CHAPTER 13: Signal-Transduction Pathways

(Problems: 1-5,7,13,15-18,21,25,29)

1. Primary messenger.

Signal, first messenger, ligand.

Protein receptor of primary messenger.

Transmembrane protein, transducer.

Transducer, effector enzyme,

second messenger, effectors.

2. Reception of primary messenger.

3. Relay of information.

4. Activation of effectors.
5. Termination of signal.

Phosphatases

13.2. Receptor Proteins

Ligand Binding

Transmembrane proteins

Seven transmembrane helices

(7TM proteins)

Ligand binding on
outside leads to
conformational
change (new
activity) on inside
of cell.

Ligand Binding Activation of G-Proteins

Activation of Effector Proteins
Effector
enzyme

ligand

7TM
receptor

Gs
Transducer
(G-protein)

Second
messenger

Effector

Activation of Effector Proteins

Phosphorylation of Proteins

Protein kinase A
Protein kinase A phosphorylates Ser and Thr residues in
numerous proteins resulting in activation or inhibition of their
functions.

Control of Activation

X
GTP
Chlorera (Vibriocholorae)
Choleragen stabilizesGs

OpenK+ channel

ClosedNa+H+ exchange

NaCl loss

G-cycle

WhoopingCough(Bordertella pertussis)
Toxin stabilizesGi

OpenK+ channel

ClosedCa2+ channel

Reversible Ligand/Receptor Binding

Other Second Messengers

2nd messenger

2nd messenger

Ligand/ReceptorbindingleadstoGproteinactivation

The Phosphoinositide Cascade

Phosphorylation
of Ser and thr
on many proteins

13.3. Tyrosine Kinases

EpidermalGrowthFactorSignaling

Adaptor proteins

X
Pi

Tumors

13.4. Insulin Signaling

Insulin-receptor
substrates

Akt is a
mobile protein
kinase

Phosphorylate
enzymes in
glycogen
synthesis and
glucose
transport
(GLUT4)

Signaling
terminated by
protein
phosphatases

13.4. Calcium Ion is a Cytoplasmic Messenger

CaM-Ca2+ +

CaM-Kinase
Inactive

CaM-Ca2+
CaM-Kinase
Active

Phosphorylation of
proteins resulting
in regulation of
fuel metabolism,
ion permeability,
neurotransmitters