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If you have any questions, concerns or comments regarding this course please write to us at:
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2012 Award Solutions, Inc.
All rights reserved. This course book and the material and information contained in it ("course material") are
owned by Award Solutions, Inc. ("Award"). The course material shall not be modified, reproduced,
disseminated, or transmitted by or in any medium, form, or means, electronic or mechanical, including
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written consent of Award. The unauthorized use, modification, reproduction, dissemination or transmission of
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This course book is designed to be distributed as a student guide with the courses taught by Awards
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the purchase of the course material.
The 3GPP and LTE logos are the property of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The 3GPP2 logo is
property of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP2) and its organization partners. The content of this
document is based on 3GPP/LTE and 3GPP2 specifications which are available at www.3gpp.org, and
www.3gpp2.org.
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Overview of Services
Award Solutions, Inc. provides exceptional training and
consulting in advanced wireless and Internet technologies.
Our proven experience enables us to offer a complete suite
of services: Cutting edge technology training, customized
training solutions, and advanced technology consulting.
Knowledge Services
Emerging Trends
OFDM and MIMO Fundamentals........................................ 1 day
LTE
The Road to LTE................................................................... 1 day
LTE Essentials..................................................................... 1 day
Mastering LTE.....................................................................2 days
Exploring IPv6 for LTE Networks........................................2 days
Voice and IMS in LTE-EPC Networks.................................3 days
Exploring TD-LTE.................................................................2 days
Mastering LTE Air Interface...............................................2 days
* Mastering TD-LTE Air Interface..........................................2 days
LTE Protocols and Signaling..............................................3 days
LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO (eHRPD) Interworking.....................2 days
LTE and GSM/UMTS Interworking.....................................2 days
LTE-EPC Networks and Signaling......................................3 days
* LTE-Advanced (R10) Technical Overview..........................2 days
LTE RF Planning and Design Certification Workshop......5 days
* TD-LTE RF Planning and Design Certification Workshop.5 days
LTE-EPC Planning and Design Certification Workshop....4 days
UMTS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+
Exploring UMTS (WCDMA).................................................2 days
Exploring HSPA+ (R7, R8 & R9)........................................2 days
Mastering UMTS Core Networks (R99 to R7)...................3 days
Mastering UMTS Radio Protocols and Signaling..............4 days
Mastering HSPA Protocols and Signaling.........................3 days
HSPA+ Protocols and Signaling.........................................2 days
Multi-Carrier HSPA+ (R8 & R9)........................................... 1 day
IMS in UMTS (R8) Networks..............................................3 days
3GPP Packet Core Networks (R99 to R8).........................3 days
3GPP Packet Switched Core Networks and Backhaul.....4 days
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+ Air Interface.....................................3 days
UMTS Transport Network Planning...................................4 days
UMTS/HSPA (WCDMA) RF Design Mentoring...................5 days
UMTS (WCDMA) RF Optimization Mentoring................. 10 days
UMTS/HSPA+ RF Optimization Workshop........................4 days
WiMAX
Exploring WiMAX................................................................2 days
1x & 1xEV-DO
1x and 1xEV-DO Fundamentals........................................2 days
Wireless Fundamentals
* New Course
Self-paced eLearning
UMTS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+
Emerging Trends
LTE
Welcome to LTE (e).............................................................1 hour
LTE Overview (e)...............................................................3 hours
LTE SAE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Overview (e)..........3 hours
LTE Air Interface Signaling Overview (e).........................3 hours
* Overview of IPv6 for LTE Networks..................................3 hours
* VoLTE Overview................................................................3 hours
1x & 1xEV-DO
WiMAX
Wireless Fundamentals
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1
LTE Overview .......................................................................................................................................................1
Trends in the Wireless Industry ...................................................................................................................... 3
4G Wireless Systems ....................................................................................................................................... 8
LTE - Long Term Evolution............................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 2
LTE-EPC Networks ........................................................................................................................................... 19
LTE System Architecture ............................................................................................................................... 21
E-UTRAN Architecture .................................................................................................................................... 24
EPC Architecture ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Chapter 3
LTE Air Interface .............................................................................................................................................. 39
Principles of OFDM ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Air Interface Features .................................................................................................................................... 48
OFDMA in LTE................................................................................................................................................. 50
Multiple-Antenna Techniques in LTE ............................................................................................................ 55
Chapter 4
LTE Services ..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Drivers of 4G Services ................................................................................................................................... 65
Services in LTE ............................................................................................................................................... 68
Security in LTE................................................................................................................................................ 72
Table of Contents
Chapter 5
Life of an LTE Mobile ....................................................................................................................................... 77
LTE Call Setup ................................................................................................................................................ 79
Traffic Operations .......................................................................................................................................... 87
Handovers ...................................................................................................................................................... 90
Chapter 6
LTE Deployment ............................................................................................................................................... 97
Device Capabilities ........................................................................................................................................ 99
Planning for LTE ........................................................................................................................................... 101
Appendix A
Additional Topics ........................................................................................................................................... 109
LTE and WiMAX: Similarities and Differences ............................................................................................ 111
Interworking with 3GPP ............................................................................................................................... 117
Interworking with 1x/1xEV-DO .................................................................................................................... 119
LTE Performance.......................................................................................................................................... 121
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................ 125
References ..................................................................................................................................................... 129
ii
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1 | LTE Overview
Chapter 1:
LTE Overview
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1 | LTE Overview
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
Describe the trends in the wireless industry
Identify the limitations of 3G technologies
List the goals and requirements of 4G networks
List the high-level characteristics of LTE networks
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1 | LTE Overview
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1 | LTE Overview
% Growth
1G
Circuitswitched
voice
4G
High-speed
packet data,
Voice over IP
Data
3G
Voice and highspeed data, valueadded services
Voice
Time
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1 | LTE Overview
3G Wireless Technologies
3G
CDMA2000 (1x)
UMTS
WCDMA
1xEV-DO
(Rev 0/A/B)
TD-CDMA
HSDPA/HSUPA
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1 | LTE Overview
3G Challenges
Data rates are too low for highbandwidth services like video
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1 | LTE Overview
4G Solutions
Advanced radio technologies (OFDM,
multiple antenna techniques)
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1 | LTE Overview
4G Wireless Systems
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1 | LTE Overview
B. Latency
1. < 10 ms (radio network)
2. < 50 ms (end-to-end)
C. General goals
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1 | LTE Overview
2G
TDMA, some CDMA
Digital radio
Low speed packet
data
FDMA
Analog radio
Voice services
4G
3G
OFDMA
Very high speed
packet data
Multiple antennas
VoIP
CDMA
High speed packet
data
Broadcast/
multicast
10
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1 | LTE Overview
1G/2G
2.5G/3G
RAN
Circuit
Core
PSTN
Circuit
Core
PSTN
Packet
Core
Internet
RAN
4G
PSTN
RAN
Evolved BS
Packet
Core
Internet
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11
1 | LTE Overview
4G Networks
Spectrally efficient
air interface
OFDM
Multiple antenna
techniques
Air Interface
Distributed, IP-based
access network
Scalable
Reduced latency
Access Network
IP-oriented, IMS-based
core network
Scalable
Low cost
Rapid service
deployment
Core Network
Service Network
12
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1 | LTE Overview
3GPP
UMTS
3GPP2
1x
WiMAX
802.16
Fixed
WLAN
802.11
HSDPA/
HSUPA
1xEV-DO
Rev 0/A/B
LTE
UMB
802.16e
Mobile
802.11 b/g
802.11n
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13
1 | LTE Overview
14
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1 | LTE Overview
3GPP Roadmap
HSPA+, Higher-order
modulation, MIMO
Bearer-independent
circuit-switched
architecture
Circuit voice,
2 Mbps
packet data
HSUPA,
MBMS
LTE
R10
R9
R8
HSDPA,
IMS
R7
R6
LTE Advanced
R5
R4
LTE
Enhancements
R99
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15
1 | LTE Overview
Summary
The wireless industry is rapidly evolving toward an
IP-centric, data-oriented architecture.
Voice is still the primary application, but packet data is
driving significant growth.
All-IP, packet-based networks offer more advanced,
integrated services.
16
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1 | LTE Overview
Review Questions
1. What types of services and applications are
driving the transition to 4G?
2. What are the key characteristics of a 4G system?
3. What are the advantages of an all-IP network?
4. Which of the following components and networks
will be unchanged in the transition to LTE?
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17
18
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Chapter 2:
LTE-EPC Networks
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19
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
References:
[1] 3GPP TS 23.402; Architecture Enhancements for
non-3GPP accesses
[2] 3GPP TS 23.401; GPRS enhancements for LTE
access
[3] 3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
[4] 3GPP TR
Evolution
20
23.882;
3GPP
System
Architecture
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
LTE System
Architecture
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21
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Low Latency
< 100 ms (signaling)
< 5 ms (data)
Flexible Rollout
Spectrum, bandwidth and
duplexing flexibility
Low Cost
High capacity
All-IP architecture
Enhanced Services
Support for VoIP and realtime applications
Service differentiation and
rapid service deployment
Enhanced Network
Interworking with 3GPP and
non-3GPP systems
(seamless mobility)
Load sharing and
redundancy
Reduced Complexity
Streamlined network
architecture
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The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) program has its own
set of goals and requirements, beyond the basic targets of
4G.
High Data Rates: The desired peak data rate for LTE
in a 20 MHz radio channel is 100 Mbps on the
downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink.
22
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
EPC
(Evolved Packet Core)
Simplified architecture
IP-based services
E-UTRAN
Simplified architecture
Evolved Node B
eNB
UE
E-UTRAN
eNB
EPC
MME
eNB
S-GW
PDN-GW
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23
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
E-UTRAN Architecture
24
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
S1-MME
MME
eNB
E-UTRAN
X2
Uu
S1-U
UE
eNB
S-GW
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25
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
eNodeB
Functions
Radio resource
S- GW
MME
management
Header Compression
Encryption
S1
X2
MME selection
X2
X2
eNB
eNB
eNB
Handover management.
26
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
X2 Interface
Supports Intra-LTE
Mobility
X2 Interfaces (All-IP)
eNB
eNB
X2 Interface Functions
Multi-cell RRM
Handover functions
Load management
Tunneling of user packets
eNB
Handover cancellation.
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27
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
S1 Interface
Supports Many-to-Many
Relationships
eNB
(All-IP)
MME
S1 Interfaces
eNB
S-GW
eNB
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Paging procedure.
28
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
EPC Architecture
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29
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
UE
MME
HSS
Wi-Fi
AAA/AuC
GERAN
UTRAN
P-GW
SGSN
EPC
ePDG
Non-Trusted
Non-3GPP
Network
UE
S-GW
1xEV-DO
E-UTRAN
Internet
UE
Trusted
Non-3GPP
Network
Operator
IP Services
(IMS)
PSTN
30
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
MME Functions
Manage UE Contexts
Mobility Control
Security
Authentication
Bearer Path Control
S-GW
MME
S1
X2
X2
X2
eNB
eNB
eNB
Security control,
Roaming,
Authentication, and
Bearer control.
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31
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
S- GW
MME
S-GW Functions
Anchor User Plane
Packet Routing and
Forwarding
Similar to SGSN
Similar to FA
S1
X2
X2
X2
eNB
eNB
eNB
There are two gateways in the EPC, one facing toward the
E-UTRAN (the S-GW) and one facing toward the external
packet data network (the P-GW). A UE may connect to only
one S-GW, but it may use multiple P-GWs. The functions of
the S-GW are listed below:
Acting similar to a Foreign Agent (FA) in MIP in a preLTE 3GPP2 network, and
32
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Functions
MME
S-GW
S1
X2
During Inter-MME/S-GW
Handover and During 3GPP-
X2
X2
to-Non-3GPP Handovers
eNB
eNB
eNB
Anchoring the user plane for mobility during interMME/S-GW handovers, LTE and Prel-8 3GPP
handovers, and 3GPP and non-3GPP handovers.
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33
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Authentication
Evolved Packet
Core (EPC)
S6a
HSS
Operators
IP Services
(e.g., IMS)
MME
Serving
Gateway (S-GW)
PDN
Gateway (PDN-GW)
34
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
PSTN
SGW
AS
IMS
UE
E-UTRAN
MGW
CSCF
(SIP
Server)
HSS
MGCF
EPC
MME/S-GW
P-GW
IP
Network
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35
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Summary
The LTE network architecture is designed to:
Simplify the network,
Enable enhanced services, and
Provide seamless mobility.
36
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2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Review Questions
1. How do a users packets flow through the EUTRAN and EPC?
2. Why is the X2 interface needed?
3. Which node is responsible for:
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37
38
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Chapter 3:
LTE Air Interface
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39
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
References:
[1] 3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
40
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Principles of OFDM
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41
Why OFDM?
Scalable Design Up to 20 MHz
Higher Data
Rates
Time and
Frequency
Domain
Scheduling
Reduced
Interference
42
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Multicarrier Principle
Subcarrier
0
1
Guard Band
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
Slow
Data
Serial-to-Parallel
Converter
01110011101011110100
Fast
Data
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43
OFDM
FDM
Saved Bandwidth
No interference between
subcarriers
44
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Large flow of
water
High-speed
data flow
OFDMA
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
Many small
streams
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45
What is OFDMA?
900 subcarriers
@ 10 kbps each =
9 Mbps
f1000
f999
f998
User 3
f102
99 subcarriers @
10 kbps each =
990 kbps
f101
f100
eNB
User 2
f3
f2
f1
User 1
1 subcarrier =
10 kbps
46
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Scalable OFDMA
Same subcarrier
spacing regardless
of bandwidth
Same channel
characteristics
(symbol duration)
Same sensitivity to
time and frequency
errors and multipath
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47
48
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Multiple-Antenna Technologies
to increase coverage, capacity
and throughput
Transmit Diversity for better
coverage
MIMO for higher throughput
and capacity
Beamforming for better
coverage and capacity
Multiple-Antenna
Technology:
Multiple-antenna
techniques have been around for a long time, but
have not yet seen wide-scale deployment. LTE will
include a wide variety of advanced antenna
techniques, including diversity, Single-User MIMO (SUMIMO), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) and beamforming.
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49
OFDMA in LTE
50
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Values
1.4
Subcarrier spacing
10
15
20
15 kHz
FFT size
128
256
512
1024
1536
2048
Usable Sub-carriers
72
180
300
600
900
1200
Resource Blocks
15
25
50
75
100
7 or 6
Modulation
schemes
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51
Frame n
Frame n+1
Frame n+2
UE
eNB
10 ms
Subframe 0
Subframe 1
Subframe 2
Subframe 9
1 ms
slot 0
slot 1
0.5 ms
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52
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slot 1
12 Subcarriers
PRB
7 Symbols
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53
UE
eNB
Random Access Channel
Control Channel
Traffic Channel
Reference Signals
54
signaling
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Multiple-Antenna
Techniques in LTE
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55
Multiple-Antenna Benefits
Reduced power
consumption
Better overall
signal quality
Lower
interference
Improved spectral
efficiency
Higher capacity or
throughput
Greater range or
improved coverage
56
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Multiple-Antenna Techniques
Multiple-Antenna Techniques
Receive Diversity
Diversity
Transmit Diversity
Single-User MIMO
(SU-MIMO)
MIMO/
Spatial Multiplexing
Multi-User MIMO
(MU-MIMO)
Space Division Multiple
Access (SDMA)
Beamforming
Simple Beamforming
(Single TX Layer SU-MIMO)
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57
Diversity
Transmit Diversity
Multiple transmit antennas
Use space and time to obtain
multiple copies of the signal
Receive Diversity
Multiple receive antennas
Combine multiple copies of the
signal
58
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abcd
efgh
abcd
abcdefgh
abcdefgh
efgh
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59
Multi-User MIMO/SDMA
Users reuse the same radio
resources (frequencies and
slots)
abcd
abcd
1234
1234
60
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Summary
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the
fundamental radio technology in all 4G systems. It has:
Very high spectral efficiency,
Scalable bandwidth, and
Support for multiple-antenna techniques.
Diversity,
Single-User MIMO,
Multiple-User MIMO,
Beamforming.
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61
Review Questions
1. What does it mean to be orthogonal in a radio
channel?
2. What is the value of being flexible in:
Spectrum
Bandwidth
62
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4 | LTE Services
Chapter 4:
LTE Services
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63
4 | LTE Services
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
64
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4 | LTE Services
Drivers of 4G Services
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65
4 | LTE Services
Services Evolution
1980s
Voice
1990s
2000s
Voice +
low-speed data
(e.g., SMS)
Voice +
high-speed data
(Internet, video,
gaming, etc.)
2010+
Data Revenue
66
Applications: Initial wireless systems provided voicecentric services, such as the ability to make and
receive phone calls. After a while, voice and lowspeed data services became popular. For example,
Short Message Service (SMS) is a low-speed data
service where just a few bytes of data are transferred
over the air. Emerging wireless applications now
include a wide variety of services, many of which
require high data rates over the air. For instance,
when a user downloads a streaming video, a news
clip or a movie, only a high-speed radio connection
results in a satisfying user experience. Low data rates
are inadequate for a satisfying quality of experience
in such scenarios. Another important consideration is
maintaining
the
ability
to
handle
voice
communications. In IP-based wireless systems, voice
is no longer carried in a circuit. It is transported in an
IP packet using Voice over IP (VoIP). This necessitates
strict
performance
control.
To
summarize,
contemporary applications are multimedia in nature,
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4 | LTE Services
Drivers of 4G Networks
Services
Enable
Quad-play (voice,
video, data, mobility)
Increased usage at
lower prices
Infrastructure Vendors
High-speed 4G
networks
Drive
Users
Encourage
Network Operators
Demand
Challenge
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67
4 | LTE Services
Services in LTE
68
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4 | LTE Services
Priority
Application
Guaranteed
Bit Rate
Packet
Delay
Packet
Loss
IMS signaling
No
100 ms
10-6
Conversational VoIP
Yes
100 ms
10-2
Real-time gaming
Yes
50 ms
10-3
Conversational video
(live streaming)
Yes
150 ms
10-3
Non-conversational
video (buffered)
Yes
300 ms
10-6
Video (buffered)
No
300 ms
10-6
Voice, video,
interactive games
No
100 ms
10-3
TCP applications
(Web, e-mail, FTP)
No
300 ms
10-6
No
300 ms
10-6
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69
4 | LTE Services
Current support
Real-time audio
LTE support
VoIP, high quality video conferencing,
video calls
Messaging
SMS, MMS
Games
TV/video on
demand
70
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4 | LTE Services
Characteristics
of LTE
Guaranteed
QoS
Low cost
All-IP
Wide coverage
Security
OFDM + multiple
antenna solutions
Spectrum scalability
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71
4 | LTE Services
Security in LTE
72
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4 | LTE Services
Mutual Authentication
and key agreement
LTE
Security
Encryption
Integrity
Network Domain
Security
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73
4 | LTE Services
Mutual Authentication
and key agreement
LTE
Security
Encryption
Integrity
Network Domain
Security
74
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4 | LTE Services
Summary
4G networks are designed to enable advanced
packet-oriented services, which in turn drive
customer usage and operator revenues.
LTE provides a better user experience by improving
or enabling:
Spectrally efficient Voice over IP (VoIP), and
Large-scale streaming/downloading/sharing of high
quality music/video/multimedia content.
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75
4 | LTE Services
Review Questions
1. What will be the killer app for LTE
networks?
2. How are the defined QoS classes used to
improve service quality?
3. What security mechanism ensures privacy
of signaling messages and user data?
76
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Chapter 5:
Life of an LTE
Mobile
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77
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
References:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
3GPP TS 36.213;
(Release 8)
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
78
Physical
layer
procedures
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79
UE acquires Network
E-UTRAN recognizes UE
UE requests Attach
UE is Authenticated
EPC authenticates UE
UE gets IP Connectivity
UE requests a Service
80
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UE acquires Network
E-UTRAN recognizes UE
UE requests Attach
UE is Authenticated
EPC authenticates UE
UE gets IP Connectivity
UE requests a Service
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81
eNB
Q4: Do I know what
the network is
capable of?
A4: Yes it is an FDD
network with 10
MHz wide carrier
and I know its
rules
UE
Q3: Which
network?
A3: Read the network
broadcast
information
82
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Can we establish a
signaling connection?
Step 2
Setup a Signaling Connection
eNB
Here is your
temporary ID
UE
Step 3
Attach Request
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83
Step 4
Mutual Authentication
EPC
UE
eNB
or
Mutual
Authentication
Key Exchange
84
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EPC
UE
eNB
Default Access
Bearer
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85
EPC
UE
eNB
Radio Bearer with QoS
2.
3.
4.
5.
86
7.
8.
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Traffic Operations
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87
eNB
Control Information
2
3
Data Transmission
4
Scheduler
Ack/Nack
2.
3.
88
decode it.
4.
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Scheduling Request
Scheduling Grant
UE
eNodeB
4
2
4
Scheduler
Data Transmissions
6
Ack/Nacks
Award Solutions Confidential and Proprietary
This slide provides a high-level picture of a typical eNBcontrolled scheduled-mode UL-SCH operation. When a UE
first attaches to a network and has date to send, it needs
to tell the eNB.
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
logical
to the
logical
power
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89
Handovers
90
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eNB 3
eNB 2
UE Movement
eNB 4
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91
Handover Preparation
Ongoing call
UE
X2
3. GTP tunnel
is established
MME/
S-GW
2. Handover Decision
Source to target eNB
eNB
4. Assignment of resources
by Target eNB
Target
eNB
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2.
3.
92
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Handover Execution
Ongoing call
MME/
S-GW
Source
eNB
X2
6. Data forwarding
2.
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93
Handover Completion
6. Release
Data Forwarding
9.
EPS bearers
MME/
S- GW
Source
eNB
X2
8. Receive Data from
target eNB
Target
eNB
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94
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Summary
The steps of an end-to-end LTE call setup include:
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95
Review Questions
1. What is the purpose of mutual
authentication?
2. When does the UE get its IP address?
3. How does the UE know when and where to
look for its data on the downlink?
4. List the key steps of LTE handover
5. Which node makes the decision to hand
over?
96
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6 | LTE Deployment
Chapter 6:
LTE Deployment
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97
6 | LTE Deployment
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
References:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
98
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6 | LTE Deployment
Device Capabilities
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99
6 | LTE Deployment
MIMO
Duplexing
MHz
Modulation
UL
DL
1
2
3
4
5
1.4, 3, 5,
10, 15, 20
Up to
2x2*
FDD,
H-FDD,
TDD
Up to
4x4*
QPSK,
16QAM
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
DL
10
25
51
51
100
51
150
75
300
100
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6 | LTE Deployment
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101
6 | LTE Deployment
Frequency Planning
Same
frequency/subcarriers
1
3
Partial
frequency/subcarriers
in cell edge
102
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6 | LTE Deployment
Multiple-Antenna Planning
Adaptive switching based on
radio condition (share the
same set of physical
antennas)
Benefits
Transmit
diversity
SU-MIMO
MU-MIMO
(SDMA)
Beamforming
Transmit diversity
MIMO
Beamforming
Number of antennas
Number of cables
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103
6 | LTE Deployment
4G Backhaul Challenges
Air Interface Data Rates in 2G/3G/4G Networks
2G
3G
4G
Technology
Theoretical
Peak Rate
Practical
Data Rate
GSM
56 kbps
14.4 kbps
IS-95
115.2 kbps
14.4 kbps
UMTS/HSPA
14 Mbps
400~700 kbps
1x EV-DO
3 Mbps
400~800 kbps
WiMAX
75-300 Mbps
10 Mbps in DL
2-3 Mbps in UL
LTE
300 Mbps
TBD
2G/3G
4G
Air Interface
Air Interface
T1/E1 works
T1/E1 does
not work
anymore
Backhaul
Backhaul
104
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6 | LTE Deployment
Backhaul Alternatives
T-1
1.544 Mbps
150 Mbps
~ 100 T-1 capacity
OC-3
600 Mbps
OC-12
GigE
~ 600+ T1 capacity
~ 50-100 T1 capacity
Microwave
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105
6 | LTE Deployment
UL
Case 1
317
241
Case 3
289
123
Assume: (a). VoIP traffic model = Full rate AMR with 50 percent VAF
(b). Outage = 95 percent coverage for 2 percent FER at 50 ms air interface delay bound
(c). System bandwidth = 5MHz
350
317
289
300
241
250
200
Case 1
150
123
Case 3
100
50
Assume a homogenous
user distribution
- Case 1: inter-site distance
= 500 m
- Case 3: inter-site distance
= 1732 m
0
DL
UL
Source: www.3GPP.org
106
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6 | LTE Deployment
Summary
Device categories identify the physical
characteristics of the UE, including peak data rates
and MIMO support.
LTE network deployment considerations include:
Spectrum and bandwidth,
Use of multiple antennas, and
Backhaul capacity.
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107
6 | LTE Deployment
Review Questions
1. Why does LTE define multiple UE
categories?
2. What are the key challenges with deploying
multiple-antenna solutions?
3. Why is backhaul capacity an important
deployment consideration?
108
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A | Additional Topics
Appendix A:
Additional Topics
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109
A | Additional Topics
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
Compare features and capabilities of LTE and
WiMAX
Step through the interworking of LTE with:
3GPP (UMTS/HSPA and GSM/GPRS), and
3GPP2 (1xEV-DO)
110
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A | Additional Topics
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111
A | Additional Topics
OFDM
Multiple-Antenna
Techniques
All-IP
Architecture
112
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A | Additional Topics
Mobile WiMAX
Genesis
3GPP
Spectrum
Initial deployment in
FDD spectrum
Time of
Deployment
Approximately 2010
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113
A | Additional Topics
Mobile WiMAX
Comments
Uplink Tech.
SC-FDMA
OFDMA
Framing
1 ms
5 ms
Subcarrier
Spacing
15 kHz
10.94 kHz
Trade-off between
robustness against ICI
(higher mobility) and
overhead loss due to CP
Resource
Allocation
Persistent and
Non-persistent
Non-persistent (valid
within one frame)
114
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A | Additional Topics
Speed (Mbps)
>100
802.11n
LTE
Mobile
WiMAX
WiMAX
50
Wi-Fi
HSDPA+
10
3
HSDPA
1xEV-DO
(Rev B)
1xEV-DO
2002
2006
Availability
2008
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115
A | Additional Topics
A Comparative View
1xEV-DO
Rev A
HSDPA
and
HSUPA
HSPA+
LTE
Rel 8
WiMAX
802.16e
3.1
14
28-42
Up to 300
75-300
1.8
5.7
11
Up to 75
25-75
Channel Bandwidth
1.25
Up to 20
Up to 20
Standard Availability
2004
04-05
2007-08
2007-08
2005
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A | Additional Topics
Interworking with
3GPP
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117
A | Additional Topics
UTRAN
GERAN
Rel 8
SGSN
S4
S3
MME
S-GW
HSS
S5/S8
P-GW
IP
services
or
Internet
EPC
E-UTRAN
118
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A | Additional Topics
Interworking with
1x/1xEV-DO
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119
A | Additional Topics
LTE-1x/1xEVDO Interworking
Architecture
HSS
IP
Services
SWx 3GPP
AAA
S6b
E-UTRAN
MME
S-GW
P-GW
PCRF
S101 (Pre-Reg/HO
Signaling)
1xEV-DO
AN
Gxa
(QoS)
STa
(Authentication)
PDSN
120
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A | Additional Topics
LTE Performance
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121
A | Additional Topics
Spectral Efficiency
(bps/Hz/cell) case 3
0.3
2.67
2.41
2.5
1.87
1.69
0.24
0.25
1.85
0.19 0.19
0.2
0.17
1.56
0.16
0.15
1.5
0.1
1
0.53
0.52
0.5
0.05
UTRA baseline
(1x2)
SU-MIMO (2x2)
SU-MIMO (4x2)
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
UTRA baseline
(1x2)
SU-MIMO (4x4)
0.05 0.05
SU-MIMO (4x2)
SU-MIMO (4x4)
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.02 0.02
UTRA baseline
(1x2)
SU-MIMO (2x2)
SU-MIMO (2x2)
SU-MIMO (4x2)
SU-MIMO (4x4)
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A | Additional Topics
Spectral Efficiency
(bps/Hz/cell) case 3
1.103
1.038
0.11
0.104
0.1
0.735
0.8
0.681
0.675
0.08
0.073
0.622
0.068
0.067
0.062
0.06
0.6
0.4
0.04
0.332 0.316
0.033 0.032
0.02
0.2
0
UTRA baseline
1x2
1x4
UTRA baseline
1x2 (MU-MIMO)
0.052
0.05
0.04
0.024
0.023
0.02
0.01
0.0094
0.009
0.0023
1x4
1x2 (MU-MIMO)
0.06
0.03
1x2
0.0044
0.0023
0
UTRA baseline
1x2
1x4
1x2 (MU-MIMO)
Source: www.3GPP.org
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A | Additional Topics
Summary
Similarities among various 4G systems include:
High data rates and low latency,
Voice supported by VoIP,
Use of OFDM and multiple-antenna techniques to
achieve high data rates,
Flat all-IP architecture and reduced nodes compared to
3G wireless systems, and
Use of a scalable channel bandwidth up to 20 MHz.
124
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Acronyms
1xEV-DO
2G
3G
3GPP
3GPP2
4G
AAA
ACK
AMR
AN
AS
AS
AuC
BCCH
BPSK
BS
BTS
BWA
C-RNTI
CAPEX
CDMA
CP
CQI
CSCF
DL
DSCP
DSP
E-UTRA
E-UTRAN
eBS
EDGE
eNB
eNodeB
EPC
ePDG
EPS
EV-DO
FA
FA
FDD
FDM
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125
Acronyms
FDMA
FER
FFT
FM
FTP
FTTH
FTTP
GERAN
GGSN
GHz
GPRS
GRE
GSM
GTP
GUTI
GW
H-FDD
HA
HARQ
HLR
HO
HSDPA
HSPA
HSS
HSUPA
ICI
IEEE
IFFT
IMEI
IMS
IMSI
IP
ISI
ISUP
kbps
LAN
LEC
LTE
MBMS
MCC
MCM
126
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Acronyms
ME
MGCF
MGW
MHz
MIMO
MIP
MME
MMS
MNC
MU-MIMO
NACK
NAS
OFDM
OFDMA
OPEX
P-GW
PAPR
PCEF
PCRF
PDCCH
PDSCH
PDN
PDP
PDP
PDSN
PLMN
PRB
PS-CN
PSTN
PUCCH
PUSCH
QAM
QCI
QoS
QPSK
RAN
RF
RNC
RRC
RRM
S-GW
Mobile Equipment
Media Gateway Control Function
Media Gateway
Mega Hertz
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Mobile IP
Mobility Management Entity
Multimedia Messaging Service
Mobile Network Code
Multi-User MIMO
Negative ACK
Non-Access Stratum
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Operating Expenditure
PDN Gateway
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
Policy and Charging Rules Function
Physical Downlink Control Channel
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Packet Data Network or Public Data Network
Packet Data Protocol
Policy Decision Point
Packet Data Serving Node
Public Land Mobile Network
Physical Resource Block
Packet Switched Core Network
Public Switched Telephone Network
Physical Uplink Control Channel
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS Class Identifier
Quality of Service
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Radio Access Network
Radio Frequency
Radio Network Controller
Radio Resource Control
Radio Resource Management
Serving Gateway
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127
Acronyms
S1-U
SC-FDMA
SCTP
SDMA
SGSN
SGW
SIM
SIP
SMS
SOFDMA
STK
SU-MIMO
TCP
TD-CDMA
TDD
TDMA
TTI
UE
UL
UL-SCH
UMB
UMTS
USIM
UTRA
UTRAN
VAF
VoIP
WCDMA
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
WLAN
128
S1 - User Plane
Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Space (or Spatial) Division Multiple Access
Serving GPRS Support Node
Signaling Gateway
Subscriber Identity Module
Session Initiation Protocol
Short Message Service
Scalable OFDMA
SIM Tool Kit
Single User MIMO
Transmission Control Protocol
Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access
Time Division Duplex
Time Division Multiple Access
Transmission Time Interval
User Equipment
Uplink
Uplink Shared Channel
Ultra Mobile Broadband
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Universal Subscriber Identity Module
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Voice Activity Factor
Voice over Internet Protocol
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Wireless Fidelity
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Wireless Local Area Networks
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References
Standards
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IEEE Papers
1.
2.
3.
4.
Junsung Lim, Adaptive radio resource management for uplink wireless networks, Ph.D dissertation,
Polytechnic University.
Junsung Lim et al., Peak-to-average power ratio of SC-FDMA signals with pulse shaping, IEEE international
symposium on PIMRC, 2006.
Hyung G Myung et al., Single carrier FDMA for uplink wireless transmission, IEEE vehicular technology
magazine, September 2006.
Toward Global Mobile Broadband, UMTS Forum, February 2008.
Web Sites
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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129