Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:
Goldberg, Vicki. The Power of Photography | Cover Image. The Power of Photography,
Abbeville Press
This image shows the effect photography and how it has the power to change lives. It will
be used in our project to represent the effect that Lewis Hine had on thousands of children's
lives.
Hine, Lewis. Fourteen Year Old Spinner. National Child Labor Committee
Collection - About This Collection - Prints &Amp; Photographs Online Catalog, Library of
Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/.
This image shows a fourteen year old girl standing alone next to rows of large cotton
machines. It shows the dangerous machines and mills that children were working alongside
everyday. Many people were unaware of these harsh conditions and Lewis Hine felt it was
his moral duty to expose the terrible things happening between factory walls. It will be used
in our project to give a visual of the large machinery that child laborers were working with.

The History Place - Child Labor in America: Investigative Photos of Lewis Hine. The History
Place - Child Labor in America: Investigative

Photos of Lewis Hine.

This primary source is a series of pictures taken by Lewis Hine. They were once used to

help social reform by displaying the awful conditions in the factories and are still used for
that reason today. This source will be used in our research paper and documentary to explain
who Lewis Hine was and how he helped the child laborers.
Lewis Hine (1864-1940). Child in Carolina Cotton Mill, 1908. Print made by Hine Foundation of
The Photo League. Gelatin silver print on Masonite, 10-1/2 x 13-1/2 in. Collection, The
Museum of Modern Art, New York; Purchase.
This image shows a girl standing alone in a factory between rows of machines. This image
will be used in our research paper and documentary to show the tight spaces that children
were forced to work in.
Lewis Hine: The Littlest Laborers. The Reel Foto:
This article contains many pictures that are of child laborers. It is a primary source that
shows the awful conditions that they were put through just to help their families when they
were poor. In the pictures, the children are barefoot, dirty, and they look very unhappy. This
source will be used in our documentary to show how badly children were treated.

Lewis W. Hine. Lewis Hine / Biography &Amp; Images - Atget Photography.com / Videos Books
&Amp; Quotes, www.atgetphotography.com/The-Photographers/Lewis-Hine.html.
This is a series of photos of child laborers. It is a primary source that is used in our project
to show the conditions of the factories, how unkempt the children were, and how Lewis

Hine used his powerful photographs to change history.

Manuel, the Young Shrimp-Picker, Five Years Old, and a Mountain of Child-Labor Oyster Shells

behind Him. He Worked Last Year. Understands Not a Word of English. Dunbar, Lopez,
Dukate Company. Location: Biloxi, Mississippi. The Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004002656/pp/.
This picture is a primary source that shows a five year old boy that does not speak any
English standing on top of a mountain of oyster shells. This source will be used in our
project to explain how badly the innocent children were treated and how the effects of Lewis
Hines pictures helped social reform.
Shorpy.com. Shorpy.com, www.shorpy.com/lewis-hine-photos.
This is a primary source and it is a collection of photos taken by Lewis Hine. It shows the
facilities and conditions of the places that the children were forced to work in. It will be
used in our project to help give an idea of the conditions for the children.
"Smithsonian Source." Smithsonian Source. Smithsonian Institution, 2007.
This quote is a primary source and is from a business owner who believes that he should and
does treat his workers exactly how he treats his machinery. This quote was used in our
research paper and our documentary to show the conditions of child labor and how their
bosses treated them.
Somavia, Juan. "Resources for Speakers, Global Issues, Africa, Ageing, Agriculture, Aids, Atomic
Energy, Children, Climate Change, Culture, Decolonization, Demining, Development,
Disabilities, Disarmament, Environment, Food, Governance, Humanitarian, Refugees,
Women." UN News Center. UN.

This primary source is a quote about child laborers and how they deserved much more than
what they were being put through. This will be used in our project to show the views of
others while child labor was happening.
"Teaching With Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of
Child Labor. National Archives and Records Administration.
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos.
This website has several images of children how are being enslaved by child labor. Their
joyless faces show the affect child labor has had on their daily lives. It will be used in our
project to help show the conditions of child labor in the early 1900s.
Secondary Sources:
About NCLC. National Child Labor Committee,http://www.nationalchildlabor.org/history.html
This article provides information about the goals of the national Child
Labor committee. This is one of the organizations that Lewis Hine
photographed for. It is said that Lewis Hine gave the NCLC the evidence
they needed to put laws in place that would outlaw child labor. It will be
used in my essay to show how he partnered with organizations that were
trying to end child labor.

By convention, the Prints and Photographs Division has come to refer to these as. About This
Collection - National Child Labor Committee Collection. The Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/collections/national-child-labor-committee/about-this-collection/.

This secondary source is about Lewis Hines partnership with the National Child Labor
Committee and also explains how the NCLC used his photographs to investigate child labor
and social reforms. This article will be used in our project to explain how Lewis Hine
helped the NCLC and what they did with the information that he provided them.
Cade, DL. Lewis Hine's Photography and The End of Child Labor in the United States. PetaPixel.
petapixel.com/2013/09/07/lewis-hines-photography-end-child-labor-united-states/.
This article explains how Hines photographs led to child labor being outlawed. It will be
used in our project to show the effects of Hines work and how he used his camera to expose
social injustice.
"Child Labor." Reviewed by Milton Fried. The New Book of Knowledge. Grolier Online, 2014.
https://beta.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/history-child-labor/
This article discusses the history of child labor in America. It provides information on the
child labor laws that were put into place as a result of Hines photographs. This source
will be used in our project to show the effects of Hines stand against child labor.
Child Labor. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009,
www.history.com/topics/child-labor.
This source goes into detail about the flaws of child labor. It helps to depict what Lewis
Hine was taking a stand against. It will be used in my article as information for my
background paragraph on child labor.
Child Labor Exposed: The Legacy of Photographer Lewis Hine - New England Historical
Society. New England Historical Society, 6 Oct. 2013,

www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/child-labor-exposed-legacy-photographer-lewis-hin
e/.
This secondary source is about how Lewis Hine went into places to take photos where he
was not welcome. He tricked the managers and workers so that he could take pictures of
them to document for later use. This will be used in our project to explain how he put his
life in danger to save the children and free them from the factories.
Denzer, Kiko. "The Documentary Imagination Of Lewis Hine." History Today

38.8 (1988): 49.

MasterFILE Premier.
This article discusses the achievements of Lewis Hine. It also explores how he became the
father of documentary photography and used this in his investigation of child labor using
photography. This will be used in our documentary to explain the benefits of documentary
photography.
Dreier, Peter. "The Radical Images of Lewis Hine, Documentary Photographer." The Huffington
Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com
This article explains how Lewis Hines mentor Frank Manny influenced his way of life and
his choice to become a documentary photographer. It will be used in our project to provide
background information on Hine and his education.

Finkel, Ken. Mother Jones and the Fight Against Child Labor in Kensingtons Textile Mills.
PhillyHistory Blog, 21 Sept. 2014, www.phillyhistory.org/blog/index.php/2014/05/mot

her-jones-and-the-fight-against-child-labor-in-kensingtons-textile-mills/.
This article provides an image of child laborers on strike. Children wanted to go to school
and not be forced to endure horrible factory conditions for extreme work hours. This will be
used in our project as a representation of how children felt about working and the terrible
conditions.
Gutman, Judith Mara. "Lewis Hine Last Legacy." The New York Times.
16 Apr. 1983. http://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/17/magazine/lewis-hine-s-last-l
egacy.html?pagewanted=all.
This article looks into Hines reason for taking the type of documentary photographs that he
took. It will be used in our project to answer the question of why did Hine take this stand
and use photography to make a difference.
Goldberg, Vicki. "A Career That Moved from Man to Machine." The New York Times.
This is a newspaper article in the New York Times that tells who Lewis Hine was and how
he helped reform the society by taking pictures. Also, it tells about how the Brooklyn
Museum of Art helped to put him in the spotlight to help put his work out to the public. This
source will be used in our research paper and documentary to explain how he got his work
out to spread the word to people.

"Hine, Lewis (Lewis Wickes Hine)." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Columbia
University Press, 2016. Kids InfoBits,

This source is a secondary source that tells about Lewis Hines life and how he came about
to be a documentary photographer. It explains what he did that made him want to help
children and how he made an impact on society. This will be used in our project to explain
how he made an impact and what he did to make a change in our world.
Lewis Hine Awards. National Child Labor Committee, www.nationalchildlabor.org/lha.html.
This article provides information about what Lewis Hine did when he worked for the
national child labor committee. It discusses the ways that his photographs provide evidence
of child labor. It will be used in our article to show how Hine partnered with organizations
who were against child labor.
"Lewis Hine Photos Revisited." American History 47.6 (2013): 9. History Reference Center.
This source is a secondary source about how Lewis Hine took pictures to help reform in the
Industrial Revolution. It will be used in our project to explain the effects of his photography
and how he came about doing it.
Lewis W. Hine (American, 1874 - 1940) (Getty Museum). The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles,
www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1566/lewis-w-hine-american-1874-1940/.
This article is a secondary source about Lewis Hine working with the National Child Labor
Committee to show what needed to be corrected in society. This information will be used in
our documentary and research paper to explain who he worked with to get his ideas out to
the people.
"Lewis Wickes Hine." Encyclopedia of World Biography, vol. 28, Gale, 2008. Biography in
Context.

This is a secondary source that explains the conditions that child laborers had to work in.
Also, it tells how Lewis Hine worked to make things right for them and how he impacted
our world today. This will be used in our project to explain the actions he took and how he
impacted our world with his gift.
"Lewis Wickes Hine." Merriam Webster's Biographical Dictionary. Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster, 1995. Biography in Context.
This secondary source is a small biography about Lewis Hine and his life and includes birth
and death dates, his nationality and occupation, and a brief summary of his life. This will be
used in our research paper and documentary to explain his background and how he came to
take a stand.
Lusted, Marcia Amidon. "The power of pictures: How Lewis Hine changed children's lives."
Appleseeds Apr. 2013: 14+. Kids InfoBits.
This article tells how Lewis Hine, a social reformer, used his photographs as a powerful tool
to end child labor. This will be used in our research paper and documentary to show how
powerful his photographs were and how he turned his job into a way to help and change the
society.

Michael Herring. Child Labor in U.S. History. - The Child Labor Education Project,
www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html.

This secondary source explains the background of child labor and why children were
preferred over adults. Also, it includes a timeline to show when laws were formed and when
labor unions struck. This source will be used in our project to explain the basis of child labor
and when important events happened.
Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor." National Archives and Records
Administration. National Archives and Records Administration.
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos
This is a secondary source explaining child labor and how Lewis Hine took pictures of the
working children and the conditions they went through. This article was used in our research
paper and in our documentary to explain child labor and how Lewis Hine helped the
children.
Smith-Shank, Deborah L. Lewis Hine and His Photo Stories: Visual Culture and Social Reform.
This article looks into why the country needed a social reform. It will be used in our project
to describe the problems of child labor and the actions taken to end it.

Troncale, Anthony T. "About Lewis Wickes Hine". New York Public Library.

8 March 2007,. https://web.archive.org/web/20070308123

219/http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/photo/hinex/empire/biography.html
This article explains how Hine began documentary photography by photographing
immigrants arriving and going through processing at Ellis Island. He took a closer look at
immigrants lives through photography. This article will be used in our documentary to
explore Hines first projects using documentary photography.
Work Accidents and the Law (1910). Explore PA History, Historical Markers, Pittsburgh
http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-3EF
This website provided information on the Charities and the Commons study, The Pittsburgh
Survey. This was one of Hines first projects that inspired his future works of photographing
social injustice. It will be used in our project to explore Hines life and jobs.