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Power distribution systems must be very effective in power delivery. Utilities are continuously looking for
recent technologies to enhance power delivery performance. The control of power loss is one of the most important
issues directly related to system efficiency. Distribution system reconfiguration and optimal capacitor placement
are the two most popular techniques adapted for the control of power loss. The techniques not only concentrate
on power loss control but also control volt/var of the distribution system, and at the same time improve the system
reliability and security. Former method is the process of changing the topology of distribution system by altering
the open/closed status of switches to find a radial operating structure that minimizes the system real power loss
while satisfying operating constraints. Later is the identification of optimal location and size of the capacitors
with the objective of minimizing the power loss. This paper combines both reconfiguration and optimal capacitor
placement for the effective optimization. Furthermore, it utilizes Opposition based Differential Evolution algorithm
for efficient searching for the optimal solution. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by
employing the feeder switching operation scheme to IEEE-33 bus Power Distribution systems. The proposed
algorithm reduces the transmission loss and controls volt/var while satisfying power flow constraints.
Key words: Capacitor Placement, Differential Evolution, Distribution Network Reconfiguration, Loss Reduction,
Switching Operation, Volt/Var Control
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Combined Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement for Distribution System Volt/Var Control
INTRODUCTION
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Combined Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement for Distribution System Volt/Var Control
in each loop is not the optimal branch in primary iterations, when algorithm has not yet converged. Oliveira [23]
solved Capacitor placement and reconfiguration by primaldual interior point technique with considering daily load
curves.
In [24], the ant colony optimization algorithm was introduced for the optimization. The combined usage of
deterministic approach and heuristic technique for network reconfiguration and optimal capacitor placement for
power-loss reduction and voltage profile improvement in
distribution networks [25]. The improved reconfiguration
method along with GA used for simultaneous reconfiguration and capacitor placement for distribution network optimization in [26].
In this paper, Opposition based Differential Evolution
[27] algorithm has been presented for efficient reconfiguration and optimal capacitor placement. The conventional
loss sensitivity factors are introduced to identify the optimal location of capacitors in the distribution system and
the amount of injection of reactive power through capacitors is fine-tuned with the help of ODE. The effectiveness
of the proposed approach is demonstrated by employing
the feeder switching operation scheme to IEEE-33 bus.
2
PROBLEM FORMULATION
(1)
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
(2)
Pi2 + Q2i
Vi2
2
2
P +Q
yi
= Qi QLi +1 Xi,i+1 i 2 i Vi2
Vi
2
Pi+1 = Pi PLi +1 Ri,i+1
Qi+1
2
Vi+1
= Vi2 2(Ri,i+1 Pi + Xi,i+1 Qi ) + . . .
P 2 +Q2
2
2
. . . (Ri,i+1
+ Xi,i+1
) iV 2 i
(3)
(4)
(5)
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Combined Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement for Distribution System Volt/Var Control
After successful calculation of power flow of the individual lines of the RDS using equations (3-5), the power
loss of the RDS is calculated by using equation (6),
PF,Loss =
nl
X
i=1
Ri,i+1
P2i +Q2i
Vi2
(6)
(7)
3.1
143
i+1
Rm+jXm
mline
Peff+jQeff
2
2
(Pi+1,ef
f + Qi+1,ef f )
2
Vi+1
(8)
Combined Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement for Distribution System Volt/Var Control
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Combined Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement for Distribution System Volt/Var Control
Line Start
no
Bus
End
Bus
Normalized
voltage (|V|in
pu/0.95)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
266.19
1324.40
763.17
766.25
1677.15
133.08
410.75
455.70
437.52
76.85
130.51
442.93
136.18
78.92
88.85
115.60
0.96
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1.05
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
16
1
18
19
20
2
22
23
5
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
43.82
32.97
228.46
41.52
35.99
264.16
473.76
237.98
267.93
367.21
1364.15
1030.98
603.49
303.13
64.53
20.26
open switches from each loop has been carried out with
ODE. The number of switches present in each loop such
as 7,6,4,7 and 8 defines the range for the variables. Therefore, the range for the searching process is selected as (17), (1-6), (1-4), (1-7) and (1-8) for the variables L1 , L2 , L3 ,
L4 and L5 respectively. For instance for variable L1 , by
the control strategy "DE/current-to-rand/1" the value generated is 3 then S6 is the switch assumed as opened in the
loop 1 and the same process is continued for the rest of the
variables.
The initial population and their respective losses were
calculated and stored. With the initial values of F = 0.8
and CR = 0.6 searching was done for the fixed number of
iterations. The loss has been reduced to 139.54kW from
its initial configuration loss. The identified switches to be
opened are S7 , S9 , S14 , S32 and S37 . The final configuration current at the branches and voltage at the buses are
within the limits.
(10)
The equation (10) reveals that the system has five loops
with set of switches. The searching for the best set of
145
Case 2: Capacitor Placement only In this case, optimal capacitor placement process starts with finding the
optimal location through sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity factors with Normalized voltage at the buses are shown
in Table 2. The buses 5, 27 and 28 are identified as candidate locations for capacitor location through sensitivity
analysis. ODE tunes for the optimum capacitor size for the
identified locations.
The proposed method reduces the power loss from
202.67kW to 159.89kW, and maintains the bus voltages
well above minimum value. The kVAR at the buses 5, 27
Combined Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement for Distribution System Volt/Var Control
146
Combined Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement for Distribution System Volt/Var Control
and 28 are 2210, 47 and 687 respectively. With the effective influence of capacitors at the optimal locations the
total operating cost of the system has been reduced from
34, 049.75 $/Year to 28, 392.12 $/Year. Thus the proposed
algorithm has achieved 16.61 % of cost saving with optimal capacitor placement. The bus voltages are maintained
within the limit. Case 3: Combined Reconfiguration and
Capacitor placement This case combines both reconfiguration and capacitor placement. As per this case, optimization process starts from reconfiguration and completes with
capacitor placement. As per the reconfiguration, the system has been restructured by making the switches S7 , S9 ,
S14 , S32 and S37 are opened.
The reconfigured system has been considered for the
optimal capacitor placement. The sensitivity analysis has
been carried out for the reconfigured system in order to
identify the optimal locations for the capacitor placement.
Loss Sensitivity Factor along with Normalized voltage at
the buses is given in Table 3. From the Table, it is identified
that the buses 27, 28 and 29 are the sensitive buses and
effective for the capacitor placement. With the influence
of ODE the optimal capacitor sizes are fine tuned.
The proposed method reduces the power loss from
202.67 kW to 101.42 kW, and maintains the bus voltages
well above minimum value. The kVAR at the buses 27,
28 and 29 are 149, 727 and 149 respectively. With the
effective influence of capacitors at the optimal locations
the total operating cost of the system has been reduced
from 34, 049.75 $/Year to 18, 198.96 $/Year. Thus the proposed algorithm has achieved 46.55 % of cost saving with
the combined reconfiguration-optimal capacitor placement
case. Furthermore, the bus voltages are maintained within
the limit. The results of the three cases are compared in Table 4 along with the results of the previous published work
[20].
From the Table 4, it is understood that the annual operating cost and power loss has been greatly reduced with
the combined reconfiguration and capacitor placement approach.
5
CONCLUSION
An efficient approach that combines the reconfiguration and optimal capacitor placement for power loss reduction and bus voltage improvement has been proposed
in this paper. The location identification for the capacitor placement has been carried through the sensitivity factor. The incorporation of ODE increases the speed of the
searching process. The proper use of ODE improves the
efficiency in terms of reduced number of load flow executions, reduced computational executions and removal of
unfeasible solutions in the search space. The results obtained with the present approach, when compared with the
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Combined Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement for Distribution System Volt/Var Control
AUTHORS ADDRESSES
Asst. Prof. S. K. NandhaKumar, Ph.D.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
PSNA College of Engineering and Technology,
Dindigul, Tamil Nadu 624 622, India
email: nandhaaaa@gmail.com
Assoc. Professor, R. MuthuKumar, Ph.D.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Shree Venkateshwara HiTech Engineering College,
Erode dt, Tamil Nadu 638455, India
e-mail: rmuthukumar_2004@yahoo.co.in
Received: 2013-07-03
Accepted: 2014-12-14
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