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and NFV Based Networks
SDN and NFV is the next phase of technology change which will help service provider to launch the services in single click.
This is all about the programmability of the networks by using open source software defined network controller.

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Split Horizon and Route Poisoning Layer 3

Routing Loops
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Most of the time, I always be a part of layer 2 routing loop discussion but
never heard about the engineers talking about layer 3 routing loop problem.
This is being experienced during my recent visit in some company where all
engineers knows why to use Spanning Tree Protocol but none of them knew
why to use split horizon and route poisoning.
In layer 3 networks, there might chance of routing loops and split horizon,
hold down timers and route poisoning are the techniques which help to
prevent the layer 3 routing loop. Below depicted Figure 1 is showing the
converge network. Lets assume in case of failure of 10.4.0.0 network,
router C will forward the update to router B and router B will forward the
update to router A and router C as well. By doing this the same kind of the
update which is being generated by C is received and C might think that he
is getting the information of 10.4.0.0 network from B but In fact, 10.4.0.0
network is directly attached to router C. This situation can arise in smaller
networks too.

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The first work around is the split

horizon technique which says not to
send the updates to the interfaces from
it has been received. It looks like send
update information (Number of
interfaces Receiving Interface Updates).
Next one is route poisoning, when the router detects link down, the
attached router sends the update to its neighbors. But in this case, the
receiving router can send back the received information to the same
interface from where it received by setting the route metric to maximum.
Definitely this is the violation of split horizon rule but it helps router to
understand about that particular network is down or inaccessible which
actually help the convergence of routing. Now 10.4.0.0 is poisoned route
which is having the maximum metric assigned as the route is not reachable.
When the neighbor send the route back to the originator, it becomes reverse
poisoned.
What does route poisoning do?
1. Set the hop count to an unreachable state as soon as the failed network is
detected
2. Route remains poisoned until the holddown timer expires.
3. Hold timer depends on the routing protocol; Every protocol is having
different holddown timer.
4. Only uni direction traffic flow.
5. If the route is not back up during the hold down time period expires, that
route is removed from the routing table and added in the garbage table.

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The last one is Hold Down timers. What does holdtimers do?
1. A router receives an update from a neighbor indicating that a network
that previously was accessible is now no longer accessible.

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SplitHorizonandRoutePoisoningLayer3RoutingLoops|MPLSVPNMovingTowardsSDNandNFVBasedNetworks
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2. The receiving router marks that route possibly down and starts the hold
down timer.

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3. If an update with a better metric for that network is received from any
neighboring router during the holddown period, the network is reinstated
and the holddown timer is removed.

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4. If an update from any other neighbor is received during the holddown

period with the same or worse metric for that network, that update is
ignored. Thus, more time is allowed for the information about the change
to be propagated.

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5. Routers still forward packets to destination networks that are marked as

possibly down. This allows the router to overcome any issues associated with
intermittent connectivity. If the destination network truly is unavailable and
the packets are forwarded, black hole routing is created and lasts until the
holddown timer expires. (Very Important Point). This could be the reason,
administrators look forward to reduce the holddown timers to increase the
convergence time. Definitely if the network is not stable these timers
generates lot of messages.
As per section 2.2.2, RFC 1058 explicitly says that Split horizon with
poisoned reverse will prevent any routing loops that involve only two
gateways. However, it is still possible to end up with patterns in which three
gateways are engaged in mutual deception. Definitely this could be the
case of broadcast of multiaccess networks.

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