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Communication Systems II
A sin ct
(t )
0
0t T
elsewhere
Detection of ASK:The impulse response of the match filter for optimum detection
of this ASK waveform in the presence of white noise is:
h(t ) (T t )
The matched filter output for the (noiseless) input
y (t ) (t ) h(t )
( ) (T t )d
r (T t )
where r (t ) is the time autocorrelation for
(t )
y (T ) r (0) E
(t )
Communication Systems II
A sketch of the match filter output is shown in figure below. The signal
energy may be find as
T
A2T
E A sin c tdt
2
0
2
A sin 1t
1 (t )
0
A sin 2t
2 (t )
0
0 t Tb
elsewhere
0 t Tb
elsewhere
Communication Systems II
2 Eb
cos 2f i t
si (t ) Tb
0
0 t Tb
elsewhere
where i=1,2 and Eb is the transmitted energy per bit. A simple binary
FSK output waveform shown below
Generation and detection of binary FSK signals: To generate a binary FSK signal, the scheme shown in figure
below may be used: -
Communication Systems II
1
multiple of bit rate .
Tb
To detect the original binary sequences given the noisy received
signal x(t), we may use the receiver shown in figure below (coherent
detection).
Communication Systems II
2
cos(2f1 ) ,
Tb
to
2
cos(2f 2 ) , and 0 t Tb . The resulting outputs form envelope
Tb
and
filter
in
the
lower
path
is
matched
Communication Systems II
f 2 f1
2
where f1 f c f , f 2 f c f .
The output spectrum for an FSK signal can be represented as
shown in figure below.
fc
f1
f2
2f
2f 2 B
The bandwidth for FSK can be approximated as: -
B.W 2f 2 B
where B is the original base-band binary signal bandwidth.
Communication Systems II
1) Binary phase shift keying (BPSK): With BPSK two output phases are possible for a single carrier
frequency. One output phase representing logic 1 and the other logic 0.
At the input digital signal change state, the phase of the output carrier
shifts between two angles that are 180o out of phase. Other name of
BPSK is phase reversal keying (PRK).
BPSK transmitter:Figure below shows a simplified block diagram of a BPSK
modulator. The balanced modulator acts as a phase reversing switch
depending on the logic condition of the digital input, the carrier is
transferred to the output either in phase or 180o out of phase with the
reference carrier oscillator.
Communication Systems II
are off. Therefore, the output carrier is 180o out of phase with input
carrier.
Communication Systems II
Communication Systems II
BPSK receiver: Figure below shows the block diagram of BPSK receiver.
sin 2 c t
1
1 1
(1 cos 2ct ) cos 2ct
2
2 2
1
cos 2c t Filtered out by LPF
2
1
output V log ic1
2
For a BPSK input signal of sin c t (logic 0), the output of the
balanced modulator is
sin 2 c t
1
1 1
(1 cos 2c t )
cos 2c t
2
2 2
Communication Systems II
1
cos 2ct Filtered out by LPF
2
1
output V log ic0
2
Bandwidth consideration of BPSK: -
1
1
cos(c a )t cos(c a )t
2
2
The minimum duple side Nyquist bandwidth (fN) is
(c a ) (c a ) 2a 2 f a
fa
Rb
2
f N 2(
Rb
) Rb
2
Communication Systems II
1
1
cos(c a )t cos(c a )t
2
2
1
1
cos 2 (70 5) 106 t cos 2 (70 5) 106 t
2
2
m log 2 M
M 2m
Communication Systems II
dibits. Each dibits code generator one of four possible output phases.
Therefore, for each 2-bit clocked into the modulator, a single output
change occurs. Therefore, the rate of change at the output (baud rate) is
one half of the input bit rate.
QPSK Transmitter
QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel.
When the linear summer combined the two quadrature (90o out of
phase) signals, there are four possible resultant phases given by these
expressions ( sin c t cos c t , sin c t cos c t , sin ct cos c t ,
Communication Systems II
Communication Systems II
RbQ RbI
fa
RbQ
2
Rb
5Mbps
2
RbI
2.5Mbps
2
1
1
cos(c a )t cos(c a )t
2
2
1
1
cos 2 (70 2.5) 106 t cos 2 (70 2.5) 106 t
2
2
1
1
cos 2 (67.5) 106 t cos 2 (72.5) 106 t
2
2
Communication Systems II
Communication Systems II
1 1
1
cos 2ct sin 2ct
2 2
2
1
1
cos
2
1 1
1
cos 2ct sin 2c t
2 2
2
1
1
cos
2
1
Q 1
2 (logic 1)
Communication Systems II
8-PSK transmitter
Figure below shows the 8-PSK transmitters. The incoming serial
bits stream enters the bit splitter, where it is converted to parallel, three
channel output (the I or inphase channel, the Q or quadrature phase
channel and C or control channel). The bit rate in each three channel is
Rb/3. The 2-to-4 level converter are parallel input digital to analog
converter (ADC), with 2 input bits, four output voltages are possible.
Figure below shows the truth table and corresponding output conditions
for the 2-to-4 level converters.
Communication Systems II
Example:For Q=0, I=0, and c=0 (000), determine the output phase for the 8-PSK
modulator.
Solution:-
I 0&c 0
the output from the 2-to-4 level converter in I-channel=-0.541.
Q 0 & c 1
the output from the 2-to-4 level converter in I-channel=-1.307.
I 0.541sin ct
Q 1.307 cos ct
summeroutput (0.541cos ct )(1.307 cos ct )
1.41sin(ct 112.5o )
Figure below shows the output phase versus time relationship, truth
table, phaser diagram, and constellation diagram for 8PSK modulator: -
Communication Systems II
Communication Systems II
RbQ
2
Rb
3.33Mbps
3
RbI Rbc
1.667 Mbps
2
2
1
1
cos(c a )t cos(c a )t
2
2
Communication Systems II
1
1
cos 2 (70 1.667) 106 t cos 2 (70 1.667) 106 t
2
2
1
1
cos 2 (68.333) 106 t cos 2 (71.667) 106 t
2
2
Communication Systems II
Communication Systems II
Because change in the I channel occur at the mid point of the Q channel
bit, and vice versa, there is never more than a single changes in the
dibit code, and therefore, there is never more than a 90o shift in the
output phase. Therefore, an advantage of OQPSK is the limited phase
shift that must be imparted during modulation. A disadvantages of
OQPSK is that changes in the output phase occur at twice the data rate
in either the I and Q channels. Consequently with OQPSK the baud and
minimum bandwidth are twice that of conventional QPSK for a given
transmission bit rate. OQPSK is some times called offset-keyed QPSK
(OKQPSK).
Communication Systems II
the phase of the two signaling elements determines the logic condition
of the data. DBPSK transmitter is shown in figure below.
Figure below shows the block diagram and timing sequence of DPSK
receiver.
Communication Systems II
Communication Systems II
Example
For a tribit of Q=0, I=0, and C=0. Determine the output amplitude and
phase for the 8-QAM transmitter.
Solution:As in 8-PSK, I and Q bits determine the polarity of the PAM signal,
and C bit determine the value of levels.
At I-channel I=0, C=0
For the remaining codes (001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 111) the procedure is
the same. The results are shown in figure below.
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8-QAM receiver
8-QAM receiver is almost identical to the 8PSK receiver. The
differences are the PAM levels at the output of the product detectors
and the binary signals at the output of the A/D converter. Because that
there two transmitted amplitudes possible with 8QAM that there are
different from those achievable with 8PSK, the four demodulated PAM
levels in 8-QAM are different from those in 8PSK. There is the
conversion factor for A/D converter must also be different. Also, with
QAM the binary output from I channel A/D converter are the I & C
bits, and from Q channel are the Q & C bits.
Note
as in 8-PSK, Rb/3.
Communication Systems II
Example
For a quadbit input I=0, I`=0, Q=0, and Q`=0 (0000). Determine the
output amplitude and phase for the 16-QAM transmitter.
Solution:The I-channel output = 0.22 sin c t
The Q-channel output = 0.22 cos c t
Summer output = 0.22 sin c t 0.22 cos c t
o
= 0.311sin(c t 135 )
Communication Systems II
For the remaining codes the procedure is the same. The results are
shown in figure below.
Note
The minimum bandwidth required for 8-QAM is the same as in
8-PSK, Rb/3.
Communication Systems II
min .B.W
Rb
2.5MHz
4
f (t ) an cos(
2t
2t
) cos(2f ct ) bn sin(
) sin( 2f ct )
4Tb
4Tb
Where an and bn are the nth. I and Q channel symbols. The MSK
modulator is shown in figure below.
Communication Systems II
bn 1
Rs
cos(
Binary in
Rb
Rb
2
Modulator
2t
)
4Tb
cos(c t )
I
900
Tb
bn 1
Rs
MSK signal
Rb=Rs
Modulator
Tb
Rb
2
Various components of the MSK signal are shown in figure below for
an in out binary sequence 1001001. The even index sample values
shown in figure (a) are indicated by 1, +1, held constant over two bit
t
cos(
)
periods (Ts=2Tb), and weighted by
2Tb . While Q channel
t
sin(
)
weighted by
2Tb , shown in figure (c). The modulation in phase
and quadrature carrier terms are shown in figures (b and d)
respectively. Subtracting these two waveforms yields the MSK
waveform shown in figure (e). MSK also called continuous phase
frequency shift keying (CPFSK).
Communication Systems II
Minimum
Bandwidth
Symbol
Bandwidth
efficiency(bps/Hz)
BPSK
Rb
QPSK
Rb/2
Rb/3
16PSK&16QAM
Rb/4
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PE Erfc
E
Erfc
2N0
S
2N
PE
E
1
1
exp(
) Erfc
2
4N0
2
2E
N0
PE Erfc
E
N0
PE Erfc
1.21E
N0
PE
1
E
Exp (
2
2N
)
0
Communication Systems II
Example
NRZ binary system with bit rate=300 bit/sec., using FSK with
transmitted frequencies of 2025, 2225 Hz. (a) if B.W=800 Hz centered
at carrier, calculate minimum PE, if S/N=8dB. (b) repeat for S/N=7dB.
Solution:(a) f c
f 1 f 2 2025 2225
2125 Hz
2
2
1
sec .
300
cTb 1
PE Erfc
f c f
1.21STb
1.21E
Erfc
N0
N0
S
8dB 100.8
N
N BN 0 800N 0
S
100.8
800 N 0
PE Erfc(4.51) 3.26 106
S
7dB 100.7 The same procedure in (a)
(b)
N
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PE Erfc
2E
N0
2 E (1 m 2 )
PE Erfc
N0
For DBPSK (noncoherent detection), the probability of error is :
PE
1
E
Exp (
)
2
N0
PE 2 Erfc
Es
N0
PE 2 Erfc
2 Es
sin 2
N0
M
Communication Systems II
It should be noted that these results are for the symbol probability of
error. The bit probability of error, PEb , can be found by
PEb
PE
log 2 M
PE 2 Erfc
2 Es
sin 2
N0
2M
PE 4(1
1
2 Es
) Erfc
N0
M
PE Erfc
2E
N0
Communication Systems II
Example 1:
Find
Tb
1
10 6 sec .
Rb
N 0 200dB 10 20
W
.
Hz
S 130dB 1013W .
Eb STb 1013 106 1019 J .
Eb 10 19
10
N 0 10 20
For MSK
PE Erfc
2E
Erfc 20 3.88 10 6
N0
Example 2:
An MPSK, B.W.=120 KHz, Rb=900 kbit/sec., what minimum S/N is
required to maintain reception with a
Communication Systems II
Solution:-
kbit
sec 7.5 bit / sec
Bandwidth efficiency
120 KHz
Hz
900
m 8 M 2 m 28 256
PE PEb log 2 M 8 106
For MPSK (M=256)
PE 2 Erfc
2 Es
sin 2
N0
M
8 10 6 2 Erfc
4 10 6 Erfc
2 Es
sin 2
N0
M
2 Es
sin 2
N0
M
From table
2 Es
sin 2
4.47
N0
M
2 Es
sin 2
19.98
N0
M
Es
66338
N0
Communication Systems II
Es Eb log 2 M Eb
Es
E
s
log 2 M
8
Eb
8292.25
N0
S Eb Rb