Stat Tables

TABLES
Area
Table 1 The normal curve

(a) Area under the normal curve
z
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0013
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0009
0.0013
0.0003
0.0005
0.0006
0.0009
0.0013
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0009
0.0012
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0012
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0011
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0011
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0008
0.0011
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
0.0019
0.0026
0.0035
0.0047
0.0062
0.0018
0.0025
0.0034
0.0045
0.0060
0.0017
0.0024
0.0033
0.0044
0.0059
0.0017
0.0023
0.0032
0.0043
0.0057
0.0016
0.0023
0.0031
0.0041
0.0055
0.0016
0.0022
0.0030
0.0040
0.0054
0.0015
0.0021
0.0029
0.0039
0.0052
0.0015
0.0021
0.0028
0.0038
0.0051
0.0014
0.0020
0.0027
0.0037
0.0049
0.0014
0.0019
0.0026
0.0036
0.0048
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
0.0082
0.0107
0.0139
0.0179
0.0228
0.0080
0.0104
0.0136
0.0174
0.0222
0.0078
0.0102
0.0132
0.0170
0.0217
0.0075
0.0099
0.0129
0.0166
0.0212
0.0073
0.0096
0.0124
0.0162
0.0207
0.0071
0.0094
0.0122
0.0158
0.0202
0.0069
0.0091
0.0119
0.0154
0.0197
0.0068
0.0089
0.0116
0.0150
0.0192
0.0066
0.0087
0.0113
0.0146
0.0188
0.0064
0.0084
0.0110
0.0143
0.0183
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
0.0287
0.0359
0.0446
0.0548
0.0668
0.0281
0.0352
0.0436
0.0537
0.0655
0.0274
0.0344
0.0427
0.0526
0.0643
0.0268
0.0336
0.0418
0.0516
0.0630
0.0262
0.0329
0.0409
0.0505
0.0618
0.0256
0.0322
0.0401
0.0495
0.0606
0.0250
0.0314
0.0392
0.0485
0.0594
0.0244
0.0307
0.0384
0.0475
0.0582
0.0239
0.0301
0.0375
0.0465
0.0571
0.0233
0.0294
0.0367
0.0455
0.0559
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.0808
0.0968
0.1151
0.1357
0.1587
0.0793
0.0951
0.1131
0.1335
0.1562
0.0778
0.0934
0.1112
0.1314
0.1539
0.0764
0.0918
0.1093
0.1292
0.1515
0.0749
0.0901
0.1075
0.1271
0.1492
0.0735
0.0885
0.1056
0.1251
0.1469
0.0722
0.0869
0.1038
0.1230
0.1446
0.0708
0.0853
0.1020
0.1210
0.1423
0.0694
0.0838
0.1003
0.1190
0.1401
0.0681
0.0823
0.0985
0.1170
0.1379
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.1841
0.2119
0.2420
0.2743
0.3085
0.1814
0.2090
0.2389
0.2709
0.3050
0.1788
0.2061
0.2358
0.2676
0.3015
0.1762
0.2033
0.2327
0.2643
0.2981
0.1736
0.2005
0.2296
0.2611
0.2946
0.1711
0.1977
0.2266
0.2578
0.2912
0.1685
0.1949
0.2236
0.2546
0.2877
0.1660
0.1922
0.2206
0.2514
0.2843
0.1635
0.1894
0.2177
0.2483
0.2810
0.1611
0.1867
0.2148
0.2451
0.2776
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3446
0.3821
0.4207
0.4602
0.5000
0.3409
0.3783
0.4168
0.4562
0.4960
0.3372
0.3745
0.4129
0.4522
0.4920
0.3336
0.3707
0.4090
0.4483
0.4880
0.3300
0.3669
0.4052
0.4443
0.4840
0.3264
0.3632
0.4013
0.4404
0.4801
0.3228
0.3594
0.3974
0.4364
0.4761
0.3192
0.3557
0.3936
0.4325
0.4721
0.3156
0.3520
0.3897
0.4286
0.4681
0.3121
0.3483
0.3859
0.4247
0.4641
TABLES
187
Table 1(a) continued

z
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9278
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9987
0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997
0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
Source: Walpole and Myers, 1989
188
100 STATISTICAL TESTS
(b) critical values for a standard normal distribution

The normal distribution is symmetrical with respect to = 0.
Level of significance
Two-sided
One-sided
0.001
0.002
0.0026
0.01
0.02
0.0456
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.318
0.0005
0.001
0.0013
0.05
0.01
0.0228
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.159
3.29
3.09
3.00
2.58
2.33
2.00
1.96
1.64
1.28
1.00
TABLES
189
Table 2 Critical values of the t-distribution

0.10
0.05
0.025
1
2
3
4
5
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
6
7
8
9
10
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
11
12
13
14
15
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
16
17
18
19
20
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
21
22
23
24
25
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
26
27
28
29
30
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.282
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.645
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
1.960
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.326
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.576
Source: Fisher and Yates, 1974
0.01
0.005
31.821 63.657
6.965
9.925
4.541
5.841
3.747
4.604
3.365
4.032
TABLES
191
Table 3 Critical values of the F -distribution

Level of signicance = 0.05
1
1
2
3
4
161.4
18.51
10.13
7.71
199.5
19.00
9.55
6.94
215.7
19.16
9.28
6.59
224.6
19.25
9.12
6.39
230.2
19.30
9.01
6.26
234.0
19.33
8.94
6.16
236.8
19.35
8.89
6.09
238.9
19.37
8.85
6.04
240.5
19.38
8.81
6.00
5
6
7
8
9
6.61
5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
5.19
4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
5.05
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
4.95
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
4.88
4.21
3.79
3.50
3.29
4.82
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
4.77
4.10
3.68
3.39
3.18
10
11
12
13
14
4.96
4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.10
3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.71
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.48
3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.33
3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
3.22
3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
3.14
3.01
2.91
2.83
2.76
3.07
2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
3.02
2.90
2.80
2.71
2.65
15
16
17
18
19
4.54
4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
3.68
3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.29
3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.90
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.79
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.71
2.66
2.61
2.58
2.54
2.64
2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.59
2.54
2.49
2.46
2.42
20
21
22
23
24
4.35
4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26
3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.87
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.71
2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62
2.60
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.51
2.49
2.46
2.44
2.42
2.45
2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36
2.39
2.37
2.34
2.32
2.30
25
26
27
28
29
4.24
4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18
3.39
3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33
2.99
2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93
2.76
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70
2.60
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.49
2.47
2.46
2.45
2.43
2.40
2.39
2.37
2.36
2.35
2.34
2.32
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.28
2.27
2.25
2.24
2.22
30
40
60
120
4.17
4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84
3.32
3.23
3.15
3.07
3.00
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60
2.69
2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37
2.53
2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21
2.42
2.34
2.25
2.17
2.10
2.33
2.25
2.17
2.09
2.01
2.27
2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94
2.21
2.12
2.04
1.96
1.88
190
Table 3
continued
10
12
15
20
24
243.9 245.9
248.0
249.1
19.41
19.43 19.45
19.45
8.74
8.70
8.66
8.64
5.91
5.86
5.80
5.77
30
250.1
19.46
8.62
5.75
40
60
120
251.1 252.2
253.3
19.47 19.48
19.49
8.59
8.57
8.55
5.72
5.69
5.66
1
2
3
4
241.9
19.40
8.79
5.96
254.3
19.50
8.53
5.63
5
6
7
8
9
4.74
4.06
3.64
3.35
3.14
4.68
4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
4.62
3.94
3.51
3.22
3.01
4.56
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94
4.53
3.84
3.41
3.12
2.90
4.50
3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
4.46
3.77
3.34
3.04
2.83
4.43
3.74
3.30
3.01
2.79
4.40
3.70
3.27
2.97
2.75
4.36
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
10
11
12
13
14
2.98
2.85
2.75
2.67
2.60
2.91
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.85
2.72
2.62
2.53
2.46
2.77
2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.74
2.61
2.51
2.42
2.35
2.70
2.57
2.47
2.38
2.31
2.66
2.53
2.43
2.34
2.27
2.62
2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22
2.58
2.45
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.54
2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
15
16
17
18
19
2.54
2.49
2.45
2.41
2.38
2.48
2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.33
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.29
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.25
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.20
2.15
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.97
1.93
2.07
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
20
21
22
23
24
2.35
2.32
2.30
2.27
2.25
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.20
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.12
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.08
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.98
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.99
1.96
1.94
1.91
1.89
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.90
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.79
1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73
25
26
27
28
29
2.24
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.18
2.16
2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.07
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.01
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.94
1.96
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.92
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.71
1.70
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.65
1.64
30
40
60
120
2.16
2.08
1.99
1.91
1.83
2.09
2.00
1.92
1.83
1.75
2.01
1.92
1.84
1.75
1.67
1.93
1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57
1.89
1.79
1.70
1.61
1.52
1.84
1.74
1.65
1.55
1.46
1.79
1.69
1.59
1.50
1.39
1.74
1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32
1.68
1.58
1.47
1.35
1.22
1.62
1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00
TABLES
193
Table 3 continued
1
2
1
2
3
4
4052
4999
5403
5625
5764
5859
5928
5981
6022
98.50
99.00
99.17
99.25
99.30
99.33
99.36
99.37
99.39
34.12
30.82
29.46
28.71
28.24
27.91
27.67
27.49
27.35
21.20
18.00
16.69
15.98
15.52
15.21
14.98
14.80
14.66
5
6
7
8
9
16.26
13.75
12.25
11.26
10.56
13.27
10.92
9.55
8.65
8.02
12.06
9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
11.39
9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
10.97
8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
10.67
8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
10.46
8.26
6.99
6.18
5.61
10.29
8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
10.16
7.98
6.72
5.91
5.35
10
11
12
13
14
10.04
9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86
7.56
7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.55
6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.99
5.67
5.41
5.21
5.04
5.64
5.32
5.06
4.86
4.69
5.39
5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46
5.20
4.89
4.64
4.44
4.28
5.06
4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.94
4.63
4.39
4.19
4.03
15
16
17
18
19
8.68
8.53
8.40
8.29
8.18
6.36
6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.42
5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01
4.89
4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.56
4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.32
4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
4.14
4.03
3.93
3.84
3.77
4.00
3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.89
3.78
3.68
3.60
3.52
20
21
22
23
24
8.10
8.02
7.95
7.88
7.82
5.85
5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61
4.94
4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72
4.43
4.37
4.31
4.26
4.22
4.10
4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90
3.87
3.81
3.76
3.71
3.67
3.70
3.64
3.59
3.54
3.50
3.56
3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36
3.46
3.40
3.35
3.30
3.26
25
26
27
28
29
7.77
7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60
5.57
5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42
4.68
4.64
4.60
4.57
4.54
4.18
4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04
3.85
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.73
3.63
3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.46
3.42
3.39
3.36
3.33
3.32
3.29
3.26
3.23
3.20
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.12
3.09
30
40
60
120
7.56
7.31
7.08
6.85
6.63
5.39
5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61
4.51
4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78
4.02
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32
3.70
3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02
3.47
3.29
3.12
2.96
2.80
3.30
3.12
2.95
2.79
2.64
3.17
2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51
3.07
2.89
2.72
2.56
2.41
192
Table 3 continued
2
10
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
1 6056
6106
6157
6209
6235
6261
6287
6313
6339
6366
2
99.40
99.42
99.43
99.45
99.46
99.47
99.47
99.48
99.49
99.50
3
27.23
27.05
26.87
26.69
26.60
26.50
26.41
26.32
26.22
26.13
4
14.55
14.37
14.20
14.02
13.39
13.84
13.75
13.65
13.56
13.46
5
6
7
8
9
10.05
7.87
6.62
5.81
5.26
9.89
7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
9.72
7.56
6.31
5.52
4.96
9.55
7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81
9.47
7.31
6.07
5.28
4.73
9.38
7.23
5.99
5.20
4.65
9.29
7.14
5.91
5.12
4.57
9.20
7.06
5.82
5.03
4.48
9.11
6.97
5.74
4.95
4.40
9.02
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
10
11
12
13
14
4.85
4.54
4.30
4.10
3.94
4.71
4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
4.56
4.25
4.01
3.82
3.66
4.41
4.10
3.86
3.66
3.51
4.33
4.02
3.78
3.59
3.43
4.25
3.94
3.70
3.51
3.35
4.17
3.86
3.62
3.43
3.27
4.08
3.78
3.54
3.34
3.18
4.00
3.69
3.45
3.25
3.09
3.91
3.60
3.36
3.17
3.00
15
16
17
18
19
3.80
3.69
3.59
3.51
3.43
3.67
3.55
3.46
3.37
3.30
3.52
3.41
3.31
3.23
3.15
3.37
3.26
3.16
3.08
3.00
3.29
3.18
3.08
3.00
2.92
3.21
3.10
3.00
2.92
2.84
3.13
3.02
2.92
2.84
2.76
3.05
2.93
2.83
2.75
2.67
2.96
2.84
2.75
2.66
2.58
2.87
2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
20
21
22
23
24
3.37
3.31
3.26
3.21
3.17
3.23
3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03
3.09
3.03
2.98
2.93
2.89
2.94
2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74
2.86
2.80
2.75
2.70
2.66
2.78
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.58
2.69
2.64
2.58
2.54
2.49
2.61
2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40
2.52
2.46
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.42
2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21
25
26
27
28
29
3.13
3.09
3.06
3.03
3.00
2.99
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.85
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.62
2.58
2.55
2.52
2.49
2.54
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.45
2.42
2.38
2.35
2.33
2.36
2.33
2.29
2.26
2.23
2.27
2.23
2.20
2.17
2.14
2.17
2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03
30
40
60
120
2.98
2.80
2.63
2.47
2.32
2.84
2.66
2.50
2.34
2.18
2.70
2.52
2.35
2.19
2.04
2.55
2.37
2.20
2.03
1.88
2.47
2.29
2.12
1.95
1.79
2.39
2.20
2.03
1.86
1.70
2.30
2.11
1.94
1.76
1.59
2.21
2.02
1.84
1.66
1.47
2.11
1.92
1.73
1.53
1.32
2.01
1.80
1.60
1.38
1.00
Source: Pearson and Hartley, 1970
TABLES
195
Table 4 Fisher z-transformation

z(r) =
1
2
loge
1+r
1 r
= tanh1 r = 1.1513 log10
1+r
1 r
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.0000
0.1003
0.2027
0.3095
0.4236
0.5493
0.6931
0.8673
1.0986
0.0100
0.1104
0.2132
0.3205
0.4356
0.5627
0.7089
0.8872
1.1270
0.0200
0.1206
0.2237
0.3316
0.4477
0.5763
0.7250
0.9076
1.1568
0.0300
0.1307
0.2341
0.3428
0.4599
0.5901
0.7414
0.9287
1.1881
0.0400
0.1409
0.2448
0.3541
0.4722
0.6042
0.7582
0.9505
1.2212
0.0500
0.1511
0.2554
0.3654
0.4847
0.6184
0.7753
0.9730
1.2562
0.0601
0.1614
0.2661
0.3769
0.4973
0.6328
0.7928
0.9962
1.2933
0.0701
0.1717
0.2769
0.3884
0.5101
0.6475
0.8107
1.0203
1.3331
0.0802
0.1820
0.2877
0.4001
0.5230
0.6625
0.8291
1.0454
1.3758
0.0902
0.1923
0.2986
0.4118
0.5361
0.6777
0.8480
1.0714
1.4219
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.4722
1.5275
1.5890
1.6584
1.7380
1.8318
1.9459
2.0923
2.2976
2.6467
1.4775
1.5334
1.5956
1.6658
1.7467
1.8421
1.9588
2.1095
2.3235
2.6995
1.4828
1.5393
1.6022
1.6734
1.7555
1.8527
1.9721
2.1273
2.3507
2.7587
1.4882
1.5453
1.6089
1.6811
1.7645
1.8635
1.9857
2.1457
2.3796
2.8257
1.4937
1.5513
1.6157
1.6888
1.7736
1.8745
1.9996
2.1649
2.4101
2.9031
1.4992
1.5574
1.6226
1.6967
1.7828
1.8857
2.0139
2.1847
2.4427
2.9945
1.5047
1.5636
1.6296
1.7047
1.7923
1.8972
2.0287
2.2054
2.4774
3.1063
1.5103
1.5698
1.6366
1.7129
1.8019
1.9090
2.0439
2.2269
2.5147
3.2504
1.5160
1.5762
1.6438
1.7211
1.8117
1.9210
2.0595
2.2494
2.5550
3.4534
1.5217
1.5826
1.6510
1.7295
1.8216
1.9333
2.0756
2.2729
2.5987
3.8002
Source: Neave, 1978
194
Table 5 Critical values for the 2 -distribution

Columns a denote the lower boundaries or the left-sided critical values.
Columns b denote the upper boundaries or the right-sided critical values.
Two-sided
One-sided
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
1
2
3
4
5
0.016
0.21
0.58
1.06
1.61
2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78
9.24
39.104
0.10
0.35
0.71
1.15
3.84
5.99
7.81
9.49
11.07
98.105
0.05
0.22
0.48
0.83
5.02
7.38
9.35
11.14
12.83
16.105
0.02
0.11
0.30
0.55
6.63
9.21
11.34
13.28
15.09
6
7
8
9
10
2.20
2.83
3.49
4.17
4.87
10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
15.99
1.64
2.17
2.73
3.33
3.94
12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92
18.31
1.24
1.69
2.18
2.70
3.25
14.45
16.01
17.53
19.02
20.48
0.87
1.24
1.65
2.09
2.56
16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
23.21
11
12
13
14
15
5.58
6.30
7.04
7.79
8.55
17.28
18.55
19.81
21.06
22.31
4.57
5.23
5.89
6.57
7.26
19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00
3.82
4.40
5.01
5.63
6.26
21.92
23.34
24.74
26.12
27.49
3.05
3.57
4.11
4.66
5.23
24.73
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58
16
17
18
19
20
9.31
10.09
10.86
11.65
12.44
23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
28.41
7.96
8.67
9.39
10.12
10.85
26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
31.41
6.91
7.56
8.23
8.91
9.59
28.85
30.19
31.53
32.85
34.17
5.81
6.41
7.01
7.63
8.26
32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19
37.57
21
22
23
24
25
13.24
14.04
14.85
15.66
16.47
29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20
34.38
11.59
12.34
13.09
13.85
14.61
32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42
37.65
10.28
10.98
11.69
12.40
13.12
35.48
36.78
38.08
39.36
40.65
8.90
9.54
10.20
10.86
11.52
38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98
44.31
26
27
28
29
30
17.29
18.11
18.94
19.77
20.60
35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09
40.26
15.38
16.15
16.93
17.71
18.49
38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56
43.77
13.84
14.57
15.31
16.05
16.79
41.92
43.19
44.46
45.72
46.98
12.20
12.88
13.56
14.26
14.95
45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59
50.89
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
29.05
37.69
46.46
55.33
64.28
73.29
82.36
51.81
63.17
74.40
85.53
96.58
107.57
118.50
26.51
34.76
43.19
51.74
60.39
69.13
77.93
55.76
67.50
79.08
90.53
101.88
113.15
124.34
24.43
32.36
40.48
48.76
57.15
65.65
74.22
59.34
71.42
83.30
95.02
106.63
118.14
129.56
22.16
29.71
37.48
45.44
53.54
61.75
70.06
63.69
76.15
88.38
100.43
112.33
124.12
135.81
TABLES
197
Table 6 Critical values of r for the correlation test with = 0

The distribution is symmetrical with respect to = 0.
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.025
0.01
Two-sided
One-sided
=n2
1
2
3
4
5
0.01
0.005
0.001
0.0005
0.988
0.900
0.805
0.729
0.669
0.997
0.950
0.878
0.811
0.754
0.9995
0.980
0.934
0.882
0.833
0.9999
0.990
0.959
0.917
0.874
1.000
0.999
0.991
0.974
0.951
6
7
8
9
10
0.622
0.582
0.549
0.521
0.497
0.707
0.666
0.632
0.602
0.576
0.789
0.750
0.716
0.685
0.658
0.834
0.798
0.765
0.735
0.708
0.925
0.898
0.872
0.847
0.823
11
12
13
14
15
0.476
0.458
0.441
0.426
0.412
0.553
0.532
0.514
0.497
0.482
0.634
0.612
0.592
0.574
0.558
0.684
0.661
0.641
0.623
0.606
0.801
0.780
0.760
0.742
0.725
16
17
18
19
20
0.400
0.389
0.378
0.369
0.360
0.468
0.456
0.444
0.433
0.423
0.542
0.528
0.516
0.503
0.492
0.590
0.575
0.561
0.549
0.537
0.708
0.693
0.679
0.665
0.652
22
24
25
30
35
0.344
0.330
0.323
0.296
0.275
0.404
0.388
0.381
0.349
0.325
0.472
0.453
0.445
0.409
0.381
0.515
0.496
0.487
0.449
0.418
0.629
0.607
0.597
0.554
0.519
40
45
50
55
60
0.257
0.243
0.231
0.220
0.211
0.304
0.288
0.273
0.261
0.250
0.358
0.338
0.322
0.307
0.295
0.372
0.372
0.354
0.338
0.325
0.490
0.415
0.443
0.424
0.408
65
70
75
80
85
0.203
0.195
0.189
0.183
0.178
0.240
0.232
0.224
0.217
0.211
0.284
0.274
0.264
0.256
0.249
0.312
0.302
0.292
0.283
0.275
0.393
0.380
0.368
0.357
0.347
90
95
100
125
150
0.173
0.168
0.164
0.147
0.134
0.205
0.200
0.195
0.174
0.159
0.242
0.236
0.230
0.206
0.189
0.267
0.260
0.254
0.228
0.208
0.338
0.329
0.321
0.288
0.264
175
200
300
500
1000
2000
0.124
0.116
0.095
0.074
0.052
0.037
0.148
0.138
0.113
0.088
0.062
0.044
0.174
0.164
0.134
0.104
0.073
0.056
0.194
0.181
0.148
0.115
0.081
0.058
0.248
0.235
0.188
0.148
0.104
0.074
Source: De Jonge, 19634
196

Table 7 Critical values of g1 and g2 for Fishers cumulant test
The g1 distribution may be considered as symmetrical with respect to 0;
the g2 distribution has to be considered as asymmetrical.
The columns a denote the lower boundaries or left-sided critical values.
The columns b denote the upper boundaries or right-sided critical values.
g1
g2
Two-sided
One-sided
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
50
75
100
125
150
0.550
0.454
0.395
0.354
0.324
0.812
0.664
0.576
0.514
0.469
0.62
0.57
0.53
1.53
1.34
1.22
0.80
0.74
0.69
1.53
1.34
1.22
175
200
250
300
350
0.301
0.282
0.253
0.231
0.214
0.434
0.406
0.362
0.331
0.306
0.50
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.37
1.11
1.04
0.91
0.82
0.75
0.66
0.62
0.57
0.53
0.49
1.11
1.04
0.91
0.82
0.75
400
450
500
550
600
0.201
0.189
0.180
0.171
0.163
0.286
0.270
0.256
0.244
0.234
0.35
0.33
0.32
0.30
0.29
0.69
0.65
0.62
0.59
0.55
0.48
0.44
0.42
0.41
0.39
0.69
0.65
0.62
0.59
0.55
650
700
750
800
850
0.157
0.151
0.146
0.142
0.138
0.225
0.215
0.208
0.202
0.196
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.47
0.46
0.38
0.37
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.47
0.46
900
950
1000
0.134
0.130
0.127
0.190
0.185
0.180
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.44
0.43
0.42
Source: Geary and Pearson, n.d.; Bennett and Franklin, 1961
198

Table 8 Critical values for the Dixon test of outliers
Test
Statistic
x x1
r10 = 2
xn x 1
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.005
3
4
5
6
7
0.684
0.471
0.373
0.318
0.281
0.781
0.560
0.451
0.386
0.344
0.886
0.679
0.557
0.482
0.434
0.941
0.765
0.642
0.560
0.507
0.976
0.846
0.729
0.644
0.586
0.988
0.889
0.780
0.698
0.637
0.994
0.926
0.821
0.740
0.680
r11 =
x2 x1
xn1 x 1
8
9
10
0.318 0.385
0.288 0.352
0.265 0.325
0.479
0.441
0.409
0.554
0.512
0.477
0.631
0.587
0.551
0.683
0.635
0.597
0.725
0.677
0.639
r21 =
x3 x1
xn1 x 1
11
12
13
0.391 0.442
0.370 0.419
0.351 0.399
0.517
0.490
0.467
0.576
0.546
0.521
0.638
0.605
0.578
0.679
0.642
0.615
0.713
0.675
0.649
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0.370
0.353
0.338
0.325
0.314
0.304
0.295
0.287
0.280
0.274
0.268
0.262
0.492
0.472
0.454
0.438
0.424
0.412
0.401
0.391
0.382
0.374
0.367
0.360
0.546
0.525
0.507
0.490
0.475
0.462
0.450
0.440
0.430
0.421
0.413
0.406
0.602
0.579
0.559
0.542
0.527
0.514
0.502
0.491
0.481
0.472
0.464
0.457
0.641
0.616
0.595
0.577
0.561
0.547
0.535
0.524
0.514
0.505
0.497
0.489
0.674
0.647
0.624
0.605
0.589
0.575
0.562
0.551
0.541
0.532
0.524
0.516
r22 =
x3 x1
xn2 x1
Source: Dixon and Massey, 1957
0.421
0.402
0.386
0.373
0.361
0.350
0.340
0.331
0.323
0.316
0.310
0.304
Table 9 Critical values of the Studentized range for multiple comparison

K
1
2
3
4
17.969
6.085
4.501
3.926
26.98
8.33
5.91
5.04
32.82
9.80
6.82
5.76
37.08
10.88
7.50
6.29
40.41
11.74
8.04
6.71
43.12
12.44
8.48
7.05
5
6
7
8
9
3.635
3.460
3.344
3.261
3.199
4.60
4.34
4.16
4.04
3.95
5.22
4.90
4.68
4.53
4.41
5.67
5.30
5.06
4.89
4.76
6.03
5.63
5.36
5.17
5.02
10
11
12
13
14
3.151
3.113
3.081
3.055
3.033
3.88
3.82
3.77
3.73
3.70
4.33
4.26
4.20
4.15
4.11
4.65
4.57
4.51
4.45
4.41
15
16
17
18
19
3.014
2.998
2.984
2.971
2.960
3.67
3.65
3.63
3.61
3.59
4.08
4.05
4.02
4.00
3.98
20
21
22
23
24
2.950
2.941
2.933
2.926
2.919
3.58
3.56
3.55
3.54
3.53
3.96
3.94
3.93
3.91
3.90
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
45.40
13.03
8.85
7.35
47.36
13.54
9.18
7.60
49.07
13.99
9.46
7.83
50.59
14.39
9.72
8.03
51.96
14.75
9.95
8.21
53.20
15.08
10.15
8.37
54.33
15.38
10.35
8.52
55.36
15.65
10.52
8.66
56.32
15.91
10.69
8.79
57.22
16.14
10.84
8.91
58.04
16.37
10.98
9.03
58.83
16.57
11.11
9.13
59.56
16.77
11.24
9.23
6.33
5.90
5.61
5.40
5.24
6.58
6.12
5.82
5.60
5.43
6.80
6.32
6.00
5.77
5.59
6.99
6.49
6.16
5.92
5.74
7.17
6.65
6.30
6.05
5.87
7.32
6.79
6.43
6.18
5.98
7.47
6.92
6.55
6.29
6.09
7.60
7.03
6.66
6.39
6.19
7.72
7.14
6.76
6.48
6.28
7.83
7.24
6.85
6.57
6.36
7.93
7.34
6.94
6.65
6.44
8.03
7.43
7.02
6.73
6.51
8.12
7.51
7.10
6.80
6.58
8.21
7.59
7.17
6.87
6.64
4.91
4.82
4.75
4.69
4.64
5.12
5.03
4.95
4.88
4.83
5.30
5.20
5.12
5.05
4.99
5.46
5.35
5.27
5.19
5.13
5.60
5.49
5.39
5.32
5.25
5.72
5.61
5.51
5.43
5.36
5.83
5.71
5.61
5.53
5.46
5.93
5.81
5.71
5.63
5.55
6.03
5.90
5.80
5.71
5.64
6.11
5.98
5.88
5.79
5.71
6.19
6.06
5.95
5.85
5.79
6.27
6.13
6.02
5.93
5.85
6.34
6.20
6.09
5.99
5.91
6.40
6.27
6.15
6.05
5.97
6.47
6.33
6.21
6.11
6.03
4.37
4.33
4.30
4.28
4.25
4.59
4.56
4.52
4.49
4.47
4.78
4.74
4.70
4.67
4.65
4.94
4.90
4.86
4.82
4.79
5.08
5.03
4.99
4.96
4.92
5.20
5.15
5.11
5.07
5.04
5.31
5.26
5.21
5.17
5.14
5.40
5.35
5.31
5.27
5.23
5.49
5.44
5.39
5.35
5.31
5.57
5.52
5.47
5.43
5.39
5.65
5.59
5.54
5.50
5.46
5.72
5.66
5.61
5.57
5.53
5.78
5.73
5.67
5.63
5.59
5.85
5.79
5.73
5.69
5.65
5.90
5.84
5.79
5.74
5.70
5.96
5.90
5.84
5.79
5.75
4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18
4.17
4.45
4.43
4.41
4.39
4.37
4.62
4.60
4.58
4.56
4.54
4.77
4.74
4.72
4.70
4.68
4.90
4.87
4.85
4.83
4.81
5.01
4.98
4.96
4.94
4.92
5.11
5.08
5.05
5.03
5.01
5.20
5.17
5.15
5.12
5.10
5.28
5.25
5.23
5.20
5.18
5.36
5.33
5.30
5.27
5.25
5.43
5.40
5.37
5.34
5.32
5.49
5.46
5.43
5.40
5.38
5.55
5.52
5.49
5.46
5.44
5.61
5.58
5.55
5.52
5.49
5.66
5.62
5.59
5.57
5.55
5.71
5.67
5.64
5.62
5.59
199
TABLES
200
Table 9 continued
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2.913
2.907
2.902
2.897
2.892
3.52
3.51
3.51
3.50
3.49
3.89
3.88
3.87
3.86
3.85
4.16
4.14
4.13
4.12
4.11
4.36
4.34
4.33
4.32
4.31
4.52
4.51
4.50
4.48
4.47
4.66
4.65
4.63
4.62
4.61
4.79
4.78
4.76
4.75
4.73
4.90
4.89
4.87
4.86
4.84
4.99
4.97
4.96
4.94
4.93
5.08
5.06
5.04
5.03
5.01
5.16
5.14
5.12
5.11
5.09
5.23
5.21
5.19
5.18
5.16
5.30
5.28
5.26
5.24
5.23
5.36
5.34
5.32
5.30
5.29
5.42
5.40
5.38
5.36
5.35
5.48
5.46
5.43
5.42
5.40
5.52
5.50
5.48
5.46
5.44
5.57
5.55
5.53
5.51
5.49
30
31
32
33
34
2.888
2.884
2.881
2.877
2.874
3.49
3.48
3.48
3.47
3.47
3.85
3.83
3.83
3.82
3.82
4.10
4.09
4.09
4.08
4.07
4.30
4.29
4.28
4.27
4.27
4.46
4.45
4.44
4.44
4.43
4.60
4.59
4.58
4.57
4.56
4.72
4.71
4.70
4.69
4.68
4.82
4.82
4.81
4.80
4.79
4.92
4.91
4.89
4.88
4.87
5.00
4.99
4.98
4.97
4.96
5.08
5.07
5.06
5.04
5.03
5.15
5.14
5.13
5.11
5.10
5.21
5.20
5.19
5.17
5.16
5.27
5.26
5.24
5.23
5.22
5.33
5.32
5.30
5.29
5.28
5.38
5.37
5.35
5.34
5.33
5.43
5.41
5.40
5.39
5.37
5.47
5.46
5.45
5.44
5.42
35
36
37
38
39
2.871
2.868
2.865
2.863
2.861
3.46
3.46
3.45
3.45
3.44
3.81
3.81
3.80
3.80
3.79
4.07
4.06
4.05
4.05
4.04
4.26
4.25
5.25
4.24
4.24
4.42
4.41
4.41
4.40
4.40
4.55
4.55
4.54
4.53
4.53
4.67
4.66
4.65
4.64
4.64
4.78
4.77
4.76
4.75
4.75
4.86
4.85
4.84
4.84
4.83
4.95
4.94
4.93
4.92
4.92
5.02
5.01
5.00
5.00
4.99
5.09
5.08
5.08
5.07
5.06
5.15
5.14
5.14
5.13
5.12
5.21
5.20
5.19
5.18
5.17
5.27
5.26
5.25
5.24
5.23
5.32
5.31
5.30
5.29
5.28
5.36
5.35
5.34
5.33
5.32
5.41
5.40
5.39
5.38
5.37
40
50
60
120
2.858
2.841
2.829
2.800
2.772
3.44
3.41
3.40
3.36
3.31
3.79
3.76
3.74
3.68
3.63
4.04
4.00
3.98
3.92
3.86
4.23
4.19
4.16
4.10
4.03
4.39
4.34
4.31
4.24
4.17
4.52
4.47
4.44
4.36
4.29
4.63
4.58
4.55
4.47
4.39
4.73
4.69
4.65
4.56
4.47
4.82
4.76
4.73
4.64
4.55
4.90
4.85
4.81
4.71
4.62
4.98
4.92
4.88
4.78
4.68
5.04
4.99
4.94
4.84
4.74
5.11
5.05
5.00
4.90
4.80
5.16
5.10
5.06
4.95
4.85
5.22
5.15
5.11
5.00
4.89
5.27
5.20
5.15
5.04
4.93
5.22
5.24
5.20
5.09
4.97
5.36
5.29
5.24
5.13
5.01
25
26
27
28
29
Table 9 continued
K
1
2
3
4
90.025
14.036
8.260
6.511
135.0
19.02
10.62
8.12
164.3
22.29
12.17
9.17
5
6
7
8
9
5.702
5.243
4.949
4.745
4.596
6.98
6.33
5.92
5.64
5.43
7.80
7.08
6.54
6.20
5.96
8.42
7.56
7.01
6.62
6.35
8.91
7.97
7.37
6.96
6.66
9.32
8.32
7.68
7.24
6.91
9.67
8.61
7.94
7.47
7.13
9.97
8.87
8.17
7.68
7.33
10.24
9.10
8.37
7.86
7.49
10.48
9.30
8.55
8.03
7.65
10.70
9.48
8.71
8.18
7.78
10.89
9.65
8.86
8.31
7.91
11.08
9.81
9.00
8.44
8.03
11.24
9.95
9.12
8.55
8.13
11.40
10.08
9.24
8.66
8.23
11.55
10.21
9.35
8.76
8.33
11.68
10.32
9.46
8.85
8.41
11.81
10.43
9.55
8.94
8.49
11.93
10.54
9.65
9.03
8.57
10
11
12
13
14
4.482
4.392
4.320
4.260
4.210
5.27
5.15
5.05
4.96
4.89
5.77
5.62
5.50
5.40
5.32
6.14
5.97
5.84
5.73
5.63
6.43
6.25
6.10
5.98
5.88
6.67
6.48
6.32
6.19
6.08
6.87
6.67
6.51
6.37
6.26
7.05
6.84
6.67
6.53
6.41
7.21
6.99
6.81
6.67
6.54
7.36
7.13
6.94
6.79
6.66
7.49
7.25
7.06
6.90
6.77
7.60
7.36
7.17
7.01
6.87
7.71
7.46
7.26
7.10
6.96
7.81
7.56
7.36
7.19
7.05
7.91
7.65
7.44
7.27
7.13
7.99
7.73
7.52
7.35
7.20
8.08
7.81
7.59
7.42
7.27
8.15
7.88
7.66
7.48
7.33
8.23
7.95
7.73
7.55
7.39
15
16
17
18
19
4.167
4.131
4.099
4.071
4.045
4.84
4.79
4.74
4.70
4.67
5.25
5.19
5.14
5.09
5.05
5.56
5.49
5.43
5.38
5.33
5.80
5.72
5.66
5.60
5.55
5.99
5.92
5.85
5.79
5.73
6.16
6.08
6.01
5.94
5.89
6.31
6.22
6.15
6.08
6.02
6.44
6.35
6.27
6.20
6.14
6.55
6.46
6.38
6.31
6.25
6.66
6.56
6.48
6.41
6.34
6.76
6.66
6.57
6.50
6.43
6.84
6.74
6.66
6.58
6.51
6.93
6.82
6.73
6.65
6.58
7.00
6.90
6.81
6.73
6.65
7.07
6.97
6.87
6.79
6.72
7.14
7.03
6.94
6.85
6.78
7.20
7.09
7.00
6.91
6.84
7.26
7.15
7.05
6.97
6.89
20
21
22
23
24
4.024
4.004
3.986
3.970
3.955
4.64
4.61
4.58
4.56
4.55
5.02
4.99
4.96
4.93
4.91
5.29
5.26
5.22
5.20
5.17
5.51
5.47
5.43
5.40
5.37
5.69
5.65
5.61
5.57
5.54
5.84
5.80
5.76
5.72
5.69
5.97
5.92
5.88
5.84
5.81
6.09
6.04
6.00
5.96
5.92
6.19
6.14
6.10
6.06
6.02
6.28
6.24
6.19
6.15
6.11
6.37
6.32
6.27
6.23
6.19
6.45
6.39
6.35
6.30
6.26
6.52
6.47
6.42
6.37
6.33
6.59
6.53
6.48
6.43
6.39
6.65
6.59
6.54
6.49
6.45
6.71
6.65
6.60
6.55
6.51
6.77
6.70
6.65
6.60
6.56
6.82
6.76
6.70
6.65
6.61
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
185.6 202.2 215.8 227.2 237.0 245.6 253.2 260.0 266.2 271.8 277.0 281.8 286.3 290.4 294.3 298.0
24.72
26.63 28.20 29.53 30.68 31.69 32.59 33.40 34.13 34.81 35.43 36.00 36.53 37.03 37.50 37.95
13.33 14.24 15.00 15.64 16.20 16.69 17.13 17.53 17.89 18.22 18.52 18.81 19.07 19.32 19.55 19.77
9.96
10.58 11.10 11.55 11.93 12.27 12.57 12.84 13.09 13.32 13.53 13.73 13.91 14.08 14.24 14.40
TABLES
201
202
Table 9 continued
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
3.942
3.930
3.918
3.908
3.889
4.52
4.50
4.49
4.47
4.45
4.89
4.87
4.85
4.83
4.80
5.15
5.12
5.10
5.08
5.05
5.34
5.32
5.30
5.28
5.24
5.51
5.49
5.46
5.44
5.40
5.66
5.63
5.61
5.58
5.54
5.78
5.75
5.72
5.70
5.65
5.89
5.86
5.83
5.80
5.76
5.99
5.95
5.93
5.90
5.85
6.07
6.04
6.01
5.98
5.93
6.15
6.12
6.09
6.06
6.01
6.22
6.19
6.16
6.13
6.08
6.29
6.26
6.22
6.19
6.14
6.35
6.32
6.28
6.25
6.20
6.41
6.38
6.34
6.31
6.26
6.47
6.43
6.40
6.37
6.31
6.52
6.48
6.45
6.42
6.36
6.57
6.53
6.50
6.47
6.41
30
31
32
33
34
3.889
3.881
3.873
3.865
3.859
4.45
4.44
4.43
4.42
4.41
4.80
4.79
4.78
4.76
4.75
5.05
5.03
5.02
5.01
4.99
5.24
5.22
5.21
5.19
5.18
5.40
5.38
5.37
5.35
5.34
5.54
5.52
5.50
5.48
5.47
5.65
5.63
5.61
5.59
5.58
5.76
5.74
5.72
5.70
5.68
5.85
5.83
5.81
5.79
5.77
5.93
5.91
5.89
5.87
5.86
6.01
5.99
5.97
5.95
5.93
6.08
6.06
6.03
6.01
5.99
6.14
6.12
6.09
6.07
6.05
6.20
6.18
6.16
6.13
6.12
6.26
6.23
6.21
6.19
6.17
6.31
6.29
6.26
6.24
6.22
6.36
6.34
6.31
6.29
6.27
6.41
6.38
6.36
6.34
6.31
35
36
37
38
39
3.852
3.846
3.841
3.835
3.830
4.41
4.40
4.39
4.38
4.38
4.74
4.73
4.72
4.72
4.71
4.98
4.97
4.96
4.95
4.94
5.16
5.15
5.14
5.13
5.12
5.33
5.31
5.30
5.29
5.28
5.45
5.44
5.43
5.41
5.40
5.56
5.55
5.54
5.52
5.51
5.67
5.65
5.64
5.62
5.62
5.76
5.74
5.73
5.72
5.70
5.84
S.82
5.81
5.80
5.78
5.91
5.90
5.88
5.87
5.85
5.98
5.96
5.94
5.93
5.91
6.04
6.02
6.00
5.99
5.97
6.10
6.08
6.06
6.05
6.03
6.15
6.13
6.12
6.10
6.08
6.20
6.18
6.17
6.15
6.13
6.25
6.23
6.22
6.20
6.18
6.29
6.28
6.26
6.24
6.23
40
50
60
120
3.825
3.787
3.762
3.702
3.643
4.37
4.32
4.28
4.20
4.12
4.70
4.64
4.59
4.50
4.40
4.93
4.86
4.82
4.71
4.60
5.11
5.04
4.99
4.87
4.76
5.26
5.19
5.13
5.01
4.88
5.39
5.30
5.25
5.12
4.99
5.50
5.41
5.36
5.21
5.08
5.60
5.51
5.45
5.30
5.16
5.69
5.59
5.53
5.37
5.23
5.76
5.67
5.60
5.44
5.29
5.83
5.74
5.67
5.50
5.35
5.90
5.80
5.73
5.56
5.40
5.96
5.86
5.78
5.61
5.45
6.02
5.91
5.84
5.66
5.49
6.07
5.96
5.89
5.71
5.54
6.12
6.01
5.93
5.75
5.57
6.16
6.06
5.97
5.79
5.61
6.21
6.09
6.01
5.83
5.65
Source: Sachs, 1972
25
26
27
28
29
Table 10 Critical values of K for the LinkWallace test

K
n
2
3
4
5
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
40
50
3.43
0.151
1.90
0.119
1.62
0.112
1.53
0.110
2.35
1.74
1.39
1.15
0.99
0.87
0.77
0.70
0.63
0.58
0.54
0.50
0.47
0.443
0.418
0.396
0.376
0.158
0.245
0.187
1.44
1.14
0.94
0.80
0.70
0.62
0.56
0.51
0.47
0.43
0.40
0.38
0.35
0.335
0.317
0.301
0.287
0.274
0.189
0.146
1.25
1.01
0.84
0.72
0.63
0.57
0.51
0.47
1.43
0.40
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.310
0.294
0.279
0.266
0.254
0.177
0.136
1.19
0.96
0.81
0.70
0.61
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.42
0.39
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.303
0.287
0.273
0.260
0.249
0.173
0.134
1.50
0.110
1.49
0.111
1.49
0.113
1.50
0.115
1.52
0.117
1.17
0.95
0.80
0.69
0.61
0.55
0.49
0.45
0.42
0.39
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.302
0.287
0.273
0.260
0.249
0.174
0.135
1.17
0.95
0.80
0.69
0.61
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.42
0.39
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.304
0.289
0.275
0.262
0.251
0.175
0.136
1.18
0.96
0.81
0.70
0.62
0.55
0.50
0.46
0.42
0.39
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.308
0.292
0.278
0.265
0.254
0.178
0.138
1.19
0.97
0.82
0.71
0.62
0.56
0.51
0.47
0.43
0.40
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.312
0.297
0.282
0.269
0.258
0.180
0.140
1.20
0.98
0.83
0.72
0.63
0.57
0.52
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.317
0.301
0.287
0.274
0.262
0.183
0.142
1.54
0.119
1.56
0.121
1.58
0.122
1.60
0.124
1.62
0.126
1.22
0.99
0.84
0.73
0.64
0.58
0.52
0.48
0.44
0.41
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.322
0.306
0.291
0.278
0.266
0.186
0.145
1.23
1.01
0.85
0.74
0.65
0.58
0.53
0.49
0.45
0.42
0.39
0.37
0.35
0.327
0.311
0.296
0.282
0.270
0.189
0.147
1.25
1.02
0.86
0.75
0.66
0.59
0.54
0.49
0.46
0.42
0.40
0.37
0.35
0.332
0.316
0.300
0.287
0.274
0.192
0.149
1.26
1.03
0.87
0.76
0.67
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.46
0.43
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.337
0.320
0.305
0.291
0.279
0.195
0.152
1.28
1.05
0.89
0.77
0.68
0.61
0.55
0.51
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.38
0.36
0.342
0.325
0.310
0.295
0.283
0.198
0.154
1.64
0.128
1.66
0.130
1.68
0.132
1.70
0.134
1.72
1.30
1.06
0.90
0.78
0.69
0.62
0.56
0.52
0.48
0.44
0.41
0.39
0.37
0.348
0.330
0.314
0.300
0.287
0.201
0.156
1.32
1.08
0.91
0.79
0.70
0.63
0.57
0.52
0.48
0.45
0.42
0.39
0.37
0.352
0.335
0.319
0.304
0.291
0.204
0.158
1.33
1.09
0.92
0.80
0.71
0.64
0.58
0.53
0.49
0.46
0.43
0.40
0.38
0.357
0.339
0.323
0.308
0.295
0.207
0.161
1.35
1.10
0.93
0.81
0.72
0.64
0.59
0.54
0.50
0.46
0.43
0.41
0.38
0.362
0.344
0.327
0.312
0.299
0.210
0.163
1.36
1.12
0.95
0.82
0.73
0.65
0.59
0.54
0.50
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.39
0.367
0.348
0.3.32 0.317
0.303
0.212
0.165
203
30
40
50
100
200
500
1000
TABLES
6
7
8
9
10
204
Table 10 continued
K
V2

4
17
18
19
20
30
40
7.92
3.14
2.48
2.24
4.32
2.12
1.74
1.60
2.84
1.57
1.33
1.24
2.10
1.25
1.08
1.02
1.66
1.04
0.91
0.86
1.38
0.89
0.78
0.75
1.17
0.78
0.69
0.66
1.02
0.69
0.62
0.59
0.91
0.62
0.56
0.54
0.82
1.57
0.51
0.49
0.74
0.52
0.47
0.46
0.68
0.48
0.44
0.42
0.63
0.45
0.41
0.40
0.58
0.42
0.38
0.37
0.54
0.39
0.36
0.35
0.51
0.37
0.34
0.33
0.480
0.352
0.323
0.314
0.454
0.334
0.307
0.299
0.430
0.318
0.293
0.285
0.285
0.217
0.200
0.196
0.214
0.165
0.153
0.151
0.172
0.134
0.125
0.123
6
7
8
9
10
2.14
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.10
1.55
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.22
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.01
0.85
0.84
0.85
0.85
0.86
0.74
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.55
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.35 0.33
0.35 0.33
0.35 0.33
0.36 0.34
0.36 0.34
0.313
0.314
0.318
0.322
0.327
0.298
0.299
0.303
0.307
0.311
0.284
0.286
0.289
0.293
0.297
0.196
0.198
0.200
0.200
0.206
0.151
0.152
0.154
0.156
0.159
0.123
0.124
0.126
0.127
0.129
11
12
13
14
15
2.11
2.13
2.15
2.18
2.20
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.23
1.25
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.02
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.08
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.58
0.59
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.50
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.332
0.337
0.342
0.347
0.352
0.316
0.321
0.326
0.330
0.335
0.302
0.306
0.311
0.316
0.320
0.209
0.213
0.216
0.219
0.222
0.161
0.164
0.166
0.169
0.171
0.132
0.134
0.136
0.138
0.140
16
17
18
19
20
2.22
2.25
2.27
2.30
2.32
1.65
1.67
1.69
1.71
1.73
1.31
1.33
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.09
1.10
1.12
1.13
1.14
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.68
0.69
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.63
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.57
0.58
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.38
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.357
0.362
0.367
0.372
0.376
0.340
0.345
0.350
0.354
0.359
0.325
0.329
0.334
0.338
0.343
0.226
0.229
0.232
0.235
0.238
0.174
0.176
0.179
0.181
0.184
0.142
0.144
0.146
0.148
0.150
30
40
50
100
200
500
1000
2.59
2.80
2.99
3.74
4.79
6.81
9.01
1.95
2.11
2.25
2.83
3.63
5.16
6.83
1.54
1.66
1.78
2.24
2.88
4.10
5.42
1.27
1.38
1.48
1.86
2.39
3.41
4.52
1.09
1.18
1.27
1.60
2.06
2.93
3.88
0.96
1.04
1.11
1.40
1.81
2.58
3.41
0.85
0.93
0.99
1.25
1.61
2.30
3.05
0.77
0.84
0.90
1.13
1.46
2.08
2.76
0.70
0.76
0.82
1.03
1.33
1.90
2.52
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.95
1.23
1.75
2.32
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.88
1.14
1.62
2.15
0.56
0.61
0.65
0.82
1.06
1.52
2.01
0.52
0.57
0.61
0.77
0.99
1.42
1.88
0.49
0.54
0.57
0.73
0.94
1.34
1.77
0.46 0.44
0.51 0.48
0.54 0.51
0.69 0.65
0.88 0.84
1.26 1.20
1.68 1.59
0.419
0.456
0.489
0.62
0.80
1.14
1.51
0.399
0.435
0.466
0.590
0.76
1.09
1.44
0.381
0.415
0.446
0.564
0.73
1.04
1.38
0.266
0.289
0.310
0.393
0.507
0.73
0.96
0.205
0.223
0.240
0.304
0.392
0.560
0.743
0.168
0.183
0.196
0.248
0.320
0.458
0.608
Source: Sachs, 1972
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
50
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3
4
5

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TABLES

Table 1 The normal curve

Table 1(a) continued

Source: Walpole and Myers, 1989

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

(b) critical values for a standard normal distribution

Table 2 Critical values of the t-distribution

Source: Fisher and Yates, 1974

Table 3 Critical values of the F -distribution

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

Source: Pearson and Hartley, 1970

Table 4 Fisher z-transformation

= tanh1 r = 1.1513 log10

Source: Neave, 1978

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

Table 5 Critical values for the 2 -distribution

Table 6 Critical values of r for the correlation test with = 0

Source: De Jonge, 19634

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

Source: Geary and Pearson, n.d.; Bennett and Franklin, 1961

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

Source: Dixon and Massey, 1957

Table 9 Critical values of the Studentized range for multiple comparison

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

Level of signicance = 0.01

Source: Sachs, 1972

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

Table 10 Critical values of K for the LinkWallace test

Level of signicance = 0.01

Source: Sachs, 1972

100 STATISTICAL TESTS

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