Numerical Ch18 Solution

July 2013
Chapter 18
Interpolation
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You will frequently have to estimate intermediate values

between precise data points. The most common method
used for this purpose is polynomial interpolation. Recall that
the general formula for an nth order polynomial is
f ( x )=a 0+ a1 x + a2 x 2 ++a n x n
For n+1 data points, there is one and only one polynomial of
order n that passes through all the points. For example,
there is only one straight line (that is, a first-order
polynomial) that connects two points (figure (a)). Similarly,
only one parabola connects a set of three points (figure (b)).
Polynomial Interpolation consists of determining the unique
nth order polynomial that fits n+1 data points. This
polynomial
then
provides
formula
to
compute
intermediate values.
Although there is one and only nth polynomial that fits

n+1 points, there are a variety of mathematical formats in
which this polynomial can be expressed. We will describe
two alternatives that are well-suited for
computer implementation:
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The Newton and the Lagrange polynomials.
18.1 Newtons Divided Difference Interpolating

Polynomials
Newtons divided difference interpolating polynomial is
among the most popular and useful forms. We will introduce
the first and second equations because of their simple
visual interpretation.
18.1.1 Linear Interpolation
The simplest form of interpolation is to connect two data
points with a straight line. Using similar triangles,
f 1 ( x ) f ( x 0 )
xx 0
f ( x 1 )f ( x0 )
x 1x 0
Which can be rearranged to yield

f 1 ( x )=f ( x 0 ) +
f ( x 1 )f ( x 0 )
The notation
x1x 0
f 1(x)
( xx 0)
designates that this is a first-order
interpolating polynomial. In general, the smaller the interval

between the data points, the better the approximation.
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EXAMPLE 18.1 Linear Interpolation

Problem Statement:
Estimate
the
natural
logarithm
of
using
linear
interpolation.
First, perform the computation by interpolating between ln 1
=
and
ln 6 = 1.791759. Then, repeat the procedure, but use a

smaller interval from ln 1 to ln 4 (1.386294). Note that the
true value of ln 2 is 0.6931472.
Solution:
We use the previous equation and a linear interpolation for
ln(2)
from
x0 = 1 to x1 = 6 to give
f 1 ( 2 )=0+
1.7917590
( 21 )=0.3583519
61
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Which represents an error of t = 48.3%. Using the smaller

interval
from
x0 = 1 to x1 = 4 yields
f 1 ( 2 )=0+
1.3862940
( 21 )=0.4620981
41
Thus, using the shorter interval reduces the percent relative

error
to
t = 33.3%. Both interpolations are shown in the next figure,

along
with
the
true
function.
18.1.2 quadratic Interpolation

The
error
in
Example
18.1
resulted
from
our
approximating a curve with a straight line. Consequently, a

strategy for improving the estimate is to introduce some
curvature into the line connecting the points.
If
three
accomplished
data
points
are
available,
with
this
can
be
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second-order polynomial (also called a quadratic polynomial

or a parabola). A particularly convenient form for this
purpose is
f 2 ( x )=b 0+ b1 ( x x0 ) + b2 ( xx 0 )( x x1 )
(18.3)
Note that although the previous equation might seem to

differ from the general polynomial, the two equations are
equivalent. This can be shown by multiplying the terms in
the previous equation to yield
2
f 2 ( x )=b 0+ b1 xb1 x 0 +b 2 x + b2 x0 x 1b2 x x 0b 2 x x1
Or, collecting terms,

f 2 ( x )=a 0+ a1 x +a 2 x 2
where
a0 =b0b1 x 0 +b 2 x 0 x 1
a1=b1b 2 x 0 +b2 x1
a2=b2
Thus, eq. (18.3) and the general equation are alternative,

equivalent formulation of the
unique
second-order

polynomial joining the three points.
A simple procedure can be used to determine the values
of the coefficients. For b0, Eq. (18.3) with x = x 0 can be used
to compute
b0 =f ( x 0 )
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which can be evaluated at x = x1 for

b1=
f ( x 1 ) f ( x 0 )
x 1x 0
Finally,
f ( x 2 )f ( x 1) f ( x 1 )f ( x 0 )
x2 x1
x 1x 0
b2=
x 2x 0
Notice that, as was the case with linear interpolation, b 1

still represents the slope of the line connecting points x 0 and
x1. Thus, the first two terms of Eq. (18.3) are equivalent to
linear
interpolation
from
x0
to
x1.
The last term, b2(x x0)(x x1), introduces the second-order

curvature into the formula.

EXAMPLE 18.2 Quadratic Interpolation
Fit a second-order polynomial to the three points used in
Example 18.1:
x 0=1 f ( x 0 )=0
x 1=4 f ( x 1) =1.386294
x 2=6 f ( x 2 )=1.791759
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Use the polynomial to evaluate ln 2.

Solution:
Applying the previous equations yield
b0 =0
b1=
1.386294
=0.4620981
41
1.7917591.386294
0.4620981
64
b2=
=0.0518731
61
f 2 ( x )=0+ 0. 4620981 ( x1 )0.0518731 ( x1 ) ( x4 )
f 2 ( 2 )=0.5658444
which represents a relative error of t = 18.4%. Thus the

curvature introduced by the quadratic formula (next figure)
improves
the
interpolation
compared
with
the
result
obtained using straight lines in Example 18.1
General
form
18.1.3
of Newtons Interpolating Polynomials
The preceding analysis can be generalized to fit an n th

order
polynomial
to
n+1
data
points.
The
n th-order
polynomial is
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f n ( x )=b 0+ b1 ( xx 0 ) ++b n ( xx 0 ) ( xx 1 ) ..(xx n1)
Data points can be used to evaluate the coefficients b 0, b1,

,
bn.
For a nth order polynomial, n+1 data points are required: [x 0,

f(x0)],
[x1, f(x1)], , [xn, f(xn)].
We use these data points and the following equations to
evaluate the coefficients:
b0 =f ( x 0 )
b1=f [ x1 , x 0 ]
b2=f [ x 2 , x 1 , x 0 ]
.
.
.
bn =f [ x n , x n1 , , x 1 , x 0 ]
where the bracketed function evaluations are finite divided

differences. For example, the first finite divided difference is
represented generally as
f [ x i , x j ]=
f ( xi ) f (x j )
x ix j
the
The second finite divided difference, which

represents

difference of two first divided differences, is expressed
generally as
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f [ x i , x j , x k ]=
f [ x i , x j ]f [ x j , x k ]
xi x k
Similarly, the nth finite divided difference is

f [ x n , x n1 , , x 1 , x 0 ]=
f [ x n , x n1 , , x 1 ] f [ xn 1 , x n2 , , x0 ]
x nx 0
We can then substitute equations to yield the interpolating

polynomial
f n ( x )=f ( x0 ) + ( xx 0 ) f [ x1 , x0 ] + ( x x0 ) ( xx 1 ) f [ x 2 , x 1 , x 0 ]
++ ( x x0 ) ( xx 1 ) ( xx n1 ) f [ x n , x n1 , , x 0 ]
which is called Newtons divided-difference interpolating

polynomial.
It should be noted that it is not necessary that the data
points used in the previous equation be equally spaced or
that the abscissa values necessarily be in ascending order.

.
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EXAMPLE
18.3
Newtons
Divided-Difference
Interpolating Polynomials
Problem Statement:
In Example 18.2, data points at x 0 = 1, x1 = 4, and x2 = 6
were used to estimate ln 2 with a parabola. Now, adding a
fourth
point
[x3
5;
f(x3) = 1.609438], estimate ln 2 with a third-order Newtons

interpolating polynomial.
Solution:
The third-order polynomial with n = 3, is
f 3 ( x )=b 0+ b1 ( xx 0 )+ b2 ( xx 0 )( xx1 )
+b3 ( xx 0 ) ( xx 1 ) (xx 2)
The first divided differences for the problem are

f [ x 1 , x 0 ]=
1.3862940
=0.4620981
41
f [ x 2 , x 1 ]=
1.7917591.386294
=0.2027326
64
f [ x 3 , x 2 ]=
1.6094381.791759
=0.1823216
56
The second divided differences are

f [ x 2 , x 1 , x 0 ]=
0.20273260.4620981
=0.05187311
61
f [ x 3 , x 2 , x 1 ]=
0.18232160.2027326
=0.02041100
54
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Continue:
The third divided difference is
f [ x 3 , x 2 , x 1 , x 0 ]=
The results for
0.2027326(0.05187311)
=0.007865529
51
f [ x1 , x0]
f [ x2 , x1 , x0 ]
, and
f [ x3 , x2 , x1 , x0 ]
represent
the coefficients b1, b2, and b3, respectively, of the nth-order

polynomial equation. Along with b0 = f(x0) = 0.0, that
equation is
f 3 ( x )=0+ 0.4620981 ( x1 )0.05187311 ( x1 )( x4 )
+0.007865529( x1)(x4 )(x6)
which can be used to evaluate f3(2) = 0.6287686, which

represents a relative error of t = 9.3%. The complete cubic
polynomial is shown in the next figure.
Physics I/II, English 123, Statics, Dynamics, Strength, Structure I/II, C++,
Java,
Data,
Algorithms,
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18.2 Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials

The Lagrange interpolating polynomial is simply a
reformulation of the Newton polynomial that avoids the
computation of divided differences. It can be represented
concisely as
n
f n ( x ) = Li ( x ) f ( x i )
i=0
(18.20)
where
n
Li ( x ) =
j=0
j i
where
xx j
x ix j
designates the product of. For example, the
linear version (n=1) is

f 1 ( x )=
xx 1
xx 0
f ( x0 )+
f ( x1 )
x0 x1
x 1x 0
And the second-order version is

f 2 ( x )=
Eq.
( xx 1 )( x x2 )
( x x0 ) ( xx 2 )
( xx 0 ) ( xx 1 )
f ( x0 )+
f ( x1 ) +
f ( x2 )
( x 0x 1 )( x 0 x2 )
( x1 x0 ) ( x 1x 2 )
( x 2x 0 ) ( x 2x 1)
(18.20)
can
be
derived
directly
from
Newtons
polynomial.
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+ ( x x0 ) (xx 1)
( x2 x0 ) ( x2 x1 )
f ( x2 )

EXAMPLE
18.6
Lagrange
Interpolating Polynomials
Problem Statement:
Use a Lagrange interpolating polynomial of the first and
second order to evaluate ln 2 on the basis of the data given:
X0 = 1
f(x0) = 0
X1 = 4
f(x1) = 1.386294
X2 = 6
f(x2) = 1.791760
Solution:
The first-order polynomial can be used to obtain the
estimate at x = 2,
f 1 ( 2 )=
In
24
21
0+
14
41
similar
1.386294 = 0.4620981
fashion,
the
second-order
polynomial
is
developed as
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f 2 ( 2 )=
( 24 ) (26) ( 21)( 26)

0+
( 14 ) (16) ( 41 ) (46)
1.386294
+(21)(24)
1.791760=0.5658444
( 61 ) (64)
As expected, both these results agree with those previously

obtained using Newtons interpolating polynomial.
:
:
:
Problem 18.1
Estimate
the
common
logarithm
of
10
using
linear
interpolation.
(a)
Interpolate between log 8 = 0.9030900 and log 12
= 1.0791812.
(b) Interpolate between log 9 = 0.9542425 and log 11
= 1.0413927.
For each of the interpolations, compute the percent relative
error based on the true value.
Solution
(a)
f 1 (10) 0.90309
1.0791812 0.90309
(10 8) 0.991136
12 8
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1 0.991136
100 % 0.886 %
1
(b)
f 1 (10) 0.9542425
1.0413927 0.9542425
(10 9) 0.997818
11 9
1 0.997818
100 % 0.218 %
1
Problem 18.2
Fit a second-order Newtons Interpolating polynomial to

estimate log 10 using the data from problem 18.1 at x = 8,
9, and 11. Compute the true percent relative error.
Solution
First, order the points
x0 = 9 f(x0) = 0.9542425
x1 = 11
f(x1) = 1.0413927
x2 = 8 f(x2) = 0.9030900
b0 = 0.9542425
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b1
1.0413927 0.9542425
0.0435751
11 9
0.9030900 1.0413927
0.0435751
0.0461009 0.0435751
8 11
b2
0.0025258
89
89
Substituting these values yields the quadratic formula

f 2 ( x) 0.9542425 0.0435751 ( x 9) 0.0025258 ( x 9)( x 11)
which can be evaluated at x = 10 for

f 2 (10) 0.9542425 0.0435751 (10 9) 0.0025258 (10 9)(10 11) 1.0003434

Problem 18.3
Fit a third-order Newtons interpolating polynomial to
estimate log 10 using the data from Problem 18.1
Solution:
First, order the points
x0 = 9 f(x0) = 0.9542425
x1 = 11
f(x1) = 1.0413927
x2 = 8 f(x2) = 0.9030900
x3 = 12
f(x3) = 1.0791812
The first divided differences can be computed as
f [ x1 , x 0 ]
1.0413927 0.9542425
0.0435751
11 9
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f [ x 2 , x1 ]
0.9030900 1.0413927
0.0461009
8 11
f [ x3 , x 2 ]
1.0791812 0.9030900
0.0440228
12 8
The second divided differences are

f [ x 2 , x1 , x 0 ]
0.0461009 0.0435751
0.0025258
89
f [ x3 , x 2 , x1 ]
0.0440228 0.0461009
0.0020781
12 11
The third divided difference is

f [ x3 , x 2 , x1 , x 0 ]
0.0020781 (0.0025258 )
0.00014924
12 9

Continue:
Substituting the appropriate values into Eq. (18.7) gives
f 3 ( x) 0.9542425 0.0435751 ( x 9) 0.0025258 ( x 9)( x 11)
0.00014924 ( x 9)( x 11)( x 8)
which can be evaluated at x = 10 for

f 3 ( x) 0.9542425 0.0435751 (10 9) 0.0025258 (10 9)(10 11)
0.00014924 (10 9)(10 11)(10 8) 1.0000449
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You will frequently have to estimate intermediate values

Although there is one and only nth polynomial that fits

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

The Newton and the Lagrange polynomials.

18.1 Newtons Divided Difference Interpolating

Which can be rearranged to yield

designates that this is a first-order

interpolating polynomial. In general, the smaller the interval

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

EXAMPLE 18.1 Linear Interpolation

ln 6 = 1.791759. Then, repeat the procedure, but use a

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

Which represents an error of t = 48.3%. Using the smaller

Thus, using the shorter interval reduces the percent relative

t = 33.3%. Both interpolations are shown in the next figure,

18.1.2 quadratic Interpolation

approximating a curve with a straight line. Consequently, a

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

second-order polynomial (also called a quadratic polynomial

Note that although the previous equation might seem to

Or, collecting terms,

Thus, eq. (18.3) and the general equation are alternative,

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

which can be evaluated at x = x1 for

Notice that, as was the case with linear interpolation, b 1

The last term, b2(x x0)(x x1), introduces the second-order

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

Use the polynomial to evaluate ln 2.

which represents a relative error of t = 18.4%. Thus the

obtained using straight lines in Example 18.1

The preceding analysis can be generalized to fit an n th

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

f n ( x )=b 0+ b1 ( xx 0 ) ++b n ( xx 0 ) ( xx 1 ) ..(xx n1)

Data points can be used to evaluate the coefficients b 0, b1,

For a nth order polynomial, n+1 data points are required: [x 0,

where the bracketed function evaluations are finite divided

The second finite divided difference, which

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

Similarly, the nth finite divided difference is

We can then substitute equations to yield the interpolating

which is called Newtons divided-difference interpolating

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

f(x3) = 1.609438], estimate ln 2 with a third-order Newtons

The first divided differences for the problem are

The second divided differences are

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

The results for

the coefficients b1, b2, and b3, respectively, of the nth-order

which can be used to evaluate f3(2) = 0.6287686, which

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

18.2 Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials

designates the product of. For example, the

linear version (n=1) is

And the second-order version is

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

( 24 ) (26) ( 21)( 26)

As expected, both these results agree with those previously

Interpolate between log 8 = 0.9030900 and log 12

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .

Fit a second-order Newtons Interpolating polynomial to

info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 .