Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, June 23-26, Bologna, Italy

Strategies for the Electric Supply Restoration in

Colombian Transmission Substations
J. Mora, G. Carrillo.

J. Jaimes

J. Melendez, J. Colomer

jjmora@silver.udg.es, gilberto@uis.edu.co
Industrial University of Santander UIS
Bucaramanga - Colombia

jajaimes@isa.com.co
Electrical Interconnection ISA
Bucaramanga - Colombia

quimmel@eia.udg.es, colomer@eia.udg.es
Institut dInformAtica I Aplicacions
Universitat de Girona (Spain)

Abstract-- The new regulatory frameworks have converted the

reliability issue and its increase, in a critical issue. This document
presents the evaluation of reliability indexes and the development
of restoration strategies for ten transmission substations of the
Colombian transmission company (ISA). An example is also
presented emphasizing the reduction of ENS (Energy non
Supplied). Case Based Reasoning is proposed as the methodology
to be used for Fault diagnosis and action proposing.

Index Terms-- Alarm systems, Failure analysis, Fault

diagnosis, Power system availability, Power system control,
Power system protection, Power system reliability, Power
transmission reliability, Reliability, Substations.

I.

INTRODUCTION

he deregulation of electric power markets has put, at first,

the companies to compete by price, and now to compete
by quality. In transmission systems, the utilities have to
improve the reliability indexes and specifically the Energy
non Supplied (ENS), and to be worry for maintaining high
standards of quality. Subsequently, it has driven them to carry
out actions to satisfy the law regulatory requirements.

breakers and transformers.

This paper contains, first, the situation of the problem. in
section 11, a brief overview of some related power systems
restoration studies and the artificial intelligence techniques are
presented. The methodology followed in the quantitative
reliability evaluation of transmission substations to obtain the
critical equipment of the system under study is presented in
111. The critical elements require action strategies to reestablish normal conditions, in the event of fault. These
strategies are presented in IV. The application of the
developed strategies is presented in V; a numerical example is
presented to show the improvement of substation reliability
through the ENS reduction. In VI, Case Based Reasoning
(CBR) cycle is described as methodological approach for
reusing knowledge related to previous restoration experiences.
Finally conclusions and future work are presented in sections
VII and VIII.
11. OVERVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

Some research studies have been carried, on purpose of

speeding
up the response capacity of the companies in the
In Colombia, the Electric and Gas Regulatory Commission
(CREG) has established a quality transmission framework, in event of shortcomings. Artificial intelligence techniques as
resolution 6 1/2000. Here, the availability indexes are taken to expert systems, neural networks, fizzy logic and Petri nets
have been used.
set remunerations and penalties [l].
Expert systems have been proposed for alarm processing
The Colombian Electrical Interconnection Company (ISA)
and its eastern transmission center (CTE Oriente) in taking advantage of the experience accumulated by the
association with the Electrical Engineering School of the operators, maintenance technicians, and engineers, to develop
Industrial University of Santander ( U S ) have performed a a knowledge base. Some related experiences are referenced in
research project to speed up the enterprise reaction to fault PI, [31,[41, PI and [61.
conditions. This corresponds to the restoration plans for
Petri net methodology makes possible to model
under-fault procedures and contingency plans. The under-fault considerable amount of empiric rules used in each particular
procedures are developed for non-destructive faults of system restoration process [7][8]. The aim is to codify
protective, control and switching systems, while the experience in substations handling with resources assignment.
contingency plans are designed to attend destructive faults in
Neural nets have been used in diverse power systems
This work was supported in part by Electrical Interconnection ISA and
the Electrical Engineering School of Industrial University of Santander, both
in Colombia and the University of Girona in Spain.
J. Mora is currently research assistant in the department of Electronics,
Automatics and Informatics at University of Girona, Spain, working towards
his PhD.Girona. Avinguda Llius Santa16 dn. Building P4.
G. Carrillo is with Industrial University of Santander-Colombia.
Bucaramanga. Carrera27, Calle9 Ciudad Universitaria
J. Jaimes is with ISA, CTE Oriente-Colombia. Bucaramanga. AV Circum
Km 9.
J. Melendez and J. Colomer are from the University of Girona (EPS-P4,
Campus Montilivi, 517071)

0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 02003 E E E

applications [9]. Also architecture design, requirements of

training data, selection of input characteristics and learning
algorithms are consider in [lo], [ll] and [12]. They show
power reliability evaluation applications of artificial neural
techniques.
Some fuzzy logic techniques applied to power systems are
described in [13]. It also presents a comparison and
integration with other intelligent techniques as: Expert
systems, artificial neural nets, fuzzy systems and evolutionary
computation.

111. QUANTITATIVE
RELIABILITY EVALUATION
OF POWER
TRANSMISSION SUEBTATIONS
The complex switching arrangement differences power
system reliability evaluation from the substation reliability
evaluation. Consequently, it is necessary to develop models,
which consider breaker operation in electrical substations.
Previous works considers evaluation of reliability by using
decision trees [14].
In this paper we use the minimum cut set approach [ 151
[161. This treatment allows the substation evaluation, outlining
the fault mode identification and its best configuration.
Elements identified as critical require action strategies to reestablish normal conditions, in the even of fault. These
strategies are presented in IV. The first group treats nondestructive faults, while the second one considers power
transformer and breaker destructive faults (contingency
plans).

A. Minimal cut sets

To determine critical power substation equipment by
means of the reliability techniques proposed in [15][16], it is
necessary to present the definition of system minimal cut sets
here used.
In terms of reliability, a minimal cut set corresponds to an
arrangement of elements that causes rupture of the system
under study.
The following algorithm helps to obtain the minimal cut
sets [15]:
Determine all trajectories or paths between the
1.
sources and load.
11.

...

111.

iv.

V.

vi.

Make an incidence matrix, which identifies the

elements in the trajectories (columns) and the
minimum paths (rows). For the construction of this
matrix the element qj is set to zero (0) if the element
j is not in the minimum path i; or it is set to one (1) if
the element j belongs to the path i.
Verify if exist a column with all its elements different
from zero value. The elements associated to this
column conform a first order cut set.
Obtain a new matrix with the union of columns two
by two. If there is a column with all its elements
different from zero value, the elements associated to
these columns conform a second order cut set.
Eliminate the first order cut set contained in this
arrange, to obtain the second order minimum cut sets.
Repeat the previous procedure with the union of
three columns. Remove first and second order cuts
contained in this arrange, to obtain the third order
cuts.

Fig. 1. Transmission substation - Breaker and a half contiguration

9
G8

-I+

Fig. 2. Minimal cut sets for the substation of Breake arid a half configuration
presented in Fig. 1.

B. Reliability data
To carry out a quantitative reliaklility evaluation,
interruption data is needed. The fault rate ( I ) and the
restoration rate (r) are commonly used fcr calculating the
unavailability index (U), the Energy Non Supplied (ENS)
index or other reliability indexes. [15][ 161.

Series systems can be evaluated by computing element

fault rate and duration as presented1 in (l), ( 2 ) and (3).

r, =-2
.14[hours]

(3)

C;11

Parallel systems of two elements, a and b.,are evaluated by

equations (4), (S), and (6):

$Ab(., + rb)
=
8 760

faults

for
[F]

Continue the procedure until the maximum cut order

is reached.

The application of this method allows obtaining the cut sets

of the system in Fig. 1. They are presented in Fig. 2. On
the system of Fig. 1, it is assumed that transformers T1 and

U,, = r,,/z,,

Ai?;<<1

(4)

]:!I

Energy Non Supplied (ENS:) is calculated using the

average supplied load (L), and the total unavailability time per
year (U), as presented in (7)

E = LAwmge UTOtlll

(7)

In current reliability evaluation, the effects of overlapping

outages, maintenance outages, active failures and active
failures overlapped with stuck breakers are aggregated. More
detailed study may be done by considering those cases in a
separate way and adding all the effects.
C. Substation reliability evaluation methodology

power circuit unavailability [19][20].

D. Critical Equipment
In table 1, the critical equipment determined by the
previous methodology is presented for the substation called
San Mateo, of the CTE Oriente.
Substation

Third, the historical data related with component failures

must be available [171[ 181. This is fundamental because this
data stands for the elements behaviour and it allows to
determine the truly critical power substation elements for the
service continuity.
Fourth, the required cut sets must be obtained.
Fifth, the quantification of fault effects is performed by
reliability evaluation (Total outages, total outages overlapped
with maintenance, active faults and stuck breaker condition).
The selected contingency types have severe influence in
reliability substation indexes.
.

Load Circuit

.._^

San Mateo

The reliability evaluation methodology proposed in this

paper is presented in Fig. 3.
First, the substation configuration should be determined. It
requires definition of load and supply circuits.
Second, the type of evaluation must be determined (Power
load service or substation supply continuity). In the first case,
the probability of the load to lose it supply is considered,
while the second one, the cut sets of the whole substation are
considered. In this paper, the first approach has been applied
to the CTE Oriente transmission substation area. This
procedure allows estimating the ENS and the financial and
economical costs of power outages.

Toledo

Critical Equipment
IATR, BI. L170. L171. L190. L191. A220.
A221, L230, L231, L250, L2.51, L270, L270
B1, L171, L171, L190, L191, A220, A221,
L230, L231, L250, L251, L270, L271
B1, L172, L171, L190, L191, A220, A221,

B1, L173, L171, L190, L191, A220, A221,

L230, L231, L250, L251, L270, L273

IV. RESTORATION
STRATEGIES
The restoration strategies have been developed for the
critical equipment selected in III: These strategies are
classified in two types: a) Under-fault procedures, as plans to
restore the electrical service in case of non destructive faults
of switching, control and protective substation systems, and b)
Contingency Plans as procedural guides to substitute failed
power transformers and breakers [20].
A. Methodology
The strategy used for the transmission substation
restoration contains five basic phases, as it is presented in fig.
4. It intends a systematic analysis of the problem nature,
including summary and analysis of information, elaboration of
restoration procedures, simulation, experimentation and/or
discussion and finally, the training on restoration procedures
determined as research results.

... ... . . ...........

Not

Fig. 4. Methodology for the developmentof substationrestoration strategies.

Fig. 3. Proposed methodology for reliability evaluation.

B. Procedures for non destructive fault

The average load (L) and the unavailability index (U) are
used to calculate the Energy Non Supplied ENS. The ENS
might be used to estimate economical and financial costs of

Fault procedures contain the description of actions to carry

In this column the internal I S A S code assigned to power substation

elements are shown.

out in the event of a power substation non-destructive fault. identification, verification of the adequate backup equipment
The fault is evidenced by the activation of an alarm, a breaker operation and finally, description of possible causes and
trip or an erroneous operation of the switching and control proposed solutions for this contingency.
equipment (Fail to closelopen breakerslsectionalizers), andor
Finally, the fault procedures for control and protection
protective system. Under-fault procedures contain a equipment are designed to offer a methodology, which helps
relationship of fault situations, possible causes and solutions the equipment condition determination. These procedures help
in table format, and a simplified basic control circuit [20].
the operator to identify erroneous equipment and report it.
Under-fault procedures were developed with a general Generally, is not recommended i i corrective action due the
structure, which include such aspects as: Object, scope, complexity of the faulted equipment as numeric protective
relays, programmable logical controllers and other digital
resources, activities priority and executers qualification.
Four types of clearly differentiated under fault procedures control devices.
were defined. Those to attend contingencies arising in
operative activities, those associated to alarms, those of
ancillary services and those for control and protective
equipment. Addressing by the under-fault procedures, the
substation operators play an active role under emergency
conditions
The first fault procedures are designed to assist nondestructive faults evidenced by non equipment response to
openinglclosing orders, during the execution of an operative
switching procedure. These fault procedures are organized as
presented in figure 5 .
The second, under fault procedures associated to alarm
signals are designed to attend contingency events that have
audio or visual indication in the substation control room.
These procedures are ordered to allow recognizing causes and
solutions to problem solve. These main procedure parts are:
alarm identification, alarm verification, and revision of alarm
circuit drawings.

C. ContingencyPlansfor destructivefaults

These procedural guides contain the description of actions

to carry out, in the event of destructive fault in power
transformers and breakers [20]. The basic activities for the
structuring and developing of Contingency plans are
determined in three main phases.
The first phase, corresponds tal ISAs corporate actions. It
is detailed presented in fig 6.

Fig.6. First phase of the destructive faults contingency plan - detailed

description.

The second phase, called logistics and management,

develop the contingency plan in each CTI! and frames the
actions to obtain the resources for the contiqgency plan as fast
as possible. It is detailed presented in fig 7. This activity
should be carried out in each CTE before the occurrence of
destructive faults, addressing the equipment replacement,
guaranteeing people and equipments safety.

Fig7 Second phase of the destructive faults contingency plan - detailed

descnption
I
Final report to CTE Oriente
availability oflice.

Fig. 5. Basic structure of the under fault procedures associated to operative

switching procedures of power sectionalizes and breakers.

The third type of under fault procedures is designed for

ancillary services. The procedure structure proposes alarm

The third phase correspondsto the statement of activities to

be performed under contingency circumstances on each CTE.
It contains the general procedure to allow contingency
attendance by the maintenance groups. The details of the plan
include factors as the type of failed equipment, equipment
stock, geographical location, space avitilability in the
substation, and vial infrastructure. Detailed activities are
presented in fig. 8.

Attention of equipment faulted under the proposed

contingency circumstances, requires of the utilization of
documental guides. These have to specify the activities to be
developed; the responsibilities and all technical and
management support documents.

..............
..............

(table 2) and after (table 3) applying the restoration strategies.

Considering a circuit load average of 70 MW, the ENS is
542.08 MWh per year before applying the restoration strategy
(table 2). In case of table 3, the ENS is of 259 MWh per year
after applying restoration strategy. A reduction of 283.08
MWh per year (52.22 YO) is appreciated. Here it was
considered that the S E operator informs correctly to the
maintenance groups, about the damages of faulted equipment.

......

Y*

*CENS
Fig. 9. San Mateo Substation

Considered effect

ig8 Third phase of the destructive faults contingency plan - detailec

description

Total overlapped outages

2.700E-02

282.94

Total maintenance overlapped outages

7.103505
1.000E-01

10.09

1.00

7.640ENO
7.166504
1.000E-01

3,000E-03

1.00

3.000E-03

1.301E-01

59.53

7.7443+00

Active faults
Active faults overlapped with stalled
breakers
Total results

v . &PLICATION

OF RESTORATION STRATEGIES

The effect of non-destructive fault procedures of switching,

control and protective substations equipment, and the
contingency plans for destructive faults of power transformers
and breakers are presented in this numeral. In this way, the
direct effects of the restoration strategies and their application
in power transmission substations are verified. The indirect,
economic, financial and technological benefits can be
obtained determining the effect of continuity improvement

POIThe impact of restoration plans on power load reliability

indexes is derived from the decrease in the repair time of the
components under fault. Since the operator takes a more
active role in substation operation, it is possible to evidence
and solve the problem quickly. Otherwise, the company has
valuable information for maintenance groups to identifjr the
fault circumstance and the damaged element. S E operators
can help in this intention, reducing the localization damage
time.
As an example, the summary tables of the fault effects
(Tables 2 and 3) are shown in case of fault of the circuit ATR
of substation called San Mateo presented in fig. 9.
By the power line presented, the following results before

Table 2. Results of the quantitative reliability evaluation for the line to ATR
of San Mateo substation, before applying the restoration strategies

Considered effect

[E]r

[hours]

[*--I
wm

Total overlapped outages

Total maintenance overlapped outages

2.7OOE-02
7.103E-05

133.18
8.77

3.596ENO
6.231E-04

Active faults

1.000501

1.00

1.000E01

Active faults overlapped with stalled

breakers

3.OOOE-03

1.00

3.000E-03

Total results

1.301E-01

28.44

3.700E+00

Table 3. Final results of the quantitative reliability evaluation for the line to
ATR of San Mateo substation, after applying the restoration strategies

Larger loss reductions can be observed, if it is considered

that the operator can solve some inconveniences related with
non-destructive faults, in control or protective subsystems.
VI. IMFLEMENTATION BASEDON CASE BASEDREASONING
The procedures previously defined must be generic enough
to cover all possible situations and sufficiently detailed to be
useful. Thus, difficulties in the implementation of restoration
strategies are due to the multiplicity of possible situations. We
propose to use an incremental method with learning

capabilities in order to reuse previous experiences and

documents stored in the utility data bases.
Case Based Reasoning (CBR) is an exemplar problem
solving strategy, reusing previous experiences based on the
idea that similar problems have similar solutions[21]. A
four-step cycle (Retrieve, Reuse, Revise and Retain, as
presented in fig.10) is defined in order to Retain experiences
as cases for a further Reuse (submitted to an adaptation and
Revision procedure). Cases are registers containing a
description of a problem, Substation fault symptoms, and its
solution, Substation fault diagnostic and restoration. The
aim is to implement these mechanisms to solve new
restoration problems by reusing (adapting when needed)
previous experiences. The adaptation of CBR for industrial
process diagnosis has been proposed and exemplified in [22]
and [23]. Special interest must be put in defining cases as
suitable information structures. CBR is based on the use of
indexation mechanisms in order to define similarities among
cases and to guide the retrieval procedure. These indexes can
also be useful to adapt the recovered solutions according to
the new situation.
New problem

anomalous situations from that common core according to the

recognizable characterizations of situation that call for using
the specialized plan. Second, eadh restoration strategy should
be divided into parts according to the sub goals that are
pursued, and this so called sub strategies should be
individually accessible and must be linked sequentially to
another component parts of the restoration strategy so that the
full strategy can be easily reconstructed.
Due of the complexity of the system, it is highly
recommended to define the vocabulary to be used on the
indexed attributes in order to guarantee an efficient retrieval.
The case base representation proposed here takes into account
the fact that each restoration strategy that was successfully
used before was been indexed, and register iin the case base as
a frame, and the slots of the frame represent description of
goal state, constrains on the goal, features of the initial
situation, and relationships between its parts and solution
explanation.
As an example, a case frame is presented in fig. 11
~~

h e # 124
Gwl:
Restore the power transformer (ATR) fiom San Mako Substation

a
:
Not available transformer on San Mate0 Sulxtation.
k!&dOIC

SI-Destructive fault, S.II-Available Replacement equipment located on

ocaib substation, S.III-MOtoMay fimi ocaiia to San Mate0 in bad
Conditions by rain, S.rV-Avadable restoration tools on O X Oriente.
Inderedprocemveandcare:
Step one: Start the !mnsport p r d m of the replacement power transformer.
Step tw:
Start the removing process of the Faultedtransformer.
Step three: Revision of the availability of other hamformer parts and
necessarytools.

...
Fig 10: Cases and CBR cycle: Retrieve, Reuse, Retain and Revise.

g 10: Case frame example for transformer restoration.

For an efficient retrieval, indexed attributes must be

Significant attributes to characterise each substation fault
are proposed and are related to the equipment under fault categorized according to their importanct:. This allows a
conditions, type of fault, possible location of fault, and the priority based search that start foir relevant attributes. Cases
corresponding restoration procedure (documented). These are with degree of similarity are ranked for adaptation and
general attributes useful for managing both destructive and justification.
non destructive faults. The operator from the substation must
In order to adapt a new situation, previous solutions must
make sure that the conditions specified of each restoration be adapted. Depending upon a situation adaptation process
procedure are fulfilled during its application. Case Base might be as simple as substituting one solution for another or
Reasoning is proposed by providing plans that have already as a complex as partial struc1.ure of a solution. After
been used and in which the solutions have already been adaptation, the sequenced steps of restora.tion strategy for
worked out [24].
solving corresponding situation will be displayed on the MM1
used
and confirmed by the user.
The number of goals competing for achievement at any
time can be high in restoration problems. If an operator has to
VII. CONCL~JSIONS
star a specific restoration strategy, first of all the related
documentation will be available. Also if the operator notices
Under-fault procedures are good to assist the nonthe possibility of achieving several goals simultaneously or in
destructive faults of the switching, control and protective
conjunction with each other, then the total planning execution
systems of transmission substations. The methodology was
time can be cut significantly. Case base reasoning provides a
applied to 10 substations of Electric Interconnection ISA,
method for doing this.
which conform a database of approximatelly 2246 different
An efficient restoration strategy will be easily accessible fault procedures.
and efficient representation of procedures. There are two
The contingency plans help to assist on destructive faults of
things that have been considered: First how to represent what
the 66 power breakers and nine powertransformers located in
is common to several similar restoration strategies, and index

the 10 substations under CTE Oriente responsibility. The

described methodology is the base for the development of the
contingency plans for all countrywide ISAs facilities.
The under-fault procedures and the contingency plans
obtained as result of this research conform a valuable base of
information. By means of an appropriate knowledge
representation, inference rules can be developed to conform
an intelligent system to support the S E operators during
transmission substation faults.
The proposed methodology is applicable to different
industrial processes, which have alarm systems to evidence
the presence of faults.
By means of the reliability evaluation, the critical
equipment can be determined. Starting from fault, repair and
maintenance indexes is possible to determine, in a quantitative
way, the unavailability rate for year. It allows estimating the
economic and financial consequences of outages.
VIII. FUTUREWORK
Future work is centred in developing the complete case based
reasoning system here proposed to include the 2246 under
fault procedures an the contingency plans for 9 power
transformers and 66 power breakers, given in this project, and
for the control and protection module, set detailed in the next
project.
IX.

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X. BIOGRAPHIES
Juan Jose Mora-Fl6rez. Received his BSC in Electrical
Engineer from lndustnal University of Santander (US),

Interest Areas
Quality

Colombia in 1996, Master in Electrical Power from UIS in

2001 He is currently research assistant in the department
of Electronics, Automatics and Informatics at University
of Girona, Girona, Spain, working towards his PhD
Member of GISEL research group on Energy Systems and
exit group of Control and Artificial Intelligence Interest
Areas Power Quality, Protective Relaying and Artificial
Intelligence
Gilbert0 Carrillo-Caicedo. Received his BSC in
Electncal Engineer from Industrial University of
Santander (UIS), Colombia in 1978, Master of
Engineenng form Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA
in 1981, Research Specialist from Technological
Investigation Institute of the Universidad Pontificia
Comillas (UPCO), Spain in 1994, PhD from UPCO, Spain
in 1995 Laureate Titular Professor UIS
Electnc Energy markets,
Services and

Jorge Antonio Jairnes-Bbez. Received his BSC in

Electrical Engineer from Industrial University of
Santander (US), Colombia in 1995, Master in Electrical
Power from UIS in 2000. Operation Engineer of
Interconexih Elkctrica ISA S.A. Colombia. Member of
GISEL research group on Energy Systems. Interest Areas:
Power Systems, Protective Relaying and Ancillary
Services
Joaquirn Mel6ndez Obtained his BSC in
Telecommunication Engineering at the Universitat
Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC, Spain) in 1991 and the
Ph.D. degree in Engineering by the Universitat de Girona
(UdG) in 1998. Titular professor UdG. Interest Areas:
Knowledge-based techniques for fault detection, diagnosis
and supervision of industrial processes and its application
to real process.
Joan Colomer. Obtained his BSC in Sciences at the
Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain) in 1990 and
the Ph.D. degree in Engineering by the University of
Girona (UdG) in 1998. Titular professor UdG. Interest
Areas: Knowledge based techniques for fault detection,
diagnosis and supervision of industrial processes