Question 1

0 out of 4 points

A dramatic departure from expected phenotypic ratios may be

the result of
Selected Answer:

d.

heterosis.
Answers:

a.

environmental influences.
b.

genetic linkage.
c.

epistasis.
d.

heterosis.
e.

All of the above

Question 2
4 out of 4 points

Hemophilia A is an example of a disease that is inherited in a sexlinked manner. Which of the following statements about the
inheritance of hemophilia A is false?
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

d.

All males resulting from matings of a female carrier for

the disease and a normal male would have the
disease.
a.

Females bearing one mutated X chromosome

(carriers) are asymptomatic.
b.

Relatives who have the disease are likely to be males

on the mother's side of the family.
c.

The disease results from a lack of a protein factor

needed for blood clotting.
d.

All males resulting from matings of a female carrier for

the disease and a normal male would have the
disease.
e.

The disease is more likely to occur in males.

Question 3
4 out of 4 points

The 9:3:3:1 ratio is obtained

Selected
Answer:

Answers:

b.

through a dihybrid cross in which the genes are on

different chromosomes.
a.

through a dihybrid cross in which the genes are

linked on the same chromosome.
b.

through a dihybrid cross in which the genes are on

different chromosomes.
c.

when crossing over occurs.

d.

in a test cross.
e.

None of the above

Question 4
0 out of 4 points

Suppose unattached earlobes are a dominant trait. Phil and

Maggie both have unattached earlobes but their daughter, Celia,
does not. If Phil and Maggie have a second child, what is the
probability that it will have attached earlobes?
Selected Answer:

a.
3

Answers:

a.
3

b.
1

c.

d.

e.
1

Question 5
4 out of 4 points

A woman of blood group A has a child with a man of blood group

B. The child's blood is type O. What are the genotypes of the
parents?
Selected
Answer:

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIO

Answers:

a.

c.

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIb

b.

Mother: IAIA; father: IBIa

c.

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIO

d.

Mother: IAIB; father: IBIO

e.

It is impossible for these individuals to have a child

with type O blood.

Question 6
0 out of 4 points

_______ is the term for when heterozygous offspring have superior

fitness than their homozygous parents.
Selected Answer:

d.

Epistasis
Answers:

a.

Codominance
b.

Linkage
c.

Incomplete dominance
d.

Epistasis

e.

Heterosis

Question 7
0 out of 4 points

The cross AaBb AaBb is an example of a _______ cross; the

results of such crosses led Mendel to propose what we now call
the law of _______.
Selected Answer:

c.

self-; segregation of genes

Answers:

a.

dihybrid; independent assortment

b.

dihybrid; segregation of genes

c.

self-; segregation of genes

d.

test; independent assortment

e.

test; segregation of genes

Question 8
0 out of 4 points

The fact that a trait like height in humans varies over a wide
range of values is due to
Selected
Answer:

discrete and qualitative genomic variation.

Answers:

a.

b.

penetrance.
b.

discrete and qualitative genomic variation.

c.

expressivity.
d.

epistasis.
e.

multiple alleles and the environmental influences on

the expression of these genes.

Question 9
4 out of 4 points

In many animals, including humans, sex is determined by a single

_______, or by a pair of them. Both males and females have two
copies of each of the rest of the chromosomes, which are called
_______.
Selected Answer:

b.

sex chromosome; autosomes

Answers:

a.

gene; sex chromosomes

b.

sex chromosome; autosomes

c.

gene; autosomes
d.

autosome; sex chromosomes

e.

allele; genes

Question 10
0 out of 4 points

Wild type fruit flies have red eyes. A white-eyed female fly is
crossed with a red-eyed male fly. All of the females from the cross
are red-eyed and all of the males, white-eyed. What type of
inheritance pattern is this?
Selected Answer:

c.

Independent assortment
Answers:

a.

Autosomal recessive
b.

Sex-linked on X chromosome
c.

Independent assortment
d.

Incomplete dominance
e.

Autosomal dominant

Question 11
0 out of 4 points

Which statement about linkage of genes is false?

Selected
Answer:

Crossing over results in recombinant phenotypes.

Answers:

a.

b.

Genes on the same chromosome that are far apart

have a higher recombination frequency than those
that are close together.
b.

Crossing over results in recombinant phenotypes.

c.

Crossing over between two linked genes can alter

phenotypes of progeny.
d.

Genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked.

e.

Genes on the same chromosome assort independently.

Question 12
0 out of 4 points

Coat color in rabbits involves the effects of multiple gene

interactions. If a rabbit has two recessive alleles (cc) for coat
color, it is always albino no matter what the genotype of other
genes involved in coat color. This is an example of
Selected Answer:

e.

incomplete dominance.
Answers:

a.

heterosis.
b.

epistasis.
c.

codominance.
d.

pleiotropy.
e.

incomplete dominance.

Question 13
0 out of 4 points

What fraction of the offspring of the cross AaBb AaBb would

show the dominant phenotypes for both genes?

Selected Answer:

c.
12

16

Answers:

a.
9

16

b.
3

16

c.
12

16

d.
1

e.
6

16

Question 14
0 out of 4 points

In sex-linked inheritance of a recessive gene, if a normal male and

a heterozygous female carrier mated, all
Selected
Answer:

Both b and c

Answers:

a.

e.

male offspring would show the trait.

b.

female offspring would be carriers.

c.

female offspring who receive the mutant X would

show the trait.
d.

male offspring who receive the mutant X

chromosome would show the trait.
e.

Both b and c

Question 15
0 out of 4 points

In a test cross, peas of an unknown genotype are crossed with

peas of a known genotype. In this example, smooth peas are the

unknown and wrinkled peas are the known (rr). If half of the
offspring from that cross are smooth and half are wrinkled, what
is the genotype of the unknown plant?
Selected
Answer:

Homozygous recessive: rr

Answers:

a.

c.

Incomplete dominance
b.

Homozygous dominant: RR
c.

Homozygous recessive: rr
d.

Heterozygous: Rr
e.

The genotype cannot be determined from the

information given.

Question 16
4 out of 4 points

Before Mendel, genetic inheritance was thought to be a function

of the blending of traits from the two parents. Which exception to
Mendel's laws is in fact an example of blending?
Selected
Answer:

Codominance

Answers:

a.

d.

Polygenic inheritance
b.

Pleiotropism
c.

Incomplete dominance
d.

Codominance
e.

X linkage
Answer
Feedback
:

Hemophilia is an X-linked trait and can only be

inherited by the son from his mother's X chromosome
(and not her mitochondrial chromosome). The father
contributes the Y chromosome to his son (not his X
chromosome) and thus cannot pass any of his X-linked
alleles to his son.

Question 17
0 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about the pattern of

inheritance for a rare dominant allele is true?
Selected
Answer:

c.

Affected parents do not produce affected children.

Answers:

a.

Every affected person has an affected parent.

b.

Unaffected parents can produce children who are

affected.
c.

Affected parents do not produce affected children.

d.

Unaffected mothers have sons who are affected and

daughters who are carriers.
e.

None of the above

Answer
Feedback:

If an allele is dominant, every affected individual has at

least one dominant allele. An affected individual must
have received that allele from one of his or her
parents. Because the allele is dominant, that parent
must also be affected.

Response
Feedback:

If an allele is dominant, every affected individual has

at least one dominant allele. An affected individual
must have received that allele from one of his or her
parents. Because the allele is dominant, that parent
must also be affected.

Question 18
0 out of 4 points

Hemophilia is a trait carried by the mother and passed to her

sons. The allele for hemophilia, therefore,
Selected
Answer:

d.

is carried on the Y chromosome.

Answers:

a.

is on the X chromosome and can be inherited by the

son only if the mother is a carrier (heterozygous).
b.

can be carried on the X or Y chromosome.

c.

is carried in the mitochondrial genome because a son

inherits this allele from his mother.
d.

is carried on the Y chromosome.

e.

is carried on one of the mother's autosomal

chromosomes.
Answer
Feedback
:

Hemophilia is an X-linked trait and can only be

inherited by the son from his mother's X chromosome
(and not her mitochondrial chromosome). The father
contributes the Y chromosome to his son (not his X
chromosome) and thus cannot pass any of his X-linked
alleles to his son.

Response
Feedback:

Hemophilia is an X-linked trait and can only be

inherited by the son from his mother's X chromosome
(and not her mitochondrial chromosome). The father
contributes the Y chromosome to his son (not his X
chromosome) and thus cannot pass any of his X-linked
alleles to his son.

Question 19
0 out of 4 points

What is the probability that a cross between a true-breeding pea

plant with spherical seeds and a true-breeding pea plant with
wrinkled seeds will produce F1 progeny with spherical seeds?
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

a.

c.

1/8
b.

1/2
c.

0
d.

1
e.

1/4
Answer
Feedback:

This is an example of a monohybrid cross. All of the

F1 progeny would have spherical seeds. (The
F1 generation would all have the genotype Ss,

producing the phenotype of spherical seeds because

the spherical allele, S, is dominant to the wrinkled
allele, s.)
Response
Feedback:

This is an example of a monohybrid cross. All of the

F1 progeny would have spherical seeds. (The
F1 generation would all have the genotype Ss,
producing the phenotype of spherical seeds because
the spherical allele, S, is dominant to the wrinkled
allele, s.)

Question 20
0 out of 4 points

The terms penetrance and expressivity refer to

Selected
Answer:

Answers:

b.

quantitative traits that diminish or intensify a particular

phenotype.
a.

the expression of one gene masking the effects of

another gene.
b.

quantitative traits that diminish or intensify a particular

phenotype.
c.

the increased expression of a particular trait when a

hybrid species is formed.
d.

the expression of a dominant phenotype in a

heterozygote.
e.

the influence of environment on the expression of a

particular genotype.
Answer
Feedback
:

Penetrance and expressivity refer to the effects of

the environment on a particular phenotype. Answer a.
refers to hybrid vigor, answer b. refers to quantitative
traits, answer d. refers to epistasis, and answer e.
refers to expression of a dominant allele.

Response
Feedback:

Penetrance and expressivity refer to the effects of

the environment on a particular phenotype. Answer a.
refers to hybrid vigor, answer b. refers to quantitative
traits, answer d. refers to epistasis, and answer e.
refers to expression of a dominant allele.

Question 21
0 out of 4 points

Quantitative traits are traits

Selected
Answer:

None of the above

Answers:

a.

e.

that are affected by the environment.

b.

that affect the same physical characteristic.

c.

in which each allele intensifies or diminishes the

phenotype.
d.

All of the above

e.

None of the above

Answer
Feedback:

Response
Feedback:

Quantitative traits are traits that are affected by the

environment and can either diminish or intensify one
phenotype.
Quantitative traits are traits that are affected by the
environment and can either diminish or intensify one
phenotype.

Question 22
4 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about true-breeding plants is

true?
Selected
Answer:

a.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring produce plants with that same trait.

Answers:

a.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring produce plants with that same trait.
b.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring will be sterile.

c.

They result from crossing over during prophase I of

meiosis.
d.

They result from a dihybrid cross.

e.

They result from a monohybrid cross.

Answer
Feedback:

Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses produce

heterozygous individuals; true-breeding individuals are
always homozygous.

Question 23
0 out of 4 points

Linked genes are genes that

Selected
Answer:

segregate equally in the gametes during meiosis.

Answers:

a.

a.

segregate equally in the gametes during meiosis.

b.

recombine during mitosis.

c.

always contribute the same trait to the zygote.

d.

are found on the same chromosome.

e.

assort independently.
Answer
Feedback:

Linked genes, by definition, are on the same chromo

some and thus do not assort independently, do not
contribute the same trait to the zygote, and do not
recombine during mitosis or segregate equally to the
gametes during meiosis.

Response
Feedback:

Linked genes, by definition, are on the same chromo

some and thus do not assort independently, do not
contribute the same trait to the zygote, and do not
recombine during mitosis or segregate equally to the
gametes during meiosis.

Question 24
0 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about the pattern of

inheritance for a sex-linked allele is true?

Selected
Answer:

Answers:

b.

Unaffected parents can produce children who are

affected.
a.

Every affected person has an affected parent.

b.

Unaffected parents can produce children who are

affected.
c.

Affected parents do not produce affected children.

d.

Unaffected mothers have sons who are affected and

daughters who are carriers.
e.

None of the above

Answer
Feedback
:

The most common sex-linked alleles are X-linked and

are passed from a mother to her son (because the
mother always donates one of her X chromosomes to
her son, and the father always donates the Y
chromosome to his son). Daughters can also receive
the X-linked allele from their mothers, but the father
donates the other X chromosome, so daughters can be
carriers.

Response
Feedback
:

The most common sex-linked alleles are X-linked and

are passed from a mother to her son (because the
mother always donates one of her X chromosomes to
her son, and the father always donates the Y
chromosome to his son). Daughters can also receive
the X-linked allele from their mothers, but the father
donates the other X chromosome, so daughters can be
carriers.

Question 25
0 out of 4 points

A bacterial cell's genotype can be altered by

Selected
Answer:

Answers:

c.

the introduction of a plasmid that carries some of the

bacteria's genes.
a.

the forming of a conjugation tube with another bacterial

cell.

b.

homologous recombination with human DNA.

c.

the introduction of a plasmid that carries some of the

bacteria's genes.
d.

mating with a bacterial cell with the same genotype.

e.

the transferring of genetic material from a different

strain of bacteria.
Answer
Feedback
:

A bacterial cell's genotype changes when new genetic

information is introduced either on a plasmid or by
conjugation (which requires a conjugation tube and the
transfer of DNA). If conjugation occurs, those genes
need to recombine into the recipient cell's chromosome
in order to be maintained. Transferring the same
genetic information on a plasmid or mating with a
bacterial cell with the same genotype will not change
the genotype of the recipient bacteria. Human DNA
cannot recombine with a bacterial chromosome unless
there are identical (homologous) DNA sequences in
both DNA molecules.

Response
Feedback
:

A bacterial cell's genotype changes when new genetic

information is introduced either on a plasmid or by
conjugation (which requires a conjugation tube and the
transfer of DNA). If conjugation occurs, those genes
need to recombine into the recipient cell's chromosome
in order to be maintained. Transferring the same
genetic information on a plasmid or mating with a
bacterial cell with the same genotype will not change
the genotype of the recipient bacteria. Human DNA
cannot recombine with a bacterial chromosome unless
there are identical (homologous) DNA sequences in
both DNA molecules.

Question 1
0 out of 4 points

Lateral gene transfer between individuals of a species

Selected
Answer:

occurs by sexual reproduction in bacteria.

Answers:

a.

e.

does not occur in bacteria.

b.

can result in bacterial strains resistant to

antibiotics.
c.

always involves recombination.

d.

occurs only with plasmid DNA.

e.

occurs by sexual reproduction in bacteria.

Question 2
4 out of 4 points

In a test cross, peas of an unknown genotype are crossed with

peas of a known genotype. In this example, smooth peas are the
unknown and wrinkled peas are the known (rr). If half of the
offspring from that cross are smooth and half are wrinkled, what
is the genotype of the unknown plant?
Selected
Answer:

Heterozygous: Rr

Answers:

a.

d.

Incomplete dominance
b.

Homozygous dominant: RR
c.

Homozygous recessive: rr
d.

Heterozygous: Rr
e.

The genotype cannot be determined from the

information given.

Question 3
4 out of 4 points

A woman of blood group A has a child with a man of blood group

B. The child's blood is type O. What are the genotypes of the
parents?
Selected
Answer:

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIO

Answers:

a.

b.

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIb

b.

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIO

c.

Mother: IAIB; father: IBIO

d.

It is impossible for these individuals to have a child

with type O blood.
e.

Mother: IAIA; father: IBIa

Question 4
4 out of 4 points

Suppose unattached earlobes are a dominant trait. Phil and

Maggie both have unattached earlobes but their daughter, Celia,
does not. If Phil and Maggie have a second child, what is the
probability that it will have attached earlobes?
Selected Answer:

a.
1

Answers:

a.

b.
1

c.
3

d.
1

e.

Question 5
0 out of 4 points

Genes located on mitochondrial DNA are usually inherited

Selected Answer:

c.

by independent assortment.
Answers:

a.

randomly.
b.

from the mother.

c.

by independent assortment.
d.

from the father.

e.

evenly from both the mother and the father.

Question 6
4 out of 4 points

In sex-linked inheritance of a recessive gene, if a normal male and

a heterozygous female carrier mated, all
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

d.

male offspring who receive the mutant X

chromosome would show the trait.
a.

male offspring would show the trait.

b.

female offspring would be carriers.

c.

female offspring who receive the mutant X would

show the trait.
d.

male offspring who receive the mutant X

chromosome would show the trait.
e.

Both b and c

Question 7
0 out of 4 points

A dramatic departure from expected phenotypic ratios may be

the result of
Selected Answer:

a.

environmental influences.
Answers:

a.

environmental influences.
b.

genetic linkage.
c.

epistasis.
d.

heterosis.
e.

All of the above

Question 8
4 out of 4 points

What fraction of offspring of the cross Aa Aa is homozygous for

the dominant allele?
Selected Answer:

a.
1

Answers:

a.

b.
1

64

c.
1

d.
1

32

e.
1

16

Question 9
4 out of 4 points

Coat color in rabbits involves the effects of multiple gene

interactions. If a rabbit has two recessive alleles (cc) for coat
color, it is always albino no matter what the genotype of other
genes involved in coat color. This is an example of
Selected Answer:

b.

epistasis.
Answers:

a.

heterosis.
b.

epistasis.
c.

incomplete dominance.
d.

pleiotropy.
e.

codominance.

Question 10
4 out of 4 points

_______ is the term for when heterozygous offspring have superior

fitness than their homozygous parents.
Selected Answer:

d.

Heterosis
Answers:

a.

Incomplete dominance
b.

Epistasis
c.

Linkage
d.

Heterosis
e.

Codominance

Question 11
4 out of 4 points

The cross AaBb AaBb is an example of a _______ cross; the

results of such crosses led Mendel to propose what we now call
the law of _______.
Selected Answer:

b.

dihybrid; independent assortment

Answers:

a.

test; segregation of genes

b.

dihybrid; independent assortment

c.

self-; segregation of genes

d.

test; independent assortment

e.

dihybrid; segregation of genes

Question 12
0 out of 4 points

Codominance
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

d.

would result in pink flowers from a cross between

white and red flowers.
a.

is only found in mammalian enzyme production.

b.

involves one allele having more than one phenotypic

effect.
c.

involves the expression of both alleles at a locus

producing two different phenotypes.
d.

would result in pink flowers from a cross between

white and red flowers.
e.

occurs when heterozygotes show a phenotype

intermediate between those of the two homozygotes.

Question 13
4 out of 4 points

In many animals, including humans, sex is determined by a single

_______, or by a pair of them. Both males and females have two
copies of each of the rest of the chromosomes, which are called
_______.
Selected Answer:

c.

sex chromosome; autosomes

Answers:

a.

autosome; sex chromosomes

b.

gene; sex chromosomes

c.

sex chromosome; autosomes

d.

allele; genes
e.

gene; autosomes

Question 14
4 out of 4 points

Wild type fruit flies have red eyes. A white-eyed female fly is
crossed with a red-eyed male fly. All of the females from the cross
are red-eyed and all of the males, white-eyed. What type of
inheritance pattern is this?
Selected Answer:

e.

Sex-linked on X chromosome
Answers:

a.

Autosomal dominant
b.

Autosomal recessive
c.

Incomplete dominance
d.

Independent assortment
e.

Sex-linked on X chromosome

Question 15
4 out of 4 points

Which statement about linkage of genes is false?

Selected
Answer:

a.

Genes on the same chromosome assort independently.

Answers:

a.

Genes on the same chromosome assort independently.

b.

Crossing over results in recombinant phenotypes.

c.

Crossing over between two linked genes can alter

phenotypes of progeny.
d.

Genes on the same chromosome that are far apart

have a higher recombination frequency than those

that are close together.

e.

Genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked.

Question 16
0 out of 4 points

Sex determination is similar in humans and Drosophila because in

both species
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

a.

the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes

determines maleness or femaleness.
a.

the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes

determines maleness or femaleness.
b.

males have one X chromosome and females have two

X chromosomes.
c.

all males have one Y chromosome.

d.

females are hemizygous.

e.

secondary sex characteristics are determined by genes

on the X chromosome.
Answer
Feedback:

In these species, females have two X chromosomes

and males have one X chromosome. The alleles for
secondary sex characteristics are found on the X
chromosome and the autosomes.

Response
Feedback:

In these species, females have two X chromosomes

and males have one X chromosome. The alleles for
secondary sex characteristics are found on the X
chromosome and the autosomes.

Question 17
4 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about the pattern of

inheritance for a sex-linked allele is true?
Selected
Answer:

d.

Unaffected mothers have sons who are affected and

daughters who are carriers.

Answers:

a.

Every affected person has an affected parent.

b.

Unaffected parents can produce children who are

affected.
c.

Affected parents do not produce affected children.

d.

Unaffected mothers have sons who are affected and

daughters who are carriers.
e.

None of the above

Answer
Feedback
:

The most common sex-linked alleles are X-linked and

are passed from a mother to her son (because the
mother always donates one of her X chromosomes to
her son, and the father always donates the Y
chromosome to his son). Daughters can also receive
the X-linked allele from their mothers, but the father
donates the other X chromosome, so daughters can be
carriers.

Question 18
4 out of 4 points

A bacterial cell's genotype can be altered by

Selected
Answer:

a.

the transferring of genetic material from a different

strain of bacteria.

Answers:

a.

the transferring of genetic material from a different

strain of bacteria.
b.

the forming of a conjugation tube with another bacterial

cell.
c.

mating with a bacterial cell with the same genotype.

d.

homologous recombination with human DNA.

e.

the introduction of a plasmid that carries some of the

bacteria's genes.

Answer
Feedback
:

A bacterial cell's genotype changes when new genetic

information is introduced either on a plasmid or by
conjugation (which requires a conjugation tube and the
transfer of DNA). If conjugation occurs, those genes
need to recombine into the recipient cell's chromosome
in order to be maintained. Transferring the same
genetic information on a plasmid or mating with a
bacterial cell with the same genotype will not change
the genotype of the recipient bacteria. Human DNA
cannot recombine with a bacterial chromosome unless
there are identical (homologous) DNA sequences in
both DNA molecules.

Question 19
4 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about true-breeding plants is

true?
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

c.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring produce plants with that same trait.
a.

They result from a monohybrid cross.

b.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring will be sterile.
c.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring produce plants with that same trait.
d.

They result from crossing over during prophase I of

meiosis.
e.

They result from a dihybrid cross.

Answer
Feedback:

Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses produce

heterozygous individuals; true-breeding individuals are
always homozygous.

Question 20
4 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about the pattern of

inheritance for a rare dominant allele is true?
Selected
Answer:

a.

Every affected person has an affected parent.

Answers:

a.

Every affected person has an affected parent.

b.

Unaffected parents can produce children who are

affected.
c.

Affected parents do not produce affected children.

d.

Unaffected mothers have sons who are affected and

daughters who are carriers.
e.

None of the above

Answer
Feedback:

If an allele is dominant, every affected individual has at

least one dominant allele. An affected individual must
have received that allele from one of his or her
parents. Because the allele is dominant, that parent
must also be affected.

Question 21
4 out of 4 points

Linked genes are genes that

Selected
Answer:

are found on the same chromosome.

Answers:

a.

c.

assort independently.
b.

recombine during mitosis.

c.

are found on the same chromosome.

d.

always contribute the same trait to the zygote.

e.

segregate equally in the gametes during meiosis.

Answer
Feedback:

Linked genes, by definition, are on the same chromo

some and thus do not assort independently, do not
contribute the same trait to the zygote, and do not

recombine during mitosis or segregate equally to the

gametes during meiosis.

Question 22
4 out of 4 points

What is the probability that a cross between a true-breeding pea

plant with spherical seeds and a true-breeding pea plant with
wrinkled seeds will produce F1 progeny with spherical seeds?
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

a.

b.

1/4
b.

1
c.

1/8
d.

1/2
e.

0
Answer
Feedback:

This is an example of a monohybrid cross. All of the

F1 progeny would have spherical seeds. (The
F1 generation would all have the genotype Ss,
producing the phenotype of spherical seeds because
the spherical allele, S, is dominant to the wrinkled
allele, s.)

Question 23
0 out of 4 points

A test cross
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

d.

results in an F2 generation with a phenotypic ratio

of
dominant to
recessive.
a.

results in the transfer of the same alleles from

generation to generation.
b.

is used to determine if an organism that is displaying a

dominant trait is heterozygous or homozygous for that
trait.

c.

is used to determines if an organism that is displaying

a recessive trait is heterozygous or homozygous for
that trait.
d.

results in an F2 generation with a phenotypic ratio

of
dominant to
recessive.
e.

causes the loss of hybrid vigor.

Answer
Feedback:

A test cross is used to determine if an organism that is

expressing a dominant trait is homozygous or
heterozygous for that trait. True-breeding individuals
continue to express the same alleles generation after
generation.

Response
Feedback:

A test cross is used to determine if an organism that is

expressing a dominant trait is homozygous or
heterozygous for that trait. True-breeding individuals
continue to express the same alleles generation after
generation.

Question 24
4 out of 4 points

Before Mendel, genetic inheritance was thought to be a function

of the blending of traits from the two parents. Which exception to
Mendel's laws is in fact an example of blending?
Selected
Answer:

Codominance

Answers:

a.

b.

X linkage
b.

Codominance
c.

Polygenic inheritance
d.

Incomplete dominance
e.

Pleiotropism
Answer
Feedback
:

Hemophilia is an X-linked trait and can only be

inherited by the son from his mother's X chromosome
(and not her mitochondrial chromosome). The father

contributes the Y chromosome to his son (not his X

chromosome) and thus cannot pass any of his X-linked
alleles to his son.

Question 25
4 out of 4 points

The terms penetrance and expressivity refer to

Selected
Answer:

a.

the influence of environment on the expression of a

particular genotype.

Answers:

a.

the influence of environment on the expression of a

particular genotype.
b.

the increased expression of a particular trait when a

hybrid species is formed.
c.

the expression of a dominant phenotype in a

heterozygote.
d.

quantitative traits that diminish or intensify a particular

phenotype.
e.

the expression of one gene masking the effects of

another gene.
Answer
Feedback
:

Penetrance and expressivity refer to the effects of

the environment on a particular phenotype. Answer a.
refers to hybrid vigor, answer b. refers to quantitative
traits, answer d. refers to epistasis, and answer e.
refers to expression of a dominant allele.

Question 1
4 out of 4 points

Codominance
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

e.

involves the expression of both alleles at a locus

producing two different phenotypes.
a.

occurs when heterozygotes show a phenotype

intermediate between those of the two homozygotes.

b.

is only found in mammalian enzyme production.

c.

involves one allele having more than one phenotypic

effect.
d.

would result in pink flowers from a cross between

white and red flowers.
e.

involves the expression of both alleles at a locus

producing two different phenotypes.

Question 2
4 out of 4 points

Which statement about linkage of genes is false?

Selected
Answer:

Genes on the same chromosome assort independently.

Answers:

a.

c.

Crossing over results in recombinant phenotypes.

b.

Genes on the same chromosome that are far apart

have a higher recombination frequency than those
that are close together.
c.

Genes on the same chromosome assort independently.

d.

Genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked.

e.

Crossing over between two linked genes can alter

phenotypes of progeny.

Question 3
4 out of 4 points

The 9:3:3:1 ratio is obtained

Selected
Answer:

Answers:

b.

through a dihybrid cross in which the genes are on

different chromosomes.
a.

through a dihybrid cross in which the genes are

linked on the same chromosome.

b.

through a dihybrid cross in which the genes are on

different chromosomes.
c.

when crossing over occurs.

d.

in a test cross.
e.

None of the above

Question 4
4 out of 4 points

A woman of blood group A has a child with a man of blood group

B. The child's blood is type O. What are the genotypes of the
parents?
Selected
Answer:

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIO

Answers:

a.

e.

It is impossible for these individuals to have a child

with type O blood.
b.

Mother: IAIB; father: IBIO

c.

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIb

d.

Mother: IAIA; father: IBIa

e.

Mother: IAIO; father: IBIO

Question 5
4 out of 4 points

Hemophilia A is an example of a disease that is inherited in a sexlinked manner. Which of the following statements about the
inheritance of hemophilia A is false?
Selected
Answer:

a.

All males resulting from matings of a female carrier for

the disease and a normal male would have the

disease.
Answers:

a.

All males resulting from matings of a female carrier for

the disease and a normal male would have the
disease.
b.

Relatives who have the disease are likely to be males

on the mother's side of the family.
c.

The disease results from a lack of a protein factor

needed for blood clotting.
d.

The disease is more likely to occur in males.

e.

Females bearing one mutated X chromosome

(carriers) are asymptomatic.

Question 6
4 out of 4 points

In many animals, including humans, sex is determined by a single

_______, or by a pair of them. Both males and females have two
copies of each of the rest of the chromosomes, which are called
_______.
Selected Answer:

a.

sex chromosome; autosomes

Answers:

a.

sex chromosome; autosomes

b.

gene; autosomes
c.

gene; sex chromosomes

d.

allele; genes
e.

autosome; sex chromosomes

Question 7
4 out of 4 points

A dramatic departure from expected phenotypic ratios may be

the result of

Selected Answer:

e.

All of the above

Answers:

a.

environmental influences.
b.

genetic linkage.
c.

epistasis.
d.

heterosis.
e.

All of the above

Question 8
4 out of 4 points

Genes located on mitochondrial DNA are usually inherited

Selected Answer:

c.

from the mother.

Answers:

a.

from the father.

b.

by independent assortment.
c.

from the mother.

d.

randomly.
e.

evenly from both the mother and the father.

Question 9
4 out of 4 points

In sex-linked inheritance of a recessive gene, if a normal male and

a heterozygous female carrier mated, all
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

d.

male offspring who receive the mutant X

chromosome would show the trait.
a.

male offspring would show the trait.

b.

female offspring would be carriers.

c.

female offspring who receive the mutant X would

show the trait.
d.

male offspring who receive the mutant X

chromosome would show the trait.
e.

Both b and c

Question 10
4 out of 4 points

Coat color in rabbits involves the effects of multiple gene

interactions. If a rabbit has two recessive alleles (cc) for coat
color, it is always albino no matter what the genotype of other
genes involved in coat color. This is an example of
Selected Answer:

c.

epistasis.
Answers:

a.

incomplete dominance.
b.

pleiotropy.
c.

epistasis.
d.

codominance.
e.

heterosis.

Question 11
4 out of 4 points

Suppose unattached earlobes are a dominant trait. Phil and

Maggie both have unattached earlobes but their daughter, Celia,
does not. If Phil and Maggie have a second child, what is the
probability that it will have attached earlobes?
Selected Answer:

d.
1

Answers:

a.
3

b.

c.
1

d.

e.
1

Question 12
4 out of 4 points

The fact that a trait like height in humans varies over a wide
range of values is due to
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

d.

multiple alleles and the environmental influences on

the expression of these genes.
a.

expressivity.
b.

epistasis.
c.

discrete and qualitative genomic variation.

d.

multiple alleles and the environmental influences on

the expression of these genes.
e.

penetrance.

Question 13
4 out of 4 points

_______ is the term for when heterozygous offspring have superior

fitness than their homozygous parents.
Selected Answer:

d.

Heterosis
Answers:

a.

Epistasis
b.

Linkage
c.

Codominance

d.

Heterosis
e.

Incomplete dominance

Question 14
4 out of 4 points

Lateral gene transfer between individuals of a species

Selected
Answer:

Answers:

c.

can result in bacterial strains resistant to

antibiotics.
a.

occurs only with plasmid DNA.

b.

always involves recombination.

c.

can result in bacterial strains resistant to

antibiotics.
d.

occurs by sexual reproduction in bacteria.

e.

does not occur in bacteria.

Question 15
4 out of 4 points

What fraction of the offspring of the cross AaBb AaBb would

show the dominant phenotypes for both genes?
Selected Answer:

b.
9

Answers:

16

a.
1

3
b.

16

c.
6

16

d.
12

16

e.
3

16

Question 16
4 out of 4 points

Hemophilia is a trait carried by the mother and passed to her

sons. The allele for hemophilia, therefore,
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

c.

is on the X chromosome and can be inherited by the

son only if the mother is a carrier (heterozygous).
a.

is carried on one of the mother's autosomal

chromosomes.
b.

is carried on the Y chromosome.

c.

is on the X chromosome and can be inherited by the

son only if the mother is a carrier (heterozygous).
d.

can be carried on the X or Y chromosome.

e.

is carried in the mitochondrial genome because a son

inherits this allele from his mother.
Answer
Feedback
:

Hemophilia is an X-linked trait and can only be

inherited by the son from his mother's X chromosome
(and not her mitochondrial chromosome). The father
contributes the Y chromosome to his son (not his X
chromosome) and thus cannot pass any of his X-linked
alleles to his son.

Question 17
4 out of 4 points

Sex determination is similar in humans and Drosophila because in

both species
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

d.

males have one X chromosome and females have two

X chromosomes.
a.

all males have one Y chromosome.

b.

secondary sex characteristics are determined by genes

on the X chromosome.
c.

the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes

determines maleness or femaleness.
d.

males have one X chromosome and females have two

X chromosomes.
e.

females are hemizygous.

Answer
Feedback:

In these species, females have two X chromosomes

and males have one X chromosome. The alleles for
secondary sex characteristics are found on the X
chromosome and the autosomes.

Question 18
4 out of 4 points

Linked genes are genes that

Selected
Answer:

are found on the same chromosome.

Answers:

a.

c.

recombine during mitosis.

b.

always contribute the same trait to the zygote.

c.

are found on the same chromosome.

d.

assort independently.
e.

segregate equally in the gametes during meiosis.

Answer
Feedback:

Linked genes, by definition, are on the same chromo

some and thus do not assort independently, do not
contribute the same trait to the zygote, and do not
recombine during mitosis or segregate equally to the
gametes during meiosis.

Question 19
4 out of 4 points

A bacterial cell's genotype can be altered by

Selected
Answer:

Answers:

d.

the transferring of genetic material from a different

strain of bacteria.
a.

the introduction of a plasmid that carries some of the

bacteria's genes.
b.

mating with a bacterial cell with the same genotype.

c.

homologous recombination with human DNA.

d.

the transferring of genetic material from a different

strain of bacteria.
e.

the forming of a conjugation tube with another bacterial

cell.
Answer
Feedback
:

A bacterial cell's genotype changes when new genetic

information is introduced either on a plasmid or by
conjugation (which requires a conjugation tube and the
transfer of DNA). If conjugation occurs, those genes
need to recombine into the recipient cell's chromosome
in order to be maintained. Transferring the same
genetic information on a plasmid or mating with a
bacterial cell with the same genotype will not change
the genotype of the recipient bacteria. Human DNA
cannot recombine with a bacterial chromosome unless
there are identical (homologous) DNA sequences in
both DNA molecules.

Question 20
4 out of 4 points

Cytoplasmic inheritance
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

e.

is determined by genes on DNA molecules in

mitochondria and chloroplasts.
a.

follows Mendel's law of segregation.

b.

is determined by nuclear genes.

c.

results from polygenic nuclear traits.

d.

is the result of the gametes' contributions of equal

amounts of cytoplasm to the zygote.
e.

is determined by genes on DNA molecules in

mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Answer
Feedback:

The genes on the mitochondria and chloroplast

chromosomes, which are cytoplasmically inherited
(unlike nuclear genes), are passed on to all of the
progeny from the gamete that contributes most of the
cytoplasm.

Question 21
4 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about the pattern of

inheritance for a rare dominant allele is true?
Selected
Answer:

a.

Every affected person has an affected parent.

Answers:

a.

Every affected person has an affected parent.

b.

Unaffected parents can produce children who are

affected.
c.

Affected parents do not produce affected children.

d.

Unaffected mothers have sons who are affected and

daughters who are carriers.
e.

None of the above

Answer
Feedback:

If an allele is dominant, every affected individual has at

least one dominant allele. An affected individual must
have received that allele from one of his or her
parents. Because the allele is dominant, that parent
must also be affected.

Question 22
4 out of 4 points

Epistasis is

Selected
Answer:

a.

a situation in which one gene masks the expression of

another gene.

Answers:

a.

a situation in which one gene masks the expression of

another gene.
b.

a situation in which a heterozygotic individual

expresses phenotypic traits that are intermediate
between those of the parents.
c.

the degree to which a particular genotype is

expressed in an individual.
d.

a situation in which both alleles are expressed equally.

e.

the proportion of individuals within a group that have

a particular genotype and show the expected
phenotype.
Answer
Feedback:

Answer a. refers to expressivity, answer b. refers to

penetrance, answer c. refers to incomplete
dominance, and answer e. refers to codominance.

Question 23
4 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about the pattern of

inheritance for a rare recessive allele is true?
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

b.

Unaffected parents can produce children who are

affected.
a.

Every affected person has an affected parent.

b.

Unaffected parents can produce children who are

affected.
c.

Affected parents do not produce affected children.

d.

Unaffected mothers have affected sons and daughters

who are carriers.

e.

None of the above

Answer
Feedback
:

Rare recessive alleles can be carried by both parents

but not expressed in those parents. If the parents are
heterozygous for this allele (Aa), their children will have
a
probability of expressing that recessive allele
(aa). If both parents are affected (aa), their children will
also be affected (aa).

Question 24
4 out of 4 points

Which of the following statements about true-breeding plants is

true?
Selected
Answer:

Answers:

e.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring produce plants with that same trait.
a.

They result from a dihybrid cross.

b.

They result from crossing over during prophase I of

meiosis.
c.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring will be sterile.
d.

They result from a monohybrid cross.

e.

When a true-breeding plant with a particular trait is

crossed with another plant of the same variety, all of
their offspring produce plants with that same trait.
Answer
Feedback:

Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses produce

heterozygous individuals; true-breeding individuals are
always homozygous.

Question 25
4 out of 4 points

Quantitative traits are traits

Selected
Answer:

All of the above

Answers:

a.

d.

that are affected by the environment.

b.

that affect the same physical characteristic.

c.

in which each allele intensifies or diminishes the

phenotype.
d.

All of the above

e.

None of the above

Answer
Feedback:

Quantitative traits are traits that are affected by the

environment and can either diminish or intensify one
phenotype.