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MALAYSIA
NATIONALREPORT
FOLLOWUPOFTHEIMPLEMENTATION
OFTHEWORLDFOODSUMMIT
PLANOFACTION
2008

MinistryofAgricultureandAgrobasedIndustry
Putrajaya
62624Putrajaya
Tel:+60388701000
Fax:+60388886020

Page2

FOLLOWUPOFTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOF
THEWORLDFOODSUMMITPLANOFACTION

NATIONALREPORT

CountryMALAYSIA
DateofReportMay2008

InstitutionorCommitteeResponsibleforReporting
MinistryofAgricultureandAgroBasedIndustry

FocalPoint
NameRajR.DNathan
PositionUnderSecretary
Telephone+60388701419
Fax+60388886901
Emailraj@moa.gov.my

ii

Page3

TableofContents
BackgroundInformation

TableofContents

ii

SectionI:PriorityFoodSecurityIssuesandProgress
TowardstheWorldFoodSummitGoals

SectionII:FollowupoftheWFSPlanofAction

CommitmentOne

CommitmentTwo

CommitmentThree

14

CommitmentFour

20

CommitmentFive

23

CommitmentSix

25

CommitmentSeven

29

ReferencesandNote

32

StatisticalAnnex

SA1

ii

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SECTIONI:

PRIORITYFOODSECURITYISSUESAND
PROGRESSTOWARDSTHEWORLD
FOODSUMMITGOAL

Thestateofthecountrysfoodsecuritysituationintermsoffoodavailability,stabilityof
suppliesandaccesstofood,andprogressinreachingthehungerreductiontargets

i.
Intermsofaccesstofood,Malaysiaislowinvulnerabilityas
classifiedbyFAOwheretheproportionofundernourishedisabout3.0%
andthereforenotsignificant.Thecountrydoesnotfaceproblemsinterms

ofavailability,accessibility,affordabilityandutilizationoffood.Thisis
attributedtotheGovernmentscomprehensiveandholisticsocialand
economicdevelopmentpolicies,plansandprogramsthecountrys
politicalstabilityitsliberalinvestmentanddiversifiedtradepoliciesanda
dynamicandliteratepopulation.Thishascontributedtoanominalper
capitaincomeofaboutUSD6982.81in2007,alowunemploymentrateof
3.5%andastableConsumerPriceIndexaveragingbelow2.6%aswell
asasurplusBalanceofCurrentAccountofUSD28,702millionin2007.
ii.
Malaysiaschallengesregardingfoodsecurityistobeselfsufficient
inmostofitsfoodrequirementsaswellastoreducedependenceonfood
imports.Theapproachestowardsfacingthechallengesinclude:
focusingproductiononmajorfooditemswhicharecost
competitivesuchasfish,tropicalfruits,vegetableandlivestock
aswellasselectiveimportedfooditemsthatcanbesubstituted
locallysuchastemperatevegetables
zoningareasspecificallyforfoodproduction
intensifyingresearchanddevelopmenttoincreaseyield,
reducepostharvestlossesandpromotetheutilizationof
goodagriculturalpractices
increasingreverseinvestmentandbilateralrelationship
withcountriessuchasVietnam,CambodiaandMyanmar
whichhavecomparativeadvantageinproductionof
certainfoodandagricultureproducts
rationalizingthemarketingsystemwiththeaimof
reducingmarketintermediariesaswellasensuringfair
pricesforfarmersandconsumersthroughimprovementof
parallelmarketingchannelsuchasthefarmersmarket,
directmarketingandcontractfarming
establishingandenhancingmarketinginfrastructuresuch
asfarmcollectioncentres,packinghousefacilities,
tradingcentresandwholesalemarketsinproduction
areastoreducetransactioncostaswellaspostharvest
losses

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Width:1536

focusingonthedevelopmentofbiotechnologyproducts,
extractionofspecialtynaturalchemicalsfrombiological
resources,utilizationofoilpalmbiomass,floricultural
productsandaquariumfishtogenerategrowthforthe
agriculturesectorandcreatenewhighervalueindustries
promotingcontrolledenvironment,automatedand
mechanizedintensiveproductionsystems
maximisingusageoflandthroughpromotingagroforestry
enterprisesandintegratinglivestockwithplantationcrops
promotingandencouraginggreaterprivatesector
participation
developingagrotechnologyparkstopromotehigh
technologyagriculturalproductionsystemsand
availingMalaysiasservicesintheinspection,monitoring,
standardizationandcertificationofhalalfood.

Evaluationstudies(suchasimpactassessment,comparisonbetweenresultsand
objectives)ofprogrammesorprojectsrelatedtotheWFSPlanofAction.

iii.

CloselyrelatedtotheWFSPlanofAction,acomprehensive

accountofthepolicies,strategiesandprogrammesthathavecontributed
totheachievementsoftheMDGshasbeenpublished.Thisdocument,
Malaysia:AchievingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalspublishedin2005
bytheUnitedNationsCountryTeamforMalaysiaincooperationwiththe
EconomicPlanningUnit,PrimeMinistersDepartment,Malaysiaunderthe
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammehighlightsthetargetsand
achievementsaswellasindicatorsformonitoringprogress.Acatalogue
recordofthisdocumentisavailablefromtheLibraryofUNDP.

Externalassistanceprogrammes,includingadescriptionoftheirimpactonhunger
reductionandlessonslearned.

iv.
MalaysiahasbeenarecipientofOfficialDevelopmentAssistance
intheformofprojects,humanresourcedevelopment,studies,advisory
servicesandvolunteersfromJapanandtheUnitedStateswhichhad
contributedmuchinherearlyyearsofdevelopment.Bothcapitaland
technicalassistancewerereceivedfromorganizationssuchasthrough
theColomboPlan,CommonwealthSecretariat,WorldBank,Islamic
DevelopmentBank(IDB),AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB),United
NationsOrganizationsandspecializedagenciesanddonorcountrieslike
Denmark,GermanyandJapan.Foreignaidsupplementeddomestic
resourcesinaddressingthechallengesofpovertyandredistributioninthe
1970s.Withrapiddevelopmentovertheyears,thepurposeofforeignaid
shiftedtosupportingthetransformationoftheeconomythroughthe
provisionofexpertise,technologyandknowledge.

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v.
StrongeconomicgrowthhasstrengthenedtheGovernments
finances.Publicsectorfinancestogetherwithhighdomesticsavings
providethenecessaryresourcestofinancedevelopmentprogrammes
andprojects.Prudentmacroeconomicandfinancialmanagementmakes
andeasiertomobilizeexternalprivatecapital.Withtheavailabilityof
adequatedomesticfinancialresources,thecountrysdependenceon
foreignaidtofinancedevelopmentprojectshasreduced.
Width:1536
vi.
AsMalaysiacontinuestodevelopeconomically,itsaccessto
OfficialDevelopmentAssistanceresourceshascorrespondinglyreduced.
FundsallocatedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)
havereducedtoUSD1.7millionfortheprogrammecycle20032007
comparedwithUSD2.3millionfortheperiod19972002.TheUnited
NationsPopulationFund(UNFPA)hasembarkedonacostsharing
relationshipandMalaysiawouldnotbeeligibletoreceiveUNICEFs
fundingbasedonUNICEFsguidelines.Onthebilateralfront,Japanis
reducingitsODAby20%beginning2003.
vii.However,technicalassistancefrominternationalorganizationsand
donorsarestillsoughttoaddressspecificissuessuchasHIV/AIDS,
gender,biotechnologyandICT.Atthesametime,concertedeffortsare
beingmadetobridgethedigitaldividebetweentheurbanandtherural
communities.

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SECTIONII:

FOLLOWUPOFTHEWORLDFOOD
SUMMITPLANOFACTION
COMMITMENTONE

Ensuringanenablingpolitical,socialandeconomicenvironment
designedtocreatethebestconditionsfortheeradicationofpoverty
andfordurablepeace,basedonfullandequalparticipationof
womenandmen,whichismostconducivetoachievingsustainable
foodsecurityforall.

Political,socialandeconomicenvironmentforeradicatingpovertyandfordurablepeace

i.
TheFederalConstitutionprovidesfortheseparationofpowersof
Width:1536
thelegislative,judicialandexecutivebranchesofgovernmentatboththe
FederalandStatelevels.Thisframeworkprovidesarequisite
environmenttosustainpoliticalstabilityandenhancesocioeconomic
developmenttowardsachievingdevelopednationstatusbytheyear2020
inaccordancewiththeNationalVisionPolicy.Inthislight,realGDPhas
grownbyanaverageof6.5%perannumsinceindependencein1957to
2005.Withinthesameperiod,GDPpercapitaincurrentpricesgrewby
7.0%perannumcontributingtowardssubstantialimprovementsinquality
oflifeandwidespreadadvancesineducation,health,infrastructureand
industry.

Preventingconflictandcreatingapeacefulenvironment

ii.
Fosteringharmoniouslivingconditionsinamultiracial,multi
religiousandmulticulturalsocietytowardscreatingapeaceful
environmentforgreateranddynamicdevelopmentisacontinuouseffort
undertakenthroughvariouspoliciesandprogrammes.Whilevigorously
pursuingeconomicgrowth,disparitiesineconomicopportunitiesand
livelihoodshouldnotpersist,lestitjeopardisestheveryfoundationof
peaceandharmonyessentialforsustainablenationaldevelopment.Inits
determinationtoremainsteadfastinbecomingastrong,developedand
unitednation,Malaysiahasdrawnupanewpolicyandimplementation
framework,theNationalMission.Itoutlinestheapproachesplannedfor
theremainingyearstowards2020toachievedevelopednationstatus.

Theapproachesinclude:
pursuingpoliciesandprogrammesthatenhanceitscapacityto
competeglobally
improvingnationalintegrationandreducingtendenciestowards
racialpolarisationand
anequitableandbetterdistributionofwealthtoensure
balancedgrowthamongandwithinethnicandvaryinglevelsof
incomegroupsaswellregionsthroughmeaningfulparticipation
ofallgroupsinthedevelopmentprocess.

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iii.
Programmesundertakentopromoteinteraction,cooperationand
understandingwiththeultimateobjectiveoffurtherenhancingnational
integration,mutualrespect,neighbourliness,ahealthyandafamily
orientedlifestylewhichformsthebasisforpeaceandharmonyison
gong.Theseinclude,RukunTetangga(fosteringneighbourliness),Jati
Diri(instillingthespiritofpatriotism),RakanMuda(fosteringhealthy
lifestylesamongyouths),promotingaCaringSocietyandthenew
NationalServiceSchemeforyouths.

Fullandequalparticipationofmenandwomen

iv.
Malaysianwomenhaveenjoyedequalopportunitieswithmenin
accesstobasicsocialservices.Womenbeenincreasinglymainstreamed
intodevelopmentprocesses,andbyplayingavarietyofrolesatthe
family,community,andsocietylevels,theyhavebeenabletocontribute
tonationaldevelopmentandprosperity.Femalepopulationhadincreased
atanaverageof2.5%perannumaccountingfor13.1millionfemale
populationofthetotalpopulationof27.17millionin2007.Women's
participationinthelabourforcerosesteadilyfrom44.7%in1995to45.8%
in2007totalling3.79million.Thiswasmadepossiblethroughchangesin
thelegalandinstitutionalframeworkamendmentstoFederal
Constitutionincreasedemploymentopportunitiesthroughhigher
educationalachievementandwiththeimplementationofgendersensitive
policiesandprogrammes.
Width:1536
WomeninDevelopment

v.
WomeninMalaysiahavemadesignificantadvancementinvarious
fields.Theirrightsandinterestsareprogressivelybeingsafeguardedand
protectedasenvisagedundertheagendaforgenderequality.Thiswas
madepossiblewiththecommitmentofallsectorsintheGovernment,
privatesector,NGOsandthecommunityatlarge.TheGovernmentof
Malaysiawillcontinuetoenhanceeffortstofurtherimprovethestatusof
womentoenablethemtoreachtheirfullpotentialandcontributetowards
thesocialandeconomicdevelopmentofthecountry.Hence,gender
mainstreamingwillbegivenemphasisandgenderconsiderations
includedintheformulationofpoliciesandprogrammes.

WomenandEducation

vi.
InMalaysia,themostsignificantfactorintheempowermentof
womenhasbeeneducation.FemaleenrolmentinGovernmentassisted
schoolsattheprimary(48.6%)andsecondarylevel(49.8%)reflectsthe
femalepopulationof49.1%.Today,therearemorefemalesthanmalesin
higherlearninginstitutionswith61.4%femaleenrolmentinthe
Governmentassisteduniversities.ItistheviewoftheGovernmentthat
bettereducatedwomentranslatesintoamoreeconomicallyproductive
andintellectuallyvibrantcommunity.

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WomenandEconomy

vii.Thefemalelabourforceparticipationrateis45.8%with3.8million
womeninthelabourmarket,whichmadeup36%ofthetotallabourforce.
Aspartoftheeffortstorealisewomensfullpotentialbytakingadvantage
ofopportunitiesinthejobmarket,variousskillsandentrepreneurtraining
programmesareofferedtowomen.Trainingprogrammesarealsogiven
towomenentrepreneurstoupgradetheirbusinesses.Recognizingthe
potentialofwomenentrepreneursineconomicdevelopment,initiatives
havebeentakentofurtherboostwomenparticipationinbusiness,through
thecreationoffundssolelyforthebenefitofwomenentrepreneurs.The
SpecialAssistanceSchemesforWomenEntrepreneursintroducedbythe
SmallandMediumIndustriesDevelopmentCorporation(SMIDEC)
providegreateraccesstothevariousmatchinggrantsschemesandsoft
loansforwomenentrepreneurs.Thisschemeisopentobusinessesthat
aremajorityownedbywomen,ormanagedbywomentoenabletheir
involvementininformationtechnologyrelatedservices,designingand
packaging,researchanddevelopmentaswellasmarketing.Todate,
RM85.4millionhasbeenapprovedundertheschemebenefiting849
womenentrepreneurs.Toencouragemorewomenventuringinto
technologyacquisitionactivitiessuchasdesigning,patentinganddrawing
blueprints,aTechnologyAcquisitionFundforWomenhasalsobeen
established.
viii.Toencouragetheparticipationofwomeninthelabourmarket,
variousincentivesbeenintroducedbytheGovernmenttoincreasethe
establishmentofchildcarecentresattheworkplace.TheGovernment
since2007hasincreasedlaunchinggrantsforGovernmentofficesthat
providechildcarecentresfromRM50,000toRM80,000forrenovationand
furnishingthechildcarecentre.TheGovernmentalsoprovideschildcare
feesubsidyofRM180perchildwhoissenttochildcarecentresatthe
workplaceforGovernmentemployeeswhosemonthlyhouseholdincome
donotexceedRM2,000.Theinitiativehassucceededinpromotingmore
childcarecentrestobeestablishedattheworkplaceinwhichthebefore
andafterdataindicatedanincreaseof93childcarecentresin2006to97
in2007.Toensurethatchildcaresupportisextendedtoothersoutside
Width:1536
thepublicsector,theGovernmenthassetupCommunityChildcare
Centrestoprovidequalitychildcaretofamiliesfromlowincomegroups.
Inaddition,childcarefeesubsidyofRM180perchildenrolledinthese
centresisgiventofamilieswhosemonthlyhouseholdincomedonot
exceedRM2,000inurbanareas,andRM1,200inruralareas.
ix.
Toretainwomeninthelabourmarket,theGovernmentpromotes
workingathomeasanalternativetothosewhowanttospendmoretime
athomeduetofamilycommitment.Suchalternativewayofworking
attractswomentoremaininthelabourmarketandcontinuetocontribute
totheeconomy.Theflexibleworkingarrangementallowswomentobring
positiveimpacttowardsfamilydevelopmentastheyachievegreater
balancebetweenfamilyandworkandatthesametimegenerateincome
forthewellbeingofthefamily.TheGovernmenthasproducedand

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distributedapracticalguidetoworkingfromhomeasareferencefor
thosewhoareinterested.

WomeninPoverty

x.
Toreducetheincidenceofpovertyamongwomen,includingsingle
mothersandfemaleheadedhouseholds,theGovernmentandnon
governmentalorganisations(NGOs)implementnumerouseconomic,
socialandtrainingprogrammes.Financialassistanceisprovidedto
womenfromthelowincomegrouptobeinvolvedinmicrocredit
enterprises.Womeninruralareasarealsoofferedopportunitiesto
establishworkshopsandbusinesspremisestofacilitatetheirinvolvement
inentrepreneurship.Trainingininformationandcommunication
technology(ICT)isalsoconductedtoenablethesewomentoincrease
theirproductivityandefficiency.TheGovernmentisintensifyingthe
implementationofvariousskillsenhancementprogrammesforpoor
womenespeciallyforsinglemotherstofacilitatetheirinvolvementin
incomegeneratingactivities.
xi.
LaunchinggrantsofRM2,700aregiventowomentosetupsmall
businessessothattheycouldbefinanciallyindependent.Thisalso
promotesthemtobecomeproductiveandimprovetheirqualityoflife.To
reducethefinancialburdenofthepoorandneedyseniorcitizens,the
GovernmentincreasetheirallowancefromRM200toRM300,effective
from1January2008.Thiswillbenefitwomeninparticularsincethereare
morewomenthanmenintheagegroupof60yearsandabovewithonly
93malesfor100females.

WomeninDecisionMaking

xii.WhilewomeninMalaysiahavecomealongway,therearestill
manyissuesthatneedtobeaddressed.Oneofthesignificantconcernsis
thenumberofwomenindecisionmakingpositions,inbothgovernment
andtheprivatesector,whichremainsrelativelylow.Forinstance,in
politics,Malaysianwomenweregiventherighttovotesince1957while
womencandidateswerepermittedtostandforelectionsincethefirst
generalelectionin1959.Nonetheless,thenumberoffemalecandidates
electedtoParliamentincreasedonlyatamoderateratefrom2.9%inthe
1959electionto10.8%intherecentelectioninMarch2008.Thenumber
ofwomenelectedtothevariousStateAssembliesalsoincreased
graduallyfromamere2.7%in1986to8.0%in2008.Thenumberof
femalerepresentativesintheUpperHouse,however,decreasedfrom
33.3%in2004to26.7%in2008.
Width:1536

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xiii.Inthecorporatesector,womensparticipationatthedecision
makinglevelisstillunderrepresented.Thepercentageofwomenwhoare
membersofboardofdirectorscontinuedtodeclinefrom7.6%in2006to
5.3%in2007.GiventhecurrentscarcityofwomenatthetopinMalaysia,
theActionPlantoachieveatleast30%participationofwomenat
decisionmakinglevelsisbeingformulatedaimingatfasttrackingwomen
intodecisionmakinglevelsnotonlyinthepublicsector,butalsointhe
privatesector.

xiv.GuidedbythecommitmentsmadeattheFourthWorldConference
forWomeninBeijingin1995andtheMinisterialMeetingontheNon
AlignedMovementontheAdvancementofWomenheldinMalaysiain
2005,thestrategicthrustsforthefurtherdevelopmentofwomeninthe
comingfiveyearsthrough:
promotinggreaterparticipationinthelabourforce
increasingeducationandtrainingopportunities
enhancingparticipationinbusinessandentrepreneurial
activities
reviewinglawsandregulationstopromotethestatusofwomen
improvingfurtherthehealthstatueandwellbeing
reducingviolence
furtherreducingpovertyandimprovingqualityoflife
strengtheningnationalmachineryandinstitutionalcapacityand
advancingissuespertainingtowomenattheinternationallevel.

Width:1536

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COMMITMENTTWO
Implementingpoliciesaimedateradicatingpovertyandinequality
andimprovingphysicalandeconomicaccessbyall,atalltimes,to
sufficient,nutritionallyadequateandsafefoodanditseffective
utilization.

i.
Establishedeconomicdevelopmentpoliciesinplaceensurethatall
equitablysharethebenefitsofeconomicgrowth.Thiscommitmentis
basedonthepremisethatgreaterequityinthedistributionofincomeand
opportunitiesforwealthcreationisessentialforsustainedeconomic
growth,socialstabilityandmaintenanceofnationalunitytoensureaccess
tosufficient,nutritionallyadequateandsafefood.Sincethe1970s,the
guidingprincipleforeconomicdevelopmentwasthroughthestrategyof
distributionthroughgrowthandthetwinprongedobjectivesoferadicating
povertyirrespectiveofraceandtherestructuringofsocietytocorrectthe
identificationofeconomicfunctionwithrace.Progressinmeetingthese
objectiveshasbeensuccessful.Effortsinreducingabsolutepovertyhave

beenexemplaryandlivingstandardshaverisen.
ii.
Inrecentyearshowever,inequalityinincomehasbeenrising.
Ethnicincomedisparityalthoughnarrowinginrelativetermshaswidened
inabsoluteterms.Inequalitybetweenstatesandregionsremain.Although
economicgrowthhasbeenadrivingforceforraisingincomeand
improvedlivingstandards,itdoesnotmeanthatthebenefitsofgrowthare
sharedequitablyamongallinsociety.Toaddressthis,strongereffortsare
inplacetoimprovedistributionconstructivelyandproductivelythrough
growth.Inthenextfiveyears,emphasiswouldbeon:

reducingoverallanderadicatinghardcorepovertyby2010
reducingdisparitiesbetweenruralandurbanpopulationand
betweenregionsthroughsustainableincomegenerating
projectsandbyfurtherimprovingaccesstobasicneeds
establishingregionalgrowthcentrestospurdevelopmentof
lessdevelopedregions
bridgingthedigitaldividebetweenruralandurbanareas
addressinginterandintraethnicdisparitiesbyraising
incomesthroughskillsenhancementandcapacitybuilding
promotingequalopportunitiesinemployment
enhancingethnicintegration
creatinganewgenerationofindigenousentrepreneurs
meetingdistributiontargetsthathavenotbeenrealisedand
evaluatingtheeffectivenessandimpactofpastrestructuring
policies.

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Eradicatingpoverty

iii.
Theincidenceofpovertydecreasedfrom8.5%in2004to3.6%in
2007becauseofthesuccessfulimplementationofpovertyeradication
programmesandthefavourableeconomicgrowthexperienced.Themean
Width:1536
incomeofpoorhouseholdsincreasedfromUSD160toUSD200inthe
sameperiod.However,thepovertygapinruralareaswasfivetimes
higherthaninurbanareas,indicatingtheseverityofpovertyinrural
areas.Nevertheless,theincidenceofpovertyinruralareasdecreased
from14.8%(2002)to7.1%(2007)andthenumberofpoorhouseholds
from238,600to159,100,areductionofabout67%.
iv.
Inthenextfiveyears,effortstoeradicatepovertyfurtherwillfocus
onamongstothers:
pursuingnewandimprovedinstitutionalmechanismsand
specificsocialwelfareprogrammestoensureeradicationof
hardcorepovertyby2010
reducingpovertyinruralandurbanareasaswellasamongthe
indigenousgroupinthestateofSabahandSarawak
placingmoreemphasisonhumancapitaldevelopmentthrough
programmessuchasEconomicImprovement,Basic
InfrastructureDevelopmentandHumanDevelopmenttoenable
participationonasustainablebasis
improvingaccesstocreditfacilitiestoenabletargetgroupsto
activelyparticipateinmoreproductiveeconomicactivities
creatingamoreenablingenvironmenttofurtherencourage
NGOsandtheprivatesectortoprovidewideropportunitiesto
thepoortoimprovetheirlivelihood
improvingthemanagementofIslamicbasedinstitutionsrelating

totithing,landandwelfareanddevelopingthemintoeffective
mechanismstorenderoutrightassistancetothedestitute
betteraccesstonewtechnologiesandmodernfarming
methodsaswellasofffarmeconomicactivitiestoaddress
povertyintheruralareas.Modernisationandcommercialisation
ofagriculturalactivitiesthroughutilisationofbetteryielding
cloneswillincreaseproductivityandincomeamongthepoor
betteraccessibilitytotrainingprogrammesandcreditfacilities
especiallytothoseinvolvedinagrobasedactivities
establishmentofruralgrowthcentresespeciallyinSabahand
Sarawaktogeneratemoreemploymentopportunitiesand
consolidatingandexpandingprojectsundertheUrbanPoverty
EradicationProgrammethatencompasseshousing,education
andtrainingaswellastheinformationandresourcecentre.

10

Page14

v.
TheNorthernCorridorEconomicRegion(NCER)development
programmeisaGovernmentinitiativetoaccelerateeconomicgrowthand
elevateincomelevelsinthenorthofPeninsularMalaysiaencompassing
thestatesofPerlis,Kedah,PenangandthenorthofPerak.TheNCER
initiativewillspanfrom2007totheendofthe2025.Theprogrammeis
partoftheGovernmentscommitmenttohelpingtheRegionmaximiseits
economicpotentialandclosingthedevelopmentandincomegapbetween
thedifferentregionsinMalaysia.Italsoaimstomovetowardshigher
valueaddandknowledgebasedeconomicactivitiestodrivefurther
increasesinpercapitaincome.
vi.
ThevisionisfortheNCERtobecomeamodernfoodzonefor
Malaysia,helpingthecountrytoincreaseitsefficiencyinfoodproduction.
Thiswillincludeencouragingcommercialscalefarming,thereby
dramaticallyincreasingtheproductivityofpaddyfarming,leveragingon
Width:1536
unutilisedlandforthefarmingofnewcropsandlivestockfarming,and
venturingintoagriculturedownstreamactivities.Anumberofoutcomes
aretargetedby2012:
IncreasingagriculturalexportsfromUSD9.7billiontoUSD14.55
billion
Increasingpaddyyieldsfrom4tonneperhectareto8tonneper
hectare
Increasingaverageprofitperhectareofcultivatedlandto
USD3000perhectareperannumand
Increasingtheamountofagriculturallandutilisedfromaround
800,000hectaresto1millionhectares.
vii.TheEastCoastEconomicRegion(ECER)isanotherGovernment
initiativetoaccelerategrowthintheeastofPeninsularMalaysia
(Kelantan,Terengganu,PahangandJohor).Thisisundertakenvia
programmestoraiseincomesandreducepovertybyexpanding
employmentthroughintroducingcatalyticprojectstospurdevelopment.
ECERaimstocreate1,917,000employmentin2020,2.3%more
compareto2005andhelpraisetheGDPpercapitaintheregionfrom
USD1775toUSD4093in2020.TheECERsAgricultureSectorstrategies
comprisedofcropbased,fishbasedandlivestockbasedclusters.The
strategiesinclude:
Expandinglargescalecommercialfarming

Widerapplicationofmoderntechnology
Developmentofvalueaddedactivities
Improvingsupplychainmanagement
Participationofprivatesectorasanchorcompanies
Strengtheningmarketingandglobalnetworking
Increasingnonfarmopportunitiesand
Povertyeradicationinfocusdevelopmentarea.

11

Page15

viii.TheSabahDevelopmentCorridor(SDC)programmeisalsoa
Governmentinitiativetoaccelerateeconomicgrowthandelevateincome
levelsinthestateofSabah.TheSDCinitiativeperiodisfrom2007to
2025.ThisprogrammeispartoftheGovernmentspledgetohelpthe
regionmaximizesitseconomicpotentialandclosingthedevelopmentand
incomegapbetweenthedifferentregionsinMalaysia.Italsoaimsto
movetowardshighervalueaddandknowledgebasedeconomicactivities
todrivefurtherincreasesinpercapitaincome.SDCisbasedonthree
mainprinciplesthatalsoguidedalldevelopmentsinSabah:
eradicatehardcorepoverty
ensureenvironmentalconservationand
capturehighervalueactivitiesinindustries.
ix.
TheSarawakCorridorofRenewableEnergy(SCORE),isamajor
initiativeundertakentodeveloptheCentralRegionandtransform
SarawakintoadevelopedStatebytheyear2020.Itaimstoachievethe
goalsofacceleratingtheState'seconomicgrowthanddevelopment,as
wellasimprovingthequalityoflifeforthepeopleofSarawakthrough:
drivepriorityindustriesinvestmentstowards3majorgrowthnodes
alongtheCorridorTanjungManis(south),Mukah(centre)and
Similajau(north)
duildawelldesignednetworkofindustrialclasstransportand
communicationinfrastructure,extendedoutwardstosystematically
Width:1536
openupthehinterland
fastforwardthedevelopmentofenergysupplycenteringaround
currentlyknownfeasiblehydropower(Murum,Limbang,Baram
andBaleh)andcoaldepositsites
acceleratehumancapitaldevelopmentwithintheCorridorwithnew
learningcentresandcontrolledimmigrationofskilledforeign
workersand
developthetourismindustry,focusingonthenaturalattractionsof
theCentralRegion,particularlythelakesupstreamofthehydro
powerstationsandthebeachesalongthenorthernpartofthe
Corridor.
Thedevelopmentwithinthecorridorwillgeneratevasteconomic,
businessandemploymentopportunitiesandwillleadtothedevelopment
ofinfrastructure,utilities,infostructure,andsocialamenitiestoachieve
thegoalofbalanceddevelopmentandageneralimprovementinincome
levelsandqualityoflife.

12

Page16

AddressingtheneedsofthoseaffectedbyHIV/AIDS

x.
VariousprogrammesimplementedforthoseaffectedbyHIV/AIDS
amongstothersinclude:
theActionPlanonthePreventionofHIV/AIDSintheworkplace
thatfocusesonsaferandhealthierworkcultureenvironment
theHealthyLifestyleCampaigntodisseminateinformationon
preventionofcontagiousdiseasessuchHIV/AIDS
theNationalHIV/AIDSTreatmentRegistry(NHATR)tocollect
informationonpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS(PLHA)whoareon
antiretroviraltherapy(ARV)fortheestimationoftreatmentrates
inthecountry
planningandevaluatingtreatmentservicesthroughassistance
totheMinistryofHealth(MOH)bynongovernmental
organisations,privateprovidersandindustry
planningandevaluationofHIV/AIDStreatmentservices
allocatingUSD130millionforNGOstocarryoutmoreoutreach
andothercomplementaryservicesforthenext20years
adoptingamultisectoralapproachinvolvingothersectorssuch
aseducation,information,women,familyandcommunity
development,humanresourcesandthenationalantidrug
agencyandNGOs
proposingaCabinetCommitteeanAIDSasthehighestpolicy
makingbodychairedbytheDeputyPrimeMinister
complyingwithcurrentnationalprioritiesrelatingtoHIV/AIDS
aswellastomeetingtheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly
SpecialSessiononpreventionandcaretargetsthroughthea
frameworkprovidedbythenewlyrevisedNationalStrategic
PlanonHIV/AIDSfor20062010
YouthspecificprogramsHealthyLifewithoutAIDStomobilise
youthstofacethechallengesposedbytheAIDSpandemic
providingfreecounsellingservicesandantiretroviral
prophylaxistherapyforexpectantmothersthroughthe
PreventionofMothertoChildTransmissionProgram
Width:1536

providingreadilyandwidelyavailablevoluntarycounsellingand
testingcentresforHIVand
renderingcomprehensivetreatmentandcareincludingfree
ARV,monitoringandcounsellingsessionforHIVandaddiction
amongtheinjectingdrugusersinDrugRehabilitationCentres.
xii.RecognizingthattheprominentfeatureofHIVepidemicisits
extensivespreadamonginjectingdrugusers,theGovernmenthastaken
asignificantstepofinitiatingtheHarmReductionApproachwhichconsist
ofMethadoneMaintenanceTherapy(MMT)andNeedleandSyringe
ExchangeProgram(NSEP)toreduceHIVtransmissionandotherrelated
bloodbornediseases.Theseprogramsserveasanentrypointtoall
relatedHIVtreatmentandcareservices.Thereareplansforreplicatingit
toincluderuralandsemiurbanareas.

13

Page17

COMMITMENTTHREE

Pursuingparticipatoryandsustainablefood,agriculture,fisheries,
forestryandruraldevelopmentpoliciesandpracticesinhighand
lowpotentialareas,whichareessentialtoadequateandreliable
foodsuppliesatthehousehold,national,regionalandgloballevels,
andcombatpests,droughtanddesertification,consideringthe
multifunctionalcharacterofagriculture.

Policiesandpracticestoensureadequateandreliablefoodsupply

i.
TheThirdNationalAgriculturalPolicy,19982010setsthe
frameworkandpoliciesforagriculturaldevelopmentisstillcurrent.Inline
withstrategiestointensifyanddiversifyfoodproduction,itoutlinesthe
transformationoftheagriculturalsectorintoamodern,dynamicand
competitiveonethroughgreatercommercialorientation,wideradoptionof
newertechnologiesandmodernmanagementsystemsaswellasgreater
privatesectorparticipation.
ii.
Theperformanceoftheagriculturesectorimprovedintermsof
production,valueaddedandexportsthroughusageofnewtechnologies,
commercialproduction,groupfarmingsystems,increasedmarket
accessibilityandbettercommodityprices.Valueaddedinagriculture
sectorincreasedfromUSD4.12billionin2004toUSD4.67billionin2007.
Thissignificant12.9%incrementcontributedby:
paddysectorwith2.2%selfsufficientlevelincreasedfrom70%to
72.2%duetothe10tonneperhectareprojectsyieldinganaverage
of5.2metrictonnein2007compareto3.4metrictonnein2004
cropsectorregistered27.5%incrementinfruitsproductiontoa
totalof1.95metrictonnein2007.Soastheproductionof
vegetables,witha6.1%growth,registered0.62metrictonnein
2007
fisheriessectorrecordeda21.9%incrementinseafishingand
20.8%inaquacultureand
livestocksectoralsoregisteredsignificantgrowthinbeef
production(32%)andmuttonproduction(33%).

Width:1536

14

Page18

iii.
Overall,therewasgrowthforallmajorfoodcommoditiesinthe
period20062008asshowninthetable.

AgricultureProduction
(2006,2007,2008)
YearlyGrowthRate(%)

Commodities

MetricTonne(000)

2006
Growth

2007(f)
Growth

2008 e
Growth

2006P

2007

2008 e

Paddy

2,187

2,316

2,570

(5.5)

5.9

10.9

CatchedFisheries

1,379

1,428

1,253

14.0

3.6

(12.3)

Aquaculture

169.6

220.9

233.5

(3.53)

30.2

5.7

Seaweed

47

66

77

(2.17)

39.79

17.2

OrnamentalFish1

644

679

735

6.1

5.4

8.2

Livestock
Beef
Mutton
Pork
Chicken/Duck
Egg2
Milk3

31.9
34.3
1.6
1.75
211
217
1,0351,096
465
492
46
51

38
1.92
223
1,158
523
57

8.5
6.7
2.4
5.6
4.0
10.7

7.5
9.4
2.8
5.8
5.9
12.3

9.3
9.7
2.8
5.7
6.3
10.6

Crops
Fruits4
Vegetables
Floriculture
Coconut
Pineapple
Herbs/Spices

1,5021,590
671
146
398
311
44

1682
888
152
447
430
66

(6.6)
15.5
8.2
(25.9)
(12.6)
21.0

5.9
15.9
2.1
6.0
18.0
21.9

5.8
14.1
2.0
5.9
17.2
23.6

Food

778
149
422
367
53

Source:MinistryofAgricultureandAgrobasedIndustry
Notes:
1 inmillion
2 inthousandmetricsquare
3 inmillionlitre
4 fruitsnotinclusivecoconutandpineapple

15

Width:1536

Page19

iv.
Thefocusofprogrammesimplementedwasintransforming
agricultureintoamodernandcommercialfarmingsystem.Thiswaswith
theviewtoincreaseproductivityandthereforeincomeoffarmersaswell
asimprovingtheircompetitiveness.Largescalecommercialproductionof
foodamongstotherswasundertakenthrough:
increasedconsolidationofuneconomicsizedholdingsunder
groupfarming
morepermanentfoodproductionparksaimedatcreating
entrepreneurfarmerswiththetargetminimumincomeof
USD833permonth.Fortyfiveparksinvolving3828hectares
and784farmerswereestablished
horizontalintegrationoffoodproductionactivitieswithin
plantations
greateruseofrehabilitatedexminingandidleland
improvingefficiencyandcompetitivenessoffoodproduction
throughtheadoptionofGoodAgriculturePractices
provisionofadequateallocation.Intheperiod20062010asum

ofUSD3.57billionwasallocatedforagriculturaldevelopment
greateravailabilityandaccesstocreditfacilitiestoenhance
farmmechanisation,encourageinvolvementofgraduatesin
commercialfarming,andprovidedmicrocreditforfood
productionandfinancialassistancetoagriculturalrelatedsmall
andmediumscaleenterprises
improvedmarketingthroughstrategicnetworkingand
developmentofportals
commercialisationofR&Dfindings.Outofthetotal535projects
undertaken,90hasbeencommercialisedwhilethebalanceis
beingreadiedforcommercialisationand
greatertrainingandextensionservicesinthefieldofpost
harvesthandling,processingandmodernfarmpractices.
v.
Toensureadequateandreliablefoodsuppliesforthenation,a
FoodSecurityPolicyhadbeenpassedinApril2008.Thispolicyaimsto:
increasefoodproductionandproductivityand
ensuresufficientandavailabilityoffoodthatarehighquality
andsafetoconsume.
vi.
Thispolicyencompassesvariousprogrammestoacceleratefood
production:
increasingriceproductionfrom3.47metrictonnein2007to4.4
metrictonnein2010.Croppingintensityalsowillbeincreased
fromanaverageof152.5%to159.5%
increasingricestockpile

16

Page20

acceleratingproductivityofcrops,fisheriesandlivestock
through:
ogreaterhectarage
ohatcherydevelopmentand
oincreasingbeefproduction.

Width:1536

enhancingmarketinganddistributionbyincreasingthe
numbersofcollectinganddistributioncentres
encouraginghouseholdstoplanttheirownvegetablesbygiving
qualityseeds,fertilizersanddetailedinstructionpamphlets.
Rearingcatfishincanvasinhousingareasisalsoencouraged
and
rehabilitatingidlelandsandponds.
Technology

vii.AgricultureBiotechnologyisoneofthemainthrustintheNational
BiotechnologyPolicy,launchedin2005.Thechallengesandlimitationin
agriculturalproductionhaveresultedinahighimportationoffood,feed
andnutrition.Theinputsofbiotechnologystoolboxtoestablishlocal
industriesanddevelopimportsubstitutionswillhelptoaddresssomeof
thesechallengesandlimitations.Withtheapplicationsofbiotechnologyin
agriculture,thecreationofanagriculturalbiotechnologyindustrycan
supportneweconomicgrowth.

viii.Thefirstmajorchallengeinaddressingnationalfoodsecurityisto
producesufficientfoodtomeetnationalneeds.Thesecondrelatesto
creatingwealthforthenationthroughproductionofvalueaddedfoodand
foodproductsaswellastoincreasecropproductivity.Thesearethe
nicheresearchareasfocusedbytheNationalBiotechnologyPolicy.The
transformationandadvancementoftheagriculturalsectorwouldbein
placewiththeapplicationofbiotechnologytomeetnewdemandsand
needs,consistentwiththeThirdNationalAgriculturalPolicy,19982010.
Currently,prioritiesunderthegovernmentsR&Dprogramincludes
developingnewhighyielding,diseaseresistant,andbetterquality
varietiesofcropssuchasrice,oilpalm,papaya,pineapple,chilli
producinghighqualityfryandseedsforvariousfish,prawnsandother
aquaticspeciesusinginputsfrombiotechnologyvaccinesanddetection
kitsforanimaldiseases.Theprogramalsoaddressesnewsourcesof
growthfromutilizationofbioresourcessuchasthewildlivesasnew
sourcesofprotein,exploringhealthbenefitsfromherbs,fruitsand
vegetablesthataddvaluestoexistingproduce/products.

17

Page21

ix.
Utilisationofbiotechnologyaddressesmanyofthecurrent
constraintsonsustainableproductionasourunderstandingofagricultural
geneticsincreasesandopensnewdoorsforadvancementsinyield,
quality,andpreservationoftheenvironment.Asanationthatembarkson
promotingsustainableagriculturalproductionthroughinputsofhigh
technology,MalaysiamovesforwardbyestablishingtheAgro
BiotechnologyInstitute(ABI)asthecentreofexcellencededicatedto
bringtogethermultidisciplinaryresearchteamsincoordinatedresearch
andcommercialisationinitiatives.TheInstitutepursuesmodernizationand
valuecreationintheagriculturesectorthroughdevelopmentofindigenous
aswellasacquisitionoftechnologies,localcompetencythroughhuman
capitaldevelopmentandcapacitybuilding.WiththemandategiventoABI
andotherinstitutionsanduniversities,Malaysiaisconfidentthatagro
Width:1536
biotechnologyinitiativeismovingintherightdirectiontoaddressfood
securityagendaofthecountry.

Combatingpests,droughtanddesertification

x.
Malaysiaisastrongadvocateofsustainabledevelopment.Inthe
agriculturesector,ithasintroducedandimplementedseveralmeasures
thatdirectandensurejudiciousagriculturalproductionthatdoesnot
adverselyaffecttheenvironment.Theseincludepolicies,guidelines,
legislation,promotingsoilconservationmeasuresandencouraging
recyclingandproperdisposalofbiowaste.
xi.
Theopeningofnewlandisdiscouragedandconcertedeffortsto
increasetheefficientuseofunderutilizedland,idlelandandeven
marginallandsuchasacidsulphateandBRIS(BeachRidges
InterspersedwithSwales)soilsandexmininglandiscontinuous.For
optimallanduse,mixedfarminginvolvingtheplantingofcrops,
aquacultureandlivestockproductionisencouraged.Activelypromoted
alsoistheintegrationoflivestockinrubberandoilpalmplantations.A
nationalforestrypolicyisalsoinplacetoprohibittheopeningofland
above10,000metresabovesealevel.
xii.Therearealsoguidelinesfordevelopingslopingland.Landwith

slopesmorethan25,isclassifiedassteeplandandisnotrecommended
foragriculturaldevelopment.Forlandbelow25,conservationmeasures
includingtheconstructionofterrace,silttraps,contourditchesandproper
drainagesystems,andplantingofcovercropsarerecommended.

xiii.Lawshavebeenenactedtopreventillegalopeningoflandandto
dealwithoffenderswhocauselanddegradationandpollution.TheLand
ConservationAct1960(Revised1989)(Act385),NationalForestryAct
1984(Act313)andEnvironmentQualityAct,1974(Act127)aremajor
lawsinplacetoprotecttheenvironmentandtoensuresustainable
development.

18

Page22

xivSeveralmeasureshavebeenimplementedtopreventthe
degradationandpollutionoftheenvironment.Inresponsetothebanon
openburning,biowasteareproperlydisposedoforrecycledfor
economicuse.Inthereplantingofoilpalm,treesarefelled,chipped,
stacked,andallowedtorotinthefield.Recyclingofbiowastefor
economicuseisactivelypromoted.Emptyfruitbunchesareusedas
mulch,fuelorconvertedintocompost.Plantremainssuchasmaize
stemsandleavesarenolongerburnedthatresultsinairpollutionbutare
madeintosilageandpineapplewastefromthecanneryareprocessedas
cattlefeed.Paddystrawsareconvertedintocompostandsold.Allthese
measuresnotonlyreduceenvironmentpollutionbutalsoprovide
additionalincometofarmentrepreneursandthefarmingcommunity.
xv.Pestsarecontrolledthroughtherationaluseofpesticides.
Nevertheless,Malaysiapracticesenvironmentallyfriendlypest
managementinlinewithsustainabledevelopmentintheagricultural
sector.Thisiscarriedoutthroughtheintegratedpestmanagement
programmewiththeadoptionoftechnologiesthatreducestheneedfor
pesticidessuchascultivationunderarainshelteredenvironment,insect
proofstructureandfertigation.
xvi.Legislativecontrolofpesticideswillcontinuetoplayanimportant
Width:1536
roleinthefuturemanagementofrisksofpesticides.Malaysiahasdrawn
upacomprehensiveprogramtoreducepesticideriskthatincludes
legislativeaswellasnonlegislativemeasures.ThePesticidesAct1974,
implementedbytheDepartmentofAgricultureisthemainActthat
controlsmostofthemajoractivitiesrelatedtopesticides.

19

Page23

COMMITMENTFOUR

Ensuringthatfood,agriculturaltradeandoveralltradepoliciesare
conducivetofosteringfoodsecurityforallthroughafairand
marketorientedworldtradesystem.

Facilitatingbetterlinkswithinandbetweendomesticandexternalmarkets

i.
Wellestablishedmarketingandtransportationinfrastructureand
systemsservethedomesticandexternalmarketstoensurethe
availabilityandaccessibilitytofoodbyall.Variousmarketinginstitutions
suchastheFederalAgriculturalMarketingAuthority,Fishery
DevelopmentAuthority,PepperMarketingBoard,PineappleIndustry
BoardandCocoaMarketingBoardestablishedensurethatproducersget
fairreturnsandconsumershaveaccesstoquality,safe,nutritiousand
regularsupplyoffoodatpricesthatareaffordableandreasonable.Thisis
supportedbyawidenetworkofprivateoperatedmarketingstructuresat
thewholesaleandretaillevel.Theseincludethefarmersandwetmarkets
andsupermarketsaswellashypermarkets.Thefoodsupplychainis
complementedbymeasurestoincreaseefficiencyofthemultimodal
transport(road,rail,portsandairports)chain.
Diversifyingtrade

ii.
Withanopeneconomyandasthe15 th largesttradingnationinthe
worldcontributing1.28%ofworldexports,Malaysiatradeswithmany
countriesexportingandimportingawidevarietyofproducts.Major
exportsaremanufacturedgoodssuchaselectricalandelectrical
componentsandappliances,textiles,oilandnaturalgas,andpalmoil.
Importsmainlycomprisecapitalandintermediategoods.Importsoffood
areanimportantcomponentintradetoensureadequatesupplytomeet
Width:1536
localconsumption.TheUSremainsMalaysiaslargestpartneraccounting
for13.4%oftotaltradein2007,followedbySingapore(13.2%)andJapan
(10.9%).OthersincludethePeoplesRepublicofChina,theNearEast,
EUandwithcountrieswithinASEAN.
iii.
Owingtotheliberaltradepolicies,Malaysia'stotaltradein2007
continuedonanupwardtrend,growingby3.7%torecordUSD308.25
billionfromUSD297.14billionin2006.Intheperiod,20002007,exports
grewfromUSD116.65billiontoUSD189.1billion,whileimportsincreased
fromUSD97.33billiontoUSD157.75billion.In2007,Malaysiarecorded
thetenthconsecutiveyearoftradesurplus.Thetradesurplusof
USD31.42billionregisteredwasthesecondhighesteverrecorded.

20

Page24

Policiesrelatedtointernationalandregionaltradeagreements

iv.
Malaysiacontinueditscommitmenttoopenregionalismtopromote
economiccooperationamongmembercountrieswithoutreducing
cooperationwithcountriesoutsidetheregion.Thiswasexpressed
throughMalaysiasactiveroleinregionalgroupingssuchasASEAN,
APECandtheGrowthTriangleInitiativesaswellasinterregional
groupings,particularlytheAsiaEuropeMeeting(ASEM).Malaysias
membershipinASEANcontributedtowardsgreatercloserrelations
betweenMalaysiaandmembercountries.TheFrameworkAgreementon
ComprehensiveEconomicCooperationbetweenASEANandChinain
2002providesaplatformfortheestablishmentoftheASEANChinaFree
TradeAreaby2010.SimilaragreementswerealsosignedwithKorea,
IndiaandJapantoenhanceeconomiccooperationwiththeultimate
establishmentofFreeTradeAgreementsby2010,2011and2012
respectively.
v.
Participationinsubregionalentities,namelytheIndonesia
MalaysiaThailandGrowthTriangle,theBruneiDarussalamIndonesia
MalaysiathePhilippinesEastASEANGrowthAreaandtheIndonesia
MalaysiaSingaporeGrowthTrianglecontinuedtobeundertakento
promoteeconomicgrowthinthelessdevelopedareasofthesubregion.
Activitieswereconductedthroughvariousmechanismsincluding
governmenttogovernmentforumanddiscussionsbetweengovernment
andtheprivatesectoraswellasamongtheprivatesectorsofthe
participatingcountries.Atthegovernmentallevel,effortsweredirectedto
developcommonrulesandproceduresfortheconductoftradeand
investmentswhiletheprivatesectorswereencouragedtoidentify
partnersforjointventureprojectsaswellastoexpandtheirbusiness
operationsinmembercountries.
vii.Onthemultilaterallevelactivecooperationcontinuedthroughthe
ColomboPlan,theUN,theCommonwealthandWTO.Cooperationalso
continuedwiththeAsianDevelopmentBank,IslamicDevelopmentBank,
andtheWorldBanktoenhancecapacityinproductivity,investmentand
education.
viii.Malaysiawillcooperatewithdevelopingcountriestoreacha
commonposition,particularlyontheneedfortangiblebenefitsto
developingcountriesfromtradeliberalizationandtoaddresstheresultant
growinginequalitiesofwealthandopportunitiesarisingfromglobalization.
Effortswillcontinuetobeundertakentowardstherestructuringofthe
Width:1536
internationalfinancialarchitectureandtodemocratizetheglobaldecision
makingprocess.Inaddition,effortswillcontinuetobeundertakentowards
progressivetradeliberalization,withouttheinclusionofextraneous
issues.Participationinsuchnegotiationswillcontributetowardsthe
optimizationoftrade.Malaysiawillcontinuouslystrengthenitscapacity
andexpertisetomeetthecomplexdemandsofmultilateralwork
programmes,especiallytoenableaneffectiveresponsetothechallenges
ofglobalization.

21

Page25

ix.
WTOAgreementspromisemoretrade,investment,employment
andincomegrowththroughouttheworldthroughenhancedmarket
accessforbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandlevelplaying
fieldsforall.Unfortunately,theimplementationsoftheagreementsbenefit
thedevelopedmorethanthedevelopingcountries.Marketaccesstothe
developedcountriesislimitedbythehighprotectiongiventothe

agriculturesectoraswellasbythestringentSPSregulationsand
procedures.

Width:1536
22

Page26

COMMITMENTFIVE

Endeavouringtopreventandbepreparedfornaturalandmanmade
emergenciesandtomeettransitoryandemergencyfood
requirementsinwaysthatencouragerecovery,rehabilitation,
developmentandacapacitytosatisfyfutureneeds.

Earlywarningandadvanceinformationinfrastructure

i.
Institutionalarrangementsforearlywarningandadvance
informationforpossibleemergenciessuchasfloods,droughts,diseases
andotherenvironmentalhazardssuchashazearewellinplace.This
includesdatacollectionandanalysisofrainfallandweatherpatterns,
installationofequipmenttomonitorboththewaterlevelsofriversinflood

proneareaswithahighconcentrationofpopulationandagricultural
activityaswelldropinwaterlevelindamsandreservoirs.Asregardsto
diseasessuchasAvianInfluenza,FootandMouthDiseaseandother
viraldiseases,therelevantDepartmentsundertheMinistryofAgriculture
andAgrobasedIndustryhaveestablishedproceduresforpreventive
measurestobefollowed.Inaddition,goodcooperationwiththeMinistry
ofHealthandotherrelevantagenciesaswellasastructured
compensationscheduledratesforcullinghasensuredthesuccessful
containmentoftherecentisolatedincidenceofavianinfluenzaoutbreakin
certainpartsofthecountry.Thepublicisinformedthroughthemass
media.

Combatingdisastersandrehabilitationforpeopleaffected

ii.
Curativeandpreventivemitigationmeasuresareinplaceto
addresstheoccurrenceoffloods,Thepreventivemeasuresincludedthe
wideruseofintegratedplanning,thepreparationofaManualforbetter
drainageandraisingawarenessontheimportanceofcleanandclear
flowingrivers.Ontheotherhand,curativemeasuresincludedthe
constructionofdams,retentionpondsandpumps,thedeepeningand
wideningofriversaswellastheupgradingofbundsonriverbanksto
enhancethecapacityofriverstoholdwater.Inthesamevein,currentlya
stormwatertunnelisunderconstructiontoincreasethecapacityto
dischargestormwaterfromthebuiltupareasinthecity.
iii.
TheNationalDisasterReliefandManagementCommittee
coordinateandsuperviserelieffunctionsduringtimesofemergencies.
NGOsliketheRedCrescentandothersalsorespondtoemergencies
complementingtheworkoftheCommittee.Followingtheeffectsofthe
recentdisasterbroughtaboutbythetsunami,thelivelihoodofaffected
fisherfolksinthecoastalareasofthestateofPenangandKedahwere
rehabilitatedthroughassistanceinkindandcash.

23

Page27

Measurestakentolinkpostemergencyreliefoperationstodevelopmentprogrammes

Width:1536

iv.
Intheagriculturesector,farmersaffectedbydisasterssuchas
floodsarerenderedassistanceintheformagriculturalinputsandforthe
reconstructionofinfrastructuretorehabilitateagriculturalprojects.These
includeassistanceintheformoffertilizers,seedsandotherplanting
materialstothefarmers.Assistanceisalsogiventolivestockand
aquaculturefarmerstoresumetheiractivities.

Watershedmanagementstrategiesputinplace

v.
TheamendmentoftheFederalConstitutionin2005totransfer
mattersrelatingtowatersupplyservicesfromtheStatetotheConcurrent
ListenabledtheFederalGovernmenttoregulatewatersupplyservices.In
thepursuitofaneffectiveandefficientwaterservicesindustrytwobills
weredraftedthatpavedthewayfortheformationofthewaterservices
regulatingbodyNationalWaterServicesCommission.Inthecoming
years,theIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)approach
willbecontinuedtoensuresustainablewaterresourcesdevelopment.
ThestudyfortheeffectiveimplementationofIWRMdueforcompletionin
thenextfewyearswillformulateactionplansandprogrammetoachieve
theseobjectives.IWRMwillalsoinvolvethemanagementofphysical
resourcesaswellasreformsystemsandpracticestoenablepeopleto
reapsustainableandequitablebenefitsfromtheseresources.

vi.
Atthesametime,theneedtokeepdevelopmentwithinthe
carryingcapacityofriverbasinswhileprotectingandrehabilitatingthe
environmentwillbecontinuedthroughtheintegratedriverbasinapproach
andsustainablemanagementofforestswillbealsobecontinuedto
protectwatershedandwatercatchmentsareas.

24

Page28

COMMITMENTSIX

Promotingoptimalallocationanduseofpublicandprivate
investmentstofosterhumanresources,sustainablefood,
agriculture,fisheriesandforestrysystems,andruraldevelopmentin
highandlowpotentialareas
Allocationanduseofpublicandprivateinvestmentsinrelationtoagricultureandrural
development

Width:1536

i.
Overthenextfiveyears,20062010,asumofUSD55.55billion
hasbeenallocatedfordevelopmentexpenditurecomparedtoUSD47.22
billionoverpastfiveyearsrepresentinganincreaseofapproximately
17.64%.Fromtheallocatedsum,44.9%isfortheeconomicsector,
37.5%forthesocialsectorandtherestforsecurityandgeneral
administrationconcerns.TheGovernmentenvisagesthatanadditional
USD5.55billionor10%oftheallocatedsumtocomplementpublicsector
fundingfordevelopmentwouldbeforthcomingfromprivatesector
initiatives
ii.
Thenationalbudgetallocatedforhumanresourcedevelopment
(educationandtraining)forthenextfiveyearsisUSD12.85billion
representing20.6%ofthetotalnationaldevelopmentallocation.This
amountwasusedtobuildeducationalinfrastructureamongstotherasthe
tablebelow.
InfrastructureCompletedUntilEndofJune2007
Projects
PreSchool
PrimarySchool
SecondarySchool
SportSchool
BoardingSchool

CompletedTotalof20062010Projects
1,323
2,626
192
1,495
176
911

5
54
92

MatriculationCollege
Techniqueand
VocationalSchool

9
23

iii.
Enrolmentatalllevelsofstudyinpublicandprivatetertiary
educationinstitutionsincreasedfrom664,402in2002to873,238in2007
withatargettoreach1,326340by2010.Atthepostgraduatelevel,
enrolmentformastersandPhDprogrammesaccountedfor16.2%of
enrolmentatalldegreelevelsinpublicinstitutionsofhighereducationand
3.8%inprivateinstitutionsofhighereducation.Thetotaloutputfrom
publicandprivatetertiaryinstitutionsatalllevelsofstudyincreasedfrom
221,166in2002to212,304in2007.

25

Page29

vi.
Inthecomingfiveyears,greateremphasiswillbegiveninthe
developmentofhumanresourcestosustaineconomicresilienceand
growth,fortifyaknowledgebasedeconomyandtofosteracommunity
withanexemplaryvaluesystem.Thiswillbeachievedthroughgreater
collaborationbetweentheGovernment,privatesectorandcommunity.
Thehumanresourcedevelopmentthrustsamongstothersinplaceare:
comprehensiveimprovementoftheeducationandtraining
deliverysystem
bridgingtheperformancegapbetweenruralandurbanschools
finetuningtertiaryeducationtotheneedsofemployers
providingopportunitiesforcontinuouslearningand
promotingconsultationsbetweentheGovernment,private
sector,communityandparentsinhumancapitalandresource
development.
v.

Othermeasuresinclude:
improvingqualityoflabourforceinlinewiththedemandfora
knowledgebasedeconomy
increasinglabourproductivitytoenhancecompetitivenessand
economicresiliencethroughskillsupgrading,improving
Width:1536
managerialcapabilities,intensifyingR&Dandincreasing
utilisationofICT
promotinggreaterselfrelianceandcompetitivenessthrough
intensifiedentrepreneurialtrainingprogrammes
increasingthequalityandprofessionalismofteacherswiththe
targetthatallsecondaryand25%ofprimaryschoolteachers
wouldbegraduateteachersby2010and
promotingholistichumancapitaldevelopmenttakinginto
considerationaspectsofculture,morality,ethics,spiritualityand
integrity.

Budgetallocatedtoagriculture,fisheries,foodsecurityandruraldevelopment
programmes

vi.
Thenationalbudgetallocatedtotheagriculturesectorandrelated
developmentincludingforestry,fishery,livestock,supportservices,
entrepreneurdevelopment,agrobaseddevelopment,regional
developmentirrigationandothersamountstoUSD3.176billion
representing5.7%ofthetotalnationaldevelopmentallocationforthe
period20062010.Theincreaseinallocationforthesectoraugurswellfor
ittoserveasthethirdengineofgrowth.Theprivatesectorisexpectedto
investaboutUSD97.2milliontoincreasethesectorscontributionto
overallgrowth.

26

Page30

vii.Foodsecurityconcernswereaddressesthroughvarious
programmessuchasthrough:
replantingofindustrialtosustainexportincome
landconsolidationandrehabilitationincludingidlelandfor
commercialfarmingoffoodcommodities.TheFarmers
Organisationauthorityforexamplerehabilitated4,433hectares
thatbenefited3,159farmers
establishmentofpermanentfoodproductionparksfor
commercialproductionoffood.Fortyfiveparksinvolving3,828
hectaresand784farmerswereestablished
improvingmarketservices
improvingcompetitivenessthroughR&D
trainingandextensionservices.Atotalof260,930
entrepreneursandfarmersweretrained
agriculturalcredittoincreasemechanisationandcommercial
farmingaswellastoassistagriculturerelatedSMEsand
agriculturalinfrastructure.AtotalofUSD125.9millionwasspent
irrigation,drainage,andwaterresourcesprojectstoimprove
floodcontrolandwatersupplyincludingtheconstructionfarm
roads,crossingscoveringatotalof70,000hectaresof
agriculturalland.
viii.Duringthenextfiveyears,increasingagriculturalproductionwillbe
continuedthroughnewlanddevelopment,replanting,landconsolidation,
rehabilitation,utilisationofhighyieldingclonesandbreeds,farm
mechanisationandgodagronomicpractices.Atthesametime,the
privatesectorandgovernmentlinkedcompanieswillbefurther
encouragedtoincreaseinvestmentsinthesectorthroughmoreattractive
incentivesandsupportmeasures.Malaysiafoodexportsalsoincreased
fromUSD3452.02millionin2006toUSD4169.6millionin2007.
Width:1536

Forestry

ix.
Deforestationwascontrolledthroughvarioussustainableforest
managementmeasures.Theseincludedmeasuressuchasreductionin
thefellingoftimberinpermanentforests,substitutingnaturaltimberwith
rubberwoodinthedownstreamindustriesanddevelopmentofnon
timberforestproductssuchasbambooandrattantopromotenew
sourcesofgrowthfortheagroforestrysectorandthroughtheNational
Guidelinefortrackingsawlogsandtimberproducts.TheMalaysian
Criteria,Indicators,ActivitiesandStandardsofPerformanceforForest
ManagementCertificationlaunchedin2001tocertifysustainably
managedforestscertified67companiesby2005.Atthesametime,
measuresweretakentointensifytheconservationandrehabilitationof
mangroveforeststoserveasaneffectiveshorelinedefencesystem
againsterosion,waveactionandtsunamis.

27

Page31

x.
Inthecomingfiveyears,conservationandsustainableuseof
forestproducts,watershedsandwatercatchmentswillbecontinued.The
developmentofsustainablesourcesofwealthsuchasherbaland
medicinalproducts,ecotourism,andbioprospectingwillbepromoted.A
CentreforForestandNonforestProductswillbeestablishedtoenhance
capacityinenvironmentalandnaturalresourcesmanagement.

Ruraldevelopment

xi.
RuraldevelopmentpoliciesandprogrammesinMalaysiaare
gearedtowardsthemodernizationoftheruralsectorandincreasingtheir
levelofparticipationintheimplementationprocesstoupliftthesocio
economicconditionsoftheruralcommunityandtominimizingtherural
urbandichotomy.Thepopulationlivinginruralareasincreasedfrom8.93
millionin2000to10,113.2millionin2008.Itsshareofthetotalpopulation
declinedfrom38.0%to36.5%inthesameperiodbecauseofurbanisation
andoutmigration.
xii.Variousprogrammeswereundertakentoimprovequalityand
services.Thesecoveredhumanandinstitutionaldevelopment,anti
povertyprogrammes,provisionofinfrastructure,utilitiesandsocial
amenities,ruralentrepreneurshipandindustrialisationprogrammes,
educationandhealthservices,communicationnetworkaswellasland
andregionaldevelopment.Thisintegratedapproachedwillbecontinued
inthenextfiveyearsthroughincreasingthepublicsupportprogrammesin
termsofcreditfacilities,technicalandadvisoryservices,marketing
networkstrengtheningruralindustries.Inaddition,theprovisionofthe
requisitephysicalandsocialinfrastructurewillbecontinuedtoenhance
furtherthequalityoflifeoftheruralpopulation.Thiscoversruralhealth,
educationfacilitiesandotheramenities,whichwillbefurtherdeveloped
withtheconstructionofnewfacilitiesaswellastheprovisionofbetter
services.Forthispurpose,anallocationofUSD3.032billionhasbeen
earmarked.

Width:1536

COMMITMENTSEVEN

Implementing,monitoringandfollowupoftheWFSPlanofActionat
alllevelsincorporationwithinternationalcommunity.

FollowupoftheWFS

28

Page32

i.
EffortstakentoimplementandmonitortheWFSPlanofAction
amongstothersinclude:
strengtheningandintensifyingcoordinationandcooperation

withStateGovernmentstofacilitatefoodproduction
programmes.Thisinvolvesgazettingofstatelandforensuring
thesuccessoffoodproductionzones(forcrops,livestock,
fisherysubsectors)
providingbasicinfrastructureandpromotingincreased
investmentbyStateAgriculturalDevelopmentCorporations
facilitatinggreaterparticipationoftheprivatesectorinfood
productionwasthroughinvestmentopportunityseminars/forum
andreviewingcurrentrules,proceduresandincentives
revitalisingtheonestopAgribusinessCentreestablishedto
servetheneedsoftheprivatesector
ensuringtheadoptionofanintegratedapproachthroughoutthe
totalfoodproductionprocess(fromfarmtotable)throughthe
NationalFoodSafetyandNutritionCouncilwhichisthehighest
authoritativebodytoaddressissuesonfoodsafetyandnutrition
thatwasestablishedin2001
providingdirectionandguidancetorelevantagenciesinthe
publicandprivatesectorthroughtheNationalFoodSafety
PolicyandPlanofActionformulatedin2003
ensuringhouseholdfoodsecurity,accesstosafeandquality
foodregardlessoflocationaswellasascertainingthatfoodis
nutritiousforoptimalgrowth,developmentandhealthofthe
familythroughtheNationalNutritionPolicyThisPolicyhasbeen
translatedintotheNationalPlanofActionforNutritionMalaysia
(NPANMII).Governmentagencies,NGOs,theprivatesector
andprofessionalbodieshavecontributedintheformulationof
thisPlanand
documentingandlaunchingtheachievementsoftheMDGsin
2005namelywithregardstopoverty,health,education,
environmentandglobalpartnershipearlierthanthetargetdate
of2015withtheexceptionofGoal6haltingandreversingthe
spreadofHIV/AIDS.
ii.
FAOhasindicatedthatlessthen3%oftheMalaysianpopulationis
undernourishedandhasclassifiedMalaysiaasalowvulnerablecountry
intermsoftherighttoaccesstofood.Nevertheless,foodavailability,
accessibilityandaffordabilityisgivenduerecognitionatalllevelsof
societywiththethrustgivendomesticproductionoffood.
iii.
Attheinternationalcommunitylevel,Malaysiascontributionto
multilateralorganisationsandinstitutionsamountedtoUSD94.81million
duringthelastfiveyears.Outofthis,3.45%wenttoFAOand4.55%to
WorldHealthOrganisation.Inthesameperiod,technicalaidreceivedon
abilateralandmultilateralbasisamountedtoaboutUSD366,093million.

Width:1536

29

Page33

SummaryListoftheMostImportantProgrammesContributingtothe
WFSPlanofAction

No.Programme

Year
Initiated

Duration
(2010)

Total
Budget
(USD
million)

Status

1.

Agricultural
Development

2006

3,573.44

Ongoing
intothe
nextfive
years

2.

Villageand
Community
Development

2006

693.13

Asabove

3.

Health

2006

3,346.88

Asabove

4.

Housing

2006

3,108.44

Asabove

5.

Educationand
Training

2006

12,848.13

Asabove

Transport

2006

9,961.25

Asabove

Communication

2006

166.56

Asabove

Local
Authoritiesand
Welfare
Services

2006

2,850.31

Asabove

6.
7.
8.

Policies,StrategiesandInitiativesImplementedandTheirOutcomes
i.
Policies,strategiesandinitiativesimplementedduringtheperiod
20062010sustainedthegrowthoftheeconomyduetostronger
macroeconomicfundamentalsandincreasedresiliencefollowingthe
lessonslearntfromtheAsianfinancialcrisis.Insummary,the
achievementsinclude:
6%perannumrealGDPgrowth

increaseinGNPpercapitaincurrentpricesof7.4%per

annumtoUSD6333in2007
broadbasedgrowthforallsectors

strongexportsresultingina10.3%growthperannum

lowunemploymentof3.5%bytheendof2007

greaterprogressiontohighervalueaddedactivitiesinkey

economicsectors
improvedperformanceoftheagriculturalsectorintermsof

valueaddedgrowthatanaveragerateof3%perannum,
productionandexportsresultingfromtheuseofnew
technologies,movetocommercialisation,wideradoptionof
groupfarmingsystems,increasedmarketaccessandbetter
commodityprices

30

Page34

Width:1536

ii.

improvementinthebusinessenvironmentincludingincreased
supplyofskilledlabour,higherphysicalinfrastructurecapacity
andbetterinvestmentincentives.

Thesocioeconomicobjectivesachievedamongstothersinclude:

May2008

reductioninoverallpoverty8.5%in1999to3.6%in2007
declineinhardcorepovertyfrom2.4%in1999to1.4%2007
increaseinmeanhouseholdincomeat5.6%perannumon
averageexceedingrealGDPgrowth
narrowingininterethnicincomedisparities
achievementofalltheMDGsaheadofthe2015targetwith
theexceptionofthereversalofHIV/AIDSand
significantimprovementintheprovisionofhousing,medical
servicesandbasicamenities.

ooooo0ooooo

References
1.
2.
3.

NinthMalaysiaPlan,EconomicPlanningUnit,PrimeMinistersDepartment,
2006.
ThirdNationalAgriculturalPolicy,19982010,MinistryofAgricultureand
AgrobasedIndustry,1999.
EconomicReport2005/2006,MinistryofFinance,Malaysia,2005.

31

Page35

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Malaysia,AchievingTheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,EconomicPlanning
Unit,PrimeMinistersDepartment,(PublishedbytheUnitedNationsCountry
Team,Malaysia),2005.
TheStateofFoodInsecurityintheWorld,FAO,2005
YearbookofStatisticsMalaysia,DepartmentofStatistics.,2005
InformationanddatafromEconomicPlanningUnit,MinistryofHealth,Ministryof
Science,TechnologyandInnovation,DepartmentofStatistics,2006.
VariouslocalnewspaperarticlesontheNinthMalaysiaPlan,2006.
FoodSecurityPolicy,20082009,MinistryofAgricultureandAgrobased
Industry.

Note
1.

Width:1536
USD1=RinggitMalaysia3.30(2008)

32

Page36
Malaysia:FoodSecurity&RelatedIndicators
ExtractedFromInternationalDatabases&OtherLocalSources
CodeIndicator

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Sources*

FoodDeprivationandChildMalnutrition
1

Numberofundernourishedpersons
(millions)1/

Prevalenceofundernourishmentintotal
population(%)1/

0.5

0.5

3a/

0.6
3a/

3Prevalenceofunderweightchildren(%)
3m
3f

FAO
FAO

12b/12.1

10.6

9.2UNICEF/MOH

Prevalenceofunderweightchildren,male
(%)

19b/

UNICEF

Prevalenceofunderweightchildren,
female(%)

19b/

UNICEF

4Prevalenceofstunting(%)(<5yrs)

15.5

MOH

5Prevalenceofwasting(%)(<5yrs)

13.3

MOH

FoodConsumptionandDietDiversification
6
7

DietaryEnergyConsumption
(kcal/person/day)1/

2,820

ShareofnonstarchyfoodsintotalDietary

2,890

56

EnergyConsumption(%)1/

58

2,890

FAO

53

FAO

EconomicGrowth,PovertyandEmployment
8GDPpercapitagrowth(annual%)
9
10

6.9

6.2

7.2

6.5

Width:1536
2

Poverty,%ofpopulationbelow$1(1993
PPP)perdayconsumption

7.1

7.3

4.7

9.5

10u

Povertyheadcountratioatnational
povertyline,urban(%ofpopulation)
Poorestquibtile'sshareinnationalincome

1.9

2.0

3.3

5.1

3.7

3.0

4.5

WB/OECD(WB)/
NMP

8.5

5.7NMP

3.3

2.5NMP

14.8

11.9NMP

4.4

orconsumption(%)

12Unemploymentrate(%)

6.2

WB

povertyline,total(%ofpopulation)

10r

3.7

Povertyheadcountratioatnational
Povertyheadcountratioatnational
povertyline,rural(%ofpopulation)

11

5.8

WB

3.1

2.5

2.5

3.2

3.4

3.0

3.5

3.5

3.6

3.5ILO/DOS

2.8

2.5

2.2

3.1

3.5

3.0

3.4

3.3

3.6

3.4ILO/DOS

3.8

2.6

2.8

3.3

3.3

3.1

3.8

3.8

3.6

3.8ILO/DOS

7.1

8.8

7.5

8.9

6.5

7.8

7.7

8.8

9.7

WB

14Netprimaryenrolmentratio,total(%)2/

97

99

97

95

93

14mNetprimaryenrolmentratio,male(%)2/

97

100

97

95

93

12mUnemploymentrate,male(%)
12fUnemploymentrate,female(%)
13Totaldebtservice(%ofGNI)

10.3

6.3

7.5

7.5

8.6

EducationandGenderEquality
96UNESCO
UNESCO

SA1

Page37
CodeIndicator
14f

Netprimaryentrolmentratio,female(%)
2/

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Sources*
97

98

97

95

93

UNESCO

15
16
17
18
19

Publicexpenditureoneducationas%of
GDP2/

4.8

5.7

6.2

7.9

8.1

UNESCO

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

UNESCO

1.1

1.1

1.1

UNESCO

1.3

UNESCO

GenderParityIndexfornetenrolment
ratio,tertiary2/
GenderParityIndexfornetenrolment
secondary2/

1.1

GenderParieyIndexforgrossenrolment

1.1

ratio,tertiary2/
Proportionofseatsheldbywomenin
nationalparliament/congress(%)

1.0

1.1

10

10

10

11

IPU(UNDSD)

HealthandSanitation
20
20r
20u

Populationwithaccesstoimproved
sanitation,total(%)

96

Populationwithaccesstoimproved

UNICEF

98

sanitation,rural(%)
Populationwithaccesstoimproved
sanitation,urban(%)

98

UNICEF

94

UNICEF

21

Populationusingimproveddrinkingwater
sources,total(%)

95

95UNICEF/NMP

21r

Populationusingimproveddrinkingwater
sources,rural(%)

94

94UNICEF/NMP

96

98UNICEF/NMP

21u
22

Populationusingimproveddrinkingwater

96

sources,urban(%)
Extimatedprevalenceproportionofadults
livingwithHIV(%)

0.4

0.4

UNAIDS

AgricultureDevelopment
23

Agriculture,valueadded(annual%
growth)

24

Foodproductionindexnumber(PIN),net
perperson1/

25

1.7

1.0

6.9

3.1

1.9

2.5

4.5

89

Governmentexpenditureallocatedto
agricultureandruraldevelopment(%of

0.7

2.8

0.5

6.1

96

0.6

2.6

101

5.7

3.0

WB/OECD(WB)/
NMP
FAO

6.4/fIMF(FAO)/NMP

total)
Water,NaturalResourcesandInfrastructure
26IrrgatedLandas%ofagriculturalarea

4.6d/4.5d/4.6d/4.4d/4.6d/4.6d/4.6d/4.6d/4.6d/4.6d/4.6d/4.6d/4.6d/

54.0/gFAO

27Forestareaas%oftotallandarea

58.7

28Severelydegradedlandas%oftotalarea

59.5FAO

83

29Roads,paved(%oftotalroads)

70

73

75

75

75

74

74

75

76

75

76

FAO
78

IRF(WB)

TradeandNationalDebt
30Termsoftrade(2000=100)

1003

109

98

98

UNCTAD

SA2

Page38

CodeIndicator

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Officialdonorcommitmentsprovided(by
31d

Sources*

Width:1536

donorcountries)fortraderelated
technicalassistanceandcapacitybuilding
(US$thousand)

OECD

Officialdonorcommitmentsreceived(by
31r

32

recipientcountries)fortraderelated
technicalassistanceandcapacitybulding
(US$thousand)

3,9042,1865,568

Agriculturalsupportestimateas%of

OECD

OECD

AgriculturalGDP(OECDcountriesonly)

DevelopmentAssistances
33

ODA,net,as%GNI(OECDcountries
only)

OECD

Totalaxternalassistancetoagriculture
34

provided(bydonorcountries)orreceived
(byrecipientcountries)(US$million)

98

98

Notes:

Acronyms:

*Ifdatawereextractedfromasecondarysources,thissourcesis

DOS:DepartmentofStatistics,Malaysia

giveninparenthesis.

FAO

:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

RefertotheGuidelines,DefinitionandSourcesformoredetailednotes.

ILO

:InternatinalLabourOrganisation

1/Valuescalculatedas3yearaverage.Yearreferstomiddleyearinperiod.

IMF

:InternationalMonetaryFund

2/Referstoinitialyearintheschoolyearperiod.

IPU

:InterParlimentaryUnion

a/<2.5

IRF

:InternatinalRoadFederation

b/059mos

MOH:MinistryofHealth,Malaysia

c/Unofficialfigure

NMP:NinthMalaysiaPlan,20062010,Malaysia

d/FAOestimate

OECD:OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment

e/ProvisionalData

UNAIDS:JointUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS

f/Cumulativeforyear20012005

UNCTAD:UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment

UNICEF

g/Ricecultivation

UNESCO:UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific&CulturalOrganization
UNICEF:UnitedNationsChildren'sFund
UNSD:MillenniumIndicatorsDatabased,UnitedNationsStatisticsDivison
WB

SA3

Width:1536

:WorldBank