Unusual behaviour of wave

propagation in auxetic structures:

P-waves on free surface and S-waves
in chiral lattices with piezoelectrics

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Phys. Status Solidi B, 18 (2012) / DOI 10.1002/pssb.201084219

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basic solid state physics

Peter G. Malischewsky1, Andrea Lorato2, Fabrizio Scarpa*,2, and Massimo Ruzzene3

1

Institut fuer Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, 07749 Jena, Germany

Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, BS8 1TR, Bristol, UK
3
D. Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
2

Received 15 July 2011, revised 11 April 2012, accepted 11 April 2012

Published online 2 May 2012
Keywords auxetic, hexagonal chiral, H/V spectrum, piezoelectric, Rayleigh wave, wave propagation
* Corresponding

author: e-mail f.scarpa@bristol.ac.uk, Phone: 441173315306, Fax: 441179272771

We examine some unusual wave propagation characteristics

related to auxetic systems represented by continuum isotropic
materials and hexagonal chiral lattices with and without active
piezoelectric actuation. We show for the first time a peculiar
singularity in the ratio between reflected P and S waves in
Rayleigh-wave type propagation for auxetic isotropic materi-

als, which has been otherwise observed only in at least bi-phase

material systems. The other unusual phenomenon is a strong
increase of the pass-stop band frequencies in hexachiral lattices
with piezoelectric materials, with no change of the shear-wave
type otherwise occurring in pristine lattice with no piezoelectric
contribution.

2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

1 Introduction Wave propagation in negative Poissons ratio (NPR) materials has been a subject of interest
from early stages. Lipsett and Beltzer in 1988 [1] considered
Lamb wave and Rayleigh wave propagation for isotropic
materials in view of NPR behaviour. Subsequently, a
consistent body of work has been carried out by Ruzzenes
group in Catholic University of America and then Georgia
Institute of Technology, with coworkers. Flexural wave
propagation in sandwich structures [2, 3] and two-dimensional truss-cores and lattices have been observed to feature
beaming effects and specific acoustic signatures for NPR
honeycombs, both centresymmetric [4, 5] and chiral [68].
From the experimental point of view, wave dispersion
has also been measured in NPR polymer foams [9] and
microporous polyethylene [10], showing enhanced attenuation characteristics compared to the conventional Poissons
ratio phases.
Rayleigh waves propagating over the surface of elastic
half-spaces are an active research subject in ultrasonics,
seismology and in other fields of physics and material
sciences. Propagation of Rayleigh waves shows some
peculiar characteristics in NPR materials. Malischewsky

[11, 12] has identified exact formulas based on cubic roots for
the Rayleigh-wave velocity in homogeneous and isotropic
half-spaces, which are valid for the whole range of possible
Poissons ratios. Malischewsky et al. [13, 14] have proposed
to use the ellipticity of Rayleigh waves, which is popular in
seismology (method H/V), for non-destructive testing as
well. Specific formulas for H/V approximations in isotropic
auxetic materials have been proposed by Malischewsky and
Scarpa [15]. In Ref. [15], an analysis on the propagation of
Rayleigh wave in composites based on the theory of Ogden
and Vinh [16] has been applied to through-the-thickness
auxetic laminates [1618], showing a strong dependence of
the Rayleigh wave speed versus the stacking sequence
adopted.
Wave propagation in composite and cellular structures is
becoming an important issue for the aerospace and transport
industry, in view of the implications that modern structural
health monitoring techniques have in modern design. In
terms of auxetic lattices, the chiral configuration [1924]
has been used as platform to embed sensors and actuators,
due to the relative uncoupling of the deformation mechanisms between the central cylinder and the connecting
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P. G. Malischewsky et al.: Unusual behaviour of wave propagation in auxetic structures

ligaments [23]. Prototypes with embedded micro-fibre

PZT composites have been developed and tested for lowfrequency vibration structural health monitoring techniques,
as well as low kinetic energy impact damage [22]. The
hexachiral concept has been also used to develop design of
metamaterials, with hard inclusions and soft matrices in the
hexachiral cylinders [26].
This paper presents two sets of results, related to unusual
behaviour observed in the wave propagation of Rayleigh
waves and S-wave of auxetic materials. The rationale behind
this study is to highlight some peculiar characteristics of
isotropic auxetic systems, which could be considered in
wider applications, from seismology to active vibration
control. The first result is related to the singularity observed
in the propagation of P-waves on a free surface which is
peculiar of auxetic configurations, and has been observed so
far only in multilayer materials systems. The second is
related to an unusual increase of frequencies related to
the first pass-stop band mode (S-type wave) in auxetic
hexachiral lattices actuated by piezoelectric patches. The 2D
in-plane wave propagation analysis has been carried out
using Bloch wave boundary conditions in a mapped domain,
in a similar manner to Ref. [25]. Although chiral structures
do exhibit coupling between rotational and translational
degrees of freedom (DOFs) or micropolar characteristics
[19, 24], the mapped mesh approach allows to use the Bloch
wave boundary conditions also for microstructures exhibiting non-affine deformation regimes. The piezoelectric effect
has been considered as a geometric stiffening provided by
the presence of a Voltage across the ends of the hexagonal
chiral lattices. In that sense, no harmonic varying voltage
field has been considered existing within the microstructure.
Because of the particular actuation provided by the piezoelectric material, this peculiar frequency increase does not
affect the mode of the propagating wave, therefore
suggesting a real possibility to operate active control through
the auxetic configuration.

2 A special behaviour of the spectral ratio H/V in

the auxetic range for P-waves on a free surface The
so-called H/V-method is widely applied in evaluating the site
response for seismic hazard assessment by using ambient
noise records [30]. It is based upon the determination of the
spectral ratio between horizontal (H) and vertical (V)
components of the wave motion. It is usually accepted [31]
that the main contribution of the noise is Rayleigh waves
with the consequence that it is principally their ellipticity
which is evaluated in applying this method [32]. The spectral
ratio exhibits a characteristic singularity or maximum which
is afterwards identified with the so-called site frequency.
Nevertheless the presence of body and other waves may
become important as well and has to be taken into account.
This is the original motivation for the present study. It is
well-known, that the ellipticity of Rayleigh waves for a
half-space is frequency-independent and is a function of
Poissons ratio only [32]. Especially it has no maxima or
singularities, which are caused by a layer over the half-space.
Further it is textbook knowledge (see Ref. [33]), that an
incoming longitudinal P-wave on a stress-free surface
produces reflected P-waves and also reflected transversal
S-waves. The spectral ratio x H/V derived from the
resulting displacement of these three waves is the input for
the H/V-method in this special case under consideration. It
turns out that it depends on the angle of incidence w and the
Poisson ratio of the elastic material n only. We were
successful in deriving a simple formula for x by using
Mathematica. Let us denote the squared ratio of the
transversal velocity (nS) to the longitudinal velocity (nP) with
g, which is a function of n:
g

v2S
1  2n
;
g n
2 1  n
v2P

(1)

and H/V becomes

x; n

q
p
gnsin 1  gnsin2
1 gncos2  1

(2)

Figure 1 shows a 3D-plot of the absolute value of this

function. The singularity for the auxetic range n 2 [1, 0] is
striking. It did not attract attention so far, because it is not
located in the usual range of Poisson values. The trace of the
singularity in the (w,n)-plane can be easily derived from (1) in
the form
2n  1cos2  1 0;

Figure 1 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com) The absolute value

of the ratio H/V for incident P-waves as a function of the angle
of incidence (taken from the vertical) w in Radians and of Poissons
ratio n.
2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

(3)

From which the function ny(w) 0.5(1 1/cos2w)

follows (see Fig. 2).
The value w0, for which this function becomes
ny(w0) 1, can be analytically expressed as
p
(4)
0 arcsin 2=3  0:9553:
The occurrence of this singularity for incident P-waves
on a half-space is interesting because for Rayleigh waves the
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Figure 2 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com) The trace of the

singularity ny(w) in the (w,n)-plane.

existence of at the very least one layer of different material

over the half-space is a necessary requirement for a
singularity or a maximum of H/V at a certain frequency. It
underlines once more the speciality of NPR in wave theory.
Finally we note, that for incident transversal waves the
behaviour of the spectral ratio H/V is more complicated
because of the well-known existence of a critical angle of
incidence. It turns out, that in this case the singularity occurs
in the whole range of NPR and positive Poissons ratios with
exception of the critical value, but the discussion of this
behaviour is beyond the scope of this work.
3 S-waves in pristine and piezoelectric-patched
hexachiral lattices The structural layout of a hexachiral
honeycomb, shown in Fig. 3a, consists of cylinders of radius
R, acting as nodes, connected by ribs or ligaments, of length L
tangent to the nodes themselves. The thickness of the node
and rib walls is described by the parameter t, while the gauge
thickness (height) of the honeycomb structure in the zdirection is defined as b. The specific morphology of this
hexachiral configuration features also rounded corners,
designed for manufacturing in Resin Transfer Moulding
(RTM) techniques.
The propagation of flexural waves in the hexachiral
honeycomb structures is investigated using a Bloch wave
approach for harmonic propagating waves [7, 8, 25]. The
governing equations for a homogeneous anisotropic body
with linear elastic properties are:

@ ui
1
uk; l ul; k :
s ij r 2 ; s ij Cijkl ekl ; ekl
2
@t
2

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Using Eq. (6), the stress and strain tensors of the body
become complex functions of the type:
s ij xn ; t Sij xn eivt ;

eij xn ; t Eij xn eivt :

(7)

Substituting Eqs. (6) and (7) in Eq. (5), the new

governing equations of motion become:

(5)
Sij;j rv2 Ui 0; Sij Cijkl Ekl ; Ekl

The solution for generalised displacements can be

assumed as the following:
um xn ; t Um xn eivt :

Figure 3 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com) (a) Representation of

a mapped hexachiral cell with its boundaries; (b) decomposition of
the wave propagation constants along the mapped hexachiral lattice.

(6)


1
Uk;l Ul;k :
2
(8)

Using Blochs theorem, the complex generalised

displacements on a periodic mapped unit cell (Fig. 3a), can
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P. G. Malischewsky et al.: Unusual behaviour of wave propagation in auxetic structures

be expressed as:
Um xn ; t Um xn ln ; teiknj lj :

(9)

The DOFs of a centresymmetric unit cell can be

decomposed into left (L), right (R), top (T) and bottom (B)
(Fig. 3a). In Cartesian coordinates the complex displacement
functions assume the following formulation:
UB UT eiky y ; UL UR eikx x :

(10)

To consider the energy flow through the corner of the

mapped cell, the additional further relation must be
provided:
UBL UTR eikx xky y :

(11)

Because of the complex terms, Eqs. (10) and (11) can be

decomposed as:
Um xn UmRe xn iUmIm xn :

(12)

Imposing Eq. (12) in the second of Eq. (5), the new

equations of motion become:

For the mapped cell, the components of the wave vector

kx and ky normalised against the dimensions lx and ly of their
mapped cells in the global Cartesian coordinate system can
be decomposed in the local coordinate system (1,2) as
follows:
kx d1 sin60;

ky d2  d1 cos60 :

(14)

The implementation of Eqs. (13) in a Finite Element

implicit method leads to the creation of two superimposed
meshes, one corresponding to the real part and the other to
the imaginary part. The connection between the boundary
DOFs of the two meshes is performed using the following
periodic boundary conditions:




(15a)
U1Re U2Re cos knj lj U2Im sin knj lj ;




U1Im U2Im cos knj lj  U2Re sin knj lj ;

(15b)

where knjlj are the propagation constants of the wave vector.

Considering the first Brillouin zone p  d1, d2  p, the Eq.
(12) can be rewritten in terms of the d1 and d2 components of
the wave vector:

2 Re
SRe
ij;j rv Ui 0;

(13a)

Re
Re
Im
Ubottom
Utop
cosd2 Utop
sind2 ;

(16)

2 Im
SIm
ij;j rv Ui 0:

(13b)

Im
Im
Re
Uleft
Uright
cosd1  Uright
sind1 ;

(17)

Figure 4 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com) From top left to bottom right the first four surface phase constants for the hexachiral mapped
cell.
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Re
Re
Im
Uleft
Uright
cosd1 Uright
sind1 ;

(18)

Im
Im
Re
Ubottom
Utop
cosd2  Utop
sind2 :

(19)

The finite element models (real and imaginary parts

meshes) can therefore be coupled using the Eqs. (11)(14).
For a given set of d1 and d2, the eigenvalues of Eqs. (13a) and
(13b) can be calculated using a Block Lanczos algorithm.
The solutions of the eigenvalue problem constitute the
phase constant surfaces of the periodic structure, providing
information on the stop-pass bands of the honeycomb.

All the simulations have been carried out using the

commercial software ANSYS Rel. 8. The core material
of the hexachiral cell was represented as ABS plastics
(Youngs modulus E 2 GPa, Poissons ratio n 0.25,
density r 1600 kg/m3, dielectric relative permittivity
ex 50 ey 55 ez 53). The dimensions of the cell
consisted in a radius of 7.5 mm, a ligament length of 52.7 mm
and a thickness of the rib of 3 mm. The through-the-thickness
dimension b was equal to 25 mm. The finite element models
were developed using SOLID5 three-dimensional elements
with three translational DOFs at each node. To simulate the

Figure 5 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com) From top left to bottom right contour representation of the first phase surface constants.

Figure 6 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com)

Layout of the piezoelectric patches along the
surface of the hexachiral cell.

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P. G. Malischewsky et al.: Unusual behaviour of wave propagation in auxetic structures

Figure 7 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com)

Illustration of the two different types of voltage
loading applied to the hexachiral cell with
piezoelectric patches.

propagation of S-waves, all the simulations have been

carried out blocking the deformation along the global x and y
directions, and allowing only the transverse z-direction
movement [7].
An illustration of the first four phase constant surfaces
against the propagation constants (d1,d2) can be observed in
Fig. 4, with their correspondent contour plot visualisation in
Fig. 5 The surface plot are symmetric, with maximum
frequencies obtained for the first pass-stop band surface
around 4 kHz at (p, p). For the other phase constant
surfaces, the maximum of the stop-pass band zone occurs at
(0,0), with maximum frequencies ranging from 8.4 kHz for
modes 2 and 3 (corresponding to the homologous phase
constant surfaces), and 12.3 kHz for mode 4. Modes 2 and 3
have similar central directivity plots, differing in terms of
magnitude in the intervals (p/3, p/3), where they behave
in opposite phase. Surface phase constant 4 has a central
maximum, decreasing isotropically its directivity. The isofrequency contours in Fig. 5 are similar to the ones of
classical hexagonal chiral lattices represented by
Timoshenko beams elements [8]. The presence of the
rounded corners does not appear to affect the behaviour of
the pass-stop bands for the lowest four modes.
The piezoelectric patches have been applied on the
surface of the hexachiral ligaments as illustrated in Fig. 6.
The patches had dimensions XPATCH 26.4 mm ZPATCH
8.3 mm, with thickness of 3 mm. They were made out of
PZT-4 piezoelectric slabs, with the following mechanical
characteristics:
2
6
6
6
6
6
C 6
6
6
6
4

139

74:3

77:8

115

74:3

139

25:6

0
25:6

7
0 7
7
0 7
7
7GPa;
0 7
7
7
0 5
30:6
(20)

2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Figure 8 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com) (a) Contour plot of

phase constant 1 for Load case 1; (b) contour plot of the same phase
constant for Load case 2.
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6
6 0
6
6
6 0
6
e 6
6 12:7
6
6
6 0
4
0

2
6
e 6
4

5:2

7
15:1
0 7
7
7
5:2
0 7
7
2
7C=m ;
7
0
0 7
7
0
12:7 7
5
0
0

728:5

634:7

728:5

(21)

3
7
7;
5

(22)

where [C], [e] and [e] are the stressstrain, piezoelectric and
dielectric matrices respectively. The density of the piezoelectric material is 7500 kg/m3. The PZT-4 patches were
located at 3 and 8.33 mm from the base on the cylinder of
the hexachiral unit cell. SOLID45 elements with three
translational DOFs and one electric (voltage) were used to
model the piezoelectric slabs. The voltage was applied in
two ways, one consisting in applying a uniform voltage of
1 V across the lower surface of the hexachiral unit cell, the
other on the lower part of the single piezoelectric patch,
always with a voltage of 1 V (Fig. 7). The application on
the voltage was modelled as a preload matrix, while the
electric DOFs have been statically condensed to solve the
eigenvalue problem in Eq. (13) [2729]. The Floquets
relations (16)(19) have been applied to model the wave
propagation behaviour as for the hexachiral cell without
piezoelectric patches.

The effects over the wave propagation constants related

to mode 1 (S-wave type) of applying the voltage on the
hexachiral auxetic cell can be observed in Fig. 8. There is no
appreciable difference between load cases 1 and 2 in terms of
surface phase constants related to the first mode. A likely
explanation is related to the high dielectric ratio between the
piezoelectric and the ABS plastics used for the hexachiral
platform, allowing very negligible dispersion of the electric
flux between the base on the hexachiral cell and the
piezoelectric patch, and not giving therefore any significant
difference between the Load 1 configuration and the one with
the voltage applied directly to the PZT base (Load case 2).
However, it is really remarkable to observe the increase in
terms of maximum values of the pass-stop band frequencies
associated to the first mode. When compared to the case
without PZT actuation (Fig. 5, top left corner), the
frequencies around p; p are close to 5 kHz (Fig. 8a),
with an average increase of 25% compared the non-actuated
case. The other iso-frequency surfaces also show similar
increases for different (d1,d2) values, with enhancements
between 21 and 25% of the pass-stop band frequencies. If one
considers
p the natural frequency of the systems proportional
to k=m (being k equal to the overall stiffness and m to
the mass), considering also the increase in weight due to the
presence of the PZT slabs (representing 20% in volume
fraction of the base hexachiral cell), the overall dynamic
stiffness increase generated on the auxetic unit by the
application of the voltage at that particular mode is around
2.7 times. This
is consistent
also with the ratio of the shear
p

wave speeds G=r between the hexachiral cell and the cell
without PZT actuation (close to 2.2). The piezoelectric slabs
do appear to work providing a lateral induced strain through
the e31 coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric matrix
(5.2 C/m2), as typical thin films slabs. The overall effect

Figure 9 (online colour at: www.pss-b.com)

S-type wave deformation of the hexachiral cell
for (a) Load case 1, (b) Load case (2).

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P. G. Malischewsky et al.: Unusual behaviour of wave propagation in auxetic structures

provides a stiffening of the ligament, however with no

change of the fundamental S-wave type related to the first
mode (Fig. 9a and b). This phenomenon suggests that the
piezoelectric actuation in auxetic chiral structures leads to a
significant increase of the first mode pass-stop bands, but no
change in shape of the fundamental mode.
4 Conclusions In this work we have highlighted some
features related to Rayleigh P-wave speed and S-wave type
behaviour in isotropic and hexachiral lattice materials
featuring NPR behaviour. The existence of a singularity in
the H/V spectrum of P-waves is remarkable, and worth
considering when future generations of structures made of
isotropic auxetic materials will be developed, in view of their
properties for structural health monitoring applications. The
results of the hexachiral lattice with piezoelectric patches
suggests possible architectures for active vibration control
based on wave propagation concepts [3336], where the
auxetic platform could play a significant role in view of its
geometry and mechanical characteristics.
Acknowledgements A special word of thanks goes to
Dr. Tran Thanh Tuan from the University of Hanoi/Vietnam, who
gave valuable hints in writing an effective Mathematica-notebook.
Further the support of the DFG in the framework of the project
SCHE 280/18-1 is kindly acknowledged. The work on the
hexagonal chiral lattice has been funded by the FP6-NMP-2003STRP-01364 European Project CHISMACOMB (CHIral SMArt
honeyCOMB).

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