ABSTRACT

This study is about some of the current developments in the determination of stress concentration
factor in pressure vessels. The literature has indicated a growing interest in the field of stress
concentration analysis in the pressure vessels. Pressure vessels find wide applications in thermal and
nuclear power plants, process and chemical industries, in space, ocean depths and fluid supply
systems in industries. The main objective of this study is to design and analyze the features of
pressure vessels. Various parameters of Solid Pressure Vessel are designed and checked according to
the principles specified in American Society of Mechanical Engineers (A.S.M.E) Sec VIII Division 1.
The stresses developed in Solid wall pressure vessel and Head of pressure vessel is analyzed by using
ANSYS, a versatile Finite Element Package. The theoretical values and ANSYS values are compared
for both solid wall and Head of pressure vessels.
In general, pressure vessels designed in accordance with the ASME Code,
Section VIII, Division 1, are designed by rules and do not require a detailed
evaluation of all stresses. It is recognized that high localized and secondary
bending stresses may exist but are allowed for by use of a higher safety factor
and design rules for details. It is required, however, that all loadings (the forces
applied to a vessel or its structural attachments) must be considered. This technical
paper presents design, and analysis of pres-sure vessel. High pressure rise is developed in the pressure vessel and
pressure vessel has to withstand severe forces. In the design of pressure vessel safety is the primary considera-tion,
due the potential impact of possible accident. There have a few main factors to design the safe pressure vessel. This
writing is focusing on analyzing the safety parameter for allowable working pressure. Allowable working pres-sures
are calculated by using Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis Moss, third edition. The corruption of the vessel
are probability occur at maximum pressure which is the ele-ment that only can sustain that pressure. Efforts are
made in this paper to design the pressure vessel using ASME codes & standards to legalize the design.

1. INTRODUCTION
Tanks, vessel and pipelines that carry, store or receive flu-ids are called pressure vessel. A pressure vessel is
defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside. The inside pressure is usually higher
than the out-side. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boiler or may
combine with oth-er reagent as in the case of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has a combination of high
pressure together with high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive material. Because
of such hazards it is impera-tive that the design be such that no leakage can occur. In addition vessel has to be design
carefully to cope with the operating temperature and pressure. [1]
Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The cylindrical vessels are generally preferred
because of they present simple manufacturing problem and make better use of the available space. Boiler, heat
exchang-er, chemical reactor and so on, are generally cylindrical. [2]

Vessels, tanks and pipelines that carry, store, or receive fluids are called pressure vessels. A pressure
vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside. The inside
pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated situations.
When discussing pressure vessels we must also consider tanks. Pressure vessels
and tanks are significantly different in both design and construction: tank

Problem statement

Vessel failures can be grouped into four major categories, which describe why a
vessel failure occurs. Failures can also be grouped into types of failures, which describe how the failure occurs. Each
failure has a why and how to its history. It may have failed through corrosion fatigue because the wrong material
was selected! The designer must be as famil-iar with categories and types of failure as with categories and types of
stress and loadings. Ultimately they are all re-lated. [1]
Material- Improper selection of material; defects in mate rial.
Design- Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect de-sign methods; inadequate shop testing.
Fabrication- Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication procedures including welding.

The pressure vessels that not follow any standard codes can be very dangerous. In
fact many fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their operation and
development. They are many standards and codes that vary from country to
country. The common standards and codes that have been used are ASME Boilers
and Pressure Vessel Codes, API Standards, PD5500, British Standards, European
Codes and Standards and other International Codes. Even though there are
computer aided pressure vessel design available in the market, but due to business
benefit, the system may not be saleable or pricey. In addition the formulas and
concepts applied in the system are always unknown by the users .]

Methodology
To design of pressure vessel the selection of Code are im-portant as a reference guide to achieve the safety pressure
vessel. The selections of ASME VIII div 2 are described. The standard of material use are explains in this chapter.
Beside of that, the design and analysis software to obtain the result are introduced. Instead of that, design process
meth-odology is also described.

Code Selection
There are many engineering standards which give infor-mation on the design, and fittings of an air receiver. The
ASME is normally followed in Malaysia, but other national or international standards may also be used. For this
design, ASME VIII (division 2) "Construction of Pressure vessel Codes" are selected according to above statement.
It is, however, emphasized that any standard selected for manu-facture of the air receiver must be followed and
complied with in entirety and the design must not be based on provi-sions from different standards. [2]

Material Selection
Several of materials have been use in pressure vessel fab-rication. The selection of material is base on the appropriateness of the design requirement. AU the materials used in the manufacture of the receivers shall comply with the