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Of' MATERIALS
- --- .,1
:
f.
aL
Betrding stress:
2.
3.
4.
M:f,.:E.
:
1 MPa :
1
GPa
Flexural
Flexural
stifthess :
lm:
rt'3b
13.
: v,
Z:
10
ei
.\lL
14. E.I
dty:
-- :>
d2y
dx2
3he6v 1bc54
a Shqnr {tE tS
ahe6.r\n$ crrtto,
: x(/mrn>
g,\.Lo,/ 5fscdo'
LtnFto-rcr{lanl
d2gr
dx" dx'
17.
dx' dx
-5
tltox',' \crw'
gtrcn i'n n\
(gv ."elttirnr-e
fo
br.g >d<!lecl-io,,
*l^tl
':t'ttt 6tr-red in r,o 1or^l
dicrrnetE,iDJ"i..;inrer,.,o,)*-;*':*l&-(o4br"
&
d{'y-e-e.t-
=rr1
: i m. dx
fft,.olr'
CE,.. :n e y1q1l1lrntfrr)
rv ,\L-;tLlE,r \L
t''\LrL' FERESIIIFN
sauiirr dk re{ilir^te=
l)'fhe
dx
ffif{f;##
: 1 . : Curvature of'beam'
.frr'.dt =fw'clrt
Slope
XJD4 - dn)
32D
't+
fr.J, = v
:d[ :w
l-&J: dy :
IId3
32
II d2 t
E.I
dx2
r5.31:dm :v,
dx3 dx
16.d!:
_m
rdd
RES\L t t=*c
,.q- B,rn
V* -e'F'
dx
: JI
bd2
: Z:
: Z:
dv : w,
dx
100 cm
1000 rnm
180
12. Section
dm
I N lyrtry'tz-
N.mm2)
!rt-+,tn'f)
i(N/-iml
-mrol-'
d,:lul<ction rh
11. Section
N/m2
106 N/m1=
10e
lrn:
9.
-SUe3r. .
fiirtYtb\rt}"r
r t,
f $"*f.",4r**$a-'ltro's*ri'l
5. Section modulus : Z : I . (Units : mm4/mm : -rnt;.-
Bending strain
r-\
Atrtributicn
t
'tfoe
Stycri
In o. b o"lsf
) \.r,:.r-ran !t {J \uUfecfej
tenrf le- krr) Cornprasgi/e lc41}
()__
LrLe.(e 6- *-streij
B-l
g.t1,./,J
2E'
rnd >yrsdu\r| 6b, ve.Si\iE^te = { sht ftro.ln-, energl -6{a.rreJ !', -T.--;
brsd"X (vrt9\ier.-rcel rdbeh Ff ll 4ubtecre4t
ts 6beo.r atrcr)
6r.r-
-'
- 33xv
aQ
op/ rnodurul
've'rtienre
__-
y=lf4oll,t
= x.
af-
i;
lli
ii
J)
,t
Fo,r S"F
C\)
For
b)
. -1I
tl
-->
B,t4 -+
+va- SF
r1--_5
\ gYl /
+!e
'F.D o B.Sp 1
:'lt*\\r'e
11
c.\re
SF
gtoPhf
"
tal rePvelentertl
dt
on{
vavicationS dV
4Ib
e6\btilxei
tD6#renF Q
6)
bett^leen'S116r Be-cltco
" & el
(f)
wvY
9g
=9p,--O
slope
'a6teg);9!:
degech'anCtst=ld
t"Oae t.uo
, Cectr'ont
b)' Otre lo Point locrdl'
S.F doel nsr var? $
B.n vqciel \i''ea'{l! '
o Sts1o- e" detrttctto"a
3ET
no\.
^r*f:<
l,/
'v
--^
O*rYl '
btspeQrg=
ffi
"v- TEI
Ot the t-tte.)
Crt
rrcl
de_lle_ctfo-a
d4 = _t!_r\e
8qI
ugtroo,td Cr$lecHo.,"
ggf
A4EI
s%
bs=
de$-cHonl
b__e
end.
,VJ
og,B;
, Slopa q.,d
384Er
-Uf
6ET
.t\ I --/
-a,-V
sS.
?e"rd.
n
O
de[lecti"n t'tg):
tWv
cd-,
Fl
?e"JU.
b).
$l
*-----F
beo'rn,Theo
ts)
beh^lcEn
---------==-
SRctievrl
Ilghv'l "tt-r*"o- -1
tL
F_*
Itf
kBP:
!e: \tf9
BreEI.
Stspe,' I =A
EI
t'1e
hylt
ttna o.re^,n
- ?r
"The G? deflection
a poinf o*al trom
-S'e tongent d,,qusb +
lL tnr{.rr io1 the ,no^nenl- cb
Gf,ear Ct B-n"O tet.le+r 'the 1xlnr8 dli\/;dd Ll
EI
d+tcthn'$=
'18=
9L = 1oa(}
3e4Er
3E
?L
i)
Shear stress:
19. Shear Stress Formula
r-is_:C0.
'l--
iR-
Shear stress
Maximum at centre
26.
v,7T/S
Torque
(T): lt. t
.d3
16
2L
C.J
: Torsional stiffiress
27.
Slope(O)
.{.
,,.|
4,
: T,[ -
-r,crguex .rcr6io^^1
*ie,$tgti!"
'.
C.J
: Torsional flexibility
28.
C.J
J : Polar Modulas
29.
Sec
Workdone
R
Shear
Shear
30.
Stress: F.A?
g/\
I-b
x angle g{'twist
l1;U.
N -r.p.m ] P:2
T - Kg-rnJ
Nl*RPID to-zllNT
JINT "I---60
l"t^rn J '
Strain: R.0
L
JId3
I6
: JI_(D4 - d4)
I6D
Polarmodulus forThintube
Polar modulus
Torque
(T):
K,cD
Section modulu$0
-_
fsect''on *,oautul * ?]
159
f - frequency
: Id2t
39.
or
37..
3g.
f1:n.'ln cXt.ln"t,
>r5: Hoop
r, {l"XiEF
r"., ttvqqt
oO,*='i U
!{g
I $L,-
I'o^gltcrdinol ,*rta/
:f 1:p d
Hqop s.tres$
fThln^c1lin<lovl
e,,,ilre
15it
+-
Longitudi'al stress(D)
--\--/:
fTh{n
gi,l^
cg
.1rr^a"tf
l}q.lc()
:Jid_
p_d
fr
: fl - D.
1000 N-m/Sec
(01t./ilrftr; itb.
[, *r]
KhoLdn
:O_d
__
cr6
r;**; o{q.,.e"
;
Proclltce, '}re
.(rfo)
"r.**
rhe
tanggle
-'- erl
tte laendfn? a16rnnl-,
co,apre6{V_
gh<-!}
a5
{$
Due
t6 to\nt- loqd qt
Centve-, 3F chon6-eA
b)
Ib
eE_ t!_8in
_,+
$.F_ebon*
ots o.n1 Sectr'on / B.n uJf!,
Ee$o-^-
S4' G6e
tc.
Jlf
48Er
l6Ht
_tvlcrrn
d).
hne^I."
C^lr^to{!
^re
rilA
X\9.
flre
<entre Sloge
il |ffo.
J",
3*l
ke{$.
ruffi
At-
{B
sf
Oq=O
#rye
VA
tn$R. B.yT)
lccqr! b'@*
[ro'+r lelf hryf.tf
B'rn'
m Pgf,$)ct"!1t
'aesrer 'bloPa]6tll
bq
fht'r
raqt- ctt -thol- SuPPart'
10,^4
SrrpPotl-,
rrrb
locddceuq}
mc\f- B'n
-t"" 6qunl!
Poinr lsotd'
"iJ*
AF CS ehzlt. Brt drt^t6.lll'
SF chongel Tt! Qln, e.qt.
la4$.
U"'*
:Pt*?f
).1-. F
B.rn
VAeBW
:c
I
rnt^("
trJ
11-
nvtlrrt
dels ggf
38hEX
fEFv,,a5\rpy
:*:
r4s.(. aebt<-ct'ong
no@
9t
fb-----z- t
m.Urt,
9J5ert
b!-Jg
../(,o-
---_
r.l -l
O,q"9e"g4
sr\
%EE'
xrnqr=
It
d=
r9E! gR
U.}T?P
ahEr
c\e$ect\:n:.[r,qr=
2-R
aa--
' !r
#;
o) T}'e Sharle
*$hl
m\
f>n
-v\)r/l
A-8ry=Og =
JlL
ongle
o1ng.m'P $
{fr
n
A
wlL'
t"longle.
?lFo#. =tft6ffif
q)
tb sbvrrgl- vo.rlotr,*oo Ia
gtn9 e lt tndicoFes tl'qt-
tnere,
il
e^.
Souflg
.tlnat- SatJn.
o$-
{E
h
FIA
V6:Vgc 3"ll
Felp" yeQltroor!:
B.n:'**Zr-
'6kll
41.
L'
(ez)-
I-,ongitudinal strain
*r"f,
42.
*l
L)
i::
43.
,aa.
sUq6"L t""gl
cdr
[ao.St ro,Aiur,
55 -J--
g\=
It-
rfil
Slenderness ratio
(r.)
:l_
;'
Rankine load
.--
I -lP" P,
1
r2.E.A
A.r2
VA
(P) :
load :
' :
Pe - Euler load
- Crushing
: P..P. :
P =Pc"
r2.E.A
Sbo.,b\E egul\f\x"uro
P7 Pcr
.
uJ..erc -
Xeubrat e4flf$rfurrl
\ nthqb\c '
P- Cu.r$af-'q loctd
Pcr- ctft{tst lrs,(d
gyration:f _P_-
V E.r
IIT.E
'
fc.A
lfAPcv
fcxA
Radius of
-f.
oxinincr\ vo Jurne
I+a(llr)2
Pc+Pe
(Ih)2
47.
(llr)z
Pc
II
(fn.,1n)
a\
Pd I s - 4 l-Str"-rq_t"i]y&e
e fr-L\
l['
Yn4
:P
Radius of gyration
or'fg{nr.r\ le"r6Th;
4.t.E
Crushing load
fmin
46.
u"b.E L'
2e1*e2
$\$abt'on'
45.
:6v
in tg'$b
cho.ne
: Pd (s-z-l
ztpl z ;l
t)t3,
ey:
:61
"
The hna at
48.
E&r
49.
50.
51.
Short
columns fail due to crushiqg
.-
fr:fe,r3eebr'cro al--tl"c
tho{ columns
't
,r.
52.
Tirnbe* -
1ff0
Mildsteel
- 117500 ,
Lct>
53.
Cast iron
l,/1600
Wrough Iron -
1/9000
il
60
- Short columns
100 - Medium columns
100 - t9rt columns
Slenderness ratio
ii)
crpgltCoble
wW
csvuhqnt
!l't'll
bqqrha
H%t
I
P.o.c
+-*a
rg
v--+-:---'.
i.t
tffi
5P.j
no,ut- de[lcch'o n, o oo r4l
O.renrt.
Ctr
-1",
ET
116]'rat
6^aQrJ
Ff(ed
ir,ltl
Deblection grl- rnld 9po"=
"Lhe
J\Q-
l.lart$
--eF-
Beqt.rj
fut
\;rn
Yg
- F
dlEtescC'
+-
3'FD
B.rry'D
+Ne-l'
B 'Y"r'D
fi1$: rDl3: w{
6*t9g =Et =
*l+= Ytl
l9e-FX
no.
1 lL Lzz*
r
VA: Vg
P.o.
iI
l*
h
iu
t\
bono
\^Jf\:
-qi
rtn
9.0. q= 2-
*{
,*
'4"
at
fk
\N (
ltira/)
c- bvovn cqr"t
et:/r?4*-
ru.orn
l>24, n P,o.c =
IA2&r rrhJ.4- p*6c=
I :2.cv a ll0
m$Y..
tve
Lm
c't P.O' C: O
yfagggq>
L - .rLR-D == L$$"_tr.rl
-Ve R'D
a6.
tt-,1 l1l"'
To qol- mfn. Va,lrra&
otv
ntotr.grD,
+ " ;"{" "'td'AE" -h;;l;;r'
6o
Rdno
-ndno
.^llc
r-'
\t-
=\lg= \!l
fDq>IDg= *Vg B,nr^: }$
ho.$9.o'c'l
tre- 8.vn: j!:
Supgott YQncb'on:
VA
'.
--
^ (Qnrv
'- =
-fi^rQ- Ynttr.. delle.pJtrn otcUrvl @
tr\llt
sfrf,
54.
Bulk modulus
55.
PoiSson's
(K) :
oD
Pel'Lorel'*.e-cl
ttur. a*'1ff15-1;:t
o,rl.,
Notmal stress
Volumetric Strain
ratio (1/m):
"'l''Lriii"@!r'
Lateral strain
Linear strain (Longitudinal strain)
tl
56.
57.
Modulus of rigidity
(C) :
.'
58.
Factor
Linear Stress
Linear Strain
Shear stress
Shear strain
ofsafety
lglovg$-q -Lagdi'4n5 loo.c,l rbe.r'.doet not act- cltp^1 rile <r<15 6LIhe
rnern6e'r il Cnl[ cd 'it.trl.-ostrri tdtc"Cl
clit>lr;
yierdstress ho.,
\orr
*9r??
"11!:f:tS
{tre-l{.
ktorxinttr
Wprking stress
ss.
E:2c[r* t-]
60.
$
tt- -^)
n::c[t-2-l
n)
t ;)
^X.ie*l^tf
E: eKC l-;^E--
3K+c2'lr\rr+c)'ir\-q65
s{wr+.)
section. f' s-
6I.
62.
63.
Statically determinate
64.
Staticallyindeterminatebeams
65.
66.
beams -
rn ' F
2,
(rn+ L)
[,
T-
tt\Hv,rerhe
Rreoxl'^'g
67.
68.
69.
ll0.
Shear Force : If a force u.t, purilB'1to the C/S of a member \cn), olgeb
{3nqg.rt'lo'l
l$re.\f,5
ulLtv'lafe
loe'.e)
orfg-fnol clA'
Pe{centc\Sr yadutcHon in
Perqerrta-$a
lcvr
gg$r'c-rr^'
crrent-Fthql c\fe-&11u0
o,ftqr: 9r'"$fna)
'
0'1 iQitxa) G$P
R"nc,,l lendr-.,J on*ttna.l^'ttncflh' lloo-- rea)"lerr$lh
raic
Butn
ck
t*.ce-i 0n Sl'tr
'e tro'tiO,.',
-t
(l\)
*lcle eb
Toinll
r) L6p lo inf-l -fn whlch
&{vaFed
er,nd
.nn$rr4B
F:$
Al. -Butt
Scfr,h
Fu
OnE
bthQ!
qll5nt'tbt- btrtttrg
P\oh! qte Nelt- l')
9\qf (t,ettvaP)
tr'e *o.grrn$) Qcr.cb ot/tat c\nd a covqf
gldet
6b- nnoln Plafg"
\E 9lated on one- $ld e Qr) boTb
So
rohtth
molo
q) (inqle
gtvop 5trg
tha edtrel g {re nnio platal lsuft qgolinaY eat4
onll ona Co\rgr rrlqt-e, ll plcrcecl 6.r orre {lde + tha tn<rfr.t
Plsfu ond fren rfveFe.l tcqefier'
f9'Il"rev 6ncl
t9
D,
4f
No. 6b ?,0'c,eR.*:r\B: -e\e9*B-raors
txo r ,rl,u*2 onB= I!!f
--T->-
Deltecbbn
loqd=
n4f^{. deb-ltn-Filun:
&
Sln$\a
f
l'?
Lsnaet
ydgl
3ET19
{^Jc^3 br-
5 q{bt} Et
butL Yo;r,t-.
oL 5'oe-- xivaf ,
Gotve dr
15
lrnc.-
nert
r.fvef-
?.6
.rfuerea
Tofnt"
o*.."W"*.*
3q ff\t
?-'
r'vere'
'f"rli
..:'"fl:
oppo8slfe
':rmrft:',#T*?ro ffi.a"r",
*t xv"r'a
'
xdur)
"t V?
-tbe_
ioint-
*J,TAx'J"s,y",
d-4tc^rnerer
4urreLhote'
';:*::-u
tb tes"s ot'b ue
- 'u Fe6ittc-\Dcg @r) pun y*irep)
t*" * perr pftcl tang$r.
pr
= (p_d F, oE_ rdhrrc
- p_ wrcl ak $,e rivqf"
3) shqnrin$ 6 gvall,
p,=
p.
,o
fn e\dTcrcenf
"AVe
cherfn rfvetsedi
thL xiveB
YouJt"
crvrbfin$
&n\ref),
nxrrdlxr
n.l.r.
(aMrE r\Enr)
(
1
if_;1,..ilXi;ir.*""rr*"
teonere srrc{3
i:tffitble
ct* ne*rran rl"?,*?yre'$l
*
P'er'r!$$e clst'.*}ir"rgbtye$'
'' 'qttotionol
Bencling Moment: fheGia+ion effect of a force
.: Force:x perpendicular distance
(or)
Algebraie sum of momentsdsfusas acting either L.H.S (or)
R.H.S of a section
71.
the
c-$rc\e
at
any sectionrB.M
will maximum
at that section.
Ttra
561
lrllnl5 c,t"rcl
no,sF
artfrAra
77. Point
78.
A.E
79.
Modular
Axial rigidity
ratio: E5_
Ew
80.
ryl: bo . qr rrery"6ctl
Tc rxs- rF SoffoD
Fr:m.f*
F.-Steel
'
m-modular ratio
F*-Wood
81. Due to twisting moment shear stress varies linearly for N.A
to outer
circumference with 'zero'at N.A and maximum at outer circumference.
82.
c/s
rJ(.i
83.&in Cy'udeu
84. Sp.weight
S5
Bendinc
tl.ra0
k,
lf$
of water: 10 KN/m3
87.a)
b)
6hcl)-.!,U-qSqt
,hec-r
_--__-b
gke-gl crctl
4o
atrql{
pe/rprlc{irultarr
c/S
cctJ
cro6, Section
Jh4 rr{rrrenl crcf} o\o^q '1tr"A-.lr,!-ot-l
!L,o[t. 'Then lf u:!ll +.^.:ilt \a 3l-6*t,
9O, -n"'e vnornnt il Cotied -ttr:lr{;4n rnornrrf
LOt
t < r/10
t>r/10
86.
'Tb,rqJ.re
/rr,+
\ 2- l'
-+
'f
.l.qrq.5
averqqfe
g\+rr
=
? 'The @ejl
dl(ront
'$s-tlt!
aLi\!v\Lu\:tr'1
sbcll
101.
In I
t02.
In H- Section max. shear furce at the junction of the web and flanges.
103.
Flexure formula is valid only for Static loads with no residual stress.
105. By increasing the carbon content in steel, the ultimate tensile strength will
increase, the ductility of steel
106.
Tenacity
will
decrease.
lcrhe
I'
108.
109.
I 10.
111.
ttz.
13.
114.
'r-4t
Jeorite
*U,
**,5|*ffi*.
In a gpelf
9=o-i1
115. The M.I of rectangular section about the base:4 x M.I about centroid axis
1
16.
pcinciple 'ncr.f
gtveoi
t&t.
loo
fb
1?5.
iqh"
fi
Cen\krvrb,rbqbs"rot
Bt^ding
'l)'Strq6qrvl Gt rivel-e_d
4) E$rtcf tne"6- +
3)
Str
gu\nt-
O) 'the @
eglfndrfeol shel lnl6 lsl
be,r!
n"e te'de',c) fs
o trouqh].
tcthen e-rn
@'upon
qre
Fldl$__{tfglagE
Wdttf
= qlx
tr
.t
Lc(rneb
SplfF up the
gplrt-
q,
the
$ubSccFed
o r"crcgrtorn uq_dfuggl
fnclured.
g{'/ear, tnen tne
cro,u seetrfi
dtqnaeter
tt Lto ro Jl5 x
4 tr* *
*"dlcrrneler,
r'
tl^rfctr ahert
rh\ct< 6gutt
t[ lol-erol ghofn
3_
+ o gfvrn Soetion
bc pffi
FT''rect t<(66 a Bencl{n$ Etve-4r, lrren uea
rtregg witt
otrur fn ane lebt hqnb portfiso c+ rF,e ten,t{te
s.ch."", 6nel
"fri_
csynPvqBtive atre89 on {nQ vight hcrnd portion
Gt xn c6d.1r !edl(r4
shor
+
i,-
tongftudlnql StrelE
fr
rlF"g.t.t'
te!1der'c.{
$. 'the
-0rln gnerl
p---t_S.e"f
b).
1+-
$tte} wald *
SPn$e perra{cl
gt'e^$C
Fov
y."vefed fnsfnt=
Fo{
ll
fuial-
#
=g$:59r91 oie 6+.uc^t
-.--:==1---.
!.=.!_:--
ts {elid
ffi.|tr
ro
e)
=6
" )
' Lst*tt
it
ftl vnqrtmurr.l
Tlqrr Une- pycsp4/
rqn ehEs
te69.
I4.R
(eb, Asr.la_!|c;
9vf
.re-in l-cwced
Le,vt
+5!yr,AstLd*n),
bfdeLCd_t)
c\rrn
n1Xd.
f-o
pu:
called
Elevnento,rl
dclr
b)
Horizontal stress
Vertical stress
1+SinO
c)
a1r d,
The.
a)
pv
Frolile
tcnr.,L
(qn"_ t_)
: tan2(450+@/2)
l*Sino
t_SinO
d)
e)
0
g)
a)
b)
g0
89.
F : tan
In prismatic baltotal_eloneation
Tha
92.
93.
Strut
On
ecr-rpred6ton te*t
lgS.t-tte rnqlerlalg
.trnit
lon pev
e dbvrrrcrtlon
rrv trnib
(ner,sn
ol
crirecrilo,
stress:
2
100. In circle, Maximum
shear
stress:
F
b.d
4F
fibre in werr
,avg.shear stress
,avg.shear stress
-)
eft gbn<*
en)
ll
sprf
-X (6 )
rrr q9n
= 6h
-11q_-
Spr-inX q6,q1tou.t-=
p
"
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fr.i1?::,j"".Ir,bi'ffte*:5tr{[G*
Fl:i
Lqterat
St ycrtrr
I
f
]::--"T:.,y-
ter^nlbr
: rr = p.
2
perbrrea
(gr) S{Vnplir
atyctfo (grl
unf
nf t atyqfO
S
ftrtr?A
96.
fill.
"l#, 4
In conical bar, total
of bar: t
"tongution
Tie - Axial tension member @6E
gl.
il
= ftar.
:-&-
+Sr.
i.{rt\erve..
H+
d _ e\\c,v,njll.= c.,\\
6l+ R3 n
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oh
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conto'ct
qt
'0.,e
+
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b+retE
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af
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colurnn bt'
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os
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F --ev;'gPtlcg
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ac tl4
ccltrnon '
btruetrrvt
c$- tr,e
PslnctPo'l Strelll
p?gE
St{ett : r- CoSa
L6F-)
> r;.lg\i(llTrqn Cr1.geo"
-qt Eler-t'via
S Fre$(irnu#\
J
9,2
tr
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d)
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= 3Aq
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gtreal Ccatnfn>
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b)
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iy
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Pole.
A * rlergtfc tr'^ir
"=
4(fx.1)%
t.fmcut):
*J (air-+ 4('frr)L
p)croa
qnd ho
Shes.v
*1cr<>5