Introduction

.
 .

DNA

Theoretical
Background of physical pollution

RF

Wave propagation
 C/f
= wave length, meter
C = light speed 3×108, meter/second
f = frequency, Hertz

V = voltage of electromagnetic wave

x = distance
A = amplitude of electromagnetic wave
= wavelength
Since photons travel at speed of light (c), x = ct, t = time
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

nm = 1 nanometer or 0.0000000001 meters

1 m = 1 micrometer or 0.0000001 meters
1 cm = 1 centimeter or 0.01 meters
1 Hz = 1 Hertz or one cycle per second
1 GHz = 1 GHz or 1,000,000,000 cycles per second
 :

-1

current density
.

-2

.
depth of penetration
specific absorption rate (SAR)

thermal induction

1- 3
 FCC

NCRP
ANSI
table(1) IEEE
 Table(1). FCC Limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)

Limits for Occupational/Controlled Exposure (A)

Frequency Electric Field Magnetic Field Strength Power Density Averaging Time
(H)
Range Strength (E) (S) |E|2, |H|2 or S
(A/m)
(MHz) (V/m) (mW/cm2) (minutes)

0.3-3.0 614 1.63 (100)* 6

3.0-30 1842/f 4.89/f (900/f2)* 6

30-300 61.4 0.163 1.0 6

300-1500 -- -- f/300 6

1500-100,000 -- -- 5 6

Limits for General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure (B)

Frequency Electric Field Magnetic Field Strength Power Density Averaging Time
(H)
Range Strength (E) (S) |E|2, |H|2 or S
(A/m)
(MHz) (V/m) (mW/cm2) (minutes)

0.3-1.34 614 1.63 (100)* 30

1.34-30 824/f 2.19/f (180/f2)* 30

30-300 27.5 0.073 0.2 30

300-1500 -- -- f/1500 30

1500-100,000 -- -- 1.0 30

*Plane-wave equivalent power density f = frequency in MHz

NOTE 1: Occupational/controlled limits apply in situations in which persons are exposed as a consequence of their

employment provided those persons are fully aware of the potential for exposure and can exercise control over their
 exposure. Limits for occupational/controlled exposure also apply in situations when an individual is transient through

a location where occupational/controlled limits apply provided he or she is made aware of the potential for exposure.

NOTE 2: General population/uncontrolled exposures apply in situations in which the general public may be exposed,
or in which persons that are exposed as a consequence of their employment may not be fully aware of the potential for
exposure or cannot exercise control over their exposure.

SRM 3000 selective radiation

meter

2600 Station Area Monitor

System
EHP-200
Electric and Magnetic Field
Analyzer
NBM-550
Narda Broadband Field Meter
RadMan XT

NBM-520 Broadband Field

Meter
NBM-550

EMR 300
FCC
 :

.
-
Mumetal

RF repeaters
No. work date
IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with
Respect to Human Exposure to Radio
Frequency Electromagnetic Fields,
3 kHz to 300 GHz (IEEE Std C95.1-1991)
FCC Local Government Official s Guide to
Transmitting Antenna RF Emission Safety:
Rules, Procedures, and Practical Guidance
Lyn McLean, The Impacts of Radiofrequency
Radiation
from Mobile Phone Antennas, EMR Australia PL

ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to time- 1998

varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields
(up to 300 GHz)
1998
P.Bernardi, S.Pisa, Specific Absobrtion Rate and
Temperature Increases in the head of Cellular-
Phone User , IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
Tech., Vol.48, pp 1118-1126,1998

1996
Rothman K., Chou C. et al. Assessment of Cellular
Telephone and other Radiofrequency Exposure
for Epidemiological Research , Epidemiology, 7,
1996 pp 291-298

2002
d Ambrosio G, Massa R, Scarfi M, Zeni O.
Cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes
following GMSK phase modulated microwave
exposure. Biolelectromagnetics 32:7-3

2002
Tice RR, Hook GG, Donner M, McRee DI, Guy AW."
Genotoxicity of radiofrequency signals. I.
Investigation of DNA damage and micronuclei
induction in cultured human blood cells ,
Biolelectromagnetics 23:113-126

Radio Frequency (RF) Exposure

Compliance of Radiocommunication
Apparatus (All Frequency Bands)
Biological Effects and Potential
Hazards of Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Fields, OET BULLETIN 56
1. FCC U.S. Federal Communications Commission
2. ANSI American National Standards Institute
3. IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
4. NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection and
Measurement
5. ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
Protection
6. WHO World Health Organization
7. FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
8. Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel on Radio Frequency
Fields
9. IEGMP Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones
10. IEC International Electro-technical Commission
 References

1. FCC, Local Government Official s Guide to Transmitting Antenna RF Emission

Safety Rules, Procedures, and Practical Guidance,june,2000
2. IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with respect to exposure to RF,1991
3. Joachim, Schuz,Mobile phone base stations and epidemiology,Institute of medical
biostatics, epideomiology and informatics (IMBEI), University of Mainz,German, 2006
4. Mirijana Moser et al.,Epidemiological studies on mobile phone base stations and health
possible biological outcomes and study designs, University of Basel,Switzerland,2004
5. Dr Havenaar, J.M,"Neuropsychiatric and psychological effects of exposure t oEMF"
Lange Nieuwstraat 119, NL-3512 PG Utrecht,2007

6. Eric van Rangon,"Exposure to EMF from base station antenna",Health council of the
Netherland,2000
7. Roosli et al, "Sleeping disorders associated with mobile phone base
stations",Department of social and preventive medicine, University of
Bern,Switzerland,2001
8. Hirata, A. et al.,"On averaging mass of SAR correlating with temperature elevation due
to a dipole antenna", department of computer science and engineering,Nagoya Insitiute
of Technology,Japan,2008.
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