Switchgear and Protection

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Unit-VIII
[Protection against Over-Voltages]
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Outline
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Profile
Overvoltage
Voltage dip
Harmonics
Mitigative tools and solutions
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Transient effects in power system
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TRANSIENT EFFECT is defined as the result of a

step change in an influence quantity on the steady
state values of a circuit. [1]
In power system, transient effects can be roughly
described as undesired voltages that may result in
interruption or even damage not only to system
devices but also to customer equipments.
Typically, they are related to the power quality issues
in term of overvoltage, voltage dip and harmonics.
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Classification of Transients[3]
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Impulsive Transient
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-Nanosecond 5ns rise

-Microsecond 1
1s rise
-Millisecond 0.1ms rise
O ill
Oscillatory
Transient
T
i
- Slow transient
<5 kHz
- Medium transient 55--500 kHz
- High transient
0.5
0.5--5 MHz
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Overvoltage
g
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Lightning overvoltage is a type of transient

overvoltage
g in which a fast front voltage
g is pproduced
by lightning or fault. Such overvoltage is usually
unidirectional and of very short duration. [2]
Switching overvoltage is a transient overvoltage in
which a slow front, shortshort-duration, unidirectional or
oscillatory,
ill
highly
hi hl damped
d
d voltage
l
is
i generatedd
(usually by switching or faults).[2]
I mostt off the
In
th cases suchh surges may damage
d
the
th
Nearby transformer, generators & other equipments.
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Causes of over voltages
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Internal causes
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Switching surge
surges
Insulation failure
Arcing ground
Resonance
E t
External
l causes
Direct lightning Strokes
Atmospheric conditions
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Switching surge:
surge: The overvoltages produced on the power
system due to switching are known as switching surge.
surge
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Insulation failure:
failure: The most common case of insulation
failure in a ppower system
y
is the ggrounding
g of conductors ((i.e.
insulation failure between line and earth ) which may cause
overvoltages in the system.
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A i ground:
Arcing
ground
d: The
h phenomenon
h
off iintermittent
i
arc taking
ki
place in line to ground fault of a 3phase system with
consequent
q
pproduction of transients is known as arcingg
ground.
Resonance:
Resonance: It occurs in an electrical system when inductive
reactance of the circuit becomes equal to capacitive reactance.
under resonance , the impedance of the circuit is equal to
y
resistance of the circuit and the pp.f is unity.
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What is lightning?
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It is an electric discharge between cloud &

earth, between clouds or between the charge
centers of the same cloud
cloud.
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Some Facts about Lightning
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A strike can average 100 million volts of

electricity
Current of up to 100,000
100 000 amperes
Can generate 54,000 oF
Lightning strikes somewhere on the Earth
every second
Kills 100 US residents per year
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Lightning Doesnt Go Straight

Down
Down
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What Does This Mean?
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Lightning can strike ground up to ten

miles from a storm (Lightning
(Lightning out of the
blue
blue))
There is an average of 2-3 miles between
strikes
So how can we tell how far away lightning

has struck?
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Use The Five Second Rule
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Light travels at about 186,291

186 291
miles/second
Sound travels at only 1
1,088
088 feet/second
You will see the flash of lightning almost

immediately
5280/1088= 4.9
About 5 seconds for sound to travel 1 mile
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Fig.1 Typical Lightning

Overvoltages
O
l
Wave [2]
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Tr 0.1
Tr=
0.1--20s,
Th<300s
Tr is the time
time--to
to--crest
value
Th is the timetime-to half
value)
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Fig.2 Typical
Switching
S i hi Overvoltages
O
l
Wave [2]
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Tr
Tr=20
Tr=2020-5000s,
Th<20 000s
Tr is the time
time--to
to--crest
value
Th is the timetime-to half
value
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Types of lightning strokes
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Direct stroke
I di t stroke
Indirect
t k
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Direct stroke
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In direct stroke
stroke, the lightning discharge is
directly from the cloud to the subject
equipment From the line
equipment.
line, the current
path may be over the insulator down the
pole to the ground
ground.
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Indirect stroke
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Indirect stroke results from the

electrostatically induced charges on the
conductors due to the presence of charge
clouds.
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Harmful effects of lightning
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The traveling
g waves produced
p
due to lightning
g
g will
shatter the insulators.
If the traveling waves hit the windings of a transformer
or generator it may cause considerable damage.
Causes flashover fault sags and interruptions
Raises local ground voltage by several kV
Induces voltages and currents in nearby equipment and
systems
May cause transients in power and communication
systems through conduction (resistive coupling),
inductive coupling, or capacitive coupling
Resistive coupling (conduction) between devices or
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buildings due to change in 19ground voltage
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Protection against lightning
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Different types of protective devices are:are:-
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E
Earthing
thi screen
Overhead ground wires
Lightning arresters
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The Earthing screen
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The p
power station & subsub-station can be
protected against direct lightning strokes by
providing earthing screens.
On occurrence of direct stroke on the station
,screen provides a low resistance path by which
lightning surges are conducted to ground.
Limitation:
It does not provide protection against the
traveling waves which may reach the
equipments in the station.
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Overhead ground wires
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It is the most effective way of providing protection to

t
transmission
i i lilines against
i t di
directt lilightning
ht i strokes.
t k
It p
provides damping
p g effect on anyy disturbance traveling
g
along the lines as it acts as a shortshort-circuited secondary.
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Limitation:
It requires additional cost.
There is a possibility of its breaking and falling across

the line conductors, thereby causing a shortshort-circuit fault.
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Lightning Arresters (Surge Arrester)
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It is a protective device which conducts the high

voltage surge on the power system to ground.
The earthing screen and ground wires fail to
provide protection against traveling waves. The
lightning arrester provides protection against
surges.
Arrester
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The figure shows the basic form of the

surge arrester.
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OPERATION :
i. Under normal operation,

the lightning arrester is off
line.
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ii On occurrence
ii.
occ ence of o
over
e
voltage the air insulation
breaks down and an arc is
formed. In this way the
excess charge on the line
due to surge is harmlessly
conducted through the
arrester to the ground
instead of being sent back
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over the line.
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Lightning arrester
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Grading
resistor
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Types of lightning arrester
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Rod
od gap arrester
a este
Horn g
gap
p arrester
Multigap arrester
Expulsion type lightning arrester
Valve type lightning arrester
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Installation
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The arrester should be connected to ground to a

low resistance for effective discharge of the
surge current.
The arrester should be mounted close to the

equipment to be protected & connected with
shortest possible lead on both the line & ground
side
d to reduce
d
the
h inductive
d
effects
ff
off the
h lleads
d
while discharging large surge current.
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Maintenance
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Cleaning the outside of the arrester housing.
The line should be de

de--energized before handling the
arrester.
The earth connection should be checked periodically.
To record the readings of the surge counter.
Th liline lead
The
l d is
i securely
l fastened
f t
d to
t the
th line
li conductor
d t
and arrester.
The ground lead is securely fastened to the arrester

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terminal and ground.
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Uses
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[Protection against Over-Voltages]

Transient effects in power system

TRANSIENT EFFECT is defined as the result of a

-Nanosecond 5ns rise

Lightning overvoltage is a type of transient

Causes of over voltages

It is an electric discharge between cloud &

Some Facts about Lightning

A strike can average 100 million volts of

Lightning Doesnt Go Straight

What Does This Mean?

Lightning can strike ground up to ten

So how can we tell how far away lightning

Use The Five Second Rule

Light travels at about 186,291

You will see the flash of lightning almost

Fig.1 Typical Lightning

Types of lightning strokes

Indirect stroke results from the

Harmful effects of lightning

Protection against lightning

Different types of protective devices are:are:-

The Earthing screen

Overhead ground wires

It is the most effective way of providing protection to

It requires additional cost.

There is a possibility of its breaking and falling across

Lightning Arresters (Surge Arrester)

It is a protective device which conducts the high

The figure shows the basic form of the

i. Under normal operation,

Types of lightning arrester

Expulsion type lightning arrester

Valve type lightning arrester

The arrester should be connected to ground to a

The arrester should be mounted close to the

Cleaning the outside of the arrester housing.

The line should be de

The earth connection should be checked periodically.

To record the readings of the surge counter.

The ground lead is securely fastened to the arrester

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