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Introduction
The urban and metropolitan context in Brazil is
extremely diverse and complex. It is therefore
necessary to develop a methodology that takes
into account the diversity of the metropolization process and allows researchers to compare
the countrys distinct metropolises. This is one
of the functions of the National Metropolis Observatory Network, which conducts studies of
Brazils fifteen main metropolitan areas1.
This study explores and analyzes patterns of
social organization in the Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area (PAMA) between 1980 and 2010,
and examines shifts in production and the labor
market in Brazil and their relationship with globalization. For this purpose, we used a methodology to divide the population into socio-spatial
typologies. These typologies will be explained
in greater detail below but, briefly, they represent the relationship between the social stratification of the population and its distribution
across the territory of the Metropolitan Region
of Porto Alegre.
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of couples from the Azores (Portugal). Therefore, Porto Alegre originated from Portuguese
colonization, which was largely influenced by
the African slave trade regime.
However, during the following century it began to receive European immigrants, mainly
from Germany and Italy. German immigrants
looking to settle in southern Brazil started to
arrive in Rio Grande do Sul in 1824. At the
time, the city was under threat of occupation
by the Spanish, who occupied the Sinos River
Valley, giving rise to socioeconomically and
demographically important cities such as So
Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, located 40 km
from Porto Alegre. In the twentieth century,
road connections accelerated integration between Porto Alegre and other towns in the region, which eventually developed into the Porto
Alegre Metropolitan Area (PAMA) in the second
half of the twentieth century. The towns located
in the Sinos River Valley formed a strong industrial base, mainly focused on the production
and export of leather and footwear, and comprise PAMAs second hub after the city of Porto
Alegre and its immediate surroundings.
The Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area (PAMA)
was officially created in 1974 during the military dictatorship. At the time it was made up of
fourteen municipalities, but now consists of 34
municipalities with a total population of four
million people (2010), which is equivalent to
37.7% of the population of the State of Rio
Grande do Sul, and accounts for 40% of the
states GDP. PAMA is Brazils fourth largest urban agglomeration. Between 1980 and 1991,
its population grew by 1.5 million people, compared to only 242000 between 2000 and 2010.
The city of Porto Alegre has 1.5 million inhabitants (IBGE 2010), and is renowned worldwide
for creating the Participatory Budget in 1989
(Fedozzi 2004)3 and for hosting the first three
editions of the World Social Forum (2001, 2002
and 2003).
PAMA has three core areas, the most traditional of which corresponds to the original metropolitan area and connects the capital, Porto
Alegre, to the city of Novo Hamburgo the
second largest urban hub in the area and
PAMAs two most populous cities (Porto Alegre
and Canoas). This suggests that the dynamics of
the metropolization process here break from
the traditional monocephalic pattern of settlement. PAMAs urban space can therefore be
better understood as three subareas: 1) Porto
Alegre and the cities in its immediate surroundings (PAMA-PA); 2) urban centers around the
city of Novo Hamburgo in the Sinos River Valley
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(PAMA-Valley); and 3) municipalities in the periphery of the metropolitan area with a low level
of integration into the metropolitan dynamics
(PAMA-Surroundings) (Figure 1).
PAMA is part of a countrywide and worldwide process of metropolization. Today, it comprises a complex urban area forming a metropolis connected to the global economy (though
to a much lesser extent when compared to Brazils other major metropolises) and several demographically and economically important urban centers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Following a worldwide trend, Porto Alegres
new metropolitan economy is characterized
by a continuous increase in the share of services in the GDP of the city and metropolitan
area as a whole: in 2010, services accounted for
67.14% and 84.36% of the metropolitan areas
and the city of Porto Alegres GDPs, respectively (Soares 2015).
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outskirts of the capital and in PAMA-PA (Figure3). In the 2000s, there was a strong concentration of farm workers in certain areas of
popular spaces, probably due to the implementation of social projects such as agricultural
reform settlements, the emergence of new employment opportunities in organic farming and
urban farmers markets, and public policies to
promote urban agriculture in the state capital
funded by the city council using participatory
budget resources.
It can be noted that there were major shifts
in the social profile of the metropolitan area
during the last twenty years of the twentieth
century. The findings suggest that certain profiles were consolidated, while others began
to emerge throughout the first decade of the
twenty-first century.
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Final remarks
This interpretation of the intra-metropolitan
dynamics confirms the hypothesis that the region is asymmetric in terms of its economic
structure and dual centrality, represented by
two dominant urban poles. The process of
metropolization between 1980 and 2010 led to
Notes
1 Metropolis Observatory website: www.observatoriodasmetropoles.net
2 Conservative modernization is a concept developed by Barrington Moore Jr. (1966) to portray
the case of capitalist development in Germany
and Japan. The concept was used to explain Brazils economic development after the 1964 military coup; modernization that did not destroy the
elements of the old pre-industrial society and
whereby landowners remained at the center of
power.
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