtthatshedoesnotforfeitherMahr.
1151.Manhasnorighttocomplehiswifetorenderhouseholdservices.
1152.Theexpensesinajourneyincurredbythewifemustbebornebythehusband,ifshehad
travelledwiththehusband'spermission,eveniftheseexpensesexceedherexpensesathome.But
thefaresfortravelbycarorbyairetc.,andotherexpenses,whicharenecessaryforajourney,will
bebornebythewife,exceptwhenthehusbandishimselfinclinedtotakeheralongwithhimona
journey,inwhichcasehewillbearherexpensesalso,andthisappliesalsowhenthejourneyis
necessarylikeajourneyfortreatment.
1153.Ifthehusbandwhoisresponsibleforthewife'smaintenance,doesnotprovideherthesame,
shecandrawherexpensesfromhispropertywithouthispermission.Andifthisisnotpossible,and
sheisobligedtoearnherlivelihood,andshecannottakehercasetotheMujtahid,whowould
complehimtopaythemaintenance,itwillnotbeobligatoryuponhertoobeyhusbandwhilesheis
engagedinearningherlivelihood.
1154.Ifaman,forexample,hastwowivesandspendsonenightwithoneofthem,itisobligatory
onhimtospendanyoneoffournightswiththeotheraswell;insituationotherthanthis,itisnot
olbigatoryonamantostaywithhiswife.Ofcourse,itisnecessarythatheshouldnottotally
forsakelivingwiththewife.Andasaprecaution,amanshouldspendonenightoutofeveryfour
withhispermanentwife.
1155.Itisnotpermissibleforthehusbandtoabandonsexualintercoursewithhisyouthful,
permanentwifeformorethan4months,exceptwhensexualintercourseisharmfultohim,or
involvesunusuallymoreeffort,orwhenthewifeherselfagreestoavoidit,orifapriorstipulation
tothateffectwasmadeatthetimeofNika*bythehusband.Andinthisrule,thereisno
differencebetweenthesituationswhenthehusbandispresent,oronajourney,andthenitisnot
permissibleforamantogotoanunnecessarytravelformorethanfourmonths,withoutany
excuseorwithouthiswife'spermission.
1156.IfMahrisnotfixedinapermanentmarriage,themarriageisinorder.Andinsuchcase,ifthe
husbandhassexualintercoursewiththewife,heshouldpayherproperMahrwhichwouldbein
accordancewiththeMahrusuallypaidtowomanofhercategory.Asregardstemporarymarriage,
howeverifMahrisnotfixedthemarriageisvoid,evenifitmaybeduetoignoranceor
forgetfulness.
1157.IfatthetimeofNika*forpermanentmarriage,notimeisfixedforpayingMahr,thewife
canpreventherhusbandfromhavingsexualintercoursewithherbeforereceivingMahr,
irrespectiveofwhetherthehusbandisorisnotabletopayit.
ButifsheonceagreestohavesexualintercoursebeforetakingMahr,andherhusbandhassexual
intercoursewithher,thenshecannotpreventhimafterwardsfromhavingsexualintercourse
withoutajustifiableexcuse.
Mut'ah(TemporaryMarriage)
1158.Contractingatemporarymarriagewithawomanisinorder,evenifitmaynotbeforthesake
ofanysexualpleasure.Butthewomancannotstipulatethatthemanshouldnothaveanysexual
pleasurewithher.
1159.Theobligatoryprecautionisthatahusbandshouldnotavoidhavingsexualintercoursefor
morethanfourmonthswithayoungwifeoftemporarymarriage.
1160.Ifawomanwithwhomtemporarymarriageiscontracted,makesaconditionthather
husbandwillnothavesexualintercoursewithher,themarriageaswellastheconditionimposed
byherwillbevalid,andthehusbandcanthenderiveonlyotherpleasuresfromher.However,if
sheagreestosexualintercourselater,herhusbandcanhavesexualintercoursewithher,andthis
ruleappliestopermanentmarriageaswell.
1161.Awomanwithwhomtemporarymarriageiscontracted,isnotentiledtosubsistenceevenif
shebecomespregnant.
1162.Awomanwithwhomtemporarymarriageiscontracted,isnotentitledtoanybed
remuneration,anddoesnotinheritfromhim,andthehusband,too,doesnotinheritfromher.
However,ifoneorbothlaydownaconditionregardinginheritingeachother,thevalidityofsucha
stipulationisamatterofIshkal,buteventheprecautionshouldbeexercisedbyputtingitinto
effect.
1163.Ifawomanwithwhomtemporarymarriageiscontracted,didnotknowthatshewasnot
entitledtoanysubsistenceandbedremuneration,stillhermarriagewillbevalid,andinspiteofthis
lackofknowledge,shehasnorighttoclaimanythingfromherhusband.
1164.ItisHalal(allowed)forawifeoftemporarymarriagetogooutofthehousewithoutthe
permissionofherhusband,iftherightofthehusbandisinanywayviolated.Andiftherightofher
husbandremainsprotected,itisarecommendedprecautionthatsheshouldnotleavethehouse
withouthispremission.<
1165.Ifawomanempowersamanthathemaycontractatemporarymarriagewithherforafixed
periodandwithaspecifiedamountofMahr,andinstead,thatmancontractsapermanent
marriagewithher,orcontractsatemporarymarriagewithherforanytimeorwithanamountof
MahrotherthanthespecifiedtimeorMahr,themarriagewillbevoid.Butifthewomanconsents
toitwhenunderstandingtheposition,themarriagewillbevalid.
1166.InordertobecomeMaa*ram(withwhommarriagecontractbecomesHalal(allowed)andis
treatedtobeoneofthecloserelatives),afatherorapaternalgrandfathercancontractthe
marriageofhisnonBlighsonordaughterwithanotherpersonforashortperiod,providedthatit
doesnotinvolveanyscandalormorallapse.However,iftheymarryaminorboyoragirlwhoisnot
inanywayabletoderiveanysexualpleasureduringtheperiodfromthespouse,thenthevalidityof
suchamarriageisamatterofIshkal.
1167.IfahusbandgiftsthewifeofMuta'hwiththeperiodofhertemporarymarriage,thus
releasingher,andifhehassexualintercoursewithher,heshouldgiveherallthethingsheagreed
togiveher.Andifhehasnothadsexualintercoursewithher,itisobligatoryonhimtogiveherhalf
theamountofMahr.
1168.Ifamancontractedatemporarymarriagewithawoman,anditsperiodhasendedbutthe
periodofherIddahhasnotendedvet,heisallowedtocontractapermanentmarriagewithheror
renewacontractfortemporarymarriagewithher.Butiftheperiodoftemporarymarriagehasnot
ended,andhecontractsapermanentmarriagewithher,thecontractwillbevoid,exceptwhenhe
giftsherwiththeremainingtime,andthencontractsthemarriage.
LookingAtNonMaa*ram
1169.ItisHalal(allowed)formantolookatthebodyorhairofthenonMaa*ramwomen,
regardlessofwhetheritiswiththeintentionofpleasureornot,andwhetherthereisafearof
fallingintosinfulactornot.ItisalsoHalal(allowed)tolookatthefacesandthehands,uptothe
wrists,ofsuchwomenwiththeintentionofpleasure,orifthereisfearoffallingintosinfulact,and
therecommendedprecautionisthatoneshouldnotlookattheirfacesorhandsevenwithoutsuch
anintentionorfear.Similarly,itisHalal(allowed)forawomantolookatthebodyofnonMaa*ram
manwiththeintentionofpleasureorwithafearoffallingintoasinfulact,andasanobligatory
precautionsheshouldnotlookevenwothoutthatintentionorfear,exceptplaceswhichare
customarilynotcovered,like,hisface,hands,head,neckandfeet.Shecanlookatthesepartsofa
manwithouttheintentionofderivinganypleasure,orifthereisnofearofbeingentrappedinany
sinfulact.
1170.TolookatthebodyofawomanwhowouldnotcareforHijab,evenifshewereadvised,is
notHalal(allowed)providedthatitdoesnotleadtosinfulactorsexualpleasure,andexictement,
notisitwiththatintention;andinthisrule,thereisnodistinctionbetweenaMuslimandanon
Muslimwoman;andalsobetweenthoseparts,liketheirfaces,thierhands,andotherpartsofheir
bodies,whichtheynormallydonotcover.
1171.WomanshouldconcealherbodyandhairfromamanwhoisnonMaharm,andasan
obligatoryprecaution,sheshouldconcealherselfevenfromanonBlighboywhoisabletodiscern
betweengoodandevil,andcouldprobablybesexuallyexcited.Butshecanleaveherfaceand
handsuptowristsuncoveredinthepresenceofnonMaa*ram,providingthatitisnotwiththe
intentionofleadinghimtocastingasinfulevilglanceandthereisnofearofhisbeingenterapped
inanysinfulact;forinboththesecases,shemustcoverthem.
1172.ItisHalal(allowed)tolookattheprivatepartsofaBlighMuslim,evenifitisseenbehind
theglassorreflectinginthemirrororcleanwateretc..Asanobligatoryprecaution,itisalsoHalal
(allowed)tolookatthegenitalsofanonMuslim,andofadiscerningnonBlighchild.However,
wifeandherhusbandcanlookattheentirebodyofeachother.
1173.AmanwhoisacquaintedwithanonMaa*ramwoman,shouldnot,asaprecaution,lookat
herphotographetc.,providedthatthewomanisnotaheedless,commonplaceperson,excepther
faceorhands,lookingatwhichwillbepermissiblewithoutpleasureorfearofbeingentrappedin
sinfulact.
1174.Ifawomanisrenderedhelplessbyherdisease,andifthetreatmentbyamaledoctorismore
helpfultoher,shecanrefertohim.Andifthatmaledoctormustlooktahertobeabletotreather,
ortotonuchherforthatmatter,thereisonobjection.However,ifhecantreatherbylookingat
her,heshouldtouchherbody,andifhecantreatherbytouchingherbody,heshouldnotlookat
her.
1175.Ifapersonisobligedtolookattheprivatepartsofapatientforhis/hermedicaltreatment,
heshould,onthebasisofobligatoryprecaution,placeamirroroppositehim/herandlookintoit.
However,ifthereisnoalternativebuttolookdirectlyathis/herprivateparts,thereisnoobjection.
Similarly,ifthedurationofregardingthegenitalsinthemirrorwouldbelongerthanlookingat
themdirectly,thelattermethodbeadopted.
MiscellaneousRulesConcerningMarriage
1176.IfapersongetsentangledinHalal(allowed)actsowingtohisnothavingawife,itis
obligatoryforhimtomarry.
1177.IfthehusbandmakesitaconditionbeforeNika*,thatthewomanshouldbeavirgin,andit
transpiresafterNika*thatsheisnotvirgin,hecanrepudiatethemarriage.However,hecan
deductandtakethedifferencebetweentheMahrusuallypaidforavirginwomanandtheonewho
isnotavirgin.
1178.ItisHalal(allowed)foramanandawomanwhoarenotMaa*rams,tobetogetherata
privateplacewherethereisnooneelse,ifitisfearedtoleadtoimmoralityandscandal,evenifitis
aplacewhereanotherpersoncaneasilyarrive.Butifthereisnofearofanyevil,thereisno
objection.
1179.IfthemanfixestheMahrofthewomanatthetimeofNika*,butintendsnottogiveit,the
marriagecontractisinorder,buthewillbeindebtedtoher.
1180.IfthewomanimposesaconditionatthetimeofNika*thatherhusbandwillnottakeher
outofthetown,andthemanalsoacceptsthisconditionheshouldnottakeheroutofthattown
againstherwill.
1181.Itisnotpermissibleforawomantohaveanabortion,evenifshehasbecomepregnantasa
resuloffornicationoradultery,exceptwhencontinuingthepregnancyresultsinanunbearable
harmordifficulty,inwhichcaseabortionispermissiabebeforethetimewhenlifeentersthefetus,
butthisactisentitledtoaDiyah.Butafterenteringoflifeabortionisnotpermissibleatall.
1182.Ifawoamnsaysthatshehasreachedmenopause,herwordmaynotbeaccepted,butifshe
saysthatshedoesnothaveahusband,herwordisacceptable,exceptwhensheisknowntobe
unreliable,inwhichcase,asaprecautoninvestigationwillbenecessary.
1183.Untilasonoradaughtercompletestwoyearsofhis/herage,his/herfathercannotseparate
him/herfromhis/hermotherbecauselookingafterthechildisacommonrightforbothfahterand
mother.Andasaprecautionachildshouldnotbeseparatedfromitsmothertillitissevenyearsof
age.
RulesRegardingSucklingaChild
1184.Ifawomansucklesachildwiththeconditionswhichwillbementionedinrule1202,that
childbecomesMaa*ramofthefollowingpersons:
(i)Thewomanherself(i.e.thewomanwhosucklesit)andsheiscalledRi'iyyahmother(milk
mother).
(ii)hehusbandofthewoman(forthemilkbelongstohim);heiscalledRi'ifather(milkfather).
(iii)Fatherandmotherofthatwomanandallintheirupwardline,eveniftheyaremilkfatherand
milkmother.
(iv)Thechildrenbornofthatwoman,orthosewhoareborntoherlater.
(v)Thechilderenofthechildrenoftheofthatwoman,howeverlow,regardlessofwhetherthey
arebornofherchildrenorherchildrenhadsuckledthem.
(vi)Thesisterandpotherofthatwoman,eveniftheyarehermilksisterandmilkpother.
(vii)Paternaluncleandpaternalauntofthatwoman,eveniftheyarebymilk,i.e.suckling.
(viii)Maternaluncleandmaternalauntofthatwoman,eveniftheyarebymilk,i.e.suckling.
(ix)Thedescendantsofthehusbandofthatwoman,towhommilkbelongs,eveniftheymaybehis
milkchildren.
(x)Fatherandmotherofthathusband,towhommilkbelongs,howeverhigh.
(xi)Sisterandpotherofthehusband,towhommilkbelongs,eveniftheymaybehismilksisterand
pother.
(xii)Paternaluncleandpaternalauntandmaternaluncleandmaternalauntofthehusband,to
whommilkbelongs,howeverhigh,eveniftheyarehismilkunclesandaunts.
Thereareotherpersonsalso(detailsregardingwhomwillbegiveninthefollowingrules)who
becomeMaa*ramonaccountofsucklingmilk.
1185.Ifawomansuchlesachildwiththeconditionswhichwillbementionedinrule1202,the
fatherofthechildcannotmarrytherealdaughtersofthatwoman,andifanyoneofthemhappens
tobewifealready,hismarriagebecomesvoid.
1186.Ifawomansucklesachildwiththeconditionsmentionedinrule1202,thehusbandofthat
woman(towhommilkbelongs)doesnotbecomeMaa*ramofthesistersofthatchild.Also,the
relativesofthehusbanddonotbecomeMaa*ramofthesistersandpothersofthatchild.
1187.Ifawomansucklesachild,shedoesnotbecomeMaa*ramofthepothersofthatchild.
Moreover,therelativesofthatwomandonotbecomeMaa*ramofthepotherandsisterofthe
childsuckledbyher.
1188.Amancannotmarryagirlwhohasbeensuckledfullybyhismotherorgrandmother.Also,if
hisstepmothersucklesagirlfromthemilkbelongingtohisfather,hecannotmarrythatgirl.Andif
apersoncontractsmarriagewithasucklinggirl,andthereafter,hismotherorhisgrandmotheror
hisstepmothersucklesthatgirl,themarriagebecomesvoid.
1189.Amancannotmarryagirlwhohasbeensuckledfullybyhissister,orbyhispother'swife.
Andthepositionisthesameifthatgirlissuckledfullybyhispotherswite.Andthepositionisthe
sameifthatgirlissuckledbythatman'sniece(sister'sorpother'sdauqhter)orthegranddauqhter
ofhissisterorthegranddaughterofhispother.
1190.Ifawomansucklesthechildofherdaughter,i.e.hergranddaughter,orgrandson,the
daughterwillbecomeHalal(allowed)forherownhusband,andthesameappliesifshesucklesthe
childofthehusbandofherson,thewifeofhersonwhoisthemotherofthesucklingchild,does
notbecomeHalal(allowed)forherhusband.
1191.Ifthestepmotherofagirlsucklesthechildofherhusband,withthemilkthatbelongstothe
girl'sfather,asaprecaution,liketheprecautionmentionedinrule1195,girlbecomesHalal
(allowed)forherhusbandregardlessofwhetherthechildistheoffspringofthatverygirlorof
someotherwoman.
ConditionsofSucklingWhichCausestobeMaa*ram
1192.Thefollowingaretheeightconditionsunderwhichsucklingchildbecomesthecauseofbeing
Maa*ram:
(i)Thatthechildsuchsthemilkofawomanwhoisalive.
(ii)Thatthemilkofthewomanshouldbetheproductofalegitimateandlegalchildbearing,
adultery.Hence,ifthemilkisprodacedwithoutbearingachildorisforanillegitimatechildandis
producedpeastfedtoanotherchild,thelatterwillnotbecomeMaa*ramofanyone.
(iii)Thatthechildsucksmilkdirectlyfromthepeastsofthewoman.hence,ifmilkispouredintoits
mouth,ithasnoconsequence.
(iv)Thatthemilkbepureandunadulterated.
(v)Thatthemilkbeofonehusbandonly.Hence,ifapeastfeedingwomanisdivorcedandthenshe
marriesanothermanbywhomshebecomespregnant,ifthemilkofthefirstpregnancystill
continuesfromthepeasttillshegivesbirthtotheotherchild,andshefeedsanychildeighttimes
withthemilkfromherfirstpregnancybeforegivingbirth,andfeedsthesamechildseventimes
withthemilkfromthesecondpregnancy,aftergivingbirth,thatchildwillnotbecomeMaa*ramof
anyone.
(vi)Thatthechilddoesnotthrowupthemilkduetoillness.Ifitvomitsthemilk,thesucklinghasno
effect.
(vii)Thesucklingshouldbeofsuchquantitythatitcouldbesaidthatthebonesofthechildwere
strengthenedandthefleshwasallowedtogrowbyit.Andifthatcannotbeascertained,thenifa
childsucklesforonefulldayandnight,orifitsucklesfifteentimes,toitsfillaswillbeexplained
later,itwillbesufficient.Butifitisknownthatinspiteofthechildhavingsuckledforonefullday
andnight,orforfifteentimesthemilkhasnothadanyeffectonthebonesandthegrowthofflesh
ofthechild,thenoneshouldnotignoreexercisingtheprecaution.Andinthiscasesoneshouldnot
marryoneofthosewhomaybeMaa*ram,andshouldnotlookattheothersasMahram
(viii)Thatthechildshouldnothavecompletedtwoyearsofitsage,andifitissuckledafterithas
completedtwoyearsofitsage,itdoesnotbecomeMaa*ramofanyone.Infact,if,forexample,it
sucksmilkeighttimesbeforecompletingitstwoyears,andseventimesaftercompletingitstwo
years,itdoesnotbecomeMaa*ramofanyone.But,ifmilkcontinuesfromthepeastformorethan
twoyearssinceawomangavebirthtoherchild,andthenshesucklessomeotherchildwiththat
milk,thatchildwillbecomeMaa*ramofthosewhohavebeenmentionedabove.
1193.Itisknownfromtheperviousrulethatthereisthreecirteriaforthemilksuckledinorderto
becomeMaa*ram:
1)Themilkshouldbeinsuchquantitythatitcouldbesaidthatthebonesofthechildwere
strengthenedandthefleshwasallowedtogrowbyit.Andthisshouldbeduetothemilkonlyand
notwithotherfood.Howeverthereisnoobjectioniftheotherfoodislittleandnegligible.Iftwo
womansuckleachildinamannerthatitcanbesaidthatthestrengtheningofthebonesand
growingofthefleshispartlyduetothemilkofoneofthemandpartlyduetoother'smilk,then
bothofthemwillbemilkmothers;butifitisattributedtobothofthem,itdoesnotresultin
becomingMahram
2)Thechildshouldnoteatfoodorsuchanother'smilkduringonedayandnight.Howeverifheor
sheeatsdrug,foodordrinkswater,sothatitcannotbesaidthatithaseatenfoodinbetween,
thereisnoobjection.Thechildshouldalsosuchmilkcontinuallywhennecessaryanditshouldnot
bestoppedtosuchmilk,andasanobligatoryprecautionthebeginningofthedayandnightshould
becountedwhenthechildishungryandtheendofitwhenitissaturated.
3)Thechildshouldsuchwilkfifteentimesfromonewoman,andshouldnotdrinkanotherswilkin
between.However,thereisnoobjectiontoeatfoodbetweenthem.Alsothereisnoobjectionif
somegapisallowedinbetween.Thechildshouldbesuckledfullyineachtime,i.e.itshouldbe
hungryandsuckmilktillitisfullysaturatedwithoutanygap,butifwhilesuckingmilkitpausesto
peathorwaitsalittle,sothatitcanbetotallyconsideredasonetime,thereisnoobjection.
1194.Ifawomansucklesseveralchildrenfromthemilkofonehusband,allofthembecome
Maa*ramofoneanother,aswellasofthehusband,andofthewomanwhosuckledthem.
1195.Awomanwhosucklesthepotherofaperson,doesnotbecomeMaa*ramofthatperson
HowTopeastFeedaChild
1196.Tosuckleachildisfirstitsmother'sright,andthefathercannotgiveittoanotherperson,
exceptwhenthemotherdemandspaymentforsucklingandthefatherfindsawetnursewho
sucklesfreelyorforlesserwages.Inthiscasethefathercangivethechildtothewetnurse.And
thenifthemotherdoesnotacceptthisandwishestosucklethechildherself,sheshouldnot
demandanypayment.
MiscellaneousRulesRegardingNursingaChild
1197.Itisbetterthatawomanavoidssucklinganyandeverychild,becauseitispossiblethatshe
mayforgetastowhichofthemshehassuckled,andlaterthetwopersons,whoareMaa*ramto
eachother,maycontractmarriage.
1198.Ifapersonwantsthathissisterinlaw(hispother'swife)maybecomehisMaa*ram,some
jurisprudentssaythathemaycontractatemporaryNika*withasucklinggirl,forexample,fortwo
days,andduringthosetwodays,thewifeofhispothermaysucklethatgirlasmentionedinruleno
1202.Bysodoing,shewillbecomehismotherinlaw,andthusbeMahramButthisisamatterof
Ishkal,ifthewomansucklesthegirlfromhispother'smilk.
1199.Sucklingachild,whichbecomesthecauseofcauseofbeingMaa*ram,canbeestablishedby
thefollowingtwoways:
(i)Informationinthisbehalfbyanumberofpersonswhosewordisreliable.
(ii)Twojustmentestifytothisfact.Itis,however,necessarythattheyshouldalsomentionthe
conditionsofsucklingthechild.forexample,theyshouldbeabletosay,Wehaveseenthechildfor
twentyfourhours,sucklingmilkfromthepeastsofthewoman,andduringthistimeithasnot
eatenanythingelse.Andsimilarly,theyshouldalsonarrateindetail,theconditionswhichhave
beenmentionedinruleno.1202.Witnessbyonejustmanplustwojustwomenorbyfourjust
womenforestablishingthatthechildhassuckledfromaparticularwoman,isamatterofIshkal.
1200.Ifitisdoubtedwhetherornotachildhassuckedthequantityofmilkwhichbecomesthe
causeofbecomingMaa*ram,orifitisconsideredprobablethatitmighthavesuckedthatquantity
ofmilk,thechilddoesnotbecomeMaa*ramofanyone,thoughitisbettertoobserveprecaution.
Divorce
1201.Amanwhodivorceshiswifemustbeadultsane,andshoulddivorceofhisownfreewill,
therefore,ifsomeonecompelshimtodivorcehiswife,thatdivorcewillbevoid.Itisalsonecessary
thatamanseriouslyintendstodivorce;therefore,ifhepronouncestheformuleofdivorcejokingly,
thedivorcewillnotbevalid.
1202.Itisnecessarythatatthetimeofdivorce,wifeispure(Naqiyyah)fromHaydandNifas,and
thatthehusbandshouldnothavehadsexualintercoursewithherduringthatperiodofpurity.
1203.ItisvalidtodivorceawomanevenifsheisinHaydhorNifasinthefollowingcircumstances:
(i)Ifthehusbandhasnothadsexualintercoursewithheraftermarriage.

(ii)Ifitisknownthatsheispregnant.Andifthisfactisnotknownandthehusbanddivorcesher
duringHaydh,andhecomestoknowlaterthatshewaspregnant,thatdivorcewillbevoid.
(iii)Ifduetothehusband'sabsenceorimprisonment,heisnotabletoascertainwhetherornotshe
ispurefromHaydhorNifas.Butinthiscase,asanolbigatoryprecaution,manmustwaitforatleast
onemonthafterseparationfromhiswifeandthendivorce.
1204.Ifamanwishestodivorcehiswifewhodoesnotmenstruateatallbyhabit,orbecauseof
somediseaseorsucklingachildortakingdrugetc.,whileotherwomenofheragehabituallysee
Haydh,heshouldrefrainfromhavingsexualintercoursewithherforthreemonthsfromthetime
hashadtheintercourse,andthendivorceher.
1205.ItisnecessarythattheformuleofdivorceispronouncedincorrectArabic,usingtheword
I`liq;andtwojust(Adil)personsshouldhearit.Ifthehusbandwishestopronouncetheformulaof
divorcehinselfandhiswife'snameis,forexample,Fatimah,heshouldsay,ZawjatiFatimahI`liq
(i.e.mywifeFatimahisdivorced)andifheappointsanotherpersonashisWakiltopronouncethe
formulaofdivorce,theWakilshouldsay,Zawjatuwomanisidentified,itisnotnecessaryto
mentionhername;andifsheispresentitisenoughtopointtoherandsay,HadhihtI`liqorsay
facingher,AntiI`liq.AndifthehusbandcannotpronouncedivorceinArabic,orcannotfinda
Wakiltodoso,hecandivorceinanylanguageusingthewordsofthesamemeaningasinArabic
formula.
1206.Thereisnodivorceinthecaseofawomanwithwhomtemporarymarriageiscontracted,for
example,foronemonthoroneyear.Shebecomesfreewhentheperiodofhermarriageexpiresor
whenthemamforgoestheperidofhermarriagebysaying,Iherebyexemptyoufromthe
remainingtimeofmarriage,anditisnotnecessarytohaveawitnessnorthatthewomanshouldbe
purefromherHaydh.
IddahofDivorce(TheWaitingPeriodafterDivorce)
1207.Awifewhoisundernineandwhoisinhermenopausewillnotberequiredtoobserveany
waitingperiod.Itmeansthat,evenifthehusbandhashadsexualintercoursewithher,shecan
remarryimmediatelyafterbeingdivorced.
1208.Ifawifewhohascomplatednineyearsofherageandisnotinmenopause,isdivorcedbyher
husbandaftersexualintercourse,itisnecessaryforhertoobservethewaitingperiodofdivorce.
thewaitingperiodofafreewomanisthatafterherhusbanddivorcesherduringherpurityperiod
sheshouldwaittillsheseesHaydtwiceandbecomespureifthetimebetweentwomensesis
lessthanthreemonths.Thereafter,assoonassheseesHaydforthethirdwillbeoverandshecan
marryagain.If,however,ahusbanddivorceshiswifebeforehavingsexualintercoursewithher,
thereisnowaitingperiodforherandshecanmarryanothermanimmediatelyafterbeing
divorced,exceptifsomesemenofherhusbandinanywayhasenteredintohervagina,inwhich
casesheshouldobserveIddah.
1209.IfawomandoesnotseeHaydhormenstruatesbuttheperiodbetweentwomensesisthree
monthsormorewhonormallyseeHayd,andherhusbanddivorcesheraftersexualintercourse,
sheshouldobserveIddahforthreelunarmonthsafterdivorce.
1210.IfawomanwhoseIddahisofthreemonths,isdivorcedonthefirstofalunarmonth,she
shouldobserveIddahforthreelunarmonths,thatis,forthreemonthsfromthetimethenew
moonissighted.Andifsheisdivorcedduringthemonth,sheshouldobserveIddahforthe
remainingdaysinthemonthaddedtotwomonthsthereafter,andagainforthebalancefromthe
fourthmonthsoastocompletethreemonths.Forexample,ifsheisdivorcedonthe20thofthe
monthatthetimeofsunsetandthatmonthisof30days,sheshouldobserveIddahtillthesunset
of20thofthefourthmonth,andifthatmonthisof29dayssheshould,asanobligatory
precaution,observeIddahforninedaysofthatmonthandthetwomonthsfollowingit,andfor
twentyonedaysofthefourthmonthsothatthetotalnumberofthedaysofthefirstmonthand
thefourthmonthcomestothirty.
1211.Ifapregnantwomanisdivorced,herIddahlaststillthebiethormiscarriageofthechild.
Hence,if,forexample,shegivesbirthtoachildonehourafterbeingdivorced,herIddahisover.
Butthisisinthecaseofalegitimatechildofthehusbandwhoisdivorcing.Ifthepregnancyis
illegitimate,andherhusbanddivorcesher,theIddahwillnotbeover.
1212.Ifawomanwhohascompletednineyearsofage,andisnotinmenopause,contractsa
temporarymarriage,forexample,ifshemarriesamanforaperiodofonemonthorayear,andthe
periodofhermarriagecomestoanend,orherhusbandexemptsherfromtheremainingperiod,
sheshouldobserveIddah,providingthatthehusbandhashadsexualintercoursewithher.Ifshe
seesHaydh,sheshould,asaprecaution,observeIddahfortwoperiodsofHaydhandnotmarry
againduringthatperiod.ButifshedoesnotseeHaydh,thensheshouldrefrainfrommarrying
anothermanforfortyfivedays.Andifsheispregnant,sheshouldobserveIddahtillthebirthor
miscarriageofthechild,andasarecommendedprecaution,sheshouldwaitforfortyfivedaysor
tillthebirthofthechildwhicheverislonger.
1213.ThetimeoftheIddahofdivorcecommenceswhentheformulaofdivorceispronounced,
irrespectiveofwhetherthewifeknownaboutitornot.Hence,ifshecomestoknowaftertheend
oftheIddahthatshehadbeendivorced,itisnotnecessaryforhertoobserveIddahagain.
Iddah(WaitingPeriod)ofaWidow
1214.Ifawomanisfreeandisnotpregnantandherhusbanddies,sheshouldobserveIddah(the
waitingperiod)forfourlunarmonthsandtendays,thatis,sheshouldnotmarryduringthatperiod
evenifsheundernineorhasenteredintomenopauseorhishusbandhadcontractedtemporary
marriagewithher,orsheisKafirorisinIddahforrevocabledivorceorhemaynothavesexual
intercoursewithherandevenifherhusbandhasbeeninsaneorachild.If,however,sheis
pregnant,sheshouldobservethewaitingperiodtillthebirthofthechild.Butifthechildisborn
beforetheendoffourmonthsandtendaysfromthedeathofherhusband,sheshouldwaittillthe
expiryofthatperiod.ThisIddahiscalledthewaitingperiodafterdeath(Iddahulwafat).
1215.ItisHalal(allowed)forawomanwhoisobservingtheIddahofdeathtowearpightly
coloureddresses,ortousecollyriumandtodoanysuchactwhichisconsideredtobean
adornment,butgoingoutofthehouseisnotHalal(allowed).
1216.TheIddahofdeathbegins,insituationwhenthehusbandhasdisappearedorisabsent,when
thewifelearnsofhisdeath,andnotfromthetimewhenheactuallydied.Butthisruledoesnot,as
aprecaution,applytoawifewhohasnotattainedtheageofBulugh,orifsheisinsane.

1217.IfawomansaysthatherIddahisover,herwordcanbeacceptedunlesssheisknowntobe
unreliable,inwhichcase,herword,asaprecaution,willnotbeaccepted.Forexample,ifsheclaims
tohavemenstrutedthreetimesinonemonth,herclaimwillnotbetrusted,exceptwhenher
womanrelativesconfirmthatitishermenstrualperiod.
IrrevocableandRevocableDivorce
1218.Irrevocable(Ba'in)divorcemeansthatafterthedivorce,thehusbandisnotentitledtotake
backhiswife,thatis,heisnotentitledtotakeherashiswifewithoutNika*.Thisdivorceisofsix
kinds,namely:
(i)Thedivorceofawomanwhohasnotcompletednineyearsofage.
(ii)Thedivorceofawomanwhoisinmenopause.
(iii)Thedivorceofawomanwhosehusbandhasnothadsexualintercoursewithheraftertheir
marriage.
(iv)Thethirddivorceofawomanwhohasbeendivorcedthreetimes.
(v)ThedivorcecalledKhulandMubrt.
(vi)ThedivorcebyinterventionofMujtahid,inthecaseofawifewhosehusbandneitheragreesto
maintainhernortodivorceher.
Rulespertainingtothesekindsofdivorceswillbedetailedlater.Divorcesotherthantheseare
revocable(Raji),inthesensethataslongaswifeisobservingIddahherhusbandcantakeherback.
1219.Whenapersonhasgivenrevocabledivorcetohiswife,ifisHalal(allowed)forhimtoexpel
heroutofthehouseinwhichshewasresidingatthetimeofdivorce.However,incertaincases,
like,whenshehascommittedfornicationoradulterythereisnoharminexpellingher.Also,itis
Halal(allowed)forthewifetogooutofthehouseunnecessarily,withoutherhusband's
permission.AnditisobligatoryforthemantogivehermaintenanceduringtheIddah.
OrdersRegardingReturn(Ruju)
1220.Inthecaseofarevocabledivorceamancantakebackhiswifeintwoways:
(i)Bytellingherwordswhichwouldmeanthathewantsheragainashiswife.
(ii)Byactinginamannerwhichwouldconveyhisintentiontotakeherback.
Andtakingherbackwillbeestablishedbysexualintercoursealthoughthehusbandmaynothave
intendedtoreturn,andsomejurisprudentsbelievethateventouchingorkissing,withorwithout
intentionoftakingherbackestablishesthereturn,thoughthisisnotfreefromIshkal,andasan
obligatoryprecaution,heshoulddivorceheragain,ifhedoesnotwishtoreturn.
1221.Itisnotnecessaryfortakingherbackthatthehusbandshouldcallanypersontowitness,or
sholudinformhiswife.Inotherwordsifhetakesherbackwithoutanyoneelserealisingthis,the
Rujuisinorder.However,ifthehusbandclaimsafterthecompletionofIddahthathetookhiswife
backduringIddahbutthewomandoesnotconfirmsit,hemustproveit.
1222.Ifamandivorcesawomantwiceandtakesherback,ordivorceshertwiceandtakesherback
byNika*,ortakesherbackafteronedivorceandreturnsherbyNikahaftertheseconddivrce,she
becomesHaramforhimafterthethirddivorce.Butifshemarriesanothermanafterthethird
divorce,shebecomesHalal(allowed)forthefirsthusbandonfulfilmentoffiveconditions,thatis,
onlythenhecanremarryher.
(i)Themarriagewiththesecondpersonshouldhavebeenofpermanentnature.Ifhecontracts
withtheheratemporarymarriageforonemonthorayear,andthenseparatesfromher,thefirst
husbandcannotmarryher.
(ii)Thesecondhusbandshouldhavehadsexualintercoursewithher,andtheobligatoryprecaution
isthatthesexualintercourseshouldhavetakenplaceinvagina.
(iii)Thesecondhusbanddivorcesher,ordies.
(iv)Thewaitingperiod(Iddah)ofdivorceorIddahofdeathofthesecondhusbandshouldhave
cometoanend.
(v)OnthebasisofobligaotryprecautionthesecondhusbandshouldhavebeenBlighatthetime
ofintercourse.
KhulDivorceorTalaqulKhul
1223.Thedivorceofawifewhodevelopsanaversionfromhusbandandhateshim,andsurrenders
tohimherMahrorsomeofherpropertysothathemaydivorceher,iscalledKhuldivorce.The
hatredmusthavereachedaproportionwhereshewouldnotallowhimconjugalrights.
1224.Ifthehusbandhimselfwishestopronouncetheformuleofthedivorceandhiswife'sname
is,say,Fatimah,heshouldsayafetrreceivingtheproperty,ZawjatiFatimatuKhalatuhaalama
badhalat,andshouldalsosayasarecommendedprecaution,HiyaI`laq;i.e.IhavegivenKhul
divorcetomywifeFatimahinlieuofwhatshehasgivenme,andsheisfree.Andifthewifeis
identified,itisnotnecessarytomentionhernameinI`liqulKhulandalsoinMubrtdivorce.
1225.IfawomanappointsapersonasherrepresentativetosurrenderherMahrtoherhusband,
andthehusband,too,appointsthesamepersonashisrepresentativetodivorcehiswife,andif,for
instance,thenameofthehusbandisMua*ammadandthenameofthewifeisFatimah,the
representativewillpronouncetheformulaofdivorcethus:AnmuwakkilatiFatimahbadhaltu
mahrahalimuwaakkilinuhammad,liyakhlaahaalayh.Thenhesaysimmediately:Zawjatu
muwakkilikhalatuhaalamabadhalat,fahiyaI`liq.Andifawomanappointsapersonasher
representativetogivesomethingotherthanMahrtoherhusband,sothathemaydivorceher,the
representativeshouldutterthenameofthatthinginsteadofthewordMahraha(herMahr).For
example,ifthewomangives$100heshouldsay,bedhaltumi'atadular.
MubrtDivorce
1226.Ifthehusbandandthewifedevelopmutualaversionandhatredandthewomangivessome
propertytothemansothathemaydivorceher,thisdivorceiscalledMubrt.
1227.IfthehusbandwishestopronouncetheformulaofMubrt,andforexample,hiswife's
nameisFatimahhehsouldsay,Bara'tuzawjatiFatimataalamabadhalat.Andasanobligatory
precaution,hemustadd,FahiyaI`liq;thatis,mywifeFatimahandIseparatefromeachotherin
considerationofwhatshehasgivenme,hence,sheisfree.Andifheappointssomeoneashis
representative,therepresentativeshouldsay,Anqibalimuwakkilibara'tuzawjatahuFatimataala
mabadhalat,fahiyaI`liq.Andineithercase,ifhesays,bimabadhalat,insteadofthewordsala
mabadhalat,thereisnoharminit.
1228.ItisnecessarythattheformulaofKhulorMubrtdivorceispronouncedincorrectArabic,if
possible.Andifthatisnotpossible,thentheruleexplainedin1215willapply.However,ifforthe
sakeofgivingherproperty,thewifesaysinEnglishoranylanguagethat,Igiveyousuchandsuch
propertyinlieuofdivorce,itwillbesufficient.
1229.IfduringthewaitingperiodofkhulorMubrtdivorcethewifechangeshermindanddoes
notgiveherpropertytothehusband,hecantakeherbackasawifewithoutNika*.
1230.ThepropertywhichthehusbandtakesinMubrtdivorceshouldnotexceedtheMahrofthe
wife,andevenasanobligatoryprecautionitshouldbelessthantheMahr.ButinthecaseofKhul
divorce,thereisnoharmifitexceedsherMahr.
VariousRulesRegardingDivorce
1231.IfamanhadsexualintercoursewithanonMahramwomanundertheimpressionthatshe
washiswife,thewomanshouldobserveIddahirrespectiveofwhethersheknewthatthemanwas
notherhusbandorthoughtthatperhapsehewasherhusband.
1232.Ifamancommitsfornicationwithawomanknowingthatsheisnothiswife,itisnot
necessaryforthewomantoobserveIddah.Butifshethoughtthatthemanwasprobablyherhus
band,asanobligatoryprecaution,sheshouldobsrveIddah.
1233.Ifamanseducesawomansothatherhusbanddecidestodivorceherandthenshecan
marryhim,thedivorceandmarriageareinorder,butbothofthemhavecommittedamajorsin.
1234.IfawomanlaysaconditionatthetimeofNika*thatifherhusbandgoesonalongjourney
orinprisonor,forexample,doesnotgivehermaintenanceforsixmonths,shewillhavetheright
ofdivorce,theconditionisvoid.However,ifshelaysaconditionthatinsomeconditionsorinany
case,shewillbehisWakilforherowndivorce,theconditionisinorder,andthereafterthe
husbandcannotstopherWikalah,andifshedivorcesher,thedivorcewillbeinorder.
1235.Awomanwhoisdivorcedrevocably,ishishusbandslawfulwifebeforecompletionofher
Iddah.Hennce,sheshouldnotrefrainanysexueltreatingbyherHusband,anditispermissibleand
evenrecommendedtoadornherseifforhim,anditisnotpermissibleforhertogooutofthe
housewithouthispermission,andifsheisnotdisobedient,givinghermaintenanceisobligatoryon
herhusband.
KafanandZakatulfitrahofthewomanshouldalsobegivenbythehusband,andafterdeathof
eitherofthem,theyinheritfromeachother.Alsothemancannotmarryhersisterduringthe
Iddah.
Usurpation(Ghasb)
Usurpationmeansthatapersonunjustlyseizesthepropertyorrightofanotherperson.Thisisone
ofthemajorsinsaccordingtothewisdom,traditionsandtheholyQur'an.Ithasbeenreported
fromtheHolyProphet(s.a.w.a.)that,whoeverusurpsonespanofanother'sland,sevenlayersof
thatlandwillbeputroundhisnecklikeayokeontheDayofJudgement.
1236.Ifapersondoesnotallowthepeopletobenefirfromamosque,aschool,apidgeandother
placeswhichhavebeenconstructedfortheuseofthepublic,heusurpstheirright.Similaristhe
casewhenapersonreservesaplaceinthemosqueforhimself,butanotherpersondrivesthat
personoutfromthatplaceanddoesnotallowhimtouseit,inwhichcasethelatterperson
commitsasin.
1237.Ifapersonusurpsaproperty,heshouldreturnittoitsowner,andifitislostwhileithasa
price,heshouldcompensatehimforit,aswillbeexplainedlater.
1238.Ifsomebenefitaccruesfromathingwhichhasbeenusurped,forexample,ifalambisborn
ofasheepwhichhasbeenusurped,itbelongstotheowner.Moreover,if,forexample,aperson
hasusurpedahouse,heshouldpayitsrentevenifhedoesnotliveinit.
1239.Ifapersonusurpsapieceoflandandcultivatesorplantstreesonit,thecropandthetrees
andtheirfruitsarehisownproperty,andiftheownerofthelandisnotagreeabletothecropsand
thetreesremainingonhisland,thepersonwhohasusurpedtheland,shouldpullthemout
immediatelyevenifhemaysufferlossforthat.Aiso,heshouldpayrenttotheowneroftheland
fortheperiodthecropandthetreesremainedonhisland,andshouldalsomakeupforthe
damagedonetotheland,like,heshouldfilluptheholesfromwhichthetreesarepulledout.And
ifthevalueoflanddecreasesbecauseofthat,heshouldcompensate.Moreover,hecannotcompel
theownerofthelandtosellitorleaseitouttohimnorcantheownerofthelandcomplehimto
sellthetreesorcropstohim.
1240.Ifathingusurpedbyapersonperishesandifitislikeacoworasheep,whichhasnotmuch
peerssimilartoitincharacteristicsaffectingthedemands,theusurpershouldpayitsprice;andif
itsmarketvaluehasundergoneachangeonthegroundsofdemandandsupply,heshouldpaythe
costwhichwasatthetimeitperished.
1241.Ifthethingusurpedbyapersonwhichhasperishedislikewheatandbarley,whichhasmuch
peerssimilartoitincharacteristicsaffectingthedemands,he(theusurper)shouldpayathing
whichissimilartotheoneusurpedbyhim.However,thequalityofthatreplacementshouldbethe
sameasofthethingwhichhasbeenusurpedandhasperished.Forexample,ifhehasusurpedrice
ofsuperiorquality,hecannotreplaceitwithariceofinferiorquality.
1242.Ifthethingusurpedbyapersonisusurpedfromhimbyanotherpersonanditperishes,the
ownerofthethingcantakeitscompensationfromanyoneofthem,orcandemandapartofthe
compensationfromeachofthem.Andifhetakescompensationforthethingfromthefirst
usurper,thefirstusurpercandemandwhateverhehasgivenfromthesecondusurper.Butifheis
compensatedbythesecondusurper,thatsecondusurpercannotdemandwhathehasgiven,from
thefirstusurper.
RulesoftheLostPropertyWhenFound
1243.Anylostpropertyotherthanananimal,whichdoesnotbearanysignbymeansofwhichit
maybepossibletolocateitsowner,irrespectiveofwhetheritsvalueislessthanaDirham(12.6
peasofcoinedsilver)ornot,canbekeptforhimselfbyonewhofindsit,buttherecommended
precautionisthathegivesitawayasSadaqahonbehalfoftheowner,whoeverhemaybe.The
sameruleappliesformoneywhichhasnotanysign.Butifthereissignslikequantityor
characteristicsoftimeandplaceforthemoneyfound,oneshouldannounceitasmentionedinthe
followingrule.
1244.Ifapersonfindssomethingwhichbearsasignbymeansofwhichitsownercanbelocated,
andevenifhecomestoknowthatitsownerisanonMuslimwhosepropertymustbeprotected,
andifthevalueofthatthingreachesoneDirham,heshouldmakeanannouncementaboutitatthe
placeofgatheringofthepeopleforoneyearfromthedayonwhichhefindsthatthing,andifits
valueislessthanoneDirham,thepersonwhofindsitshould,asanobligatoryprecaution,giveit
awayasSadaqahonbehalfoftheowner,whoeverhemaybe.Andwhentheownerisfound,the
replacementshouldbegiventohim,ifhedoesnotapprovetheSadaqahgivenonhisbehalf.
1245.Ifthepersonwhofindssuchathingsmakesannouncementforoneyear,buttheownerof
thepropertydoesnotturnup,heshouldactasfollows:
(i)IfhehasfoundthatthingataplaceotherthantheMasjidulHalal(allowed),hecanretainiton
behalfoftheowner,sothathemaygiveittohimwhenheappears,orgiveitasSadaqahtothe
pooronbehalfoftheowner.Asanobligatoryprecaution,heshouldnotkeepitforhimself.
(ii)IfhehasfoundthatthingsintheMasjidulHalal(allowed),theobligatoryprecautionisthathe
shouldgiveitawayasSadaqah.
1246.Ifthepersonmakesannouncementforoneyearandtheownerofthepropertydoesnotturn
up,andhecontinuestocareforitonbehalfofitsowner,andinthemeantimeitislost,hewillnot
beresponsibleforthelossifhehasnotbeennegligentnorovercautiousaboutit.Andifhegaveit
asSadaqahonbehalfoftheowner,thentheownerwillhaveanoptioneithertoapprovethe
Sadaqahordemanditsreplacement.AndinthelattercasetherewardfortheSadaqahwillgoto
himwhogavetheSadaqah.
1247.IfaninsanepersonorachildwhoisnotBlighfindssomethingwhichbearnsasignandis
worthoneDirhamormore,hisguardiancanmakeanannouncement.Infact,itisobligatoryupon
himtoannounceifhehastakenitspossessionfromthechildortheinsaneperson.Andifthe
ownerisnotfoundevenafterhavingannouncedforayear,heshouldactasruleno2577.
1248.Ifduringtheyearinwhichapersonhasbeenmakinganannouncement(aboutsomething
havingbeenfound)helosesallhopeoffindingtheowner,heshouldgiveitawayasSadaqah,asan
obligatoryprecautionwiththepermissionoftheMujtahid.
1249.Ifthepropertyislostduringtheyearinwhichhehasbeenmakinganannouncement,andhe
hasbeennegligentincaringforit,orhasbeenovercautious,hewillberesponsibletotheownerfor
replacement,andshouldalsocontinueannouncing.Butifhehasnotbeennegligentnor
overcautious,itisnotobligatoryforhimtopayanything.
1250.Ifthepropertywhichbearsamark,andhasvalueequaltooneDirhamormoreisfoundata
placewhereitisknownthattheownerofthepropertywillnotbefoundbymeansof
announcement,thefindershouldgiveittothepoorpersonsasSadaqahonbehalfoftheowneron
theveryfirstday,andheshouldnotwaittilltheyearends.Asanobligatoryprecautionthisshould
bedonewiththepermissionofMujtahid.<
1251.IfathingisfoundinanonMuslimland,butinanareainwhichMuslimslive,sothatitcanbe
saidinallprobabilitythatthepropertyisthatofaMuslim,oneshouldactliketheruleofthefound
thingsexplainedbeforeOtherwiseonecantakepossessionofit.
1252.Ifapairofshoesofapersonistakenawayandisreplacedbyanotherpairofshoes,andhe
knowsthatthepairofshoeswhichhasremainedbelongstothepersonwhohastakenhisshoes
awayandhewouldnotmindifhetookhisshoesinsteadofhisown,hecantakethem.Similarrule
appliesifheknowsthathehasbeenunjustlyrobbedofhisshoes;butinthisparticularcase,the
valueofshoesleftbehindmustnotexceedthevalueofhisownshoes,otherwisethedifferenceof
thepricewillbetreatedasarticalwhoseownerisunknown.Andinanyothersituationotherthan
thetwomentionedherein,theshoeswillbeconsideredasarticlesofunknownownership.
1253.Ifamanhassomepropertyofunknownownership,thatisitsownerisnotknown,andifit
cannotbeclassifiedaslost,heisallowedtouseitinamannerthatwouldbeagreeabletothe
owner,providedthatheissurethattheownerwillhavenoobjectioninprinciple.Otherwise,he
musttrytofindtheowner,andcontinuedoingsoforaslongashethinksituseful.Andwhenhe
despairs,heshouldgiveitoritspriceawayasSadaqahtothepoor,andasanobligatoryprecaution
thisshouldbedonewiththepermissionoftheMujtahid.Iftheownerlateronturnsup,andifhe
doesnotapprovetheSadaqahwhichwasgiven,asaprecaution,hemustgivehimareplacement.
SlaughteringandHuntingofAnimals
1254.IfananimalwhosemeatisHalal(allowed)(lawful)toeat,isslaughteredinthemannerwhich
willbedescribedlater,irrespectiveofwhetheritisdomesticatedornot,itsmeatbecomesHalal
(allowed)anditsbodybecomespure(Tahir)afterithasdied.Butcamels,fishandlocust
becomeHalal(allowed)withouttheirheadsbeingslaughtered,aswillbeexplainedlater.
1255.Ifawildanimallikedeer,partridgeandwildgoatwhosemeatisHalal(allowed)toeat,or
aHalal(allowed)animalwhichwasadomesticonebutturnedwildlater,like,acoworacamel
whichrunsawayandbecomeswild,ishuntedinaccordancewiththelawswhichwillbeexplained
later,itisTahirandHalal(allowed)toeat.
1256.MeatandskinofthoseanimalswhosemeatisHalal(allowed)toeat,exceptthesmall
animalswholiveinholeslikemiceandferrets,whethertheyarepredatorsornot,evenelephant,
bearormonkeys,willbecomeTahirbyslaughteringorhunting.Iftheyarehunted,however,bya
huntingdog,consideringthemTahirisamatterofIshkal.
MethodofSlaughteringAnimals
1257.Themethodofslaughteringananimalisthatthefourmainductsofitsneckshouldbe
completelycut(oesophagus,windpipeandtwolargebloodvesselsonbothsidesofthewindpipe).
Itisnotasaprecautionsufficienttosplitopentheseductsottocutoffthewindpipeonly.Andthe
cuttingofthesefourmainductsbecomespracticalwhenthecuttingtakesplacefrombelowthe
knotofthethroat.
1258.Ifapersoncutssomeofthefourductsandwaitstilltheanimaldiesandthencutsthe
remainingducts,itwillbeofnouse.Iftherestductsarecutbeforetheanimaldies,evenifthe
cuttingisnotcontinuousasisusuallydone,theanimalisTahirandHalal(allowed)toeat.
ConditionsofSlaughteringAnimals
1259.Therearecertainconditionsfortheslaughteringofananimal.Theyareasfollows:
(i)Aperson,amanorawoman,whoslaughtersananimalmustbeaMuslim.Ananimalcanalsobe
slaughteredbyaMuslimchildwhomatureenoughtodistinguishbetweengoodandbad,butnot
bynonMuslimsotherthanthefollowersoftheDevineBook(AhlulKitab),norapersonbelonging
tothosesectswhoareclassifiedasKafir,like,NawasibtheenemiesofAhlulBait(A.S.).Infact,
evenifAhlulKitabnonMuslimslaughtersananimal,asperprecaution,itwillnotbeHalal
(allowed),evenifheuttersBismilah.
(ii)Theanimalshouldbeslaughteredwithsomethingmadeofiron,andslaughteringwithstainless
steelkniveswillnot,asanobligatoryprecaution,beinorder.However,ifanimplementmadeof
ironisnotavailable,itcanbeslaughteredwithasharpobjectlikeglassorstone,asthatthefour
ductsaresevered,eveniftheslaughteringmaynotbenecessary,likewhentheanimalisonthe
vergeofdeath.
(iii)Whenananimalisslaughtered,itshouldbefacingQiblah.Iftheanimalissittingorstanding,
thenfacingQiblahwouldbelikeamansittingorstandingtowardsQiblahwhilepraying.Andifitis
lyingonitsrightorleftside,thenthecuttingsiteandstomachshouldbefacingQiblahanditisnot
necessaryforthefeetandthefacetobefacingQiblah.Ifapersonwhoknowstherule,purposely
ignoresplacingtheanimaltowardsQiblah,theanimalwouldbecomeHalal(allowed);butifhe
forgetsordoesnotknowtherule,ormakesamistakeinascertainingtheQiblah,thereisno
objection.IfonedoesnotknowthedirectionofQiblah,orisunabletoturntheanimaltowards
Qiblahevenifwithahelpbyanotherperson,whentheanimalismulishorhasfallenintoaholeor
well,andthepersoniscompelledtoslaughterit,thereisnoobjectiontoslaughteritinany
direction.Thesameruleapplieswhenonefearsthatdelayingduetofacingtheanimalindirection
ofQiblahmayresultinitsdeath.SlaughteringofanimalsbyaMuslimwhodoesnotbelieveinthat
theanimalsshouldbefacingQiblahwhilebeingslaughtered,isinorder,eventhoughhemay
slaughteritinadirectionotherthanQiblah.Asarecommendedprecaution,theperson
slaughteringshouldalsofaceQiblah.

(iv)Whenapersonwantstoslaughterananimal,orjustbeforeit,heshouldutterthenameof
Allahwiththeintentionofslaughtering,anditsufficesifhesays,~Bismillah,orAllahuAkbar,
only,orevenifheutters,Allahthoughthisisoppositetotheprecaution.Butifheuttersthename
ofAllahwithouttheintentionofslaughteringtheanimal,ordoesnotsayitbecauseofnot
knowingtherule,theslaughteredanimaldoesnotbecomeTahiranditisalsoHalal(allowed)toeat
itsmeat.AndifhedidnotutterthenameofAllahforgetfully,thereisnoobjection.
(v)Theanimalshouldshowsomemovemenafterbeingslaughtered;atleastitshouldmoveits
eyesortailorstrikeitsfootontheground.Thislawappliesonlywhenitisdoubtfulwhetherornot
theanimalwasaliveatthetimeofbeingslaughtered,otherwiseisnotessentionl.
(vi)Itisnecessarythatthebloodshouldflowinnormalquantityfromtheslaughteredanimal.Ifthe
bloodclotsinthevessels,notallowingbloodtoflowout,orifthebleedingislessthannarmal,that
animalwillnotbeHalal.Butifthebloodwhichflowsislessbecausetheanimalbledprofusely
beforetheslaughter,thereisnoobjection.
(vii)Theneckshouldbecutwiththeintentionofslaughtering.Hence,ifaknifefallsofone'shand,
andspontaneauslycutsanimal'sneck,oriftheslaughteringpersonisasleep,intoxicated,
unconscious,childorinsanenotdistingwishingbetweengoodandbad,orifoneputstheknifeon
theanimalsneckwithanotherintentionanditcutstheneckbychance,theanimalwillnot
becomeHalal(allowed).
1260.Asaobigatoryprecaution,itisnotpermissibletosevertheheadoftheanimalfromitsbody
beforeithasdied,thoughthiswouldnotmaketheanimalHalal(allowed).Butiftheheadgets
severedbecauseofsharpnessoftheknife,ornotbeingattentive,thereisnoobjection.Similarly,as
aobligatoryprecautionitisnotpermissibletoslitopentheneckandcatthespinalcordbeforethe
animalhasdied.
MethodofSlaughteringaCamel
1261.IfonewantstoslaughteracamelsothatitbecomesTahirandHalal(allowed)afterithas
died,itisnecessarytofollowtheabovementionedconditionsforslaughterandthenthrustaknife
oranyothersharpimplementmadeofironintothehollowbetweenitsneckandchest.Itisbetter
thatthecamelatthattimeisstanding.SlaughteringinthiswayiscalledNahr.Ifacamelis
slaughteredbycuttingitsneck,notNahr,itwillbecomeNajisandHalal(allowed).
1262.TheFuqahaa(jurisprudents),mayAllahblessthemwithHispleasure,haveenumerated
certainMustahabactsforslaughteringtheanimals:
(i)Whileslaugtheringthesheep(oragoat),bothofitsforefeetandonehindfootshouldbetied
togetherandtheotherfootshouldbeleftfree.Asforacow,allitsfourfeetshouldbetiedandthe
tailshouldbeleftfree.Andinthecaseofacamel,ifitissitting,itstwoforefeetshouldbetiedwith
eachotherfrombelowuptoitsknees,orbelowitsarmpits,anditshindfeetshouldbeleftfree.
Anditisrecommendedthatabirdshouldbeitshindfeetafterbeingslaughteredsothatitmayflap
itswings.
(ii)Watershouldbeplacadbeforeananimalbeforeslaughteringit.
(iii)Ananimalshouldbeslaughteredinsuchawaythatitshouldsuffertheleast,thatis,itshould
beswiftlyslaughteredwithaverysharpknife.
1263.IncertainTraditiona,thefollowinghavebeenenumeratedasMakroohactswhile
slaughteringtheanimals:(i)Toskinananimalbeforeithasdied.
(ii)Toslaughterananimalataplacewhereanotheranimalofitsownkindcanseeit.
(iii)ToslaughterananimalonFridaynight(i.e.thenightprecedingFriday),oronFridaybefore
noon.However,thereisnoharmindoingsointhecaseofnecessity.
(iv)Toslaughterananimalwhichsomeonehaspedandrearedhimself.
HuntingwithWeapons
1264.IfaHalal(allowed)wildanimalishuntedwithaweaponanditdies,itbecomesHalal(allowed)
anditsbodybecomesTahir,ifthefollowingfiveconditionsarefulfilled:
(i)Theweaponusedforhuntingshouldbeabletocutthrough,likeaknifeorasword,orshouldbe
sharplikeaspearoranarrow.Inthelattercase,iftheweaponhasnotabayonet,itshouldtearthe
bodyoftheanimal,andifithasabayonet,itisenoughtokillit,thoughwithoutinjuringit.Ifan
animalishuntedwithatrap,orhitbyapieceofwoodorastone,anddies,itdoesnotbecome
TahiranditisHalal(allowed)toeatitsmeat.Thesameruleapplies,asanobligatoryprecaution,if
theanimalishuntedwithasharpthingwhichisnotweapon,likelargeneedles,forks,shewersetc..
Andifananimalishuntedwithagunanditsbulletissofastthatitpiercesintothebodyofthe
animalandtersitup,whetherthebulletissharpornot,oritismadeofironornot,theanimalwill
beTahirandHalal(allowed),butifthebulletisnotfastenoughandentersthebodyoftheanimal
withpressureandkills,orburnsitsbodywithitsheat,andtheanimaldiesduetothatheat,itisa
matterofIshkaltosaythattheanimalisTahirorHalal(allowed).
(ii)ThehuntershouldbeaMuslimoratleastaMuslimchildwhocandistinguishbetweengoodand
bad.IfanonMuslim,otherthatAhlulKitab,orfromthosesectslike,NawasibenemiesofAhlul
Bayt(A.S.)whoareclassifiedasKafir,huntsananimal,theanimalisnotHalal(allowed).Asamatter
ofprecaution,ananimal,huntedbyAhlulKitabnonMuslimisalsonotHalal(allowed),evenifhe
mayhaveutteredthenameofAllah.<
(iii)Thehuntershouldaimtheweaponforhuntingtheparticularanimal.Therefore,ifaperson
takesanaimatsometarget,andkillsananimalaccidentally,thatanimalwillnotbeTahiranditwill
beHalal(allowed)toeatitsmeat.Butifheaimsatsomeparticularanimal,butkillsanotheranimal,
itwillbeHalal(allowed).
(iv)WhileusingtheweaponthehuntershouldrecitethenameofAllah,anditissufficientifhe
uttersthenameofAllahbeforethetargetishit.ButifhedoesnoterciteAllahsnameintentionally,
theanimaldoesnotbecomeHalal(allowed).Thereis,however,noharmifhefailstodosobecause
offorgetfulness.
(v)TheanimalwillbeHalal(allowed)ifthehunterreachesitwhenitisalreadydead,or,evenifitis
alive,buthehasnotimelefttoslaughterit.However,ifhehasenoughtimetoslaughteritandhe
doesnotslaughterittillitdies,itwillbeHalal(allowed).
1265.IfahuntingdoghuntsawildanimalwhosemeatisHalal(allowed)toeat,sixconditions
shouldbefulfilledforitsbeingTahirandHalal(allowed)whichareexplainedindetailedbooks.
1266.Ifafishwithscalesiscaughtalivefromwater,anditdiesthereafter,itisTahiranditisHalal
(allowed)toeatit,evenifthescalesareshedofflaterduetosomereasons.Andifitdiesinthe
water,itisTahir,butitisHalal(allowed)toeatit,evenifitdiesbecauseofsuchthingsaspoison.
However,itislawfultoeatitifitdiesinthenetofthefisherman.AfishwhichhasnoscalesisHalal
(allowed)evenifitispoughtalivefromwateranddiesoutofwater.
1267.Ifafishfallsoutofwaterorawavethrowsitout,orthewaterrecedesandthefishremains
ontheshore,ifsomeonecatchesitwithhishandorbysomeothermeansbeforeitdies,itwill
beHalal(allowed)toeatitafteritdies,andifitdiesbeforecatchingit,itwillbeHalal(allowed).
1268.ItisnotnecessarythatapersoncatchingasishshouldbeaMuslimorshouldutterthename
ofAllahwhilecatchingit.Itis,however,necessarythataMuslimshouldhaveseenorascertained
thatthefishwaspoughtalivefromthewater,orthatitdiedinthenetinwater.
1269.Ifadeadfishaboutwhichitisnotknownwhetheritwascaughtfromwateraliveordead,is
boughtofaMuslim,whoisdoingsomeactwhichmeansthatitisHalal(allowed),likesellingor
eating,itisHalal(allowed),butifitisboughtofanonMuslimitisHalal(allowed)evenifheclaims
thathehaspoughtitalivefromthewater;exceptwhenamanfeelssatisfiedthatthefishwas
poughtalivefromthewaterorthatitdiedinthenetinthewater.
RulesofThingsAllowedtoEatandDrink
1270.Allfiercebirds,likeeagle,vulturesandwildfalconswhichhavetalon,areHalal(allowed)to
eatandsoare,asanobligatoryprecaution,allkindsofcrowsandjaysorravens.Allsuchbirds
whoseglidingismorethanflappingthewings,usullyhavetalongsandareHalal(allowed)toeat,
andthosewhoseflappingofthewingswhileflyingismorethanglidingareHalal(allowed)toeat.
Thus,onecanidentifyHalal(allowed)birdsfromHalal(allowed)onesbyobservinghowtheyfly.
Andifthestyleofanybird'sflightcannotbedetermined,thatbirdwillbeconsideredHalal
(allowed)foreating,ifithasacroporagizzardoraspuronthebackofitsfeet.Intheabsenceof
allthese,thebirdwillbeHalal(allowed).Otherbirdslikethehens,thepigeons,thesparrowsand
eventheswallowsandhoopoes.Andtheanimalswhichfly,buthavenotanyfeathers,likethebats,
areHalal(allowed);similarly,thebees,themosquitoes,andotherflyinginsectsare,asan
obligatoryprecaution,Halal(allowed).
1271.Ifapartwhichpossesseslifeisremovedfromthebodyofalivinganimal,forexample,ifthe
fattytailorsomefleshisremovedfromthebodyofalivingsheep,itisNajisandHalal(allowed)to
eat.
1272.CertainpartsoftheHalal(allowed)animalsareHalal(allowed)toeat.Theyarefourteen:
(i)Blood.
(ii)Excrement.
(iii)&(iv)Maleandfemalegenitals.
(v)Womb.
(vi)Lymphaticganglions.
(vii)Testicles.
(viii)Pituitarygland(aductlessglandinthepain).
(ix)Spinalcord.
(x)Thetwowide(yellow)nerveswhichareonbothsidesofthespinalcolumn,(asanobligatory
precaution).
(xi)Gallbladder.
(xii)Spleen.
(xiii)Urinarybladder.
(xiv)Eyeballs.
ThesepartsareHalal(allowed)inallHalal(allowed)otherthanthebirds.Asforthebirds,their
bloodandexcrementisdefinitelyHalal(allowed)andapartfromthesetwo,thepartsenumerated
intheabovelistareHalal(allowed)asameasureofprecaution.Alsoasanobligatoryprecaution
bloodandexcrementoffishandlocutsareHalal(allowed),andotherpartsofthemareHalal
(allowed).
1273.ItisHalal(allowed)toeatmudorclayandasanobligatoryprecautiontoeatearthorsand.It
isalsopermissibletotakeasmallquantityoftheclayoftheShrineofImamHusayn(usuallycalled
TurbatulHusayn)forthepurposeofcureofillness.
Iftheclayisnottakenfromtheholyshrineitselforaroundit,asanobligatoryprecaution,itshould
bedissolvedinsomewaterorthelikeandthenonemaydrinkeit,eveniftheclayiscommonly
consideredasTurbatulHusayn.Thisprecautionshouldbeobservedalsowhenoneisnotsurethat
theclayisfromtheholyshrineandthereisnoprooftoconfirmit.
1274.ItisnotHalal(allowed)toswallowthemucus(liquiddischargingfromthenose)andphlegm
whichmayhavecomeinone'smonth.Also,thereisnoobjectioninswallowingfoodthewhich
comesoutfrombetweentheteethatthetimeoftoothpicking.
1275.ItisHalal(allowed)toeatanabsolutelyharmfulthingoranythingwhichmaycausedeath.
1276.ItisMakruhtoeatthemeatofahorse,amuleoradonkey.Ifapersonhassexualintercourse
withthemthoseanimalsbecomeHalal(allowed),andasaprecaution,theirmilkandoffsprings
becomeHalal(allowed)also,andtheirurineanddungbecomeNajis.Suchanimalsshouldbetaken
outofthecityandshouldbesoldatsomeotherplace.Andasforthepersonwhocommittedthe
sexualintercoursewiththeanimal,itwillbenecessarytogiveitspricetotheownerandthemoney
gainedfromitssellingisforthepersonwhocommitedthatHalal(allowed)act.Similarly,ifaperson
commitssexualintercoursewithananimallikecowandsheep,themeatofwhichislawfultoeat,
itsurineandexcrementbecomeNajis,anditisalsoHalal(allowed)toeattheirmeat,andasa
precautiontodrinktheirmilk.Alsoasaprecaution,samewillbethecasewiththeiroffsprings.
Suchananimalshouldbeinstantlykilledandburnt,andone,whohashadsexualintercoursewith
theanimalshouldpayitspricetoitsowner.
1277.DrinkingwineisHalal(allowed),andinsometraditions(Ahadth),ithasbeendeclaredas
amongthegreatestsins.
1278.AlsotoeatatatableatwhichpeoplearedrinkingwineisHalal(allowed)andsimilarly,tosit
atthattablewherepeoplearedrinkingwine,asaobligatotyprecautionisHalal(allowed).
1279.ItisobligatoryuponeveryMuslimtosavethelifeofaMuslimwhomaybedyingofhungeror
thirst,byprovidinghimenoughtoeatordrink,providinghehimselfisnotinriskofdeath.The
sameruleappliesofthatpersonisnonMuslim,butisaperson,whosekillingisnotpermissible.
VowandCovenant(NadhrandÀhd)
1280.Vowmeansmalkingitobligatoryupononeselftodosomegoodact,ortorefrainfromdoing
anactwhichitisbetternottodo,forthesakeof,orforthepleasureofAllah.
1281.Whilemakingavow,aformuledeclarationhastobepronounced,thoughtisnotnecessary
tobeinArabic.Ifapersonsays,'Whenthepatientrecoversfromhisailment,itwillbeobligatory
uponmetopay$10toapoorman,forthesakeofAllah,hisvowwillbeinorder.Andifonesays,I
vowtodosoandsoforthesakeofAllah',heshould,asanboligatoryprecaution,doit.Butifa
persondoesnotutterthenameofGod,andsaysonly,'Ivow',oruttersoneofthenamesofthe
holyprophetorImams,thevowwillnotbeinorder.Ifthevowisinorder,andthepersonunder
thevowdoesnotperformitintentionally,hehascommittedsinandshouldpaykaffarah,whichis
likeKaffarahofviolationofanoathaswillbeexplainedlater.
1282.Ifahusbanddisallowshiswifetomakeavow,hervowwillnotbevalid,providingthatvowin
anywayviolatestherightsofthehusband,evenifitismadebeforethemarriagecontract.
Similarly,ifawifemakesavowtopayfromherwealth,withoutherhusband'spermission,she
commitsanactwhichisnotfreefromIshkal,exceptwhenthevowisforA*ajj,Zakat,Sadaqahor
fordoingagoodturntoherparents,orherbloodrelations.
1283.Ifawomanmakesavowwiththepermissionofherhusband,hecannotapogatehervow,or
restrainherfromfulfilinghervow.
1284.Ifachild(sonordaughter)makesavow,withorwithoutthepermissionofhis/herfather,
he/sheshouldfulfilhis/hervow.However,ifhis/herfatherormotherdisallowshim/hertofulfilthe
vow,his/hervowisvoid,providedthattheprohibitionisduetotheircompassionandtooppose
themwillresultintheirannoyance.
1285.Apersoncanmakeavowonlyforanactwhichispossibleforhimtofulfil.If,forexample,a
personisnotcapableoftravellinguptoKarbalaonfoot,andhemakesavowthathewillgothere
onfoot,hisvowwillnotbeinorder.Andifapersoniscapablewhenmakingthevow,butbecomes
incapablelater,hisvowwillbeinvalidated,andthereisnoobligationonhim,exceptwhenthevow
istofast,inwhichifthepersonbecomesincapableoffasting,heshould,asanobligatory
precaution,eithergive750gramsoffoodtopoorpersonasSadaqah,orgive1.5kilosoffoodtoa
persontofastinbehalfofhim.
1286.Ifapersonmakesavowthathewillperformorabandonanormalpermissibleact,the
performingorabandoningofwhichhasequalmeritsinShariàh,hisvowisnotinorder.Butif
performingitisbetterinsomerespect,andapersonmakesavowkeepingthatmeritinview,his
vowwillbeinorder.
1287.Ifapersonmakesavowtoperformanact,heshouldperformitinstrictaccordancewithhis
vow.IfhemakesavowtogiveSadaqahortofastonthefirstdayofeverymonth,ortooffer
prayersofthefirstofthemonth,ifheperformstheseactsbeforethatdayorafter,itwillnot
suffice.Also,ifhemakesavowthathewillgiveSadaqahwhenapatientrecovers,butgivesaway
beforetherecoveryofthepatient,itwillnotsuffice.
1288.Ifapersonmakesavowthathewillobservefastonaparticularday,heshouldobservefast
onthatveryday;andifhedoesnotobservefastonthatdayintentionally,heshould,besides
observingtheQada'forthatfast,alsogiveKaffarahforit.However,travellingforhimonthatdayis
permissible,andthushewillnotfast.Also,itisnotobligatoryuponhimtomakeanintentionfor
stayingtendayswhenheisanajourney,soastobeabletofast.Ifapersonwhomadethevow
couldnotfastontheparticulardaybecauseofbeingonajourney,illness,orinthecaseofa
woman,beinginthestateofHaydh,orforanygoodexcuse,thenhewillgiveQada'ofthatfast,
andtherewillbenoKaffarah.
1289.Ifaperson,ofhisownchoiceandvolition,violateshisvow,heshouldgiveKaffarahforit.
1290.Ifapersonmakesavowtorenounceanactforsomespecifiedtime,hewillbefreeto
performthatactafterthattimehaspassed.Butifheperformsitbeforethattime,dueto
forgetfulnessorhellessness,thereisnoliabilityonhim.Eventhen,itwillbenecessaryforhimto
refrainfromthatactfortheremainingtime,andifherepeatsthatactbeforeitwithoutanyexcuse,
hemustgiveKaffarahforit.
1291.Ifapersonmakesavowtorenounceanact,withoutsettinganytimelimit,andthen
performsthatactbecauseofforgetfulness,helplessnessorcarelessnessorcompulsion,or
ignorance,itisnotobligatoryforhimtogiveaKaffarah,butafterthefirstinstance,ifherepeats
theactagainatanytime,voluntarily,hemustgiveKaffarahforit.
1292.IfapersonavowhewouldspendsomeamountofmoneyontheshrineofoneoftheImam
orthedescendantsoftheImams,withouthavinganyparticularprojectinmind,heshouldspendit
ontherepairs,lighting,carpetingetc.oftheshrine.Andifthisisnotpossible,ortheshrineis
needless,itshouldbespendforitsneedypilgrims.
1293.Ifapersonmakesavowtousesomethinginthenameoftheholyprophet(s.a.w.a),Imamor
theirdescendantsorpassedscholarsorthelike,andhasanintentiontoputittoaspecificuse,he
shouldspenditforthatverypurpose.Andifhehasnotmadeanintentiontoputittoany,specific
use,itisbetterthatheshoulduseitforapurposewhichhassomerelationshipwiththatperson,
forexample,heshouldspenditonpoorpilgrimsofthatImam,orontheshrineoftheImam,likeits
repairsetc.orforsuchpurposeswhichwouldglorifythememoryofthatperson.
1294.Ifafatheroramathermakesavowthathe/shewillmarrytheirdaughtertoaSayyid,the
optionrestswiththegirlwhensheattainstheageofpuberty,andthevowmadebytheparents
hasnosignificance.
1295.WhenapersonmakesacovenantwithAllah,thatifhisparticularlawfulneedisfulfilled,he
willperformagoodact,itisnecessaryforhimtofulfilthecovenant.Similarly,ifhemakesa
covenant,withouthavinganywish,thathewillperformagoodact,theperformingofthatact
becomesobligatoryuponhim.
1296.Asinthecaseofvow,aformaldeclarationshouldbepronouncedinthecaseofcovenant
(Àhd)aswill.AnditisnotnecessaryforthecovenanttobeabetteractinShriàh,butitisenough
thatitisnotforbiddeninSharàh,orhasapreferenceaccordingtothewise,orisadvisableforthe
person.Ifaftermakingacovenant,ithappenstobenomoreadvisableorpreferable,itisnot
necessarytoactaccordingtoit,evenifithasbecomeMakruh.
1297.Ifapersondoesnotactaccordingtothecovenantmadebyhim,hehascommittedasinand
shouldgiveaKaffarahforit,i.e.heshouldeitherfeedsixtypoorpersons,orfastconsecutivelyfor
twomonths,orsetfreeaslave.<br
RulesRegardingOath(Qasam)
1298.Ifapersontakesanoaththathewillperformanact(e.g.thathewillfast)orwillrefrainfrom
doinganact(e.g.thathewillnotsmoke),butdoesnotintentionallyactaccordingtohisoath,he
hascommittedasinandshouldgiveKaffarahforit,whichmeansheshouldsetaslavefree,or
shouldfullyfeedtenindigentpersons,orshouldprovidethemwithclothes.Andifheisnotableto
performtheseacts,heshouldfastforthreeconsecutivedays.
1299.Theconditionsforvalidityofanoathare:
(i)ApersonwhotakesanoathshouldbeBlighandsane,andshoulddosowithfreewillandclear
intention.Hence,anoathbyaminor,aninsaneperson,anintoxicatedperson,orbyapersonwho
hasbeencoercedtotakeanoath,willnotbeinorder.Similarly,ifhetakesanoathinvoluntarily,or
unintentionally,inastateofexcitement,theoathwillbevoid.
(ii)AnoathtakenfortheperformanceofanactwhichisHalal(allowed)orMakruhisnotvalid.
Similarly,anoahtforrenouncinganactwhichisobligatoryorMustahabisalsovoid.Andifhetakes
anoathtoperformanormalorusualact,itwillbevalid,ifthatacthasanypreferenceinthe
estimationofsensiblepeople.Similaly,ifhetakesanoathforrenouncingausuallypermissibleact,
itwillbevalidifitisdeemedmorepreferablethanitsperformance,bythesensiblepeople.
(iii)TheoathmustbeswornbyoneofthosenamesorattributesoftheAlmightyAllahwhichare
exclusivelyusedforHim,(e.g.,God.Allah).
(iv)Theoathshouldbeutteredinwords,butadumbpersoncantakeanoathbymakingasign.
Similarly,ifapersonisunabletoutterthewords,buthewritesdowntheoath,repeatinginhis
mindtheintentionforit,thatwillbeavalidoath,thoughasaprecaution,thiswillbevalidalso
whendonebyothers.
(v)Itshouldbepossibleforhimtoactuponhisoath.Andifhewasabletoactupontheoathwhen
hetookit,butbecomeincapableofactinguponitlater,theoathbecomesnullifiedfromthetime
hebecameincapableofactinguponit,providedthathedidnotincapacitatehimselfpurposely.
Andthesameruleappliesifactinguponone'svow,oath,orcovenant,involvesunbearable
hardship.Ifheincapacitateshimselfvoluntarily,orhebecomesincapableinvoluntarilybuthehas
nojustifiedexcuseforhisdelaying,hehascommittedasinandKaffarahwillbeobligatoryupon
him.
1300.Ifthefatherforbidshissonorgirltotakeanoath,orthehusbandforbidshiswifetotakean
oath,thieroathisnotvalid.
1301.Ifasontakesanoathwithoutthepermissionofhisfahter,orawifetakesanoathwithout
thepermissionofherhusband,thefatherorthehusbandcanunllifytheoath.
1302.Ifapersondoesnotactuponhisoathbecauseofforgetfulness,helplessnessor
heedlessness,heisnotliableforKaffarah.Andthesameruleapplies,ifheisforcednottoactupon
hisoath.
1303.Ifapersonswearstoconfirmthatheistellingthetruth,andifthatisactuallythetruth,his
takingoftheoathisMakruh;andifitisalie,histakingoftheoathisHalal(allowed).Infact,to
makeafalseoathinthecasesofdisputeisamajorsin.However,ifapersontakesafalseoathin
ordertosavehimself,oranotherMuslimfromthetortureofanoppressor,thereisnoobjectionin
it;infact,attimesitbecomesobligatory.However,ifapersoncanresorttoTawriyah
(dissimulation),thatis,ifatthetimeoftakinganoath,hemakesavague,feignedutterancewith
nointentionofresortingtofalsehood,thenitisbetterforhimtodoso.Forexample,ifan
oppressororatyrantwhowantstoharmsomeoneaskshimwhetherhehasseenthatperson,and
hehadseenhimanhourearlier,hewouldsaythathehasnotseenhim,meaninginhismindthat
hehasnotseenhimduringthelastfewminutes.
RulesRegardingWaqf(Endowment)
1304.IfapersonmakessomethingWaqf,itceasestobehisproperty,andneitherhenoranybody
elsecaneithergiftitorsellittoanyperson.Also,noonecaninheritanythingoutofit.
1305.ItisnotnecessarytouttertheformaldeclarationofWaqfinArabic.Infact,Waqfis
establishedbyconductaswell.Therefore,ifapersonspreadsamatinamosquewithanintention
ofWaqf,orconstructsabuildinghavinganappearanceofamosque,withanintentionofgivingit
awayasamosque,theWaqfwillbeestablished,butwithanintentiononly,theWaqfwillnotbe
established.Inthecasesofpublicendowments,likeamosque,aschool,anypublicutility,orWaqf
forgeneralpoororSayyids,itdoesnotrequireanyonetomakeaformalacceptance.Infact,even
privateendowments,liketheonecreatedforone'sownchildren,donotrequireanyreciprocal
acceptance.

1306.Ifapersonendowsaproperty,heshouldmakeitaperpetualWaqffromthedayhedeclares
theWaqf.Therefore,ifhesays,'Thispropertyiswaqfaftermydeath',orsays,'Thispropertyis
Waqffortendays',theWaqfwillnotbevalid.
1307.Inthecasepublicendowmentlikeschools,mosques,etc.,itisnotnecessarythatitbe
possessedbyanygesture.Thewaqfisestablishedimmediatelyuponitsdeclartionassuch;butfor
privateendowment,possessionisnecessary.
1308.Ifapersonendowsaproperty,forexample,forthepoor,orfortheSayyids,orheendowsit
forcharitablepurposes,anddoesnotappointthetrusteefortheendowment,thediscretionwith
regardtothatendowmentrestswihttheMujtahid.
1309.Ifthetrusteeofendowmentestcdishonestly,anddoesnotuseitsincomeforthespecial
purposes,theMujtahidshouldassignanhonestpersontoactwiththedishonesttrusteeinorderto
restrainhimfromactingdishonestly.Andifthisisnotpossible,themujtahidcanreplacehimwith
anhonesttrustee.
1310.AcarpetwhichhasbeenendowedinHusayniyyah(aplacewherethematryrdomofImam
Husaynismourned),cannotbeusedinmosqueforofferingprayers,evenifthemosquemaybe
nearthehusayniyyah.ButifitistheHusayniyyah'spossession,itcanbetransferedtoanotherplace
withthepermissionofitstrustee.
1311.Ifapropertyisendowedforthemaintenanceofamosque,andthatmosquedoesnotstand
inneedorrepairs,anditisalsonotexceptedthatitwillneedrepairsforquitesometime,andifit
isnotpossibletocollectanddeposittheaccrualtillsuchtimewhenitcouldbeusedfortherepairs,
then,asanobligatoryprecaution,theincomeshouldbeusedforthepurposeswhichhasnearest
conformitywiththeintentionoftheonewhoendowedit,likespendingitinotherneedsofthe
samemosque,orfortherepairsofanyothermosque.
RulesRegardingwill(Wasiyyah)
1312.Awillispurportedtodirectthatafterone'sdeath,acertaintaskbecompleted,orthata
portionofhispropertybegiveninownershiptosomeone,orthat,theownershipofhispropertybe
transferredtosomeone,orthatitbespentforcharitablepurposes,orthatheappointssomeoneas
guardianofhischildrenanddependents.Apersonwhoistogiveeffecttoawilliscalledexecutor
(Wasiy).
1313.Ifapersonmakesawillthatsomethingfromhispropertywillbelongtosomeone,andifthat
personacceptsthewill,evenifhisacceptancetookplaceduringthelifetimeofthetestator,that
thingwillbecomehispropertyafterthedeathofthetestator,providingthethingislessthanone
thirdofthedeceased'sproperties.
1314.Whenapersonseessignsofapproachingdeathinhimself,heshouldimmediatelyreturnthe
thingsheldintrustbyhimtotheirowners,orshouldinformtheowners,actingaccordingtothe
detailsalreadymentionedinruleno.
1315.Andifheisindebtedtoothers,andthetimeforrepaymentofthedebthasmarured,andif
thecreditorsmakethedemand,heshouldrepaythedebt,immediately,evenifhehasnotthe
signsofdeath.Andifheisnotinapositiontorepaythedebt,orthetimeforitsrepaymenthasnot
yetmatured,orthecreditorhasnotyetdemanded,heshouldmakearrangementstoensurethat
hiscreditorwillbepaidafterhisdeath,like,bymakingawilltoinformthosewhoareunawareof
thedebtandthenappointwitnesstothewill.
1317.Ifapersonwhoseessignsofapproachingdeathinhimself,hasadebtofKhumsorZakat,or
hasotherliabilities,andifhecannotmakepaymentimmediately,heshouldmakeawilldirecting
payment,ifheownssomeproperty,orifheknowssomeonewillpayonhisbehalf.Thesamerule
appliesifhehasobligatoryA*ajjonhim.But,ifheiscapableofpayinghisreligiousdues
immediately,heshouldpayatonce,evenifheseesnosignsofimpendingdeath.
1318.Ifapersonwhofindssiginsofapproachingdeathinhimself,haslapsedQadaofsomeprayers
andfastsduetohim,heshouldmakearrangementstoensurethattheywillbeperformedonhis
behalfafterhisdeath.
1319.Theexecutor(Wasiy)shouldbesaneandtrustworthyinmattersrelatedtothetestator,and
asaprecaution,inmattersrelatedtoothersalso.
1320.Ifapersonretractsadirectiveinhiswill,forexample,ifhefirstsaysthat1/3ofhisproperty
shouldbegiventoaperson,andthensaysthatitshouldnotbegiventohim,thewillbecomes
void.Andifhechangeshiswill,forexample,ifheappointsanudministratorforhischildren,and
thenhimwithanotherperson,hisfirstwillbecomesvoid,andhissecondwillshouldbeactedupon.
1321.IfobligatoryA*ajjremainedunperformedbythedeadperson,ordebtsanddueslikeKhums,
ZakatandMazalim(wealthwronglyappropriated)whichwereopbligatorytopay,werenotpaid,
theyshouldbepaidfromthewholeestateofthedeceasedthoughhemaynothavedirectedinhis
willforthem.ButKaffarahandvowsincludingvowedA*ajj,shouldbepaidfromtheonethirdof
theestate,iftheyarecommandedinthewill.
1322.IftheestateofthedeceasedexceedshisdebtandexpensesforobligatoryA*ajj,and
obligatoryreligiousdueslikeKhums,ZakatandMazalim,andifhehasalsowilledthat1/3orapart
thereofofhispropertybeputtoaparticularuse,hiswillshouldbefollowed,andifhehasnot
madeawill,thenwhatremainsisthepropertyoftheheirs.

1323.Ifthedisposalspecifiedbythedeceasedexceeds1/3ofhisproperty,hiswillinrespectof
whatexceedsthe1/3ofhispropertywillbevalidonlyiftheheirsshowheirsagreement,bywords
orbyconduct.Theirtacitapprovalwillnotsuffice.Andeveniftheygivetheirconsentsometime
afterhisdeath,itisorder.Butifsomeheirspermitandothersdeclinetogiveconsent(tothewill
beingactedupon),thewillisvalidandbindingonlyinrespectofthesharesofthosewhohave
consented.
1324.IfapersonmakesawillthatKhumsandZakatandotherdebtsduetohimshouldbepaidout
of1/3ofhisproperty,andalsosomeonebehiredforperforminghisQadaprayersandfasts,and
alsoperformMustahabactslikefeedingthepoor,hisdrbtshouldbepaidfirstoutofthe1/3ofhis
property,andifthereisabalance,apersonshouldbehiredtoperformhisQada'prayersandfasts,
andifthereisstillaresidue,itshouldbespentontheMustahabactsspecifiedbyhim.If,however,
1/3ofhispropertyissufficientonlyforthepaymentofhisdebts,andhisheirs,too,donotpermit
thatanythingmorethanthe1/3ofhispropertyshouldbespent,hiswillinrespectofprayers,fasts,
andMustahabactsisvoid.
1325.Ifatestatorwillsthathisdebtshouldbepaid,andalsosomeoneshouldbehiredforthe
performanceofhisQada'prayersandfasts,andalsoMustahabactsshouldbeperformed,butdoes
notdirectthattheexpensesforthoseactsshouldbepaidfrom1/3ofhisestate,thenhisdebt
shouldbepaidfromhisestate,andifanythingremains,1/3ofitshouldbespentonprayersand
fastsandMustahabactsspecifiedbyhim.Andifthat1/3isnotsufficient,andifhisheirspermit,his
willshouldbeimplementedbypayingfromtheirshare,andiftheydonotpermit,theexpensesof
prayersandfastsshouldbepaidfromthe1/3ofhisestate,andifanythingremainsitshouldbe
spentontheMustahabactsspecifiedbyhim.
Inheritance
1326.Therearethreegroupsofpersonswhoinheritfromadeadperson,onthebasisof
relationship:
(i)Thefirstgroupconsistsofthedeadperson'sparentsandchildren,andintheabsenceof
children,thegrandchildren,howeverlow,andamongthemhoweverisnearertothedeadperson
inheritshisproperty.Andaslongasevenasinglepersonfromthisgroupispresent,people
belongingtothesecondgroupdonotinherit.
(ii)Thesecondgroupconsistsofgrandfather,grandmother,pothersandsisters;andintheabsence
ofsistersandpotherstheirchildern,whoeverfromamongthemisnearertothedeadperson,will
inheritfromhim.Andaslongasevenonepersonfromthisgroupispresent,peoplebelongingto
thethirdgroupdonotinherit.
(iii)Thethirdgroupconsistsofpaternalandunclespaternalauntsandmaternalunclesand
maternalaunts,andtheirdescendants.Andaslongasevenonepersonfromthepaternaluncles
andpaternalauntsandmaternalunclesandmaternalauntsofthedeadpersonispresent,their
childrendonotinherit.However,ifthepaternalstepuncleandthesonoftherealpaternaluncle
arepresent,thesonofthedeadpersonsrealpaternalunclewillinheritfromhimtotheexclusion
ofthepaternalstepuncle.Butifthereareseveralpaternalunclesandseveralpaternalcounsins,or
ifthewidowisalive,thenthisruleisnotwithoutIshkal.
1327.Ifthedeadperson'sownpaternaluncleandpaternalauntandmaternaluncleandmaternal
auntandtheirchildrenandtheirgrandchildrendonotexist,thepropertywillbeinheritedbythe
paternalunclesandpaternalauntsandmaternalauntsofdeadunclesandmaternalperson's
parents.Andifeventheydonotexist,thepropertywillbeinheritedbytheirdescendants.
1328.Husbandandwifeinheritfromeachotheraswillbeexplainedlater.
InheritanceoftheFirstGroup
1329.Ifoutofthefirstgroup,thereisonlyoneheirofthedeceased(forexample,fatherormother
oronlyonesonoronlyonedaughter)he/sheinheritstheentireestate,and,iftherearemorethan
onesonsordaughters,theestateisdividedamongtheminsuchaway,thateachsongetstwice
theshareofeachdaughter.
1330.Ifthefatherandthemotherofdeceasedarehisonlyheirs,theestateisdividedinto3parts,
outofwhich2partsaretakenbythefatherandonebythemother.If,thedeceasedhastwo
pothersorfoursisters,oronepotherandtwosisters,whoareMuslimsandfreeandarerelatedto
himfromthesideofthefather(i.e.thefatherofthesepersonsandofthedeceasedissame,
althoughthiermothersmaybedifferent),andnoneofthemisinitsmother'swomb,theeffectof
thetheirpresenceontheinheritanceisthat,althoughtheydonotinheritanythinginthepresence
ofthefatherandthemother,themothergets1/6oftheestate,andtherestisinheritedbythe
father.
1331.Ifonlythefather,themotherandonedaughteraretheheirsofdeceased,andhe(the
deceased)doesnothavetwopaternalpothers,orfourpaternalsisters,oronepaternalpotherand
twopaternalsisters,withtheconditionsalreadyexplained,theestatewillbedividedinto5parts,
outofwhichthefatherandthemothertakeoneshareeach,andtheremaining3sharesaretaken
bythedaughter.Andifthedeceasedhastwopaternalpothers,orfourpaternalsisternalsisters,or
onepaternalpotherandtwopaternalsisters,theestatewillbedividedinto30parts,ofwhichsix
shares(onefifth)areforthefather,fiveshares(onesixth)areforthemother,and18shares(three
fifth)willbeforthedaughter,andtherest(onethirtieth)whichisconsideredprobabletobefor
themother,as3/4ofitmaybethedaughter'sshareand1/4ofitmaybethefather'sshare,should
be,asanobligatoryprecaution,compromised,bytheheirs.

1332.Iftheheirsofthedeceasedarehisfather,mother,andonesononly,thepropertyisdivided
into6parts,fromwhichonepartistakenbythefatherandonebythemother,and4bytheson.
Andifthedeceasedhasseveralsonsorseveraldaughters,theydividethesaid4partsequally
amongthem.Ifhowever,hehasseveralsonsanddaughters,the4sharesaredividedamongthem
insuchamanner,thateachsongetsdoubletheshareofeachdaughter.
1333.Iftheheirsofdeceasedareonlyhisfatherormotherandoneorseveralsons,thepropertyis
dividedinto6parts,fromwhichonegoestothefahterormother,and5totheson.Ifthereare
morethanoneson,theydividethose5partsequallyamongthem.
1334.Ifthedeceasedissurvivedbythefatherorthemotherwithhissonsanddaughters,the
estatewillbedividedinto6parts.Onepartistakenbythefatherorthemother,andtheremaining
5partsaredividedamongthesonsanddaughters,insuchamannerthateachsongetsdoublethe
shareofeachdaughter.
1335.Ifthetheheirsofdeceasedareonlyhisfatherormotherandonedaughter,hisestate,willbe
dividedintofourparts.Outoftheseonepartistakenbythefatherorthemother,andtherest
goestothedaughter.
1336.Iftheheirsofdeceasedarehisfatherormotherandseveraldaughters,thepropertyis
dividedinto5parts.Onepartistakenbythefatherorthemother,andtheremaining4partsare
equallydividedamongthedaughters.
1337.Ifthedeceasedhasnochildren,thechildofhissongetsason'sshareevenifitbeadaughter,
andthechildofhisdaughtergetsadaughter'sshareevenifitbeason.
InheritanceoftheSecondGroup
1338.Thesecondgroupofpersons,whichinheritonthebasisofrelationship,consistsof
grandfather,grandmother,pothersandsistersand,ifthedeadpersondoesnothavepothersand
sisters,theirchildreninherittheestate.
1339.Ifthehirsofdeceasedisonlyonepother,oronlyonesister,heorsheinheritstheentire
estate,andifhehasseveralrealpothersalongorseveralrealsistersalong,theydividetheproeprty
equallyamongthemselves.If,however,hehasseveralrealpothersandsomerealsisterstogether,
everypothergetsdoubletheshareofasister.
1340.Ifadeceasedhasrealpothersandrealsisters,hishalfpothersandsisters(whosemotheris
thestepmotherofthedeceased)donotinherithisproperty.Andifhehasnorealpothersorreal
sisters,andhasonlyonehalfpotheroronlyonehalfsister,(bothfromfather'sside)theentire
estatewillbeinheritedbyhimorher.Andifhehasseveralpaternalhalfpothersalone,orseveral
paternalhalfsistersalone,theestatewillbedividedamongthemequally.And,ifhehaspaternal
halfpotherstogetherwithpaternalhalfsisters,everypothergetsdoubletheshareofeverysister.
1341.Iftheonlyheirofdeceasedisonematernalhalfsister,oronematernalhalfpother,their
fatherbeingdifferentfromthedeceasedfather,sheorhegetstheentireestate.Andifhehas
severalmaternalpothersalone,orseveralmaternalsistersalone,orbothofthemtogether,the
estateisdividedequallyamongthem.
InheritanceoftheThirdGroup
1342.Thethirdgroupofheirsconsistsofpaternaluncle,paternalaunt,maternaluncle,maternal
auntandtheirchildren.Asmentionedabove,thepersonsconstitutingthisgroupinheritwhen
noneofthepersonsbelongingtothefirsttwocategoriesispresent.
1343.Iftheonlyheirofdeceasedisonepaternaluncleoraunt(whetherheorshebethereal,
paternalormaternalpotherorsisterofhisfather),heorsheinheritstheentireestate.Andifthere
aresomepaternalunclesalone,orauntsaloneofthedeceased,andtheyareallrealorpaternal
pothersorsistersofhisfather,theestatewillbedividedequallyamongthem.Andifthesurvivors
areseveralpaternalunclestogetherwiththeauntsofthedeceasedandallofthemaretherealor
thepaternalpothersandsistersofhisfather,thenthepaternalunclewillgettwicetheshareofthe
paternalaunt.
1344.Iftheheirofadeceasedisonlymaternaluncleoronlyonematernalaunt,heorsheinherits
theentireestate.Andifhehasmaternaluncle(s)togetherwithmaternalaunt(s)(whethertheybe
thefull,orthepaternal,orthematernalhalfpothersandsistersofhismother),theestateshould
bedividedgivingtheuncletwicetheshareoftheaunt.Andsincethereisaprobabilitythatthey
shouldinheritequally,observingprecautionshouldnotbeignoredinthatrespect.
InheritancebytheHusbandandtheWife
1345.Ifawomandieswithoutanychildren,1/2ofherpropertyisinheritedbyherhusband,and
theremaining1/2isgiventoherotherheirs.If,shehaschildrenfromthatoranotherhusband,her
husbandwillget1/4oftheestate,andtheremainingpartwillbeinheritedbyherotherheirs.
1346.Ifamandieschildless,1/4ofhisestatewillgotohiswife,andtheremainingpartwillbe
giventohisotherheirs.Andifthemanhaschildrenfromthatoranotherwife,thewifegets1/8of
theestate,andtheremainingpartwillbeinheritedbyhisotherheirs.Awifedoesnotinherit
anythingfromthelandofahouseoragardenorafarm,orfromanyotherland,nordoesshe
inheritfromtheproceedsofsuchlands.Shedoesnotalsoinheritfromthatwhichstandsonthat
land,likethehouseandthetreesinit,butsheinheritsfromtheirproceeds.Thesameruleapplies
tothetreesandcropsandbuildingsstandingonthelandofagarden,andonagriculturalland,or
onanyotherlands.Butthefruitswhichareonthetrees,atthetimeofthehusband'sdeath,willbe
inheritedintheiroriginalfrom.
1347.Ifthewifewishestohaveanyrightofdiscretionoverthingsfromwhichshedoesnotinherit
(forexample,thelandofaresidentialhouse)sheshouldobtainthepermissionofotherheirstodo
so.Also,itisnotpermissibleforotherheirstohaveanyrightofdisposal,withoutthepermissionof
thewife,overthosethingsfromtheproceedsofwhichsheinherits(forexample,thevalueofthe
buildingsandtrees).
1348.Ifonewishestoevaluatethebuildingsandthetreesandothersimilarthings,itshouldbe
calculatedasassessorsusuallydo,thatis,byestimatingitsvalueastheystand,andnotasobjects
uprootedorextirpatedfromtheland.Also,theyshouldnotbevaluedasunrentedproperty
remainingontheland,tilltheyaredestroyedortilltheyperish.
1349.Thedresswhichahusbandgivestohiswifetowear,istobetreatedasapartofhisestate
afterhisdeath,evenifthewifemayhavewornit,exceptwhenthehusbandgivesthemin
possessionofthewife,andthewifecandemandtotaketheminherpossessionasher
maintenance.
MiscellanousRulesofInheritance
1350.TheHolyQur'an,theringandswordofthedeceased,andtheclotheswornbyhim,belongto
theeldestson.Andifofthefirstthreethings,thedeceasedhasleftmorethanoneforexample,if
hehaslefttwocopiesoftheQur'an,ortworings,theobligatoryprecautionisthathiseldestson
shouldmakeacompromisewiththeotherheirsinrespectofthosethings.Thebookrackofthe
HolyQur'an,thegun,thedaggerandothersuchweaponsandthesheathofaswordandthecase
ofQur'anmayalsobeincludedintheabovelist,but,asanobligatoryprecaution,theeldestson
maycompromisewithotherheirsinthatregardtoo.
1351.Ifapersonkillsoneofhisrelativesintentionallyandunjustly,hedoesnotinheritfromhim.
But,ifitwasjust,likeaslegalpunishmentorasadefenceandalsoifitwasduetosomeerror,for
example,ifhethrewastoneintheairandbychance,ithitoneofhisrelativesandkilledhim,he
inheritsfromhim.Nevertheless,itisamatterofIshkalforhimtoinheritfromtheDiyah(blood
money)forakilling.Alsointentionallikekilling(i.e.akillingwhichoccurswithoutanintentionof
killing,withanactwhichdoesnotusuallyresultindeath)willnotstopinheriting.
1352.Wheneveritisproposedtodividetheinheritance,ashareshouldbesetasidefor(a)child
(ren)whois(are)inits(their)mother'swombwho,wouldinheritifit(they)is(are)bornalive,and
ifitisknownthatthereisoneormoreboy(s)orgirl(s)inthewomb,evenbyascientificdevice,and
theremainingpartsshouldbedividedamongtheothersheirs.Butifthisisnotknown,thenifthe
childreninthewombareexpectedtobemorethanone,forexample,ifthewomanisexpectedto
givebirthtotwinsortriplets,thiersharesshouldbesetasideforthem.Andif,contraryto
exceptation,oneboyoronegirlwasborn,thenotherheirsshoulddividethesurplusamong
themselves.

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