Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
007
Compiled by Taronyu (Richard Littauer)
www.LearnNavi.org
This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
the film Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Frommer. Thanks
are certainly to be given to the following people for their monumental efforts: Dr. Frommer,
Karyu Amawey, all the people in the change log, and everyone on IRC, Skype, and the Learn
Na’vi site.
Where appropriate, extra notes have been included for the entries below. Compound non-
inflected words and loan words from English have been noted.The traditional Na’vi transcrip-
tion in use by Frommer has been maintained throughout: the IPA transcription is given as
well. Some lenited words have been included if in the official corpus. Some inflected words
are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly useful. I have on several occasions
derived non-attested words: these are marked by a *, and are marked as root forms. Note that
adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition." indicates where Frommer
has given us stress information for polysyllabic words: the following syllable is stressed. Plain
text indicates grammatical categorisation: parentheses indicate further notes. <x> represents
an infix, where t<pre-first><1>ar<2>on are the positions: I have included periods in the IPA
to mark where infixes are to be placed, as in t.ar.on - this is not standard IPA, but I deem it
useful. Proper nouns have been capitalised. Knowledge of lenition processes, including vowel
reduction and ellision, will be assumed. Note also that allomorphs, where specified, are subject
only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful
appendices that hold further information.
Abbreviations:
An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorised by Parts of Speech are provi-
ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Dutch, Ger-
man, Russian, Português, Hungarian, Estonian, and Polish.
1
Sources
I have sourced every word as best as I could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the
IPA transcription, and tells where I, or the source from which I received a word, initially got
their word from Frommer. In early March, Frommer sent us a list of words which he had: these
are the definitive source now, and not the ASG. Some words are not present in this list, and so,
in order of validity, from most to least:
• PF = Frommer’s Canon (Including approved entries by: JC, Prr and RL)
• F = Frommer himself
• M = The Movie
• S = The Survival Guide main text (flora, songs, and vocab list)
• G = the Avatar Games
• C = Cameron himself (not legalised by Frommer)
• T = Taronyu
• D = Words not derived by Taronyu
• ASG = The Survival Guide main text (flora, songs, and vocab list)
The Activists Survival Guide contains a list of words, with some errors. Words not in
this list but still within the Guide are all illegal phonetically, and are to be regarded as non-
canonical. I have attached the φ character to each such word, and put them in their own sec-
tion in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly Frommerian, and are
thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words, which
Frommer then legalised. Frommer did not legalise some pronounciation errors made during
filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon regardless. Finally, Frommer has deigned some con-
structions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources, as
P RR and RL. These are to be treated as Frommerian, if included here, although not if they are
attached to words whose part of speech is root, as those have been derived.
I have edited this dictionary too many times not to assume that it will have errors. Please,
if you note any, let me know here, and I will change them. As for version number, I’ll change
the first digit when there is a big change. I’ll update .0x0 when I make a significant, but not
large change. Finally, I’ll edit the .00x number when I’ve made tiny edits. Refer to the Change
Log for explanation.
Many, many thanks are to be given to Tuiq, who took the time and had the skill to put this
dictionary into an online database, to help other translators and make the process of changing
this dictionary much easier.
2
P
–a–: [a] F adjectival attributive marker au: ["au] JC n. drum (made of skin)
a: [a] P F pn. which, that aungia: [a"uNia] P F n. sign, omen
alaksi: [a"laksi] P F adj. ready awnga: [aw"Na] F pn. we derived from ayoeng
alìm: [a"lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance we
apxa: [a"p’a] P F adj. large ayfo: [aj"fo] or ["ajfo] or [fo]] P F pn. they
asim: [a"sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (c.w. aylaru: [aj"laRu] P F pn. to the others (contraction
from sim near, be near) of ay+lahe–ru)
atan: [a"tan] JC n. light aynga: [aj"Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.)
atokirina’: [atoki"RinaP^] JC n. seeds of the great ayoe: [aj"oE] P F pn. we (exclusive)
tree (c.w. from rina’ seed) ayoeng: [aj"wEN] P F pn. we (inclusi-
atxkxe: [at’"k’E] P F n. land ve)(ayoenga– base for suffixes)
3
ean: ["Ean] P F adj. blue, green eo–: ["Eo] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
ekxan: [e"k’an] P F n. barricade, obstruction etrìp: ["EtRIp^] P F adj. favourable, favorable,
eltu: ["Eltu] P F n. brain auspicious
eltu lefngap: ["Eltu le"fNap^] P rr n. computer eyawr: [Ej"awR] P F adj. correct, right
eltu si: ["Eltu s.i] P F v. pay attention, quit goofing eyk: [.Ejk^] JC,P F v. lead
off eyktan: ["Ejktan] JC n. leader
emza’u: [Em"z.aP.u] P F v. pass (a test), overcome Eywa ngahu: ["Ejwa "Nahu] JC,P F intj. goodbye,
(c.w. from em over and za’u come) Eywa (be) with you
4
ftia: [ft.i."a] P F v. study futa: ["futa] P F conj. that (subordinate clause
ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction) marker) (c.w. from fì’u-t this (accusative) and
ftue: ["ftuE] P F adj. easy, simple a that)
ftxavang: ["ft’avaN] P F adj. passionate fwa: [fwa] P F conj. that (subordinate clause mar-
ker) (c.w. from fì’u this (nominative) and a
ftxey: [ft’.Ej] P F v. choose
relative clause marker)
ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu"ke] P F conj. whether....or
fwäkì: ["fwækI] P F n. mantis
not
fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
ftxì: [ft’I] P F n. tongue fwew: [fw.Ew] P F v. look for, seek, search
ftxozä: [ft’o"zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occasion fya’o: ["fjaPo] P F n. path, way, manner
fu: [fu] P F conj. or fyape: ["fjapE] P F inter. how allomorph of pe-
furia: ["fuRia] P F conj. that (subordinate clause fya
marker) (c.w. from fì’uri this (topical) and a fyawìntxu: [fjaw.In"t’.u] P F v. guide (c.w. from
relative clause marker) *fya path and wìntxu show)
ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case hì’i: ["hIPi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
hahaw: ["h.ah.aw] P F v. sleep hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hangham: ["h.aNh.am] P F v. laugh hìmtxampe: [hIm"t’ampE] P F inter. how much
hapxì: [ha"p’I] P F n. part allomorph of pìmtxan
hapxìtu: [ha"p’Itu] P F n. member (c.w. from hìmtxan: [hIm"t’an] P F n. amount
hapxì part) hol: [hol] P F adj. few
hasey: [ha"sEj] P F adj. done, finished holpxay: [hol"p’aj] P F n. number (c.w. from hol
hawl: [h.awl] P F v. prepare few and pxay many)
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance holpxaype: [hol"p’ajpE] P F inter. how many
hawnu: ["h.awn.u] P F v. protect, shelter (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hewne: ["hEwnE] P F adj. soft (of an object) hrrap: ["hrap^] P F n. danger
heyn: [h.Ejn] P F v. sit hu–: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment)
hiyìk: ["hijIk^] P F adj. funny, strange hufwa: [hu"fwa] P F conj. although
hì’ang: ["hIPaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i small hufwe: [hu"fwE] P F n. wind
and ioang animal) hum: [h.um] P F v. leave, depart
ìlä+: ["Ilæ] or [I"læ] P F adp. by, via, following ìley: [I"lej] P F intj. war cry
ka–: [ka] P F adp. across kame: ["k.am.E] P F v. see, see into, understand,
know (spiritual sense)
kakrel: [kak"REl] P F adj. blind (c.w. from rel
image, picture) kan: [k.an] P F v. aim
kangay: [ka"Naj] P F adj. valid
kalin: [ka"lin] P F adj. sweet
kanu: ["kanu] P F adj. smart, intelligent (for a per-
kaltxì: [kal"t’I] P F intj. hello son)
5
kar: [k.aR] P F v. teach keng: [kEN] P F adv. even
karyu: ["kaRju] P F n. teacher kenong: ["k.En.oN] P F v. model, represent, ex-
kato: ["kato] P F n. rhythm emplify (c.w. from ke not and nong follow
kavuk: [ka"vuk^] P F n. treachery after)
kavuk si: [ka"vuk^ s.i] P F v. betray (c.w. from kerusey: ["kERusEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke
kavuk treachery and si make) not and r<us>ey live (adj. infix))
kaw’it: [kaw"Pit^] P F adv. at all, not at all (see keteng: ["kEtEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke
ke...kaw’it not...at all) not and teng same, equal)
kawkrr: ["kawkr] P F adv. never (c.w. from krr ketuwong: ["kEtuwoN] P F n. alien
time) " kewong: ["kEwoN] P F adj. alien
kawng: [kawN] T adj. bad, evil key: [kEj] P F n. face
kawtu: ["kawtu] P F pn. no-one keye’ung: [kE"jEPuN] P F n. insanity
kä: [k.æ] P F v. go kifkey: [kif"fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
kä’ärìp: [kæ"P.æR.Ip^] P F v. push (c.w. from kä kilvan: [kil"van] P F n. river
go and ’ärìp move) kin: [k.in] P F v. need
kämakto: [kæ"m.akt.o] P F v. ride out (c.w. from kinam: [ki"nam] P F n. leg
kä go and makto ride) kinamtil: [ki"namtil] P F n. knee
käpxì: [kæ"p’I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w. kinä: ["kinæ] P F num. seven
from kä go and hapxì part) kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
käsatseng: [kæ"saţEN] P F adv. out there (c.w. kì’ong: [kI"PoN] P F adj. slow
from kä go and tseng place) kìm: [k.Im] P F v. spin
ke: [kE] P F adv. not kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread
ke–: [kE] T prefix no, not kìte’e: [kItE"PE] P F n. service
ke’aw: [kE"Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart, kìyevame: [kIjE"vam.E] P F intj. good-bye, see
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one) you again soon (c.w. from kame see and
ke’u: ["kEPu] P F pn., adv. nothing, nothing at all, <ìyev> future subjunctive infix)
not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing) kllfro’: [kl"fR.oP^] P F v. be responsible
kea: ["kEa] P F adj. no (before a noun) "
kllkä: [kl"k.æ] P F v. descend
keftxo: [kE"ft’o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset, kllkulat:" [kl"k.ul.at^] P F v. dig up
’How sad!’ kllkxem: [kl" "k’.Em] P F v. stand
kefyak: [kE"fjak^] P F part. isn’t it?, right? (c.w. kllpa: ["klpa]" P F n. bottom
from kefya not the way and srak question kllpxìltu:" [kl"p’Iltu] P F n. territory
marker) kllte: ["kltE] "P F n. ground
kehe: ["kEhE] P F adv. no klltseng:" ["klţEN] P F n. position (c.w. from kll
ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw"Pit^] P F phrase not...at all ground and " tseng place)
(c.w. from ke not and kaw’it at all) ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
kelfpomtokx: [kEl"fpomtok’] P F adj. unhealthy koak: ["koak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living things)
(c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health) kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also
kelku: ["kElku] P F n. home, house koren: [ko"REn] P F n. rule, guideline
kelku si: ["kElku s.i] P F v. live, dwell krr: [kr] P F n. time
keltsun: [kEl"ţun] P F adj. impossible (c.w. from " [kr"n.Ek’]
krrnekx: P F v. take/consume time (c.w.
ke not and tsun possible) from krr" time and nekx consume)
kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed krrpe: ["krpE] P F inter. when
kemlì’u: ["kEmlIPu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem "
kunsìp: ["kunsIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from
action and lì’u word) Eng. gunship)
kempe: ["kEmpE] P F inter. what (action) kurakx: [k.u"R.ak’] P F v. drive out
6
Kx
lahe: ["lahE] P F adj. other letam: [lE"tam] P F adj. sufficient (c.w. from tam
lam: [l.am] P F v. seem, appear suffice)
lapo: ["lapo] P F pn. other one (person or thing) letrr: [lE"tr] RL,P F adj. daily
" tr]
(c.w. from po he/she) letrrtrr: [lE"tr P F adj. ordinary
" "
laro: ["laRo] P F adj. clean letsranten: [lE"ţRantEn] P F adj. important (c.w.
latem: ["l.at.Em] P F v. change from tsranten matter)
latsi: [l.a"ţ.i] P F v. keep up with someone letsunslu: [lE"ţunslu] P F adj. possible (c.w.
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain from tsun be able and slu become)
le–: [lE] F adjective deriving affix lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid
lew si: [lEw s.i] P F v. cover (c.w. from lew cover)
lefngap: [lE"fNap^] P F adj. metallic
lì’fya: ["lIPfja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u
lefpom: [lE"fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joyous
word and *fya way)
(not for people)
lì’u: ["lIPu] P F n. word
lefpomtokx: [lEfpom"tok’] P F adj. healthy (c.w.
lì’upe: [lI"PupE] P F inter. what (word, utterance)
from fpomtokx health)
allomorph of pelì’u
lehawng: [lE"hawN] P F adj. excessive (c.w. from
lìm: [l.Im] P F v. far, be far
hawng overabundance)
lok: [l.ok^] P F v. approach
lek: [l.Ek^] P F v. heed, obey lok–: [lok^] P F adp. close to
lekin: [lE"kin] P F adj. necessary (c.w. from kin lonu: [l.o"n.u] P F v. release, let go
need) lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
lekye’ung: [lEk"jEPuN] P F adj. insane, crazy (non-human)
lemweypey: [lEm"wEjpEj] P F adj. patient (c.w. lrrtok: ["lrtok^] P F n. smile
from maweypey be patient) lrrtok si: "["lrtok s.i] M v. smile
len: [l.En] P F v. happen, occur lu: [l.u] P F "v. be, am, is, are (predicative copula,
lena’vi: [lE"naPvi] F adj. having to do with the existential verb)
Na’vi, the people luke–: ["lukE] P F adp. without
lerìk: [lE"RIk] P F adj. leafy lumpe: ["lumpE] P F inter. why allomorph of
lertu: ["lERtu] P F n. colleague pelun
lesar: [le"saR] F adj. useful lun: [lun] P F n. reason
7
M
na–: [na] P F adp. like, as nitram: [nit"Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
na’rìng: ["naPRIN] P F n. forest nì–: [nI] F adverbial deriving affix
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en- nì’aw: [nI"Paw] P F adv. only
couragement nì’awtu: [nIP"awtu] P F adv. alone (as one person)
nari: ["naRi] P F n. eye nì’awve: [nIP"awvE] P F adv. first
nari si: ["naRi s.i] P F v. watch out, be careful
nì’eoio: [nI"PEoio] P F adv. ceremoniously
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
nì’eyng: [nI"PejN] P F adv. back, in response, in
nawmtu: ["nawmtu] P F n. great person (c.w.
answer (c.w. from ’eyng answer)
from nawm great)
nì’it: [nI"Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-
näk: [n.æk^] P F v. drink
stract) (c.w. from ’it bit, a small amount)
ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
nì’ul: [nIPul] P F adv. more
ne’ìm: [nE"PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
nefä: [ne"fæ] P F adv. up (direction) nìawnomum: [nIaw"nomum] P F adv. as you
know, as is known (c.w. from <awn> passi-
nekll: [nE"kl] P F adv. down (direction)
" ve particple infix and omum know)
ne kllte: [nE "kltE] P F intj. get down (c.w. from
ne to and kllte" the ground) nìayoeng: [naj"wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
nekx: [n.Ek’] P F v. burn, consume nìftue: [nI"ftuE] P F adv. easily
nemfa–: ["nEmfa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w. from nìftxavang: [nI"ft’avaN] P F adv. passionately,
ne towards and mì in) with all heart
neto: [nE"to] P F adv. away (direction) derived nìfya’o: [nI"fjaPo] P F adv. in a manner
from ne to and *to away nìhawng: [nI"hawN] P F adv. too, excessively
new: [n.Ew] P F v. want (c.w. from hawng overabundance)
niä: [n.i."æ] P F v. grab nìkanu: [nI"kanu] P F adv. intelligently, in a
nikre: ["nikRE] P F n. hair smart way (c.w. from kanu smart)
8
nìkeftxo: [nIkE"ftx’o] P F adv. unfortunately, nìtam: [nI"tam] P F adv. enough (after an adjecti-
sadly (c.w. from keftxo unhappy) ve)
nìlaw: [nI"law] P F adv. clearly (c.w. from law nìteng: [nI"tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewise
clear) (c.w. from teng same, equal)
nìlkeftang: [nIlkE"ftaN] P F adv. continuously, nìtut: [nI"tut^] P F adv. continually
incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
nìtxan: [nI"t’an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
without and ftang stop)
(c.w. from txan much)
nìltsan: [nIl"ţan] P F adv. well
nìmun: [nI"mun] P F adv. again nìwin: [nI"win] P F adv. fast
nìmweypey: [nIm"wEjpEj] P F adv. patiently nìwotx: [nI"wot’] P F adv. all (of), in toto, comple-
(c.w. from maweypey be patient) tely
nìn: [n.In] P F v. look at nìzawnong: [nI"zawnoN] P F adv. safely (c.w.
nìna’vi: [nI"naPvi] F adv. like the Na’vi, Na’vi-ly from <awn> passive particple infix and
nìngay: [nI"Naj] P F adv. truly zong safe)
nìpxi: [nI"p’i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un- nong: [n.oN] P F v. follow, proceed after
ambiguously (c.w. from pxi sharp) nulkrr: [nul"kr] P F adv. longer (time)
nìpxim: [nI"p’im] P F adv. erectly, rightly "
nulnew: [nul"n.Ew] P F v. prefer
nìrangal: [nI"RaNal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
fact) nume: ["n.um.E] P F v. learn
nìsti: [nI"sti] P F adv. angrily (c.w. from sti an- numeyu: ["numEju] P F n. student (c.w. from
gry) nume learn)
nìswey: [nI"swEJ] P F adv. optimally, best (c.w. numtseng: ["numţEN] P F n. school (c.w. from
from swey best) nume learn and tseng place)
Ng
nga: [Na] P F pn. you ngenga: [NE"Na] P F pn. you (honorific (honouri-
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm fic) form)
ngian: [Ni"an] P F adv. however
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true
ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngaytxoa: [Naj"t’oa] P F intj. sorry, my apologi- ngop: [N.op^] P F v. create
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w. ngrr: [ngr] P F n. root
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness) nguway:"["Nuwaj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (c.w.
ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach from way song)
9
pa’o: ["paPo] P F n. side pelun: [pE"lun] P F inter. why allomorph of
pak: [pak^] P F part. for disparagement lumpe
pam: [pam] P F n. sound peng: [p.EN] P F v. tell
pamrel: [pam"REl] P F n. writing peseng: [pE"sEN] P F inter. where allomorph of
pamrel si: [pam"REl s.i] P F v. write tsengpe
pamtseo: ["pamţEo] P F n. music (c.w. from pesu: [pE"su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe
pam sound and tseo art) peu: [pE"u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of
pate: ["p.at.E] P F v. get to a place, arrive ’upe
pawm: [p.awm] P F v. ask
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
pey: [p.Ej] P F v. wait, wait for
payfya: ["pajfja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fya’o way) piak: [pi"ak^] P F adj. open
payoang: [paj"oaN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay piak si: [pi"ak^ s.i] P F v. open
water and ioang animal) pizayu: ["pizaju] P F n. ancestor
pähem: ["p.æh.Em] P F v. arrive pìmtxan: [pIm"t’an] P F inter. how much allo-
pängkxo: [p.æN"k’.o] P F v. chat, converse, have a morph of hìmtxampe
conversation plltxe: [p.l"t’.E] P F v. speak
"
pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN"k’oju lEko"rEn] P F po: [po] P F pn. he, she
n. lawyer poan: [po"an] P F pn. he
pänutìng: ["pænut.IN] P F v. promise (a thing to poe: [po"E] P F pn. she
someone) (c.w. from tìng give) polpxay: [pol"p’aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
pätsì: ["pæţI] P F n. badge from holpxay number and pe how)
pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker pom: [p.om] P F v. kiss
pe’un: ["p.EP.un] P F v. decide
pongu: ["poNu] P F n. group of people, party (c.w.
pefnel: [pE"fnEl] P F inter. which kind allomorph
from po he/she)
of fnepe
prrnen: ["prnEn] P F n. infant, baby
pefya: [pE"fja] P F inter. how allomorph of fy- "
ape prrnesyul: ["prnEsjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from prr-
nen baby and " syulang flower)
pehem: [pE"hEm] P F inter. what (action) allo-
morph of kempe prrte’: ["prtEP^] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
pehrr: [pE"hr] P F inter. when allomorph of krr-
pe " prrwll: ["prwl] P rr n. moss
" "
pelì’u: [pE"lIPu] P F inter. what (word, utterance) puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
allomorph of lì’upe pukap: ["pukap^] P F num. six
Px
10
ay future marker) pxor: [p’.oR] P F v. explode
pxiye’rìn: [p’i"jEPIn] P F adv. immediately (not as
pxun: [p’un] P F n. arm
soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon)
pxìm: [p’Im] P F adv. often pxuntil: ["p’until] P F n. elbow
11
skxom: [sk’om] P F n. chance, opportunity sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but sre’: [sREP] P F n. tooth
sleyku: [slEj"k.u] P F v. produce (c.w. from slu srese’a: [sREs.E"P.a] P F v. prophetize, prophesi-
become and <eyk> causative infix) ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’a
slu: [sl.u] P F v. become see)D
sngap: [sN.ap^] P F v. sting srew: [sR.Ew] P F v. dance
sngä’i: ["sN.æP.i] P F v. begin, start (intransitive) srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance
sngä’ikrr: ["sNæPikr] P F n. beginning, starting srung si: [sRuN s.i] M v. help
"
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time) stawm: [st.awm] P F v. hear
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish stä’nì: ["st.æPn.I] P F v. catch
sngeltseng: ["sNElţEN] P F n. rubbish place, gar- steftxaw: [st.E"ft’.aw] P F v. examine, check
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and steyki: [stEj"k.i] P F v. anger, make someone angry
tseng place) (c.w. from sti anger and <eyk> causative in-
snumìna: ["snumIna] P F adj. dim (of a person) fix)
soaia: [so"aia] P F n. family sti: [st.i] P F v. angry, be angry
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent sto: [st.o] P F v. refuse (to do something)
som: [som] P F adj. hot stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
sop: [s.op^] P F v. travel stxong: [st’oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
spaw: [sp.aw] P F v. believe nown
spä: ["sp.æ] P F v. jump sung: [s.uN] P F v. add
spe’e: [sp.E"P.E] P F v. capture sutx: [s.ut’] P F v. track, follow, lock up
spe’etu: [spE"PEtu] P F n. captive (c.w. from swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment
spe’e capture and tu person) swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
speng: [sp.EN] P F v. restore swirä: [swi"Ræ] P F n. creature
spule: ["sp.ul.E] P F v. propel swizaw: [swi"zaw] P F n. arrow
spuwin: ["spuwin] P F adj. old (not for people), swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
former swotu: ["swotu] P F n. sacred place
spxam: [sp’am] P F n. mushroom, fungus syaw: [s.jaw] P F v. call
spxin: [sp’in] P F adj. sick syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes syä’ä: ["sjæPæ] P F adj. bitter
or no questions syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
sran: [sRan] P F adv., intj. yes (colloquial) syep: [sj.Ep^] P F v. trap
srane: ["sRanE] P F adv., intj. yes syulang: [sjulaN] P F n. flower
sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful syuve: ["sjuvE] P F n. food
ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (various uses) tam tam: [tam tam] M,T intj. calm, be content,
ta’em: [ta"PEm] P F adv. from above there there
ta’leng: ["taPlEN] P F n. skin tangek: ["taNEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree)
tafkip–: [ta"fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w. tanhì: [tan"hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle
from ta from and fkip– up among)
taron: ["t.aR.on] P F v. hunt
tafral: [ta"fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
taronyu: ["taRonju] P F n. hunter (c.w. from ta-
takip: [ta"kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
ta from and kip– among)
takuk: ["t.ak.uk^] P F v. strike tatep: ["t.at.Ep^] P F v. lose
talun(a): [ta"lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the tatlam: [tat"lam] P F adv. apparently (c.w. from
reason lam seem)
tam: [t.am] P F v., intj. suffice, do", OK taw: [taw] P F n. sky
12
taweyk(a): [ta"wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based tì’eyng: [tI"PEjN] P F n. answer, response derived
on the cause from ’eyng answer
tawng: [t.awN] P F v. duck, dive tì’i’avay: [tI"PiPavaj] P F adv. until the end (c.w.
tawsìp: ["tawsIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from from ’i’a end and vay until)
Eng. ship) tì’i’avay krrä: [tI"PiPavaj "kræ] P F phrase fore-
täftxu: [t.æ"ft’.u] P F v. weave "
ver, until the end of time (c.w. from tì’i’avay
täftxuyu: [tæ"ft’uju] P F n. weaver (c.w. from until the end and krr time)
täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix) tìfmetok: [tI"fmEtok^] P F n. test
tätxaw: [t.æ"t’.aw] P F v. return (intransitive) tìfnu: [tI"fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (c.w. from fnu
te: [tE(P)] JC part. used in full names quiet)
tei: [tEi] G n. plain tìftang: [tI"ftaN] P F n. stopping derived from
tel: [t.El] P F v. receive ftang stop
telem: [tE"lEm] P F n. cord tìftxey: [tI"ft’ej] P F n. choice (c.w. from ftxey
tem: [t.Em] P F v. shoot (intransitive) choose)
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal tìfyawìntxu: [tIfjawIn"t’u] P F n. guidance
tengfya: ["tENfja] P F conj. as, same way as (c.w. tìhawl: [tI"hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (c.w.
from teng same, equal and fya’o path) from hawl prepare)
tengkrr: [tEN"kr] P F conj. while, same time as tìhawnu: [tI"hawnu] P F n. protection
(c.w. from teng " same, equal and krr time) tìkan: [tI"kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
teri–: [tE"RI] P F adp. about, concerning (c.w. from kan aim)
terkup: ["t.ERk.up^] P F v. die tìkangkem: [tI"kaNkEm] P F n. work
teswotìng: [tE"swot.IN] P F v. grant (c.w. from tìkangkem si: [tI"kaNkEm s.i] P F v. work
tìng give) tìkanu: [tI"kanu] P F n. intelligence (c.w. from
tete: ["tEtE] P F adj. dull (as a blade) kanu smart)
tewti: ["tEwti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri- tìkawng: [tI"kawN] P F n. evil
se and pleasure tìkenong: [tI"kEnoN] P F n. example (c.w. from
teya: [tE"ja] P F adj. full tì- abstract noun prefix and kenong model)
til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge tìketeng: [tI"kEtEN] P F n. difference derived
tirea: [ti"REa] P F n. spirit from ke not and teng same
tireafya’o: [ti"REa"fjaPo] P F n. spirit path (c.w. tìkin: [tI"kin] P F n. need
from tirea spirit and fya’o path) tìkxey: [tI"k’Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness
tireaioang: [ti"REaioaN] P F n. spirit animal (c.w. (c.w. from kxeyey mistake)
from tirea spirit and ioang animal) tìkxey ngaru: [tI"k’Ej "NaRu] P F phrase you’re
tireapängkxo: [ti"REap.æN"k’.o] P F v. commune wrong (c.w. from tìkxey incorrectness and
(c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat) ngaru to you)
tì–: [tI] W noun. deriving affix tìkxey si: [tI"k’Ej s.i] P F v. mess up, foul, do
tì’awm: [tI"Pawm] P F n. camping (c.w. from wrong (c.w. from tìkxey incorrectness and si
’awm camp) make)
tì’awm si: [tI"Pawm s.i] P F v. camp (c.w. from tìlam: [tI"lam] P F n. appearance (c.w. from lam
’awm camp and si make) seem)
tì’awpo: [tI"Pawpo] P F n. individuality (negative tìlor: [tI"loR] P F n. beauty
connotation), selfishness (c.w. from ’awpo one tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low
individual) tìme’em: [tI"mEPEm] P F n. harmony (general
tì’efu: [tI"PEfu] P F n. feeling (c.w. from ’efu feel) sense)
tì’efumì oeyä: [tI"PEfumI "oEjæ] P F phrase in tìmuntxa: [tImun"t’a] P F n. mating, marriage
my opinion (c.w. from tì’efu feeling and oeyä (c.w. from muntxa mated)
my) tìmweypey: [tIm"wEjpEj] P F v. patience (c.w.
tì’eylan: [tI"PEjlan] P F n. friendship (c.w. from from maweypey be patient)
’eylan friend) tìng: [t.IN] P F v. give
13
tìngay: [tI"Naj] P F n. truth tìtxur: [tI"t’uR] P F n. strength, power derived
tìng mikyun: [t.Im "mikjun] P F v. listen, lit. gi- from txur strong
ve an ear tìvawm: [tI"vawm] P F n. darkness (c.w. from
tìng nari: [t.In "naRi] P F v. look, lit. give eye vawm dark)
tìngop: [tI"Nop^] P F n. creation (c.w. from ngop tìyawn: [tI"jawn] P F n. love (c.w. from yawne
create) beloved)
tìng tseng: [t.IN ţEN] P F v. back down, lit. give tìyawr: [tI"jawR] P F n. correctness (c.w. from ey-
place awr correct)
tìoeyktìng: [tI"wejktIN] F n. explanation (c.w. tìyawr ngaru: [tI"jawR "NaRu] P F phrase you’re
from <eyk> cause (root)) right (c.w. from tìyawr correctness and
tìohakx: [tIo"hak’] P F n. hunger (c.w. from ngaru to you)
ohakx hungry) to: [to] P F comparative marker than
tìpawm: [tI"pawm] P F n. question (c.w. from tok: [t.ok^] P F v. be at, occupy a space (transitive)
pawm ask) toktor: ["toktoR] P F n. doctor (loaned from Eng.
tìpähem: [tI"pæhEm] P F n. arrival (c.w. from doctor)
pähem arrive) tokx: ["tok’] P F n. body
tìpängkxo: [tIpæN"k’o] P F n. conversation, di- toltem: [t.ol"t.Em] P F v. shoot (transitive)
scussion (c.w. from pängkxo chat) tompa: ["tompa] P F n. rain
tìpe’un: [tI"pEPun] P F n. decision (c.w. from toruk makto: [toRuk makto] JC n. toruk rider
pe’un decide) (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto ri-
de)
tìprrte’: [tI"prtEP^] P F n. pleasure (c.w. from prr-
" trr: [tr] P F n. day
te’ pleasurable) "
trr’awve: [tr"PawvE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
tìran: [t.I"R.an] P F v. walk " ’awve first)
trr day and
tìrey: [tI"REj] P F n. life
trram: [tr"am] P F adv. yesterday
tìrol: [tI"Rol] P F n. song "
trray: [tr"aj] P F adv. tomorrow (c.w. from trr day
tìska’a: [tIska"Pa] P F n. destruction (c.w. from "
and <ay> future infix)
ska’a destroy)
trrkive: [tr"kivE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
tìsop: [tI"sop^] P F n. journey (c.w. from sop tra- day and" kive seventh)
vel) trrmrrve: [tr"mrvE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
tìspxin: [tI"sp’in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick- trr day and " mrrve
" fifth)
ness (c.w. from spxin sick) trrmuve: [tr"muvE] trr n. Monday
tìsraw: [tI"sRaw] P F n. pain (c.w. from sraw "
trrpeve: [tr"pEvE] P F inter. which day (c.w. from
painful) "
trr day and peve which of the week)
tìsraw seyki: [tI"sRaw sEj"k.i] P F v. hurt (someo- trrpuve: [tr"puvE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr
ne or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain and day and "puve sixth)
si + <eyk> make (causative)) trrpxeyve: [tr"p’EjvE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from
tìsraw si: [tI"sRaw s.i] P F v. hurt, be painful (c.w. trr day and" pxeyve third)
from tìsraw pain and si make) trrtsìve: [tr"ţIvE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
tìsrese’a: [tI"sREsEPa] P F n. prophecy (c.w. from trr day and" tsìve fourth)
srese’a prophetize) –tu: [tu] direct object noun deriving affix, as
tìsti: [tI"sti] P F n. anger (c.w. from sti angry) in spe’etu captive T
tìtakuk: [tI"takuk^] G n. strike tukru: [tuk"Ru] P F n. spear
tìtslam: [tI"ţlam] P F n. understanding, intelli- tul: [t.ul] P F v. run
gence (c.w. from tslam understand) tung: [t.uN] P F v. allow
tìtxanew: [tI"t’anEw] P F n. greed (c.w. from tx- tungzup: [tuN"z.up^] P F v. drop (c.w. from tung
anew greedy) allow and zup fall)
tìtxula: [tI"t’ula] P F n. construction, constructed tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
thing (c.w. from txula build) tupe: ["tupE] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu
14
tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker tuteo: ["tutEo] P F pn. somebody, someone
tutan: [tu"tan] P F n. male (person) tuvon: ["t.uv.on] P F v. lean
tute: ["tutE] P F n. person
tute: [tu"tE] P F n. female (person)
Ts
15
tsyal: [ţjal] P F n. wing tsyokx: [ţjok’] P F n. hand
tsyosyu: ["ţjosju] P F n. food made from flour
tsyo: [ţjo] P F n. flour (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
Tx
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark venzek: ["vEnzEk] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu foot
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to and zekwä finger)
vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin,
vaykrr: [vay"kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay–
" day) flesh
up to and krr
virä: [v.i"R.æ] P F v. spread, proliferate
vä’: [væP^] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, no- vitra: [vit"Ra] P F n. soul
isome T vol: [vol] P F num. eight
venu: ["vEnu] P F n. foot vrrtep: ["vrtEp^] P F n. demon
"
16
vul: [vul] P F n. branch (of a tree) vur: [vuR] P F n. story
vurvi: ["vuRvi] P F n. summary, synopsis (c.w.
from vur story)
way: [waj] P F n. song win säpi: [win sæ"p.i] P F v. hurry (c.w. from
waytelem: ["wajtElEm] P F n. song chord win fast and si + <äp> do (reflexive))
wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against) win si: [win s.i] P F v. rush something, make so-
mething fast (c.w. from win fast and si do)
wem: [w.Em] P F v. fight
wiya: ["wiya] P F intj. expression of warning or
wempongu: ["wEmpoNu] P F n. squad, military
frustration, ’damn!’
clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
wìntxu: [w.In"t’.u] P F v. show
pongu group)
wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
wew: [wew] P F adj. cold wotx: [wot’] P F n. totality, whole
weyn: [w.ejn] P F v. draw, illustrate wrrpa: ["wrpa] P F n., adv. outside
win: [win] P F adj. fast "
wutso: ["wuţo] P F n. dinner, served meal
za’ärìp: [za"P.æR.Ip^] P F v. pull zenke: ["z.ENkE] P F v. must not (root sense) (c.w.
za’u: ["z.aP.u] P F v. come from zene must and ke not)
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four zerok: ["z.ER.ok^] P F v. remember
zìsìt: ["zIsIt^] P F n. year
zamunge: [za"m.uN.E] P F v. bring derived from
zong: [z.oN] P F v. save, defend
munge bring
zongtseng: ["zoNţEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
zapxì: [za"p’I] P F n. front (part or section) (c.w.
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
from *za come and hapxì part)
zoplo: [zop"lo] P F n. offence, insult
zawng: [z.awN] P F v. scream zup: [z.up^] P F v. fall
zekwä: ["zEkwæ] P F n. finger zusawkrr: [zu"sawkr] P F n. future (c.w. from
zene: ["z.En.E] P F v. must z<us>a’u coming" and krr time)
17
A The Number System.
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system.
Underlining indicates where the stress ought to fall.
Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin
Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63
5 6 7
0 mrrvol puvol kivol
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin
18
B Na’vi Proper Nouns
’Ìnglìsì: ["PINlIsI] P F n. English language (loa- Neytiri: [nEjtiRi] JC prop.n. woman’s name
ned from Eng. English) Ninat: [ninat^] JC prop.n. woman’s name, good
’Rrta: ["Prta] P F prop.n. Earth (loaned from singer
"
Eng. Earth) Nok: [nok^] G prop.n man’s name
Amhul: [amhul] S prop.n. name Omati: [omati] G prop.n man’s name
Änsìt: ["ænsIt^] S prop.n. name Omatikaya: [omati"kaja] JC,S prop.n. Blue Flu-
Anurai: [anuRai] G prop.n. clan name te Clan
Ateyitan: [atEjitan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo de- Onantu: [onantu] G prop.n a Na’vi name
rived from Ateyo male name and ’itan son Peyral: [pEjRal] JC prop.n name
Ayvitrayä Ramunong: [ajvit"Rajæ Ra"munoN] Rai’uk: [RaiPuk^] G prop.n name
JC prop.n Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul Ralu: ["Ralu] S prop.n. child’s name
and ramunong well) Rongloa: [RoNloa] JC prop.n clan name
Eytukan: ["Ejtukan] JC prop.n. man’s name Seyvaro: [sEjvaRo] G prop.n Na’vi name
Eywa: ["Ejwa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de- Silwanin: [silwanin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) T Swotulu: ["swotulu] P F prop.n. sacred river
Eywa’eveng: [Ejwa"PEvEN] P F prop.n. Pandora (c.w. from swotu sacred place)
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child) Tasun: [tasun] G prop.n name
Iknimaya: ["ikni"maja] JC prop.n. Stairway to Tawkami: [tawkami] G prop.n clan name (c.w.
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi from taw sky and kame see)
li’Ona: [liPona] G,F prop.n clan name Tawtute: ["tawtutE] P F prop.n. Sky-person, hu-
Lompo: [lompo] G prop.n man’s name man (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
Malimi: [malimi] G prop.n a Na’vi name Tipnai: [tipnai] G prop.n. clan name
Mo’at: ["moPat^] JC prop.n. woman’s name Tsahìk: ["ţahIk^] P F prop.n. matriarch, high pri-
Mo’at’ite: [moPatPitE] JC prop.n. daughter of estess, interpreter
Mo’at derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite Tskaha: [ţkaha] JC prop.n. tribe name
daughter Tsu’tey: [ţuP"tEj] JC prop.n. man’s name
Na’vi: ["naPvi] JC,P F prop.n. the People, indige- U’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG
nous Pandoran sentient race prop.n. clan name φ
Nera’nak: [nERaPnak^] G prop.n a Na’vi name Uniltaron: ["unil"taRon] P F prop.n. Dream Hunt
Flora
*atoki: [atoki] T n. sacred tree derived from ato- penghrrap: [pENhrap^] S n. binary sunshine,
kirina’ seeds of the great tree fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
ar’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant φ danger)
awaiei: [awaiEi] S n. banshee of paradise pxiut: [p’iut^] S n. razor palm, sharp tree
eyaye: [EjajE] S n. warbonnet pxorna’: [p’oRnaP^] S n. episoth, exploding seed
fngapsutxwll: [fNapsut’wl] S n. metal-following (c.w. from rina’ seed and pxor explode)
plant " rumut: [Rumut^] S n. ball tree
Kelutral: ["kElutRal] S,M prop.n. Hometree seze: ["sEzE] P F n. blue flower
loreyu: [loREju] S n. helicoradium spirale, beauti- somtìlor: [somtIloR] S n. popsicle, hot beauty
ful spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu (c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)
spiral)T tautral: [tautRal] S n. sky tree (c.w. from taw sky
pamtseowll: [pamţEowl] S n. cat ear, music and utral tree)T
plant "
tawtsngal: [tawţNal] S n. panopyra, sky cup
paywll: [pajwl] S n. water plant, dapophet (c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
"
19
torukspxam: [toRuksp’am] S n. octoshroom, gre- poison-squirting plant (c.w. from tsä’ squirt
at leonopteryx fungus and ’ewll plant)
tsawlapxangrr: [ţawlap’aNr] S n. unidelta tree, Utral Aymokriyä: ["utRal aj"mokRijæ] P F
"
lit. tall large root (c.w. from ngrr root)(for prop.n. Tree of Voices(from utraya mokri C )
short, tsawlapx) utral utu mauti: [utRal utu mauti] S n. push
tsyorina’wll: [ţjoRinaPwl] S n. cycad, flour seed fruit tree
"
plant (c.w. from rina’ seed and ’ewll plant)T utu mauti: [utu mauti] S n. banana fruit, push
txll’u: [t’lPu] P F n. hookagourd fruit
txumpaywll:" [t’umpajwl] S n. scorpion thistle, Vitrautral: [vit"RautRal] P F prop.n Tree of Souls
poison water plant (c.w. " from txum poison (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)
and paywll water plant) yomioang: [jomi"oaN] S n. chalice plant (c.w.
txumtsä’wll: [t’umţæPwl] S n. reclining flask, from yom eat and ioang animal T )
"
Fauna
20
C Illegal Words
These are illegal words that are not from Frommer: I have included them as they are in the
corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. The following words, or their roots,
either break syllable rules that Frommer set forth, or have at least one of the following illegal
sounds, spellings, or digraphs:
’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]
chan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto] na’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-
ASG n. stone jarφ se lead, lit. face pull φ
chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack derived from nikt’chey: [niktPţhEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.
P’ah s’ivil chey rackφ small bit of food, packed lunchφ
Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP- nivi: [nivi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us de-
briPsta] ASG hammock, from Eywa cradles rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewya
everyone φ cradles everyone φ
Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Eywa sPilivi masP- omati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue
kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to all flute
of us φ P’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEy] SAG n. per-
Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP- sonal belongings rackφ
sEJ makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit. pxtxawng: [p’t’awN] C n. douchebag φ
the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personal
shah-tell: [SahtEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from
name) φ
Eng. shuttle)φ
feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-
su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or
ket φ
[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikranφ
iveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-
by slingφ sumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf pla-
jakesully: [ZEjk’su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak- teφ
toyu (loaned from " Eng. Jake Sully)φ sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hulEh] ASG slee-
ping outside of the groupφ "
k’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleepφ
Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n girl’s nameφ t’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-
m’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju] dulum drumφ
ASG n. shieldφ tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-
malmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stone tern, from food here φ
mas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^] ulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariPţEj
ASG mother loomφ makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of the
meresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or tree look to each other for strength, or many
[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher, branches together are strong φ
bola, lit. nothing to see φ ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-
mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pitφ si] ASG n. leaf plateφ
21
D Inflections
Verb Infixes
<am>: [am] W past tense verbal infix in position 1: Oe tamaron. I hunted.
<äng>: [æN] W pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2: Oe tarängon. I hunt (ugh!).
<äp>: [æp^] F E reflexive verbal infix in position 0: Oe täparon. I hunt myself.
<arm>: [aRm] W imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1, derived from am + er: Oe
tarmaron. I was hunting.
<asy>: [asj] P F future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1: Oel tspasyang pa-
lulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator.
<ats>: [aţ] F E inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2: Oel tspatsang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
<awn>: [awn] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 0: Oe tawnarona tute lu. I am a
hunted person.
<ay>: [aj] W future tense verbal infix in position 1: Oe tayaron. I will hunt.
<ei>: [Ei] W laudative affect verbal infix in position 2: Oe tareion. I hunt (hooray!).
<er>: [ER] D imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1: Oe teraron. I am hunting.
<eyk>: [Ejk] F E causative verbal infix in position 0: Oel teykaron pot. I caused him to hunt.
<ilv>: [ilv] F E present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oe new tslilvam. I
want to understand.
<ìm>: [Im] W recent past verbal infix in position 1: Oe tìmaron. I just hunted.
<imv>: [imv] F E past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oe namew tslimvam I wanted to
understand.
<ìrm>: [IRm] W imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1: Oe tìrmaron. I was just
hunting.
<irv>: [iRv] F E present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oe new tslirvam. I
want to be understanding.
<ìsy>: [Isj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1: Oel
tspìsyang palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator soon.
<iv>: [iv] W subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1: Ngal new futa oe tivaron. You want
this thing: for me to hunt
<ìy>: [Ij] W immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1: Oe tìyaron. I am about to hunt.
<ìyev>: [IjEv] F E future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oel kìyevame ngati. I will see
you soon.
<iyev>: [ijEv] F E future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oel kiyevame ngati. I will see
you soon.
<ol>: [ol] F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1: Oe tolaron. I hunted (finished action).
<us>: [us] W active participle verbal infix in position 0: Oe tusarona tute lu. I am a hunting
person.
<uy>: [uj] F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2: Na’viyä, l<uy>u
hapxì. You are part of The People.
22
Noun Inflections
–ä: [æ] F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, and ì (allomorph of yä):
Oel yom ikran–ä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–an: [an] W masculine suffix for certain nouns: Oe tute–an lu. I am a male dude.
–e: [E] F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Oe tut–e ke lu. I am not a girl
–ìl: [Il] F ergative case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l): Ikran–ìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ri): Ikran–ìri taron yerikit. The ikran hunts a yerik.
–it: [it^] F accusative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of t, ti): Oel taron yerik–it. I hunt the yerik.
–l: [l] W ergative case adp. for nouns ending in a vowel: Oe–l taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix: ’Aw–lo oe ramol. Once I sang.
–ng: [N] W clusivity adp. for pronouns: Ayoe–ng taron. We all hunt.
–o: [o] P F indefinite suffix: Oel tspamang tute–o–t. I killed someone.
–ri: [Ri] F topical adp. for nouns ending in a vowel: Oe–ri taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ru: [Ru] W dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur): Oel sìlpeyit nga–ru
tìng. I give hope to you.
–t: [t^] W accusative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti): Oel nga–t kame. I
see you.
–ti: [ti] W accusative adp. for pronouns and nouns: Nga–ti taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of –ru): Ayeylan-ur oeyä. To my friends.
–ve: [vE] P F ordinal suffix for numbers (used mostly in the days of the week; not entirely
productive): Fìtrr lu trrpeve? Which day is it today?
–yä: [jæ] W genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, and ì (allomorph of ä): Oel yom
Neytiri-yä yerikit. I eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may look
like –eyä)
–ya: [ya] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns:
ay+: [aj] F plural adp. for nouns: Ay+oe taron. We hunt.
me+: [mE] W dual adp. for nouns: Oel new me+narit. I want eyes.
pe+: [pE] W affix inter. marker what: pe+hrr nga tayaron. What time will you hunt?
pxe+: [p’E] F trial adp. for nouns and pronouns: Ayoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three child-
ren.(Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs)
Other
–a–: [a] F adjectival attributive marker: Oel le–: [lE] F adjective deriving affix Poan
ikranit a–ean tswayon. I fly the blue ikran. le–hrrap lu. He is dangerous.
–am: [--am] P F past reference marker for nì–: [nI] W adverbial deriving affix Oe
nouns, adverbs (not entirely productive): nì–Na’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a
–ay: [--aj] P F future reference marker for Na’vi.)
nouns, adverbs (not entirely productive): sä–: [sæ] F instrumental noun deriving affix
–tu: [tu] T direct object noun deriving affix Oe Oel sä–numet nume. I learn the teaching.
taron–tu lu. I am prey. si: [si] W postpositional verb deriving affix Oe
–vi: [--vi] P F dimunitive relationship marker kelku si mì kelutral. I live in Hometree. (lit.
(not very productive): I home make in Hometree.)
–yu: [ju] W nominative agent noun deriving tì–: [tI] W noun deriving affix Tì–ngay sìltsan
affix Oe ska’a–yu ke lu. I am not a destroyer. lu. The truth is good.
23
E English Short-Hand Terms for Trilinear Glosses
Here is a list of the short-hand notation often used in trilinear glosses on the Forums, with
some common morphemes.
ACC: –it. F accusative suffix for nouns ending IMPF. PAST: <arm>. W imperfective past
in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel tense verbal infix in position 1 1.
(allomorph of ti) IMPF. REC. PAST: <ìrm>. W imperfective re-
ACC: –t. W accusative suffix for nouns ending cent past tense verbal infix in position 1 1.
in a vowel (allomorph of ti) INST: sä–. T instrumental noun deriving affix.
ACC: –ti. W accusative adp. for nouns. INTER: pe+. W affix inter. marker what.
ADJ: le–. F adjective deriving affix. LAUD: <ei>. F laudative affect verbal infix in
ADJ M.: –a–. F adjectival attributive marker. position 2 2.
ADV: nì–. W adverbial deriving affix. MASC: –an. W masculine suffix for certain
AGENT N: –yu. W nominative agent noun de- nouns.
riving affix. NMLZ: tì–. W nominalizer (noun-er) deriving
CAUS: <eyk>. F E causative verbal infix in affix.
position 0 0. OBJ: –tu. T direct object noun deriving affix.
CLU: –ng. W clusivity adp. for pronouns. ORD: –ve. T ordinal suffix for numbers.
DAT: –ru. W dative adp. for nouns. PAST: <am>. W past tense verbal infix in po-
DUAL: me+. W dual adp. for nouns. sition 1 1.
ERG: –ìl. F ergative case suffix for nouns en- PEJ: <äng>. W pejorative verbal infix in posi-
ding in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo- tion 2 2.
vowel (allomorph of –l) PERF: <ol>. W perfective aspect verbal infix
ERG: –l. W ergative case adp. for nouns en- in position 1 1.
ding in a vowel. PLU: ay+. F plural adp. for nouns.
FEM: –e. F feminine suffix for certain nouns. REC. PAST: <ìm>. W recent past verbal infix
FUT: <ay>. W future tense verbal infix in po- in position 1 1.
sition 1 1. REFL: <äp>. F E reflexive verbal infix in posi-
GEN: –ä. F genitive suffix for nouns ending in tion 0 0.
a everything but a, ä, e, and ì (allomorph of SUBJ: <iv>. W subjunctive mood verbal infix
yä) in position 1 1.
GEN: –yä. W genitive suffix for nouns ending TOP: –ìri. F topical suffix for nouns ending
in a a, ä, e, and ì (allomorph of ä) in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
IMM. FUT: <ìy>. W immediate future tense (allomorph of ri)
verbal infix in position 1 1. TOP: –ri. F topical adp. for nouns ending in a
IMPF: <er>. D imperfective aspect verbal in- vowel.
fix in position 1 1. V: si. W postpositional verb deriving affix.
24
F The Changelog
This is the changelog. I’ve kept it in, not for translators, who should contact Tuiq, but for the
reader, who would presumably like to know what I’ve done.
• 10.007 Added a ton, fixed a ton, deleted all roots as being mostly useless. Added vawm,
tìvawm, polpxay dark, darkness, what number. Added nìsti, ke’aw angrily, divided. Deleted
two extraneous entries, and one wrong one (’awlie with the wrong stress).
25