Learning Outcomes 1

Topic : 1.1 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

1.1.1 Overview of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

1.1.1.1 Define ICT

ICT can stand for Information and Communication Technologies Information and
Communication Technology is an area of study, which involves various fields specially
communication and computer system. Information and Communication Technology is
the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic
computers, communication devices and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.

1.1.1.2 Describe the brief evolution of computers

The development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies
and man's need to quantify. Papyrus helped early man to record language and numbers.
The abacus was one of the first counting machines.
Some of the earlier mechanical counting machines lacked the technology to make the
design work. For instance, some had parts made of wood prior to metal manipulation and
manufacturing.

First generation: Vacuum tubes. Mid 1940s. IBM pioneered the arrang3ment of vacuum
tubes in pluggable modules such as the one shown here on the left. The IBM 650 was a
first-generation computer.
Second generation: Transistors. 1956. The era of miniaturization begins. Transistors are
much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, and generate less heat. Discrete
transistors are soldered to circuit boards like the one shown, with inter-connections
accomplished by stencil-screened conductive patterns on the reverse side. The IBM 7090
was a second-generation computer.

Third generation: Integrated circuits, silicon chips contain multiple transistors. 1964. A
pioneering example is the ACPX module used in the IBM 360/91, which, by stacking
layers of silicon over a ceramic substrate, accommodated over 20 transistors per chip; the
chips could be packed together onto a circuit board to achieve unheard-of logic densities.
The IBM 360/91 was a hybrid second- and third-generation computer.

Fourth generation computer - A computer built using Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI) integrated circuits, especially a microcomputer based on a microprocessor or a
parallel processor containing two to thousands of CPUs.

VLSI made it routine to fabricate an entire CPU, main memory, or similar device with a
single integrated circuit that can be mass produced at very low cost. This has resulted in
new classes of machines such as personal computers, and high performance parallel
processors that contains thousands of CPUs.

The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's
Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation
computer" which was supposed to perform much calculation using massive parallel
processing. It was to be the end result of a massive government/industry research project
in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with
supercomputer-like performance and usable artificial intelligence capabilities.
The term fifth generation was intended to convey the system as being a leap beyond
existing machines. Computers using vacuum tubes were called the first generation;
transistors and diodes, the second; integrated circuits, the third; and those using
microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had focused on
increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was
widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added
performance.
Extra Backup

1．What is ICT?

ICT is the technology required for information processing.

2．Information

Information refer to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or

research.

3．Communication

Communication is an act of transmitting message.

4．Technology

Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create process
and products that fulfill human needs.
5．Evolution of computer

2ooBC Chinese abacus

500BC Egyptian abacus

1620 John Napier-Napier’s bones

1653 Blaise Pascal-Pascaline

1673 Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz-Leibniz’s Rechner

1801 Joseph Marie Acquarde-Weaving Loom

1823 Charles Babbage-Mechanical Calculation Machine

1941 Harvard University-Mark 1

First Generation(1940-1956)

-Presper Eckert, Willian Mauchly

-Vacuum tube

-Mark 1

Second Generation(1956-1963)

-John Bardeen
-Walter Houser Brattarn

-Transistor

Third Generation(19640-1971)

-Integrated Circuit(IC)

Forth Generation(Present)

-Apple, IBM, Dell, Accer

Microprocessor, Silicone clips

Fifth Generation(Present& Future)

-Silcon chips, processor, robotics, virtual reality, intelligent systems, programs whichi
translate language.

-Era: Super computer, Mainframe computer, Mini computer, Personal computer, Mobile
computer

6．Computer system

-Consist of a set of hardware and software which processes data in a meaningful way.
1.1.2 ICT In Everyday Life: Education, Banking, Industry and Commerce

1.1.2. List the usage of ICT in everyday life.

Today, most schools and higher educational institutions have computers in the classroom
for teacher and students. In education, teachers, students, researchers and school
administrators benefits from the usage of ICT.
1. Teachers use computers to research for teaching materials, participate in online forums
and online conferences as well as to aid their teaching.
2. Students use the computers as a reference tool. They use computers to browse the
Internet to look for information.
3. School administrators use computers for administrative purposes to make sure that the
entire operation runs smoothly.

BANKING

The computer is the nerve centre of the banking system around the world. It functions to
control the entire banking system that also includes 'Electronic Banking Services'.
Electronic banking provides 24 hour services. The services include:

• Automated Teller Machine (ATM)

• Check Deposit

• Electronic Fund Transfer

• Direct Deposit

• Pay by phone system

• Personal computer banking/ internet banking

In the banking sector, customers, businessman and bank administrator benefits from the
usage of ICT.

1. Customers can make any transactions at the 24 hour service centre or via online. These
services allow them to do transaction at anytime they want.
2. Businessmen can save their time by using the online services offered by banks. They
can access company accounts for loan applications, business transactions and update on
their cash flow at any time.
3. Bank administrators can oversee the entire banking activities such as reconciliations,
inter-branch transactions (IBT), telegraphic transfer and others by referring to the
banking system.

INDUSTRY

Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control systems, to support
chain management and to help in product design in the industrial sector in the industrial
sector, workers, researchers and administrator benefits from the usage of ICT.
1. Workers use machines that are connected to computers to operate. In some
productions, robots are used to take over jobs that are dangerous to the workers.
2. Researchers use computers to analyze and collect research data for future reference.
3. Administrators use computers to oversee the entire operations in the plant or factory to
detect specific errors or defects that occurred in the process.

E-COMMERCE

E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It makes buying and selling activities easier,
more efficient and faster. For this application, computers, Internet and shared software
are needed. In the e-commerce sector, customers, suppliers and employees benefits from
the usage of ICT. Example: Customers use computers to be connected online with
suppliers to purchase products. This method can save time and cost as they do not have to
go to any outlets. Suppliers use computers to keep track of their transactions. All products
are bar coded and can be read by the computer scanner to help in determining prices and
managing inventory .Employees use computers and telephones to communicate with their
customers for any enquiries. The system helps employees to get the latest updates on
inventory to be informed to the customers.

1.1.2.2 State the differences between computerized and non- computerized systems.

Computerized systems Non-computerized systems

communicate with oversea people save time Needed time and money travel around to
and money just communicate with abroad citizen

internet could be processing whole day 24
hours
easy to share and get latest information
Reduce the number of staff needed
need a lot of space to store the documents
Workers will be work in a limited working
hours
can’t get latest information from abroad
counties
needed great amount of human resources
Reduce the space required for placement of
documents

1.1.2.3 State the impact of ICT on society

Communicate Without Long Distance Calling

One of the most beneficial things about having the internet is that you can instantly
communicate with anyone around the world, for as long as you like, and not have to pay
as you would with a long distance call. With the internet, you can send messages through
email, and even chat with any person online for how ever much you are paying per month
for your internet service, which in many cases is much less than a traditional telephone
service.

Can Maintain your privacy while search the world

The internet is also a place of privacy. Traditionally, if we wanted to go somewhere or

find something, we would have to do it out in the open. However, with the internet you
can remain anonymous. You can go to stores, talk to individuals without them knowing
exactly who you are. But without the internet, any place we go and anything we order
will have to be known by at least one other person.

Can order things Online without Having to Drive

Another importance of the internet is that we can order things and have them shipped to
us on almost anything. Traditionally, we would have to drive to stores, and even for
things that are very far away, we would have to drive countless miles. However, with the
development of the internet, we can order almost anything and have it delivered the next
day. We can order books, music, movies, and even cars, tools, and the like and within a
week it can appear in our home.

Health effects

Extended facing to the computer will also causing many healthy problems .Nowadays
officers will have to work with the computer almost 8---10 hours per day will be
seriously damage their healthy and life. Common disease suffering by them would be
Diagnose Alzheimer’s Disease.

Parent-child relationship and bad behavior-oriented

Parent-child relationship to be affected if the children always hidden themselves inside
the word of the computer .Some of them maybe think to find their feeling of family
warmth inside the virtual reality world---internet .In the future day these children may be
have a high opportunity to be suffer from various types of mental disorders.

Otherwise ,the unhealthy content we can find from the internet may misleading the
behavior of teenagers to make them have the think to make things illegal and finally
destroy their whole life.

Molecular deception

Besides in internet makes happened of internet fraud case .The senior liar will be use the
convenient of network and some famous technical to cheated with the ignorance of the
public. Cause by the imperfect of online monitoring system ,usually if they’re pretty
smart the police will face problems to be catching them.

Network peddler

A web site opens your doors for business 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It’s fully speed
up the productivity and work efficiency in the fastest and super way. You may not
necessary to have many workers but still could earn you a great amount of money.
Internet presence expands your market globally as well as locally Never before has an
advertising medium allowed for such a completely interactive customer relationship .If
you make your advertisement in the internet ,you could save much but to make the whole
world people look at it and know about your product and your company.

Computer and network maybe someway good to us .But it’s still depends the way how
we to use it.