Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CSI4118
Fall 2005
Introduction (1)
A recent application of Internet technology Voice over
IP (VoIP): Transmission of voice over Internet
How VoIP works
Why VoIP
IP telephony is economic; High costs for traditional telephone
switching equipments.
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Introduction (2)
Challenge
Voice transmission delay
Call setup: call establishment, call termination, etc.
Backward compatibility with existing PSTN (Public
Switched Telephone Network)
IP Telephony Standards:
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) controls
telephony standards.
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) controls
TCP/IP standards.
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Signaling Protocols
Two major protocols: H.323, SIP
H.323, invented by ITU, defines four elements
that comprising a signaling system:
Terminal: IP phone
Gatekeeper: provides location and signaling
functions; coordinates operation of Gateway.
Gateway: used to interconnect IP telephone system
with PSTN, handling both signaling and media
translation.
Multipoint Control Unit: provides services such as
multipoint conferencing.
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Signaling Protocols
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol. Invented by
IETF.
SIP defines three main elements that comprise a
signaling system:
User Agent: IP phone or applications
Location servers: stores information about users
location or IP address
Support servers:
Proxy Server: forwards requests from user agents to another
location.
Redirect Server: provides an alternate called partys location
for the user agent to contact.
Registrar Server: receives users registration requests and
updates the database that location server consults.
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H.323 Characteristics
H.323 consists of a set of protocols that work
together to handle all aspects of communication,
including:
Transmission of a digital audio phone call
Signaling to set up and manage phone call
Allows transmission of video and data while a phone
call is in progress
Sends binary message
Incorporates protocols for security
Uses a special hardware Multipoint Control Unit for
conferencing calls
Defines servers for address resolution, authentication,
accounting, features, etc.
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H.323 Layering
H.323 uses both UDP and TCP over IP.
Audio travels over UDP
Data travels over TCP
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SIP Characteristics
Operates at the application layer.
Encompasses all aspects of signaling, e.g. location of
called party, ringing a phone, accepting a call, and
terminating a call.
Provides services such as call forwarding.
Relies on multicast for conference calls.
Allows two sides to negotiate capabilities and choose the
media and parameters to be used.
SIP URI is similar to email address. (with prefix sip:)
E.g.
sip:bob@somewhere.com
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SIP Methods
Six basic message types, known as
methods:
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Summary (1)
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Summary (2)
H.323 uses a set of protocols for call setup and
management
SIP uses a set of servers to handle various aspects of
signaling
ENUM maps an E.164 telephone number into a URI
(usually SIP URI)
TRIP provides routing among IP telephone
administrative domains
IP telephones depends on external power, while analog
phones dont.
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