Electromagnetism the study of the effects of electricity and magnetism.

Electromagnet a coil of wire carrying a current wound around a soft iron

core.
Doorbell, electric motor, generator, telegraph, microphone, earphone,
magnetic tape all make use of electromagnets.
An electric current is produced by a moving charge (electron) and is always
surrounded by a magnetic field.
Magnetic field the region around the magnet in which it influences
magnetic materials and other magnets.
Properties of Magnets:
1. Magnets have two poles, the N pole and the S pole. If you cut magnet
into pieces, every piece still has two poles.
2. Like magnetic poles repel. Unlike magnetic poles attract.
3. A piece of magnetite, when made to hang and swing freely, would
align itself with the magnetic field of the earth following a north-south
direction.
4. Permanent magnets are magnets made from alloys of cobalt and
nickel.
5. Other metals, like iron, can be magnetized by induction.

Two bar magnets interact with each other through their magnetic fields. The
magnetic field lines are closed curves, from north to south, they never cross
one anothers path.
The right-hand grip rule is used to determine the direction of the magnetic
field around a straight conductor. It states that if the conductor is grasped in
the right hand, with the thumb pointed in the direction of the current, the
fingers will curl around the conductor in the direction of the magnetic field.

To determine the magnitude of the magnetic field,

= 0I
2r
Where: B = magnetic field strength in T or N/Am
0 = permeability of free space = 4 x 10-7Tm/A
I = current in A
r = radius in m

Permeability the property of substance to attract the magnetic flux of other

materials.
The magnitude of the magnetic field decreases as the distance from the
poles increases.
To determine the direction of the magnetic force, use the right-hand rule:
The index finger points to the direction of the current, the middle finger
points to the direction of the magnetic field, while the thumb points to the
direction of the magnetic force.
To determine the magnitude of magnetic force:
F = ILB sin
If = 90,
F = ILB
Where: F = magnetic force in N
I = current in A
L = length of the wire in m
B = magnetic field in T
= angle between B and the wire
There is only a magnetic force if B and I are perpendicular or the component
of B that is perpendicular to the I.

Torque moment of force

Ttotal = NIBA
Where: T = torque in Nm
N= number of loops
I = current in A
B = magnetic field in T
A = area in m2
The torque is maximum when the plane of the coil is parallel to the B lines.
Torque equals zero when the plane is perpendicular to the B lines.

A motor is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy.
It takes in electricity to make an object move. The input might be AC or DC
electricity, in which case, the motor becomes an AC motor or a DC motor,
respectively.
A generator is an electrical device that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. It may either be AC or DC depending on whether the
electricity that is generated is AC or DC, respectively.
Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in which electric fields and
magnetic fields interact to generate an electromotive force.
It was Michael Faraday who summarized all the ways that electric induction
can occur.
Faradays law states that the induced emf is equal to the time rate of change
of magnetic flux. The (-) sign is the symbol for Lenzs law which states that
the direction of the induced B is that it opposes the change that induced it.
= -N
t
where: = induced emf in V
N = number of loops of wire
t = time in s

Magnetic flux the product of the magnetic field strength and area.
= BA cos
Where: = magnetic flux in Nm/A
B = magnetic field in T
A = area in m2
= angle between B and its component perpendicular to the face of
the coil of wire

If the magnetic flux is increasing, the induced B opposes the external B.

If the magnetic flux is decreasing, the induced B is in the same direction as
the external B.
Induced emf:
= vBL sin
Where: = induced emf in V
v = speed of the wire in m/s
B = magnetic field in T
L = length of the wire in m
= angle between the direction of B and v

It is possible to induce an emf even without a battery by moving a wire

inside a magnetic field, current starts to flow in the wire. Then, we have an
AC generator.