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PAF Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

Navigation, Guidance and Controls
Faculty: Syed Najeeb Jafri
Semester: Spring 2016
End Term Exam
Time Allowed: - 03Hour

06th May 2016

Total Marks: - 500

NOTE: All 12 questions carry equal marks and Question 9 and 10 are Bonus
Q.1 A) Draw a block diagram of simple ADF, also list its different types .Explain the modes

in which RMI can be used.

Q.1 B) Lists the similarities and differences between Yagi array and Log periodic Antennae.
Do both equipment have passive reflectors? Yes or no then what is the difference?
Q1.C) Explain the diagrams shown below???What id LAHSO ?

Q.1 D)What is the purpose of antenna coupling unit ? Determine the max line of sight when
the aircraft is flying at (a) 10000 feet (b)250000 feet .
Q.1 E) An HF transmitting antenna has a radiation resistance of 12 ohms . If a current of
0.5 amp is supplied to it ,determine the radiated power ?
Q.1 F)If the aerial in Q.1E has a DC resistance of 2 ohms , determine the power loss and
the and the radiation efficiency of antenna ?

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Q.1G) What is TOGA ? At what height aircraft must flare before landing and what you
understand by command signal processing ? write how radio attitude hold works ? List
Attitide sensors and command signal detectors .And in two lines to explain there purpose .
Q.1H) What is semi active beam rider principle and where it is used ? What is homming ?
Q.1J) What is ATLIS ? Relation of CCRP and CCIP with CEP .
Q.2A) What is the difference between Dbi ,Dbm and Dbd. What are Marconi Antennas and
why we dont use counter poise with them?
Q.2B) what are the roles of Staggered PRF, PW, PRF, PRT and RPM in radar? What is
Janus ?
Q.2C) List the type of missiles? What is TERCOM and DSMAC? Draw an illustrated
Diagram of missile . Also list the guiding principles of a missile and patriot missile .
Q.2 D) How Characteristic impedance effect SWR ? What is the characteristic impedance
of a coaxial cable who outer to inner diameter ratio is (a) 1 (b) 10000. And explain the
physical significance of this calculation.
Q.2 E) What is the use of Pylon and Umbilical cord ? And where it is used?
Q.2 F) Explain the Diagrams in one line only ?

Q.3 A) what types of satellite landing guidance system are in use, just list them? What is the
advantage of SESAR over conventional system? How does it differ from Next gen system?
Q.3 B) In FM Transmitter the FM signal is applied to ______________.
Q.3 C)What is selectivity ? And how series and parallel tuned circuits effect it ?
Show it with help of diagrams . What is Q factor? What will be Q factor if resonant
frequency is 10 MHz and a band width of 100 KHz?
Q.3 D) what is the difference between LAAS , WAAS and GBAS: Explain? Why the
orientation of an aircraft to a fixed inertial reference frame of axis is defined
Q3E) What is the effect of D and F layers ? and what are its adverse effects ?
Q.3F) where would you prefer the following connectors BNC, N-Type, PL-259, and why?
Also explain that which connector would give max SWR and why?
Q.3G) What are navigation frames ?What do you understand by terrain mapping ?

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Q.3H) Which navigation receivers are based on superhet principle ?

Q.3I) Show critical ,over and under coupled tuned circuit response with help of diagrams .
Q.3J)An HF communication receiver has intermediate frequency of 455 khz .what
frequency local oscillator operate at when receiver is tuned to 5.675 Mhz ?
Q.4.AWhat are blind speeds? How do you counter them ?
Q.4 B) What is hyperbolic navigation and where it is used? What is TD and Base line and
how many stations you need to find a fix .
Q.4 C) Explain the diagrams shown below???

Q.4 D) What is Rhumb ? How it differs from Lubber line ?

Q.4E) What is GRI ?and what is the reason of using 3 cycles ( Third peak ) ?And what is
the reason for using 8 pulses for the secondary station. And how this defines loran chain?
Q.4 F) How do we create LOPs in hyperbolic navigation? And why TDs always have the
same time difference explain with the help of a diagram.
Q.4G) What value of Doppler shift along the aircraft track would be measured if the radar
beam were transmitted vertically down from the aircraft? What effect increasing the
frequency of transmitted Doppler beam have on sensitivity of the frequency shift ?
Q.5 A) What removes image channnel in superhet recievers ?Why ATM amphasis on
enroute and terminal guidance ?What is the role of ILS flags on HSI? Why altimetry is
essential in RNAV?
Q.5 B) What is ATC and where it is used ?Recognise the equipment shown below .What is
the difference between s SID ans STAR .Why RNAV using DME-VOR is unavailable
beyond land and its immediate costal regions ?

Q.5 C) What is RBI,CDI and HSI? List their uses and also narrate how they can be used
for navigation ?

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Q 5D) Analyze the Artificial feel system and write its characteristic equation? Give
constants some value and draw the root locus of characteristics equation followed by
bode plots..And then calculate gain and phase margins..As a last part link it with
HOTAS ,What parameters would you like to observe ?

Q 5E)How would you use your engineering navigation concepts to navigate an aircraft if all
NDBs, DME, VOR AND TACAN Flags are ON? The clouds are dark and its snowing
.Elaborate? What is Cat 3 landing and why permission is required to use it ?
Q.5 F) Draw a missile and show its essential parts ? Explain the pupose of seeker and
ventral fins in a missile . What do you understand by warhead ?
Q.5 G) What is the purpose LUT ,MCC,RCC and SAR ? and what is the connection
between them?
Q.5 H) Draw an illustrated block diagram of intelligent navigation system ?
Q.5 I ) Why SWR is important in determining the performance of an Antenna/feeder
combination ?
Q.6) A) What is the main cause of ionization in upper atmosphere ? Also explain that for
which generation of aircraft would you like to design SESAR cockpit for navigation and
why ?
Q.6 B ) what does the diagram below represents? Explain?

Q.6 C) What is PAPI and VASI ?Make a block diagram showing them as one system and
give the system a name .
Q.6 D)Explain FRUIT and degarbling and how they can be Avoided ?What is the use of
ES? Why ATC and DME transponers transmissions have to be coordinated ?
Q.6E)What is FMCS ?And why it is the back bone of Navigation ?

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Q.6F) Explain the diagram below ? where it is used ? Relate to an aircraft investgation
shown to you in class as well as group

Q.7 A) What is
SPI and how it
helps in ident
.
why S mode is
used and how it is related to TCAS? What symbols and colors are used for non threat and
proximity traffic? What colors and symbols are used for TA and RA ? Only explain
gyroscopic instruments ..

Q.7 B) Explain SLS function.

Q.7 C) What is the difference between elementary and enhanced surveillance ?

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Q.7 D) As far as influence on the behavior of an aircraft is concerned, explain in light of

marker beacons show with the help of a diagram, and also mention the color of indicators
with specific Morse codes .
Q.7 E) Explain spoofing ,Almanac data and Ephemeris data .
Q.8 A) What is AP ?Narrate the use of ADS-B and how it differs with ADS-A ? And what is
CPA?
Q.8 B) If the decrease in density with height is much less than normal, the beam may bend
down to the surface of the Earth in a process called ------------ . what does it effect ? .Also
narrate that in such condition how it would effect pitostatic Altimeters.
Q.8C) Draw the radiation pattern a horizontally polarized dipole and isotropic Antenna
both E and M ?
Q.8 D)What comes in your mind when you come across Acronyms like VCO and PLL ?
Q.8 E) What are framing pulses and SIF? Explain Antenna Diversity and polarization ?
Q.8 F) Recognise the insrtuments and Explain how they would be used to navigate ?

Q.8G)Why different HF frequencies are

used for aircraft communication during day and night ?what are the advatages os SSB
modulation in Aircraft HF communication .
Q.9A)Design a PLL with an output frequency which is 8.5 multiple of reference frequency?
Q.9B)What kind of gyro is shown below and what advantage it has on RLGs .Is Sagnag
effect is used in these gyros like RLGs ?

Q.9C )What is Kalman filter and for what purpose it is used ?

Q.9D)Explain the function and principle of ULB fitted to a CVR?Why CVR is located in
the ceiling of the aft passenger cabin.
Q.9E)What is the difference between strap down and inline gyros ? What is WS and how
can it be removed ?
Q.9F) What is the physical orientation of Alford loops ?and how do they trace north?
Q.10A)Write visibility categories as a function of weather minimas .Would Runway
visibility be better in Cumulus or Cumulonimbus clouds and why?
Q.10B) Draw all stages of automatic landing of aircraft ? and explain flare and decrabing .
Q.10C ) what would be the root locus if the differential controller is removed?

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Q.10 D) Make the transfer function of compensated root locus and draw its bode plots

Q.10E) Explain the picture

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Q.10F)What is the pupose ES? And why squelch is used ?

Q10G) Explain the role of netcentric navigation in SAR missions,and interdiction missions
Q10H) what is unambiguous range? And what is MTA Explain. What Greek letter Tau
signifies in TCAS ?

Q.11A) Write and draw the Trasfer function of the following (a)equation (b) Diagram .

Q.11B) The block diagram of the basic system, which is unstable, is shown in Figure 14
The poles have values of 0.0 and -1.0; the specified values are given as - 10.0 and - 100.0, i.e.
the characteristics polynomial desired for the closed loop system is (s + 10) (s + 100) = s2 +
110s + 1000. Also calculate the damping ratio, damped natural and natural frequency of
the system .Show what kind of transient response system possess .Also show what kind of
study state error and response , system would give for a step and ramp input if the TF is
10/s(s+100).

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Figure 11 Block diagram of open loop system

Q.11C)what is required to be done if the output from the system represented in Figure
11C (a) in response to a particular deterministic input should be identical to that of the
system represented in Figure 11D (b), in response to the same input.

Figure 11 D Block diagram

Q.11 D) The Transfer Function of undermentioned diagram is purpoising ,add the TF of
compensator in such a way that system has a undamped damping factor select your own
function for blocks, make the characteristic equation ,make their bode plots both frequency
& phase and calculate zeta ,sigma and omega damped and omega natural also write why
and where we use PID controllers ,lead and lag compensators ..

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Q11E)Draw the diagrams in time domain due to pole placement

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Q.12 ) Design a radar whose transmitting frequency is your student ID, the 2nd digit of
your student ID multiplied by 1000 is the PRF of Radar. The duty cycle is one
hundredth of the first digit of your student ID multiplied by 10,00 and divided by the 1 st
digit. The peak power is 100 kilo watts. The clutter to signal ratio is one million.
Q12. (A). Calculate the following parameter of radar
(i)
Average power
(ii)
Pulse width
(iii)
SCV
(iv)
Resolution of radar dependent on range
(v)
Minimum detectable range.
Q12. (B). If RPM is 15rev/min then calculate the following.
(i) Beam width is forth digit of student ID
(ii) Scan time
(iii)
Hits per scan
(iv)Total number of pulses in one revolution.
Q12. (C ). What kind of radar is this calculate its
(i)
PRT
(ii)
Non-Ambiguous range
(iii)
Azimuth resolution
(iv)
Range resolution.
Q12.(D) What is the relation between Saw tooth, sine and cosine and Time base show with
help of diagram ? What kind of indicator you can see below?

GOOD LUCK & ENJOY

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