ASSIGNMENT NO-12

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS,

SUITABILITY, SELECTION AND ECONOMICS

BY GROUP- J
ASHISH KURVE
AKASH BAJARE
SARANG GOGTE
BHUSHAN KAMBALE

The equipment listed in Road and Highways consists mostly of equipment that is
specifically used in the final stages of construction or in the maintenance of roads and
highways. Many of the equipment models listed in earthmoving and mining are also used in
road and highway construction. Examples of this are the scrapers, dozers, and loaders.
Excavators are also commonly used in road and highway construction and are listed in the
excavation and trenching section of this website.
The construction of road and highways basically consists of 3 phases, rough grading (or
earthmoving), fine grading (which includes sub-grade preparation), and surfacing, which can
include gravel, concrete, asphalt, or any combination of the three. Compaction is also a major
element of all road and highway construction. Sufficient compaction of basic fill, gravels, and
asphalt will ensure maximum life of the road structure. Operators must be capable of
performing their work in a manner that will provide for maximum compaction. Operators who
are involved in fine grading operations must be able to grade surfaces to very fine tolerances,
requiring great skill as an operator.
This often includes changing the moisture level in the material being compacted. Machines
may work to add moisture (water trucks and graders) or to reduce moisture levels (discs,
mixers, graders, etc.). Paving using concrete or asphalt has evolved significantly over the years,
and todays machines can produce large quantities of paved surfaces in record time.

Air-track
Drill
A drilling machine for quarry or opencast blasting, equipped with tracks and operated by
independent air motors.

Chip
Spreader
A chip spreader lays down the aggregate on top of a bituminous binder which is then rolled
by a compactor.

Cold
Planers
A cold planer (also known as a pavement planer, pavement recycler, mill or asphalt milling
machine) is a machine used to remove bituminous pavement or asphalt concrete from
roadways, resulting in a somewhat rough, even surface that can be immediately opened to
traffic. This is accomplished by bringing a rotating head into contact with the pavement at an
exact depth or slope. The head, bites and tears away at the roadway surface. The surface
material that is removed is fed by conveyor into a dump truck or can be left in place to be
removed at a later date or recycled.

Compactors

Vibratory Steel Drum compactor

Vibratory roller compactor is used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and foundations. It is widely used to compress the surface being rolled
to ensure a smooth, even surface. Vibratory rollers are widely used for compacting asphalt
pavements because they achieve the required densities faster.

Pneumatic tired roller

Pneumatic tire compactors are used on small to medium size compaction jobs, primarily on
bladed, granular base materials. Pneumatics are not suited for high production, thick lift
embankment compaction projects.
One advantage that pneumatic compactors have is that there is little bridging effect between
the tires. Therefore, they seek out soft spots which may exist in the fill. For this reason, they
are sometimes referred to as proof rollers.
Another advantage is that pneumatic rollers can be used on both soil and asphalt so a road
building contractor can save by having one compactor for both stages of construction base
and asphalt.

Padded Drum Compactor

Padded drum compactors are usually applied to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in
the construction of roads and foundations. The pads are involuted to walk out of the lift
without fluffing the soil and tapered to help clean themselves.

Concrete
Plant
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant, is a plant that combines various ingredients to
form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water, aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.), fly
ash, potash, and cement. There are two types of concrete plants: ready mix plants and central
mix plants. A concrete plant can have a variety of parts and accessories, including but not
limited to: mixers (either tilt-up or horizontal or in some cases both), cement batchers,
aggregate batchers, conveyors, radial stackers, aggregate bins, cement bins, heaters, chillers,
cement silos, batch plant controls, and dust collectors (to minimize environmental pollution).
The center of concrete batching plant is the mixer. There are three types of mixer, tilt, pan,
and twin shaft mixer. The twin shaft mixer can ensure even mixture of concrete and large
output, while the tilt mixer offers a consistent mix with much less maintenance labor and
cost.

Photo: ELKON

Curb
Machine
A curb machine takes concrete and creates a continuous curb and gutter.

Crushing
Machines
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust.
Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can
be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials
(as in rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated.

Impact
Impact crushers involve the use of impact rather than pressure to crush material. The material
is contained within a cage, with openings of the desired size to allow pulverized material to
escape. This type of crusher is usually used with soft and non-abrasive material such as coal,
seeds, limestone, gypsum or soft metallic ores. There are two types of impact crushers:
horizontal shaft impactor and vertical shaft impactor.

Cone
A cone crusher breaks rock by squeezing the rock between an eccentrically gyrating spindle
which is covered by a wear resistant mantle. As rock enters the top, it becomes wedged and
squeezed between the mantle and the bowl. Large pieces are broken once, and then fall to a
lower position where they are broken again. This process continues until the pieces are small
enough to fall through the narrow opening at the bottom of the crusher. A cone crusher is
suitable for crushing a variety of mid-hard and above mid-hard ores and rocks.

Jaw
A jaw or toggle crusher consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw being fixed and the other
being moved back and forth relative to it by a cam or pitman mechanism. The jaws are farther
apart at the top than at the bottom, forming a tapered chute so that the material is crushed
progressively smaller and smaller as it travels downward until it is small enough to escape
from the bottom opening. The movement of the jaw can be quite small, since complete
crushing is not performed in one stroke. The inertia required to crush the material is provided
by a weighted flywheel that moves a shaft creating an eccentric motion that causes the
closing of the gap.

Motor
Grader
A grader is a machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface. Graders are commonly
used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads. In the construction of
paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for the
asphalt to be placed on.

Oil
Distributor
Asphalt distributors are used to apply prime or tack coats on a surface in preparation for
paving. They are available in either truck mounted or trailer models and are considered the
most important piece of equipment on any asphalt surface treatment project. It consists of an
insulated tank with a heating system, a spray bar and unique control system.
Application of a prime or tack coat by the distributor is an exact science that requires
sophisticated equipment to ensure it produces a uniform spray.

Paver
A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is a machine used to lay asphalt on
roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck which brings hot asphalt.

Paving
Plant
An asphalt plant is used for the manufacture of asphalt, macadam and other forms of coated
road stone, sometimes known as blacktop.

Redi-mix
truck
A cement mixer is a machine that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate (such as sand
or gravel), and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix
the components.

Road
Reclaimers,
Mixers
Road reclaimers pulverize the asphalt layer and mix it with the underlying base to stabilize
deteriorated roadways. The reclaimers can add asphalt emulsions or other binding agents
during pulverization or during a separate mix pass.

Rollers
Combination
Combination compactors are used for the compaction of asphalt base and sub-base courses
for medium and large road construction and road maintenance. Some compact rollers also use
a vibratory system on the front drum for density requirements and four pneumatic tires in the
rear to provide impermeability and smoothness of the material. Compacted material
manipulated by the four pneumatic tires helps in improving surface texture and reduce water
intrusion.

Photo: Dynapac AB

Padfoot
One advantage of the padfoot is when the pad penetrates the top of the lift it breaks the
natural bonds between the particles of cohesive soil and better compaction results.

Pull
-Type
Sheepsfoot
Pulled behind a machine, a sheepsfoot roller has almost hoof like structures protruding from a
roller to offer pinpoint pressure as in a herd of sheep was walking across the field.

Steel
Drum
Today, vibratory compactors operated in the static mode are also used for finish rolling. In
addition to their own weight, some steel wheel rollers can be ballasted with either sand or
water to increase their weight.

Pneumatic
The pneumatic tire roller is a self-propelled compaction device that uses pneumatic tires to
compact the underlying surface. Pneumatic tire rollers employ a set of smooth (no tread) tires
on each axle; typically four on one axle and five on the other. The tires on the front axle are
aligned with the gaps between tires on the rear axel to give complete and uniform compaction
coverage over the width of the roller.
Advantages of a pneumatic compactor is they provide a more uniform degree of compaction
than steel wheel rollers. They provide a tighter, denser surface thus decreasing permeability
of the layer. They provide increased density that many times cannot be obtained with steel
wheeled rollers.

Photo: Dynapac AB

Sander
Truck
A truck used in winter to disperse sand onto icy roads.

Snow
Plows
A snowplow is a device intended for mounting on a vehicle which is used for removing snow
and ice from outdoor surfaces, typically those serving transportation purposes. A snowplow
works by using a blade to push snow to the side or straight ahead, clearing it from a surface.

Sweeper
Modern street sweepers are equipped with water tanks and sprayers used to loosen particles
and reduce dust. The brooms gather debris into a main collection area from which it is
vacuumed and pumped into a collection bin or hopper.

Photo: Schwarze Industries Inc.

A regenerative air street sweeper uses forced air to create a swirling effect inside a contained
sweeping head and then uses the negative pressure on the suction side to place the road debris
inside a hopper. Debris is removed from the air by centrifugal separation and reused, keeping
particulate matter inside the hopper.

Photo: Elgin Sweeper Company

Water

Truck
(Highway type)
Water trucks are also in the construction industry which uses them for compaction and dust
control.

Water
Wagon
(Converted Scraper)
Water wagons, usually converted scrapers, are an economical way to bring water.