Attention Deficit Disorder

by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)

A diagnosis of hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder may correspond to three different diagnoses:
Prana Vayu Disturbance
Sadhak Pitta Disturbance
Disturbance of both Prana Vayu and Sadhak Pitta
Prana Vayu Disturbance:
Restlessness, inattentiveness, wandering mind, poor memory, stuttering, stammering, nervousness, tics
and dyslexia may all result from a serious disturbance of Prana vayu, the form of vata responsible for all
higher cerebral functions. According to Ayurveda, this condition may be hereditary, congenital, or
acquired. Hereditary prana vayu disorder occurs when one or both parents are severely vata-provoked,
and this vata provocation is transmitted within the sperm or ovum. Congenital prana vayu disturbance
results from vata provoking intra-uterine conditions; for example, if the mother is in great fear or anxiety,
or if she is drinking coffee during the pregnancy. Acquired Prana Vayu disorder of childhood may result
from any factor that provokes vata. Since vata is light, dry and mobile, any excess of vata may result in
hyperactivity and hyper mobility on the part of the child.
In our vata-provoked society, children are exposed to numerous such factors. Consumption of stimulants
such as chocolate, white sugar, coca cola, all cold fizzy drinks, leftovers, dry food such as popcorn and
chips; all can provoke vata, as can excess consumption of salads. Exposure to frightening images on
television is an important factor, as is an emotional climate of insecurity, fear, or anxiety within the home.
With todays travel, very young babies, less than six weeks of age, are often taken by plane to meet
grandparents. This can induce childhood vata provocation.
Children with vata-type hyperactivity will be worse in autumn or on windy days, at the time of eclipses,
and at dawn and dusk. Their dhatus, or tissues, are depleted, and they may have white spots on the nails,
suggestive of calcium deficiency. They drink excess water, and crave sweets and chocolate. Other
symptoms include nocturnal enuresis (involuntary discharge of urine), dry skin, poor circulation, and
constipation, all symptoms of generalized vata disturbance.
The most important differential diagnoses of hyperactivity or ADD are chronic constipation and intestinal
parasites. The constipated child will often become nervous and hyperactive as part of a
generalized vata disturbances. However, in this case, the primary seat of the problem is not Prana
vayu but Apana vayu, the form of vata responsible for expelling urine, flatus, and feces. If the fecal matter
is hard and dry, difficult for the child to pass, a warm sesame oil enema should be given. As soon as the
constipation is relieved, the child will be calm.

Children with intestinal parasites suffer from a variety of problems including bloating and
constipation, ama or toxins in the digestive tract, and lack of absorption of minerals, all of which tend to
create attention deficit and hyperactivity. They have dry skin, ridged nails, cracks on the soles of the feet,
dandruff, tooth marks on the tongue, cracks and fissures on the tongue. Hyperactivity, spaciness, poor
memory, and poor performance in school are typical of this condition. Once the underlying digestive
disorder is treated, the learning and behavior problems will vanish.
Sadhak Pitta Disorder
A disorder of the pitta sub-type responsible for understanding, comprehension, attention, and
concentration, can result in symptoms, which may be diagnosed as hyperactivity or ADD. This is a very
serious condition, since it may be a precursor to suicidal depression or alcoholic disease, or even to
violent, destructive behavior. The child has incredible energy and throws frequent tantrums. In some
cases, a pitta-provoked child may even bang his or her head on the wall, a warning that, if the pitta is not
promptly calmed, pitta-type schizophrenia or severe depression may result in early adult life.
Once again, this condition may be hereditary, congenital, or acquired. Hereditary sadhak pitta disturbance
is passed on to the embryo from the reproductive tissue of pitta-provoked parents. Congenital sadhak
pitta disorder may result if the mother is angry throughout the pregnancy, if she consumes pitta-provoking
food, eats excess salt, smokes marijuana or drinks alcohol. Acquired sadhak pitta disorder may result
form any factor that tends to provoke pitta.
On a dietary level, consumption of salty, sour, red, oily, or spicy foods, chocolate, white sugar, food
additives, and particularly yellow and orange food coloring provoke hyperactivity. On an emotional level,
a pitta child will respond with anger, tantrums, and increasing despair to domination, control, or negative
criticism. To control or dominate a pitta child is almost a guarantee that the child will have to grapple later
in life with depression, low self-esteem, self-criticism, or violent outbursts. Very young pitta children can
readily learn simple negotiating skills. They desperately need to understand that they have control over
their own bodies, lives, and choices and have no control over those of others.
Sluggish liver function and food allergies are the most important differential diagnoses. A yellowish coat to
the skin, reddening of the eyes, yellowing coating of the tongue, skin rashes, skin eruption, and allergies
all suggest that the primary problem may lie in the ranjak pitta, the sub-type of pitta in the liver, rather than
in the sadhak pitta. A thickly coated tongue, chronically stuffy nose, eczema or asthma, point to food
allergies as the root problem. Exclusion of suspected foods such as wheat, corn, and milk should be done
to confirm the specific allergies. The child will recover when the allergen is excluded from the diet and
relapse if it is reintroduced. In these cases, the apparent hyperactivity or ADD will not be a problem if the
offending food is no longer consumed.
Mixed Type Disorder
The worst cases of ADD result from a simultaneous disturbance of both vata and pitta due to a
combination of causative factors described above in the sections on prana vayu and sadhak
pitta disorders. Symptoms show a combination of restlessness and tantrums. With careful history taking, it
may be possible to determine which dosha was involved first, and to treat the original cause.

Treatment of Prana Vayu Disorder

Sesame oil massage is of the utmost importance in this case. The child should be massaged five days in
a row, using nine ounces of warm sesame oil each time. At bedtime, give a warm ginger bath to promote
sweating. After this treatment, which usually has excellent effects, the soles of the feet and scalp should
be massaged with warm sesame oil, each night. Another very effective way to calm Prana vayu is to put
five to ten drops of warm sesame oil into the ear and then massage the mastoid bone for five or ten
minutes. This will calm the limbic system. Remove the oil with a cotton swab. Then turn the child over and
repeat the process in the other ear. Of course, it is extremely important that the oil be warm, not hot or
cold. A child over the age of five can be taught to lubricate the nose by placing ghee on the little finger and
massaging the nose with it. An oil-medicated bhringaraj can also be used for hyperactivity. Two drops
each may be gently massaged on the scalp, third eye, throat, heart, and navel. In addition, herbal
treatment should be given.
Sarasvati can be given in doses of 1/8 teaspoon for small children. There are a variety of formulations
of Sarasvati churna given in the major and minor Ayurvedic texts, the overall effect of the yoga
(combination) being to balance all three doshas within the central nervous system. A simple and highly
effective version ofSarasvati churna consists of equal parts of Brahmi, jatamansi,
and vacha. Jatamansi is particularly effective for balancing vata; brahmi, for pitta; and vacha, forkapha.
The formula according to the Sharngadhara Samhita consists
of ajwain, ashwagandha, kushta, cumin, Trikatu, shankapushpi, vacha, and rock salt.
Here, the Sarasvati churna used is a combination of equal parts brahmi, jatamansi, and vacha, to
calm Prana vayu and enhance memory, learning, and concentration.
To balance overall vata and restore dhatu strength:
Bala, 1/3 tsp
Vidari, 1/3 tsp
Chamomile, 1/3 tsp
Take this mixture as a decoction at bedtime.

Akar karabha This important herb is pungent in taste, heating in energy, and pungent in post-digestive
effect. Its active ingredient is anacycline. It acts on the brain, improving the cerebral circulation,
stimulating Sadhak pitta, improving memory, understanding, and intelligence, and is anti-tremor,
anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, and antidepressant. It is also useful for cough, cold, asthma, and
pulmonary edema. It is one of the most useful herbs for ADD, speech disorders, and depression. At the
present time, as part of an effort to protect Indias botanical and herbal resources from exploitation by
multinational corporations and large western herbal companies, the government of India is not allowing
export of this valuable herb. However, for educational purposes or in case of future availability, for the
treatment of ADD, Akar karabha should be combined with an equal amount of vacha or sarasvati (1/8
teaspoon for a small child, _ teaspoon for a bigger child, _ teaspoon for a teenager or adult) and taken
twice daily.

Treatment of Sadhak Pitta Disorder

As in the vata child, warm oil massage is very valuable. In this case, sunflower oil should be used, or
better still, bhringaraj oil. A pitta-pacifying diet is essential, and yellow and orange dyes, food additives,
and white sugar should be excluded. In the case of children under school age, it is fairly easy for the
parents to control the diet. Older pitta children must be asked by the physician to take some responsibility
for their own diet. In my experience, I have found that pittachildren as young as seven or eight will readily
grasp simple concept such as dont eat white sugar once they understand clearly that white sugar gives
them tantrums. They usually take great pride in asking does this contain sugar? before they accept
foods or snack, and gain a sense of greater control and autonomy. Pitta children often naturally refuse to
eat pittogenic foods such as red meat, grapefruit, or tomato sauce, and are only too happy to be validated
in their dislikes. However, if the child is already addicted to white sugar, it may be very difficult to wean
him/her from the addiction.
Herbal treatments
For overall pacification of pitta:
Shatavari, 500 mg
Shankha bhasma, 200 mg
Guduchi, 200 mg
For specific treatment:
Brahmi tea: _-1/2 teaspoon of brahmi per cup, steeped for ten minutes, taken in the morning before
school and in the afternoon after school. This may be sweetened with a little honey. The tea loses none of
its effectiveness and gains greatly in patient compliance if mixed with a pleasant tasting teabag. My own
favorites are almond or roasted-grain teabags. However, sour, fruity, or citrus teas should not be used.
Or try: A mixture of equal parts jatamansi and brahmi, taken before and after school with honey (this is
given for educational purposes only, since jatamansi is currently under export restriction).
Further measures to calm pitta:
A pearl necklace or pearl earrings are very important in calming pitta. The necklace should be worn inside
the clothing so that it makes contact with the skin. In a silver cup, pour hot milk, place a pearl in the milk,
and let it sit overnight. In the morning, remove the pearl, mix in the shatavari/shankha
bhasma/guduchiformula, and let the child drink it. During a tantrum, sandalwood oil applied to the navel of
the child will have an immediate calming effect. During the summer season, hibiscus teas with a dash of
rosewater is an excellent cooling and calming drink. Pitta children of five and older should be taught to
place brahmi ghee on the little finger and lubricate the nose with it, for a calming effect on sadhak pitta.
ADD in Adults
If untreated, vata-type ADD may persist into adult life, resulting in a restless adult with poor memory, poor
concentration, difficulty holding down a job, and difficulty in getting organized. Speech disorders and

learning disabilities may continue to be a problem. Treatment is the same as for children with prana
vayudisturbance.
As mentioned earlier, pitta-type ADD and hyperactivity readily develop into far more dangerous conditions
including depression, alcoholism, pitta-type schizophrenia with suicidal tendencies and violent or bullying
behavior. To prevent such tragic outcomes, extremely damaging to the individual, the family and indeed to
society as a whole, it is of the utmost importance that children with sadhak pitta disorders be promptly
treated to calm and balance pitta. Essential to this treatment is proper counseling of the parents as to
treating the pitta child with respect, honoring his or her autonomy and ability to negotiate.
ADD and the Family
A child with symptoms of hyperactivity or ADD may be presenting symptom of a vata-provoked or pittaprovoked family system. In the vata-provoked family, there is an ethos of fear, anxiety, haste,
restlessness, insecurity and disorganization. One parent may travel frequently, or the entire family may
relocate. The parents may use caffeine, keep irregular hours, or fail to provide routines and daily or
seasonal rituals. The physician or Ayurvedic lifestyle counselor must help the family establish a stable
routine, with regular meals and bedtimes, assigned chores, daily and seasonal rituals, even if frequent
relocations are necessary. Fore example, if a parent is a diplomat or in the military, well-established
routines and rituals provide a sense of stability amidst the changes.
In a pitta-provoked family system, there is an angry, critical, judgmental ethos. Children are yelled at or
hit. No is used several times a day, the childrens life is too regimented, they have too many chores to
do and are expected to achieve highly in school. The parents may drink heavily, or use drugs. Such family
systems often result in anger, hyperactivity, and underachievement on the part of the children. It is useful
for the physician to see the whole family and to determine whether there is a serious underlying problem
such as an alcoholic parent, or physical, verbal, or emotional abuse of the child. According to Ayurveda,
children are naturally happy, and their tantrums and anger may well be symptoms of a deeper sickness
within the family.
While specific treatment of ADD and hyperactivity can be valuable, the most important step is to
determine whether the problem is due to vata, pitta, or both, and then to calm the deranged doshas, both
in the individual and in the family system.
Peer-reviewed article first published in the Protocol Journal of Botanical Medicine.

Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma) is director of Alandi Ayurvedic Clinic in Boulder, Colorado, and
principal teacher of Alandi School of Ayurveda, a traditional ayurvedic school and apprenticeship
program. She can be reached at 303-786-7437 or by email at: info@alandiashram.org.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

By alyse michelle on January 17, 2012 8:56 PM | No Comments

by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)

In a previous article we surveyed the field of female infertility. In this article we will look more deeply
into one of the most common causes of menstrual irregularity, hormonal imbalances and infertility, a
grouping of symptoms known as polycystic ovarian syndrome. We will see how Ayurveda brings added
depth to the understanding of this poorly understood condition and can offer treatment options that
are more than merely symptomatic.
With a prevalence of 6-10% of the female population, PCOS is a common cause of morbidity, infertility
and quite possibly of increased risk of mortality. (1) PCOS is a syndrome characterized by multiple
small cysts on the ovaries, menstrual irregularities and features of excess androgen production such as
hirsutism (excess facial or body hair), male or female pattern balding, acanthosis nigrans and acne. Not
all women affected with PCOS have all thee features but to make a diagnosis of PCOS, at least two of
these three characteristics must be present. In terms of menstrual irregularity, menses may be
irregular; there may be oligomenorrhoea (reduced frequency of menstruation) or amenorrhoea (periods
of six months or more without menstruation). Menstrual irregularity is noted from menarche on. As one
menopausal patient noted, "First I was told that my periods were irregular because I was young, then
because I was under stress in school, then because I was travelling and then because I was
premenopausal. From the day of menarche, my periods were never regular."
While not all women with PCOS have menstrual irregularity, those who do not must have both other
sets of characteristics fully established in order to meet diagnostic criteria for PCOS. Typical
androgenic features may include sideburn or chin hair, chest or belly hair, nipple hair, balding, acne
and acanthosis nigrans, a darkening of skin on the nape of their neck, skin folds, knuckles, or elbows. If
there are more intense symptoms of excess androgens such as enlarged clitoris, baldness, dropped
voice and increased muscle mass, referral to an endocrinologist is needed to exclude other, more
dangerous diseases that may lead to excess testosterone production. Polycystic ovaries must be
established by ultrasound. Again, while not all PCOS sufferers actually have polycystic ovaries, those
who do not must clearly show menstrual irregularities and hyper-androgenic features.
As well as these diagnostic features, PCOS is associated with obesity, particularly central obesity,
insulin resistance, hypertension, raised blood lipids and metabolic syndrome. After a girlhood of
menstrual problems and adult years of fertility issues, a woman with PCOS may enter her elder years
with an increased risk of type II diabetes and heart disease (2). Yet despite the added mortality and
morbidity associated with this condition, for many women, the most devastating feature of PCOS is its
impact on fertility. Although not all women with PCOS experience fertility issues, many do. Conception
may be difficult to impossible or there may be a history of miscarriages. For those who do become
pregnant, there is an increased risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension.
After hearing these features of PCOS, the Ayurvedic practitioner has noticed the strong correlation
with kapha issues. Although there may be pitta features such as acne and hair loss or vata features like
menstrual irregularity, it is kapha that lies at the root of this syndrome. By the same token, although
PCOS may affect any prakruti, as a kaphacondition it is typically most severe in kapha prakruti. A
majority of all women with PCOS seen in the author's practice have been of kapha prakruti.
A woman with PCOS may present complaining of hirsutism, acne, obesity or menstrual and fertility
issues. In making a diagnosis of kapha syndrome with suspected PCOS, it is important to exclude other
causes of similar issues. For example, a thirty two year old Indian woman of tridoshic vata constitution
presented to an Ayurvedic physician complaining of hair loss, weight gain, acne, sluggishness and
fertility issues. Her menstrual cycle was regular. The physician diagnosed PCOS, based on her reported
symptoms. While booking an ultrasound to screen her ovaries, she presented for a second opinion.
Based on her complaints of sluggishness, weight gain, hair loss and impaired fertility as well as clinical
findings of leathery skin and abnormal thyroid pulse, we told her that thyroid issues were the likely
cause of her complaints. Sure enough, her ultrasound showed normal ovaries, excluding the diagnosis
of PCOS since she had both normal ovaries and a normal menstrual cycle. She unearthed three old
thyroid tests all of which showed sub-optimal thyroid function. Although she did have
some kaphasyndrome issues, these were expressing more in terms of metabolic rate and the thyroid
than in terms of PCOS. She was fortunate to have a treatable cause of her fertility concerns.

A thirty year old Ashkenazi Jewish woman of kapha prakruti complained of central obesity, dropped
voice, facial hirsutism, amenorrhoea and infertility. Polycystic ovaries were shown on ultrasound. She
had other kapha symptoms including chronic sinus congestion and was allergic to dairy. Although a
vegan diet was a crucial self-care method for her, she found that exercise including strength training
and cardio made the greatest difference to her symptoms, particularly to central obesity. Her journey
with infertility was a tortuous one. After two devastating failed in-vitro fertilizations, she was able to
carry a child successfully after IVF but could not establish lactation, a not-uncommon finding in PCOS
(3). Nevertheless, she is happy with her precious baby.
A twenty seven year old kapha African-American woman had polycystic ovaries demonstrated by
ultrasound. Eight years ago, she had one pregnancy which was complicated by hypertension and
oedema. She had a strong family history of hypertension and raised blood lipids and was a former
smoker. Two years ago, she was found to be hypertensive with raised cholesterol. She normalized these
parameters by quitting smoking, exercising and giving up cheese. Currently she had significant
hirsutism with sideburn hair, beard and moustache hair and belly hair and was suffering from irregular
menses, overweight and malaise. At 165 lb she was 20 lb over her optimum. She responded extremely
well to a kapha-soothing diet and to a formula which included Punarnava as dosha
pratyanika for kapha, Shardunika to help insulin production and Chitrak for agni. Shilajit is a crucial
component in the herbal management of PCOS, so clients will respond well to a formula which
contains shilajit, such as Trim Support, as well as to a blend containing Shardunika, such as Sweet
Ease.
A thirty seven year old Caucasian woman of kapha prakruti presented with an array ofkapha complaints
including sluggish digestion, plugged ears and chronic sinusitis. She had experienced amenorrhoea since
her teens, menstruating only once a year and was developing female pattern baldness. Ten years ago
she had an ultrasound and was found to have polycystic ovaries. She had also been diagnosed with
insulin resistance. Currently she took depot provera which induced a period every 45 days. She had a
strong tendency to gain weight. She was married and experiencing infertility. She tried to prepare
healthy foods at home but had lunch most days at McDonald's, Burger King or Taco Bell. After switching
to a kapha soothing diet and eliminating gluten and cow dairy, she improved significantly. And
amazingly, after taking Trim Support andTriphala, she became pregnant. Yet the sweeping extent of
her kapha syndrome turned joy to tears when she gave birth to a stillborn child as a result of multiple
thromboses in the placenta. As a complication of PCOS, she suffered from thrombophilia--a tendency of
the blood to clot in the blood vessels. Current research suggests that thrombophilia plays a key role in
stillbirth and miscarriage in patients with PCOS. "Undetected thrombophilia is not only additional cause
of infertility but sometimes the basic cause of infertility in patients with PCOS and MS (metabolic
syndrome)." (4)
This patient had difficulty implementing a full program of Ayurvedic treatments due to an extremely
busy life as a business owner. Her history reminds us of the importance of treating kapha at depth,
including diet, lifestyle, kapha soothing herbs and pre-conception panchakarma, in an attempt to
promote a positive outcome of pregnancy in PCOS. A rejuvenative and hormonally balancing formula
such as Women's Support can be given following panchakarma to enhance fertility. During pregnancy,
herbs such asVidari should be given to nourish the placenta as well as kapha reducing herbs to lower
stickiness of the blood and control kapha syndrome. Since Ashwagandha may be androgenic in action,
it is wise to avoid using it in PCOS.
In Western medicine, there is no definitive treatment for PCOS. Management is largely symptomatic.
Ayurveda can make a significant contribution to the wellbeing of women with PCOS by
offering kapha soothing diet and lifestyle, kapha balancing yoga andkapha soothing herbs. Blood sugar
and insulin resistance issues can be managed usingShardunika, neem, turmeric, bibhitaki and Sweet
Ease, while scraping formulas likeTrim Support will not only help lower weight but also may normalize
the polycystic ovaries. Triphala Guggulu and turmeric will reduce blood stickiness, mitigating
symptoms of thrombophilia (note that neither of these herbs is recommended during
pregnancy). Vidari will support fertility and nourish the placenta. And panchakarma will
normalize kledak kapha, helping to reduce thrombotic symptoms. Developing a good programme of

self-care for kapha will not only help support the best possible outcomes during the woman's
reproductive years but will also help prevent her developing diabetes and heart disease later in life.

Herbs for Immunity

By alyse michelle on January 16, 2012 9:55 AM | No Comments

by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)

During the winter months of cold and flu season, herbal allies can be a great help in supporting our
immune systems. Out of the array of Ayurvedic immune boosters, here are three of the most
important.
Tulasi, known as ocimum sanctum or Holy Basil, is an adaptogenic herb that helps the body overcome
stress and maintain a healthy immune system. This is extremely valuable since, aside from the job,
relationship or financial stresses that many of us encounter, modern life is a stress to our immune
system. Air pollution and noise affect our adrenal glands and overall resistance, leaving us more
vulnerable to disease. Regular use of Tulsi can help us overcome these impacts of modern life and
enjoy optimum health. A cup of Tulsi tea in the morning is a delightful and soothing way to support
immunity on a daily basis, made even tastier with the addition of ginger, another herb that helps fight
infections, and some raw honey, an immune booster in its own right.
In colds and flu's, Tulsi chai with cardamom, milk and honey will bring down fever. In respiratory
infections, Tulsi tea can be prepared with the addition of cloves, a spice which helps respiratory
immunity, and in sore throat, Tulsi tea can be gargled as well as drunk. Use of Tulsi tea helps create a
positive, peaceful and sattvic state of mind. This is an extremely important effect in terms of
immunity, since our own mind can be either our best friend or our worst enemy. A negative, hopeless,
depressive mind sends negative messages to our immune system, leading to serious disease, whereas a
positive, cheerful mind is the greatest immune booster known.
Another important adaptogen is Ashwagandha (withania somnifera) also known as Winter Cherry. In
Ayurveda, immunity is seen in terms of ojas, the refined essence of our body's seven tissues or dhatus.
A strong ojas makes us impervious to disease even when we are exposed to infectious agents, while one
with low ojas is constantly sick and may develop more severe conditions such as cancer and chronic
fatigue. Ashwagandha is one of the best rasayanas, or rejuvenative herbs, helping build strong ojas to
fight infection and maintain longevity. A warming herb, Ashwagandha is a good choice in the winter
months, especially for those with excess vata. To strengthen immunity and buildojas, a teaspoon of
Ashwagandha can be taken at bedtime, stirred into a cup of hot milk. A pinch of nutmeg can be added
to support absorption and enhance the effects of the Ashwagandha. It is important to use cow's milk in
this recipe, since this is an ojasbuilder in its own right. Most foods and herbs nourish the
seven dhatus sequentially, taking five days to traverse each dhatu. Thus the food you eat today will
take thirty five days to nourish ojas, at the end of the dhatu nutrition line. In the case of both
Ashwagandha and cow's milk, all the dhatus are nourished at the same time, giving an immediate
impact upon ojas. Goat's milk does not have the same properties in terms of ojas. For those who
cannot tolerate cow's milk, almond milk is the perfect substitute, since it too has the effect of
immediate rejuvenative action upon ojas.
On the other hand, to use Ashwagandha for a chronic dry cough, emphysema or even tuberculosis, a
teaspoon of Ashwagandha can be taken twice daily with goats milk. For this recipe, take one cup goat's
milk and one cup water and add a teaspoon of Ashwagandha and a pinch of Pippali (piper longum or
Long Pepper). Pippali is perhaps the best herbal ally for supporting respiratory immunity, and is of
great value in all chronic respiratory conditions. Cook this mixture until it is reduced back to one cup
and take each morning and evening. In asthma take a teaspoon of Ashwagandha and a quarter teaspoon
of Pippali in honey.
When ojas is severely impaired, resulting in CFIDS (Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction), take a
teaspoon of Ashwagandha with two teaspoons of ghee and a teaspoon of honey twice daily. For those

who may be sensitive to ghee or honey, since CFIDS often leads to multiple food allergies, stir the
Ashwagandha into some warm, unsweetened almond milk. As its name withania somnifera attests,
Ashwagandha helps promote sound sleep. This is especially the case when it is taken at bedtime with
warm milk and nutmeg. This action will indirectly support immunity, since there is no immune booster
better than a good night's sleep. Ashwagandha also calms worry, thus eliminating a significant cause of
weakened immunity.
One of the stellar immune supporters of Ayurveda is Chyavanprash. This ancient formula was used by
sage Chyavan in his extreme old age, causing him to regain youthfulness. "It alleviates cough and
breathlessness, is useful for those who are wasted, injured or old, and promotes development of
children...even the old attain intellect, memory, lustre, freedom from disease and longevity." (Charak
Samhita). While the formula for Chyavanprash utilizes the immune boosting qualities of both
Ashwagandha and Pippali, it relies for its success upon Amlaki (emblica officinalis), the Herb of Eternal
Life. Amlaki is one of the richest sources of Vitamin C, contaning a form of Vitamin C which is
conjugated to gallic acid and is heat stable. In addition to its innate anti-bacterial properties, Amlaki is
a potent antoxidant, preventing free radical damage to cells. Amlaki also raises white blood count,
notably enhancing immunity. A teaspoon of Chyavanprash can be taken twice daily, in the morning and
mid afternoon throughout flu season to support the immune system. It should be taken on an empty
stomach.
Although all of the herbs mentioned in this article can be used judiciously by people of all doshic
constitutions, at least during the winter, Ashwagandha will be especially useful for vata, Chyavanprash
and Amlaki for pitta and Tulsi for kapha. By taking the help of these herbal allies, you can increase your
chance of a healthy winter season and even improve your overall health.

Gall Bladder Health for Ayurvedic Practitioners

By alyse michelle on January 16, 2012 9:28 AM | No Comments

by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)

The gall bladder is a non-vital organ associated with the rakta vaha srotas. Often gall bladder disease
manifests with an acute and possibly even life-threatening episode which will present to emergency
room or urgent care. Yet the Ayurvedic practitioner may be confronted with silent or undiagnosed gall
bladder disease and in addition needs to consider prevention of gall bladder disease in vulnerable
populations. In this article we will review the anatomy and physiology of the gall bladder and consider
options for preventing gallbladder disease and for diagnosing and managing chronic gall bladder
disorders.
A hollow organ approximately 8 cm long and 4 cm in diameter, the gallbladder is seated on the liver in
the gallbladder fossa. It consists of fundus, body and neck. The neck connects to the cystic duct, which
joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. Microscopically, the gallbladder has
three layers. Its lining of simple columnarepithelium is characterized by small pouches known as
Aschoff's recesses. The lamina propria, a layer of connective tissue, overlies the epithelium. This in
turn is covered by the muscularis externa, the smooth muscle wall which contains cholecystokinin
receptors and contracts when the duodenum secretes this hormone. The components of bile include
water, electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and bilirubin. In the exquisite economy of the
body, bile serves both to emulsify fat and aid fat digestion and absorption and to eliminate waste
products including bilirubin produced by the breakdown of erythocytes (RBCs).
Common diseases of the gallbladder include cholelthiasis (gallstones) and cholecystitis (inflammation of
the gallbladder). Ninety percent of cases of cholecystitis result from gallstones (calculous cholecystitis)
but some occur without the presence of gallstones (acalculous cholecystitis) (1). Acalculous
cholecystitis is most often found in patients in Intensive Care or who are suffering from sepsis (2) and
will most likely not present to the Ayurvedic Practitioner. In terms of cholelthiasis and calculous
cholecystitis, in the Western world about 80-90% of gallstones are cholesterol stones. (6).

The old adage taught in medical school still holds good today. Gallstones and cholecystitis are
commonly found in patients who are, "Female, fair, fat, forty plus and fecund." Parity or fecundity
(having birthed one or more children) is an established risk factor (3), as is female gender, body mass
index, (in men and in younger women) (4, 5) and race (white women but also many indigenous peoples)
(6). Incidence increases with age (6). From an Ayurvedic perspective, look for a kapha or pitta kapha
prakruti and a tendency to kapha vikruti. Elevated cholesterol and either diabetes or metabolic
syndrome carries a significant risk, as does family history (6). Also consider smoking and use of oral
contraceptives as risk factors (3). When a patient who has one or more risk factors presents in your
practice, it is important to consider gallbladder disease within the differential diagnosis of their
condition and also very important to institute preventative measures if they do not have current
gallbladder- related symptoms.
Although most gallstones are asymptomatic, symptoms of gallstones or cholecystitis may include biliary
colic--1-5 hours of constant pain which typically begins in the epigastic area and then localizes in the
right upper quadrant. Pain may radiate to the right scapular area or the back. An attack may be
precipitated by a fatty meal. In cholecystitis pain may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting or fever. If
the bile duct is blocked, classic pitta symptoms of irritability, heat and yellow coloured urine and eyes
may appear (7). Chronic cholecystitis in older adults may have diffuse or atypical symptoms and should
be considered in diffuse abdominal pain.
Formation of gallstones involves the kapha gunas of snigdha, slakshna, picchila, guru and sthira. Later,
as kapha blocks pitta, pitta gunas of ushna and tiksna manifest as inflammation develops, leading to
cholecystitis. In the worst cases, which may involve abscess formation, gangrene and perforation, the
pitta guna of vishram (sour fleshy smell) predominates. Understanding the gunas involved helps us see
how prevention and management can arise from diet and herbs which are ruksha, khara, vishada and
chala.
A kapha soothing diet high in vegetable fibre and vegetable protein has been found to be helpful in
preventing gallbladder disease (8) and by the same token, a diet high in refined carbohydrates, red
meat and sugar is associated with increased incidence of symptomatic gallbladder disease(5). "The
results of the present study show a protective effect of vegetables and fruits on gallbladder
carcinogenesis, but red meat (beef and mutton) was found to be associated with increased risk of
gallbladder cancer," (9). "In a cross-sectional study, the prevalence of gallbladder disease
(asymptomatic gallstones or history of cholecystectomy) was significantly lower in female vegetarians
than female omnivores (12% versus 25%; p(0.01)."(10, 11) "Consumption of carbohydrate in refined form
increases bile cholesterol saturation. The risk of gall stones might be reduced by avoidance of refined
carbohydrate foods," (12). Flax oil, recommended in Ayurveda for kapha, is beneficial whereas animal
fats and fried food worsen symptoms.
Lifestyle interventions include addressing risk factors such as smoking and overcoming the sthira
quality of a sedentary lifestyle by introducing a good kapha-pacifying exercise programme.
Herbs that are lekhan and bhedan are possessed of ruksha and khara qualities and may help reduce
cholesterol levels systemically and also potentially break down gallstones. Important herbs in this
context included Guggulu compounds (13) and shilajit. A formula containing both guggalu and shilajit
along with kapha reducing herbs likePunarnava and Trikatu will be helpful for both prevention and
management; Trim Support is a good example of a formulation of this type. Since gallbladder disease
is closely associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome, use of a formula to control blood sugar,
such as Sweet Ease, may be of help. Neem, an important component of Sweet Ease, is also
traditionally used in Ayurveda for gallstones (14).
Although many cases of gallbladder disease will present for urgent medical care, the Ayurvedic
practitioner has an important role in noticing potential, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic
gallbladder disease. The value of instituting preventative interventions in terms of diet and lifestyle is
borne out by numerous studies. In addition to these holistic measures, use of herbs that balance the
gunas of kapha, lowering cholesterol and breaking down gallstones provides an additional way to
protect susceptible patients from acute or dangerous gallbladder episodes.

Ayurvedic Management of Insomnia

By alyse michelle on January 13, 2012 12:01 PM | No Comments

by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)

"As wholesome diet is needed for the body, so is sleep. Obesity and leanness are particularly caused by
sleep and diet." (1)
"Yoga is not for those who sleep too much, nor for those who stay awake too long" (2)
The Ayurvedic texts and Bhagavad Gita attest to the value and necessity of sleep for health, longevity
and spirituality; facts supported by contemporary research linking insomnia to a range of conditions
including obesity, heart disease, diabetes, mood disorders and car accidents (3). "Dependent on sleep
are happiness and misery, corpulence and leanness, strength and weakness, potency and impotency,
intellect and non-intellect, life and death." (4)
Yet chronic insomnia is a widespread and common disorder affecting10% to 15% of adults, with an
additional one third of all adults experiencing transient or occasional insomnia (5, 6). Patients suffering
from insomnia frequently present for Ayurvedic care, feeling dissatisfied with long term prescriptions
for sleeping pills.
Currently accepted causes of insomnia include such vatagenic factors as irregularity of schedule, use of
caffeinated beverages, particularly in the afternoon, excess exercise at bed time, disorders causing
pain or nocturnal urination, and excess anxiety and stress. Sleep disorder is also more common in
elders (i.e. in the vata time of life) affecting up to 47% of the elderly population (7). This concurs well
with the Charak Samhita, "Fear, anxiety, anger, smoking, exercise, blood-letting, fasting,
uncomfortable bed...these very factors may be taken as causes of insomnia, along with overwork, old
age, vatika disorders and aggravation of vata itself." (8)
Although, as the texts indicate, there is always an important vata component in insomnia, we typically
distinguish between vata and pitta types of insomnia. Pitta-type insomnia occurs in the pitta time of
night, from ten at night to two in the morning and so is usually experienced as difficulty falling asleep.
The mind is intense and overactive and it is difficult to relax. Instead, pitta may lay awake making
mental lists and thinking of things that need to get done. Pitta insomnia may be related to working late
at night, using the computer too late, trying to cram too many activities into the evening, or simply
staying up too late. Much as "early to bed, early to rise" is an ideal Ayurvedic lifestyle, this goal may be
unattainable for busy parents. As one pitta reported, "It takes until nine to get my son to bed, and then
I need some time to say at least a few words to my husband and some time to get ready for bed."
However, as a general rule, computer work should end no later than nine thirty, since computer screens
provoke alochak and sadhak pitta and disturb tejas, especially when used in the pitta time of night. For
pitta types who can't accomplish the ideal of actually getting to sleep in the kapha evening time, it is
at least often feasible to make ten o'clock an official bedtime, with no more work or stimulating
activities after that time. Lights should be low, and pitta can take time to relax, sip some
soothing tulsi and coriandertea or some warm milk with cardomon and massage the soles of their feet
withBhringaraj oil. Valuable herbs to help pitta get to sleep
include bhringaraj,passionflower, skullcap, Guduchi and chamomile, all of which are found in the I
Sleep Soundly formulation. . Sarvangasana is good for pitta insomnia, while Shitali, nadi
shodan/anuloma viloma and yoga nidra are invaluable.
Work-related items, including computers, cell phones and papers should be kept out of the bedroom,
so that the sleeping space becomes a peaceful retreat from the busyness of the day. A student or other
person obliged to live and study or work in the same small space can still screen off a quiet area kept
only for sleep. Pitta needs to avoid exposure to bright light for the entire duration of the night, so a
bathroom night light is helpful to remove the need of turning on the light. Pitta is extremely lightsensitive and may need thick curtains to cut out the light from street lamps. Electronic devices with
little red or green lights should be unplugged during sleep.

Pitta insomnia may occur with general pitta provocation, such as in the premenstrual days, or may be
symptomatic of pitta type depression. For insomnia accompanying pitta depression, daily use of Nasya
Oil, Brahmi tea during the day and brahmi milk at bed time will be helpful. Note that pitta insomnia
may also be secondary to acid reflux or amlapitta. The upward movement of doshas in reflux is not
conducive to good sleep, nor is the associated discomfort. For reflux-related
insomnia, Licorice and fennel tea is often very helpful. Also, pitta individuals often find that they
sleep better if they take a cup of bhumyamlaki tea at bed time, which helps prevent acid reflux and
calms the liver energy. It is best for pitta to take extra care to eat pitta soothing foods in the evening
and to take a light dinner at least three hours before bed time.
Vata insomnia occurs in the vata time of night, the 'wee small hours'. A typical vata insomniac
complains of restless sleep, tossing and turning, or waking between two and four in the morning. Often
it is impossible to get back to sleep until sunrise ushers in the heavy energy of the kapha time of
morning. Vata insomnia may be greatly worsened by vata's inherent tendency to irregular habits. A
regular bed time is essential for the vata insomniac...yet the favoured vata bed time of two in the
morning will never lead to a good night's sleep, even if vata did get a lot of wonderful artwork or music
recording done while everyone else was asleep! Other vatas let their restlessness get the better of
them by waking to watch movies when they have difficulty sleeping. Once the lights have gone out at
night, it is important to avoid bright or artificial lights for the rest of the night. Prior to the advent of
electric lights, our ancestors had no opportunity to get into bright light during the night. If vata wakes
at night, they should rest in bed and do yoga nidra rather than get up and move around. Television
should not be used in the bedroom. In general, the programming offered is more likely to stimulate
adrenalin secretion than to provide genuine relaxation. Bed time reading can also disturb vata--thrillers
and murder mysteries are not soothing whereas a paragraph or two of a spiritual book can help bring
good dreams. Vata is sensitive to electromagnetic fields and should not sleep near an electrical outlet
or electronic device.
"Massage, anointing, bath...rice with curd, milk, fat, wine, pleasant smell and sound, gentle
rubbing...well covered bed, comfortable room and proper time--these bring shortly the sleep which is
disturbed by some factor." (9) As the text suggests, daily abhyanga with vata massage oil is extremely
helpful in vata insomnia. In addition, vata can massage the soles of the feet with Bhringaraj oil at bed
time, and can also anointsthapani marma (the third eye), simanta marma (anterior fontanel)
and adipati marma(vertex) with Bhringaraj oil at night. Shirodhara with Shirodhara oil is beneficial,
particularly because of the heavy quality of sesame oil.
Insomnia is associated with the chala, laghu, and vishada qualities of vata and so is best managed by
foods and herbs having sthira, guru and avila qualities. Milk fits this description excellently. A cup of
warm milk with cardomon, cinnamon and ghee is a good bed time drink for vata. Better still; a
teaspoon of Ashwagandha can be stirred into this warm spiced milk. Daily Nasya oil is also helpful in
vata insomnia. Herbs such as valerian and nutmeg, which have the heaviness of tamas guna, are
valuable for sleep, while the major vata soothing herbs, Ashwagandha and Vidari, are also needed in a
sleep formula for vata. These key herbs for vata insomnia are found in the I Sleep Soundly formula, a
good all round formulation for vata, pitta and dual-doshic forms of insomnia. Yoga practice for vata
insomnia should emphasize sthira rather than chalaenergies, with an emphasis on asanas that bring
stability and balance, and on holding poses for longer and entering into the asana more deeply. Rough,
light and astringent foods such as salads and rice cakes should be avoided, especially at night. A
comforting soup is a good light dinner for vata.
Vata insomnia is often a simple manifestation of a vatagenic lifestyle or general vata provocation, but
it may also be an important symptom of vata depression, anxiety disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome of
vata type, or PTSD (Post traumatic stress disorder). For these major conditions, deeper measures such
as pancha karma are indicated.
Although kapha is not in itself related directly to insomnia, but rather to excess sleep, there are a
number of kapha conditions which can lead to poor sleep. These include prostatic hyperplasia, which
can disturb sleep because of nocturnal urination, asthma, which disturbs sleep because of breathing

difficulties at night, and sleep apnoea, a significant cause of insomnia particularly in elderly, obese
men with type II diabetes. (10) When elders of kapha prakruti or vikruti complain of insomnia, it is
advisable to look into these possible primary conditions and provide appropriate chikitsa.
As we have seen, simple lifestyle measures and use of appropriate oils and herbal remedies such as I
Sleep Soundly will be effective in many cases of insomnia. At the same time, the practitioner should
look deeper to determine whether the insomnia is a primary condition or a secondary manifestation of
a significant illness which must be managed in its own right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Charak Samhita Sutrasthana xxi 51 tr. PV Sharma Chaukhambha Orientalia 1994

Bhagavad Gita, ch. 6 v. 16 author's rendition
Sleep disturbances and chronic disease in older adults Results of the 2003 National Sleep
Foundation Sleep in America Survey. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Volume 56, Issue 5, Pages
497 - 502 D . Foley, S. Ancoli-Israel, P. Britz, J. Walsh
Charak Samhita Sutrasthana xxi 36-37 tr. PV Sharma Chaukhambha Orientalia 1994
Roth T. New developments for treating sleep disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(suppl 10):34.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Insomnia. Insomnia: assessment
and management in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 1999;59:3029-3038
Foley DJ, Monjan AA, Brown SL, Simonsick EM,Wallace RB, Blazer DG Sleep complaints among
elderly persons: an epidemiologic study of three communities.Sleep1995; 18:425-432
Charak Samhita Sutrasthana xxi 55-57 tr. PV Sharma Chaukhambha Orientalia 1994
Charak Samhita Sutrasthana xxi 52-54 tr. PV Sharma Chaukhambha Orientalia 1994
Smith S, Sullivan K, Hopkins W, Douglas J Frequency of insomnia report in patients with
obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnea syndrome Sleep Med 2004;5(5):449-56.

11.

Ayurvedic Approaches to Intestinal Parasites

12. By alyse michelle on January 13, 2012 10:56 AM | No Comments

13. by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)

14. Intestinal parasites, known in Ayurveda as krumi, are troublesome, widespread and often
poorly understood. In this article we will consider the types of parasite commonly found, who
may be affected, how to make the diagnosis, how this condition may be managed Ayurvedically
and how it may affect other aspects of Ayurvedic treatment.
15. Perhaps the most common parasite affecting people in the US at this time is giardia lamblia, a
flagellate protozoon which can give rise to giardiasis. Giardia can exist in a hardy, dormant cyst
form which can survive for long periods of time in soil or water, becoming active and
reproducing once it enters the host body. It can affect both humans and animals and can be
readily transmitted between species. Much more virulent, though less common in this country,
is endamoeba histolytica. This is a simple nucleated cell which can invade the colon through
secreting histolytic enzymes which destroy tissue. Amoebiasis is a cause of considerable death
and disease worldwide. Likegiardia, e. histolytica can survive outside the body in a cyst form
which becomes active when ingested. It relative, endamoeba hartmanii, can cause sublinical
infection in susceptible individuals. Blastocystis hominis is a common microscopic parasite that
can survive in the body for years and is thought to give rise to troublesome symptoms of
blastocystosis in certain individuals.
16. People in many walks of life may be affected by giardaisis. Young children can pass the disease
around in day-care centres, resulting in many a diaper filled with runny green diarrhoea. Cats
can contract the disease from eating infected mice, while dogs who run and play outdoors may
also develop giardiasis. Humans who live in close contact with their pets and deal with their
animal's faeces may expose themselves to infection unless they practice strict hygiene.
Backpackers present the classic case of giardiasis, also known as beaver dam fever. By drinking
out of infected streams, which may appear crystal clear, they can ruin a holiday by developing
watery diarrhoea. Of course, they also contaminate the situation further for other
backpackers. Elk, deer and beaver are now carriers of giardia. Since elk live on top of the
continental divide in summer, one can never hike high enough to reach an uncontaminated
area. Wells in rural or mountain areas may be contaminated by giardia and city water supplies

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are also suspect. Sushi eaters are at risk since it is very unwise to consume raw fish in a world
where raw sewage is discharged into the oceans. Salads eaten at chain restaurants where prep
cooks are poorly paid and have little education may also be a source of infection. And of
course, travel overseas in third world countries increase the risk of water borne giardiasis.
Amoebiasis is most commonly seen in world travellers, although I have one patient who
apparently developed amoebic liver disease from the city water supply in a mountain town in
Colorado. E. Histolytica is widespread in India, Mexico, Latin America, Africa and South East
Asia. Travellers returning from these countries with intestinal symptoms or low energy should
be taken very seriously, since amoebiasis is such a dangerous illness. It is worth noting in this
connexion that both amoeba and giardia can remain in the body for years in the dormant cyst
form, hidden in lakes in the hepatic parenchyma or in folds in the intestines. Whenever a
stressor tips the host parasite balance in their favour, they can reactivate and cause a fresh
outbreak of symptoms. Thus individuals who have ever had amoebiasis should be taken very
seriously whenever they complain of symptoms. The milder parasites such as blastocystis are
spread by similar situations. In cases of parasitic disease, all members of the family, human,
feline or canine, can spread the infection to one another, so all should be considered at risk.
Although the clinical diagnosis of parasitic disease may be elusive, the experienced practitioner
will soon recognize classic and familiar story lines. Often the client has had vague symptoms
for so long that they are accustomed to them and do not identify them as a problem. Instead,
they will point to small complaints that are indeed incidental effects of the ama resulting from
parasitic disease. Some classic "presenting complaint lines" include, "I am sorry to trouble you,
Doctor, when there are others who are so much sicker, but I have dandruff and toenail fungus."
Or, "I really don't have any complaints, I was just curious about Ayurveda" (Personally I would
not spend that much money out of sheer curiosity). Or "I just don't seem to be eating right/I
need guidance about what to eat." Once these typical opening gambits are heard, I would ask a
series of questions pertinent to intestinal parasites.
"How is your digestion?" "Fine" (I put that in quote marks because I don't believe it.) "Do you
suffer from gas or bloating?" "All the time." (Puzzled look: implication being "Doesn't everyone?)
"Are your stools regular?" "Yes, as long as I eat prunes every day." (Constipation can be a
symptom of chronic intestinal parasites) Or, "Yes, very regular. I go at least three times a day."
(Malabsorption could also be a symptom.) "What tastes do you crave?" "Chips and salsa." (Due to
low agni, a client with parasites often craves spicy food.) Or, "Chocolate." (This may be a
symptom of low energy.) "Do you feel tired when you wake in the morning?" "Do you feel like
napping in the afternoon?" "Are you doing as well in school/work as you expect to?" (Poor
motivation arises from parasite -caused ama.) "How is your mental clarity?" (Brain fog also
results from parasite-caused ama.)
Specific symptoms relating to amoebiasis in particular include waking in the morning due to a
strong urge to pass stool, having a strong urge to defecate immediately after eating, emotional
lability and unexplained fatigue. Specific symptoms that may relate to giardiasis include upper
abdominal bloating and burping. This occurs because giardiacan affect the upper digestive
tract. Alternating constipation and diarrhoea or episodic diarrhoea can also be common
symptoms of any parasitic infection. Less obvious symptoms of parasites include eczema, adult
acne and arthritic pain. It is important always to consider whether krumi plays a part in
the samprapti of any condition affecting rasa dhatu.
If the client answered 'yes' to many if not all of these questions, by now I'm confident of what I
will see when I proceed to physical examination. Typical findings on the nails include marked
vertical ridging, missing moons and white dots. Red, puffy nail beds often point to an
overgrowth of candida albicans, a common accompaniment of intestinal
parasites. Candida flourishes in the ama caused by parasites. Parasites createama and ama is a
breeding ground for yeasts and parasites, thus setting up a vicious cycle.
On the tongue I will expect to see a thick, greasy coating with small shaved areas towards the
rear. Tooth marks may indicate swelling of the tongue due to malabsorption. Women in
particular may appear anaemic, with pale conjunctiva.
On the face, take note of a bluish, pinched area on either side between the bridge of the nose
and the orbits of the eyes. In the pulse, note a weak spleen pulse and colon pulse and a

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weak rasa dhatu. Agni type may be tikshnagni, visham or mandagni. The person who craves
chips and salsa may have mandagni, the one with gas, bloating and constipation has
classic vishamagni, and the one with diarrhoea and insatiable appetite has tikshnagni and an
excess of the sour and liquid properties of pitta.
Laboratory diagnosis may help or confuse the situation. While a positive stool test can confirm
your findings, a negative stool test tells little more than the absence of parasites in that
particular stool specimen. Stool diagnosis may be critical before placing someone on strong
medication such as Flagyl, but is not so essential for the Ayurvedic approach. If the clinical
diagnostic signs and symptoms are present, it is fine to use anti-krumi herbs, which are also
generally beneficial for the digestion. When the client gets well on the anti-krumi regimen, this
confirms your diagnosis.
In the case of intestinal parasites, prevention is the better part of cure. In order for the herbs
to be effective, you must be confident the client is not re-infecting themselves. Provide
counselling about hygiene and keeping pets away from the pillow and eating areas, as well as
about safe drinking water and selecting cooked food in restaurants. Water purifiers should be
used in the mountains and on trips overseas. It is also important to provide more specific
Ayurvedic advice on how to prevent build up of ama by emphasising proper food combining and
meal spacing. Diet should be freshly prepared and should not include heavy, ama-causing foods
such as deep fried items, hard cheeses and milk.
In terms of herbs, Vidanga is of course the star in this situation, famous for its effectiveness
against all types of worms and parasites. Due to its hot energy and
pungent vipak, Vidanga should be carefully combined in a formula suitable
for prakrutiand vikruti. It will also be more effective used with synergistic herbs such
as Turmeric, which has strong anti-parasitical and anti-yeast actions, and Chitrak, which will
kindleagni and burn parasite-related ama. In a pitta individual one could choose Guduchi to
balance pitta and mitigate the hot effect of Vidanga. In a kapha person one could
usePunarnava, which as well as balancing kapha will have anti-parasitical activity in its own
right, and Trikatu, which will kindle agni, burn ama and have synergistic anti-parasitical
effects. Mahasudarshan is very anti-parasitical as well as helping balancetikshnagni and sweet
cravings. It is valuable in both pitta and kapha. In a vata person we could select Hingvastak as
an excellent remedy for vishamagni which is also anti-parasitical. Herbal formulae
for krumi are best given before meals for maximum effect upon the colon. Honey may be a
good anupan as it is anti-parasitical in its own right. However, when a yeast/Candida
overgrowth is suspected, it may be better to use Aloe Vera as the anupan, since any sweet item
can exacerbate a yeast overgrowth.
There are some special considerations to be aware of when treating krumi. Whereas normally
one expects a client to improve steadily once they start taking herbs, wherekrumi is concerned
this is not always the case. Often, untoward symptoms may arise, including digestive upset,
low grade fever, flu-like symptoms, body aches, joint pain, dizziness, ringing in the ears and
increased fatigue. Typically the client will complain that the herbs are disagreeing with them.
In fact, what they are experiencing is typical die-off reaction. I usually explain that the
unwanted symptoms are caused not by the herbs but by the dead parasite bodies. Most people
are quite willing to appreciate that this shows that the herbs are working. The best remedy for
the die-off reaction is Sat Isabgol, half a teaspoon at bed-time mixed in warm water. The
Isabgol will pull the dead parasite matter out of the system, thus mitigating the symptoms.
Usually the die-off symptoms occur in waves, punctuated by periods where the client feels
better than ever. The worst die-off reactions occur when there is a massive yeast overgrowth,
as yeasts are much more numerous than the parasites, being an overgrowth rather than an
infection.
When krumi infection is suspected, it must be dealt with before proceeding to other stages of
the treatment plan. If the anti-krumi formula is based around a doshapratyanika herb (a herb
that will be antagonistic to the excess dosha), then one can proceed with balancing dosha as
well as treating parasites. Panchakarma is best done after the parasitic infection has been
addressed, which may take from one to three months.

29. Another important treatment consideration, which cannot be over-emphasised-- treat the
whole family. The family pets can be treated for parasites by their vet and the human family
members can each take an Ayurvedic formula tailored to their ownprakruti and vikruti.
30. Few things are as rewarding as to assist someone in feeling well and fulfilling their potential.
By understanding the causes, symptoms and Ayurvedic treatment of intestinal parasites, we can
greatly improve wellbeing, even in those who scarcely knew they were sick.

Ayurvedic Approaches to Heart Disease

By Alakananda Ma on January 13, 2012 10:47 AM | No Comments

by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)

Throughout the developed world, coronary artery disease is the foremost cause of morbidity and
mortality, causing over half a million deaths a year in the US alone. To a great extent, the disease is
lifestyle-related, and results from a kapha-provoking sedentary lifestyle, coupled with excess
consumption of fatty foods, especially trans-fats, and insufficient intake of fruits and
vegetables. Pitta factors such as stress and overwork are also known to play a major role. "Metabolic
syndrome", as it is currently described, is the precursor to heat disease. Consisting of abdominal
obesity, elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance and a
prothrombotic state (sticky blood that clots too easily), metabolic syndrome could more accurately be
called kapha syndrome.
Modern, reductionist physiology has tended to see the heart's importance mainly in terms of its action
as a circulatory pump. However, contemporary research shows that the heart is also an endocrine
gland, producing neurotransmitters in response to emotional stimuli. The heart produces adrenaline
and dopamine as well as oxytocin, the "love hormone."(1, 2).
These findings only serve to validate the perspective of the Ayurvedic classics, which describe the
heart as the seat of consciousness, known as hridaya, from which our word "heart" originates, as well
as mahat--the great.
"The body with six divisions, sense organs, five sense objects, atma (self) together with qualities,
mind along with its objects are located in the heart." (3)
Like the central girder of a house, the heart holds the aspects of the body together. "It is also the seat
of the excellent ojas and reservoir of consciousness (chitta)." (4)
Because of this emphasis on the heart as the seat of consciousness, the Ayurvedic classics emphasise
that "One who wants to protect the heart...should avoid particularly the causes of affliction of the
mind."(5)
Contemporary studies underscore the close relationship between heart disease and negative
emotions. "Negative emotions are associated with increased CHD (chronic heart disease) incidence
among otherwise healthy men even when results are controlled for the presence of components of the
metabolic syndrome or markers of sympathetic nervous system activity." (6) According to the American
Psychiatric association,"Hostility is a better predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD) in older men
than a variety of other sociodemographic and physiological risk factors, including smoking, drinking,
high caloric intake and high levels of LDL cholesterol, according to a new study published in Health
Psychology (Vol. 21, No. 6)". Another study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine,
demonstrated that marital dissatisfaction tripled a woman's chances of having metabolic syndrome. A
study by Prof. Tim Smith at the University of Utah recently indicated that hostility during marital
disputes could increase hardening of the arteries in women's hearts, while controlling behaviour during
marital disputes did the same for men's hearts. Warm, intimate and supportive relationships are as
important for heart health as a good diet.
Changes in complexion, breathlessness, confusion and lack of appetite are symptoms that may indicate
hrid rog or heart disease. Vata symptoms of heart disease include palpitations and

arrhythmia, pitta symptoms are angina-- a pain often confused with heartburn-- and a yellowish
colouration caused when the liver is congested by heart failure. Indications of kapha heart disease
include drowsiness, cough and a heavy sensation in the heart. (7)
Ayurvedic chikitsa for CHD and metabolic syndrome involves a multi-faceted approach. After
determining the main dosha(s) involved by history taking and pulse diagnosis, the practitioner will need
to address ama and agni, pacify the involved doshas, initiate appropriate diet and lifestyle changes,
address emotional issues and recommend specific herbs for heart health.
Simple methods such as ginger tea in the morning will be helpful for burning ama and increasing agni-fresh ginger is best for vata and pitta and dry ginger for kapha. The Ayurvedic spice cinnamon has
been shown to enhance the activity of insulin (8, 9), improve blood lipids, (10) and provide valuable
anti-oxidants to help prevent CHD. (11) Thus for the individual with kapha syndrome, a morning tea of
dry ginger and organic cinnamon is ideal.
For vata provoked individual with hypertension and CHD, Ashwagandha and Dashamoola are good
choices to pacify vata, alleviate stress and lower blood pressure, while Brahmiwill regulate heart
rate. Amlaki is ideal to pacify pitta, since it is an excellent antioxidant and has been shown to lower
cholesterol and reverse arterial plaque formation. (12) As long as the blood sugar is not significantly
elevated, one can also useChyavanprash, which has all the benefits of Amlaki and additionally
improves lung function in situations where breathlessness is a symptom, as well as enhancing
metabolism. Punarnava is the best choice to pacify kapha and eliminate retained fluid in mild heart
failure. It is also an important heart tonic. In addition, for metabolic
syndrome, Neem and Turmeric will both lower blood glucose and reverse the prothrombotic
state. Sweet Ease is a combination well tailored to the need of individuals with metabolic syndrome.
For raised cholesterol, Triphala or Triphala Guggulu are ideal kapha pacifying choices.
Diet and lifestyle changes are essential in the management of CHD. Diet should be appropriate for the
doshic involvement, with emphasis on reducing intake of fried food, eliminating trans-fats, lowering
salt intake and increasing the consumption of legumes, vegetables and doshically appropriate berries
and fruits. Food combining will be highly beneficial in improving agni and preventing further ama build
up. A good exercise plan is essential. While regular exercise is extremely beneficial for CHD and
metabolic syndrome; irregular excessive exercise can precipitate a heart attack. As a junior doctor on
the wards, I admitted several pitta men under forty who had a heart attack at the eighteenth hole
while golfing after a sedentary week. Cigarette smoking of course should be eliminated as it is a well
known cause of heart and arterial disease. A hard-driving, overworked, pittagenic lifestyle must be
modified by the use of yoga, shivasana and meditation to introduce an emphasis on being rather than
doing. The business lunch-- still worse, the business dinner-- is a significant culprit in precipitating
heart attacks because of the combination of excess consumption of heavy food with stressful
negotiations. Selecting restaurants with lighter choices such as salads or stir-fried vegetables could add
years to the susceptible businessman or businesswoman's life.
A holistic approach to CHD requires that we address the issue of negative emotions, helping clients find
skilful means to foster positive emotions and healthy relationships and change habitual patterns of
dwelling on negative emotions such as hostility. Practices for cultivating loving kindness are particularly
beneficial in this regard. In addition to these practices, Brahmi, Bacopa and Tulsi are useful in
reducing ingrained patterns of stress and anxiety and helping build the capacity for sattvic, positive
states of mind.
Heart-specific herbs are a most valuable addition to the individual's programme. Of these the most
outstanding is Arjun (terminalia arjuna). Arjuna is possessed of astringent and bitter rasa,
cooling virya and pungent vipak. It is especially beneficial forpitta and kapha. A number of active
components have been identified in Arjun, including Tannins, Triterpenoid saponins (arjunic acid,
arjunolic acid, arjungenin, arjunglycosides), Flavonoids (arjunone, arjunolone, luteolin), Gallic acid,
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs)and Phytosterols (b-sitosterol). Arjuna is cardioprotective (13),
strengthens heart muscle and has been shown to lower cholesterol significantly.

"To evaluate the antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree bark (a
popular cardiotonic substance in Indian pharmacopoeia) and to compare it with a known antioxidant,
vitamin E, we performed a randomized controlled trial. Terminalia arjuna tree bark powder had
significant antioxidant action that is comparable to vitamin E. In addition, it also has a significant
hypocholesterolaemic effect."(14)
Arjun is more effective in angina than nitroglycerin, the standard medicine (15). In addition, Arjuna
has diuretic properties that help reduce hypertension and are beneficial in congestive cardiac failure.
Arjuna even has antibiotic capabilities valuable in Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis. Named for Shri
Krishna's best friend, Arjuna is a mighty and well armed warrior able to combat all aspects of hrid
rog. Arjuna is best used in combination with supportive herbs that supply additional effectiveness in
lowering cholesterol, strengthening heart muscle and reducing blood stickiness. For example, Heart
Formula combines Arjuna, Punarnava, Amlaki, Triphala, Guggulu and other valuable herbs for heart
health.
Arjuna the mighty warrior and his companion herbs provide great help in incipient and chronic heart
disease. Genuine well being requires the combination of proper diet, exercise and lifestyle regimens
along with these powerful herbs, for Ayurveda is never simply as matter of pill popping. With the help
of herbal allies such as Arjuna, it may be possible to avoid reliance on toxic medications to control
cholesterol, blood pressure and angina.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Lacey, J. I. and B. C. Lacey (1978). Two-way communication between the heart and the brain:
Significance of time within the cardiac cycle. American Psychologist (February): 99-113.
LeDoux, J. (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New
York, Simon and Schuster.
Charak samhita, Sutrasthan ,Ch XXX v3-4, tr. PV Sharma, Chaukhamba Orentalia.
Ibid v 6-7
Ibid v 13.
Todaro JF, et al. Effect of negative emotions on frequency of coronary heart disease (the
Normative Aging Study). Am J Cardiol October 15, 2003;92:901-6.
Charak Samhita, Chikitsasthanam, Ch XXVI v 70-73.
J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jan 14;52(1):65-709)
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003 Dec;62(3):139-48
Kham A et al. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diab Care
2003, 26:3215-18.
American Chemical Society May 19 2004 web Journal
Antony B, Merina B, Sheeba V, Mukkadan J. Effect of standardized Amla extract on
atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. Indian J Pharm Sci 2006;68:437-441
Cardioprotective effect of the alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark in an in vivo model of
myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Life Sci. 2003 Oct 10;73(21):2727-39.
Gupta R. Singal S. Goyle A. Sharma VN. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 Feb;49:231-5.
Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled,
crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide

16.

Ayurveda and Optimal Blood Sugar Levels

17. By Alakananda Ma on January 12, 2012 4:44 PM | No Comments

18. by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)

19. According to the latest medical research, optimal blood sugar levels should be significantly
lower than the so-called "normal" range, "shifting the entire population glycaemia curve to the
left." (Editorial, BMJ 2001; 322:5-6). It is essential for us as Ayurvedic practitioners to be
abreast of these current understandings, so that we can apply the correct chikitsa to prevent
serious illnesses in our clients.
20. In an important article in The Lancet, (2006 Nov 11; 368(9548):1651-9) the authors note that
"Cardiovascular mortality risk increases continuously with blood glucose, from concentrations
well below conventional thresholds used to define diabetes." They further note that, "Higher-

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.
26.

than-optimum blood glucose is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in most world

regions." In fact, high blood sugar is linked, worldwide, to 3,160,000 deaths each year.
Traditionally, the ADA has held fasting blood glucose of less than 100mg/dL as "normal". Yet the
Lancet study showed that risk started to increase at 4.9mmol, or 88.2mg/dL; a number that
would pass as very normal on a blood sugar test. An Israeli study published in the New England
Journal of Medicine in 2005 followed healthy, non-diabetic Israeli soldiers for an average of
over five years. Co-author Dr. Iris Shai noted that, "What we found was that men with fasting
blood glucose levels at the high end of normal - between 95 to 99 mg/dl - had about three
times the risk of developing type 2 diabetes as men with blood sugar levels under 81 mg/dl."
Furthermore, "If you combine those high end levels with other factors like obesity or high
triglycerides, the risk is even higher."
I have found it helpful to look at blood glucose levels in three segments, explaining carefully to
clients where they fall on the spectrum and enlisting their support in achieving optimal levels
even after their doctor may have told them everything is "fine." A standard for diagnosis of
diabetes is fasting blood glucose of 126mg/dL or above, on more that one test and
accompanied by symptoms of diabetes. Those who have fasting blood glucose of 100-125mg/dL
are typically said to be pre-diabetic. They may have symptoms such as overweight or obesity,
high cholesterol and high blood pressure. While with these two groups the diagnosis is pretty
clear cut, it is important to consider the third group, those who have peri-diabetes. These
individuals have fasting blood sugar in the range of 86-99mg/dL. In addition, they may have a
family history of diabetes, as well as sugar cravings, and abdominal weight gain.
Once we have segmented our group in terms of how close they are to developing diabetes per
se, we of course need to further segment in terms of tridosha. A peri-diabetic vata may be of
fairly normal weight, yet with a little pot belly indicating build up of hard fat intraabdominally. They may have an erratic eating pattern that focuses around refined sugar. A
typical day for this individual might look like this. Skips breakfast, has some black coffee in the
car on the way to work. 11a.m-- gets a Snickers Bar from the vending machine. Lunch--has a
salad. Four p.m. more refined sugar snacks or perhaps a diet soda. After dinner, they may
consume chips, popcorn or cookies throughout the evening. The peri-diabetic pitta, on the
other hand, is overweight or borderline obese. They crave breads, chocolate and sweets
throughout the day and eat ice cream after dinner. They experience tikshnagni which is
worsened every time they consume a refined sugar or refined carbohydrate. The more sugar
they eat, the hungrier they become, leading to an uncontrollable urge to continue snacking.
They experience irritability in relation to any delay in their meals. Their blood pressure is
elevated to 130-85 or above and their cholesterol is moderately elevated. As for the peridiabetic kapha--this individual is typically obese, eats a lot of desserts, and craves
carbohydrates although they feel sleepy after consuming them. They try to lighten their diet by
skipping breakfast only to end up consuming large amounts of high calorie foods calories during
and after dinner. Their blood pressure may be 140/90 or higher and their cholesterol and
triglycerides are elevated. Although different strategies are needed for each in terms
of chikitsa, it is worth noting that the vata under-eater, the pitta overeater and the kapha food
addict all face an increased risk of heart disease, macular degeneration and cancer.
Although Ayurvedic care will be of immense value at any point in the spectrum of diabetes, it is
in the peri-diabetic group that Ayurvedic care can make a world of difference. At this stage, we
have the opportunity to intervene at the earlier stages of the kriya kala process; whereas by
the time pre-diabetes or diabetes is medically diagnosed the disease has already progressed to
the vyakti and bheda stages, with significant irreversible damage.
Diet, exercise and lifestyle changes are universally recommended for diabetes. In addition,
Ayurveda offers valuable herbal remedies to help maintain blood sugar at an optimal level.
In terms of diet, the most important area to address is breakfast. A skipped or sugary breakfast
sets off negative hormonal cascades for the remainder of the day. For the vata who skips
breakfast, cascades of adrenalin and noradrenalin lead to reduced appetite for wholesome full
meals and craving for sugary snacks. For the pitta who has sugar puffs for breakfast, the day
starts with excess insulin production leading to increased tikshnagni and craving for
carbohydrates. For the kapha who skips breakfast, elevated cortisol levels lead to compulsive

27.

28.

29.

30.

overeating and weight gain. The best plan for any peri-diabetic person is to avoid the sweet
breakfast. Kitcheri can be an excellent breakfast for vata and pitta, while vegetable soup starts
the day well for kapha. For clients who eat eggs, scrambled eggs (for vata) or egg white omelet
with vegetables (for pitta and kapha) can be a great way to introduce protein at breakfast
while keeping an aura of familiarity in terms of breakfast foods. The other important point
regarding diet is to keep things light at night, avoiding dense starches in the pitta time of the
evening from six to ten p.m. Vegetable soup is a good light dinner which helps keep the fasting
blood sugar regulated. Refined sugars and refined starches should of course be eliminated from
the diet, a process which will become easier once Ayurvedic herbs begin to balance the sense
of taste and reduce cravings for starches and sugars.
Asana has been shown to improve blood sugar levels in patients on the diabetes spectrum. A
peer reviewed study in Nepal Medical College Journal. (2005 Dec; 7(2):145-7-- Malhotra V,Singh
S, Tandon OP, Sharma SB. ), showed, "significant decrease in fasting glucose levels from basal
208.3 +/- 20.0 to 171.7 +/- 19.5 mg/dl and one hour postprandial blood glucose levels
decreased from 295.3 +/- 22.0 to 269.7 +/- 19.9 mg/dl". The asana programme also improved
abdominal obesity in these subjects, with a significant change in waist-hip ratio. Asanas used in
this study were Surya Namaskar, Trikonasana, Tadasana, Sukhasana, Padmasana, Bhastrika
Pranayama, Paschimottanasana, Ardhmatsyendrasana, Pavanmuktasana, Bhujangasana,
Vajrasana, Dhanurasana and Shavasana.
In terms of herbal remedies, Ayurveda has much to offer for this situation. For peri-diabetes, it
is especially important to address the postprandial blood sugar rise. Although these individuals
may have a seemingly normal fasting blood sugar, they do not have a normal glucose tolerance,
and develop abnormal blood sugar levels after eating. Turmeric is an important home remedy
to address this situation. One 00 capsule of turmeric can be taken fifteen minutes before
eating to help smooth the blood sugar curve. For craving for sugar and
breads, Mahasudarshan is extremely valuable. Pitta and kapha can take half a teaspoon in the
morning on an empty stomach, with honey as anupan, for six weeks. Vata may be able to take a
quarter teaspoon daily for a month, to help with sugar cravings. If libido becomes an issue,
Mahasudarshan should be discontinued. Bibhitaki is an important herb for elevated blood sugar,
especially for Kapha, and can be taken half a teaspoon at bed time steeped for ten minutes in
boiling water. Bibhitaki will also help protect the eyesight from the impact of above optimal
blood sugar. For pitta peri-diabetes, Amlaki can be used in the same way. Amlaki will also help
to normalize raised cholesterol, another complication of peridiabetes. (Effect of the Indian
gooseberry (amla) on serum cholesterol levels in men aged 35-55 years. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1988
Nov;42(11):939-44.) Alternatively Triphala can be used for any of the three doshas and has
been shown in animal studies to have a significant adntidiabetic effect (Anti-diabetic activity
of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property.J Ethnopharmacol. 2002
Jul;81(2):155-60. )
Neem is another herb valuable for lowering blood sugar in pitta and kapha. Both clinical trials
and animal studies have shown that use of neem can lower insulin requirements for type II
diabetics. This seems to be because A. indica leaf extract blocks significantly the inhibitory
effect of serotonin on insulin secretion mediated by glucose..( JEthnophamacol 1999 Nov
30;67(3):373-6). Neem can be taken along with turmeric, before meals, or used in a blood
sugar lowering formula. However, it may be quite unsuitable for vata due to being light, dry,
cold and extremely bitter. Bhumyamlaki has been shown in numerous studies to be
hypoglycemic, and can also be taken half a teaspoon at bed time steeped for ten minutes. It
will be especially valuable where there is a history of alcoholism or other liver damage
preceding the onset of peri-diabetes. It has a cold virya and light energy and is best for pitta
and kapha.
Shardunika is famed for its action in diabetes although we should note that neem has been
shown to be superior to shardunika in terms of blood sugar lowering activity.(J Ethnophamacol
1999 Nov 30;67(3):367-72.) The activity of these two herbs is quite different in that neem
works on insulin resistance and Shardunika works on enhancing insulin production and
regenerating the beta calls of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. (Antidiabetic effect of a
leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

patients. Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.

1990 Oct;30(3):295-300). Shardunika also contains saponins that temporarily destroy the ability
to perceive the sweet taste, and in addition has glycosides that inhibit glucose absorption.
Shardunika is beneficial for all three doshas although in massive doses it could stimulate pitta
due to heating virya. Various studies and my own personal experience have demonstrated that
persons with type II diabetes can permanently get off many of their antihyperglycemic drugs
and also get off the Shardunika too, after some time. In other words, the effect is curative
rather than palliative.
31. Sweet Ease contains a blend of herbs that support normal blood sugar through a variety of
modes of action. It is especially valuable for pitta and kapha individuals who have peri- or prediabetes.
32. Working with the peri-diabetic vata could be quite difficult were it not for the demonstrated
blood sugar lowering effect of Tulsi. (J Ethnophamacol 1999 Nov 30;67(3):367-72.). By drinking
Tulsi tea several times daily, taking Turmeric before meals and Triphala at bedtime, as well as
following the indicated diet modifications and asanas, vata should do quite well despite their
inability to take neem, the star antihyperglycemic herb.
33. With an array of proven herbal remedies as well as deep knowledge of dietary issues and yoga
therapy, Ayurveda can have a huge impact on the longevity and wellbeing of anyone with
elevated blood sugar. Above all, by noting the different needs of the doshic types in terms of
suitable chikitsa, we are able to tailor the regimen to the person rather than simply to the
condition. All products mentioned in this article are available
from www.banyanbotanicals.com.

34. ALOE VERA

35.
36. Common Name: Aloe Vera
37.
38. English Names: Barbados Aloe, Curacao Aloe, Indian Aloe, Jafarabad Aloe
39.
40. Sanskrit Names :Kumari, Kanya, Ghrita-kumari, Vipulasrava, Sthuladala, DirghaPatra,
Mandala.
41.
42. Hindi Names: Ghee-kunwar, Ghee-kuvar, Gvar patha
43.
44. Family: Liliaceae
45.
46. Habitat: Aloe Vera grows wild predominantly in India, Central/South America , Africa,
Arabia, also cultivated in Europe.
47.
48. Part used : Whole plant
49. Aloe Vera is a coarse-looking perennial plant with a short stem.
50. Widely prized in the ancient world as "plant of immortality". Ancient Egyptians buried it
with pharaohs in tombs. Cleopatra and Queen of Nile used it for bathing. Many ancient
physicians, such as Galen, Pliny, Dioscorides as well as Surushta and Charaka, praised its
values. It was brought to the USA from Africa in the sixteenth century. In many countries
it has become a common household remedy for the variety of uses.
51. Ayurvedic Herbal Energetics
52. Rasa
Tikta,Madhura
53. Virya
Shita
54. Vipaka
Madhura
55. Gunas
Guru, Picchila, Snigdha

56. (1,2)
57.
58. Karmas of Aloe Vera
59. Vranaropana (wound healing activity), Rasayana(rejuvenative for the skin, intestines,
female reproductive system),Artavajanana (promotes menses),Dipana (enkindles the
digestive fire),Visphota (removes pustules), Bhedaniya Purgative - powder), Raktapitta
(alleviates bleeding),Amapacana (clearing ama),Visahara (destroys poison),
Llihayakrdvrddhihara (reduces inflammations of spleen and liver), Granthi(clears tumor).
(1)
60.
61. Aloe Vera works on all dhatus and following srotas: digestive, circulatory, female
reproductive, excretory.
62.
63. VPK =
64. (1,2)
65. Aloe vera contains B12, vitamin A and E, iron, potassium, calcium, protein, folic acid,
chromium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin C, essential fatty acids and amino acids.
66.
67.
68. In human clinical studies, the juice of the Aloe plant aids digestive irritations like
colitis, IBS and soothes stomach ulcers because the plant extract encourages the release
of gastric juice enzyme needed to aid digestion called pepsin.
69. Aloe Vera gel is an excellent tonic for the liver and spleen, for the female
reproductive and blood system. Chromium--the mineral that researchers found in the
Aloe plant--is known to benefit patients suffering from circulatory problems, as well as
cardiac disease. It was found that high concentrations of the Aloe gel stimulated the
production of white blood cells in the body.
70. For 5 years, studies of five thousand patients with atheromatous heart disease were done,
adding the 'Husk of Isabgol' and 'aloe vera' to the diet. A noticeable reduction in total
serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting and post-prandial blood sugar level in
diabetic patients, total lipids and also increase in HDL were noted. Also, "the clinical
profile of these patients showed reduction in the frequency of anginal attacks and
gradually, the drugs, like verapamil, nifedipine, beta-blockers and nitrates, were tapered.
The patients, most benefitted, were diabetics (without adding any antidiabetic drug)." The
exact mechanism of the action is not known, but probably it is working because of high
fiber contest. No side effect was noted and all the five thousand patients are surviving till
date.(3 )

71. Chinese scientists researched antioxidant properties and cell protective effects of a
polysaccharide from Aloe vera. The result suggested that it "could be a preventive and
therapeutic significance to some free radical associated health problems such as coronary
heart ailments, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Furthermore, the finding shed as
well fresh light helpful for a better understanding of the health-benefiting potential of the
edible plant consumed by the Chinese people for a couple of centuries."(4)
72. It supports the immune system and healthy breathing. Pacifies all agnis, reduces and
rejuvenate Pitta. 2t of it can be taken 3 times a day, with a pinch of turmeric as a general
tonic (2). Externally, the gel has been used in many ways: cosmetics, wound-healing,
psoriases (5). "Freeze-dried Aloe vera extract is a natural effective ingredient for
improving skin hydration, possibly through a humectant mechanism. Consequently, it
may be used in moisturizing cosmetic formulations and also as a complement in the
treatment of dry skin."(6,). Separate studies revealed that adding aloe vera gel in the
sunscreen increases efficiency of the formulation more then four times. (6)
73.
74. Aloe latex is officially approved as a laxative in the US, Germany, England. It is
recommended for such conditions as hemorrhoids, fissures, after rectal and anal
surgeries. Externally, latex is used as a soothing agent in treating burns and mild cuts in a
gel form (7).
75. Aloe Vera gel showed significant results in treating diabetes mellitus, asthma, and peptic
ulcers
76. In animal studies, aloe gel showed wound healing, anti-inflammatory, gastro protective,
spermicidal, antiviral, as well as cholesterol lowering and immune-stimulating qualities
(8, 9 ).
77. Wound healing. A recent study showed aloe is more effective than conventional
treatments for burns, frostbite, and intra-arterial damage.
78. Antiviral and spermicidal effect was shown in an in vitro study. The authors concluded
that it might be useful as a contraceptive, especially in preventing the transmission
79. of HIV.
80. Gastro protective properties. When aloe gel was given to rats before ulcer inducing
stress, the number of ulcers decreased by 80%. After developing ulcers, the animals given
aloe vera gel recovered 3 times faster compare to the control animals (9).
81. Immune stimulation. When given orally to animals, it was shown to lower cholesterol.
82. Animal studies found antitumor and anticancer activity in alcoholic extract of aloe.
83.
84.
85. Recent human clinical studies of external use of aloe vera gel for wound healing and
psoriasis showed that aloe accelerated healing by 72 hours (patients after dermabrasion).
86. The wounds of patients with frostbites and burns healed faster and had less tissue loss
and fewer complications compare with conventional methods (10).
87. The internal use of the gel has been studied for treating asthma; diabetes mellitus and
peptic ulcers showed and reported positive results ( 8 ).

88.
89. In addition to gel and powder form, tincture and fermented gel are being used.
90. The famous classic Ayurvedic medicine, Kumaryasava, uses fermented aloe gel to make
a tonic herbal wine, such a wine which is normally flavored using jaagery or honey and
varied spices. It is used as a remedy for the treatment of anemia in patients; in the
treatment of the digestive system, various female reproductive and liver disorders.
91. "...This recipe increases strength, color, digestive capacity, weight and taste, acts as a
aphrodisiac, relieves pain of indigestion, eight kinds of udara (abdominal inlargment ),
severe kshaya (consumption), twenty kinds of prameha (diabetes ), udavarta ( reverse
peristalsis ), apasmara ( epilepsy ), sukra dosas ( disorders of the semen ), ashmari
( urinary calculus ), krmi ( parasites ) and raktapitta ( purpura ) without doubt (18-27)."
(11).
92.
93. Aloe can be combined with shatavari as a nutritive tonic, with gentian as a bitter tonic,
with manjista as an emmenagogue (12).
94.
95. Contraindications: pregnancy (powder), powder in vata constipation.
96. Aloe Vera is contraindicated in cases of known allergy to plants in the Liliaceae family.
97.
98. Conclusion
99. Aloe vera is well known and used worldwide as a medicinal plant.
100.
The external use of aloe vera for minor wounds, burns (including radiation burns),
and frostbites has been established through extensive use and clinical and
pharmacological studies. The internal use of Aloe vera for peptic ulcer, diabetes type 2,
asthma, HIV and many other potential uses needs additional studies. Since ancient time,
aloe has provided humankind with numerous valuable medicinal products. Human
studies continue to confirm its therapeutic use.
101.
102.
References.
103.
104.
105.
1. Dr.Pole, Sebastian. Ayurvedic Medicine. Livingstone: Elsevier, 2006.
106.
2.. Frawley, David, and Dr. Lad ,Vasant. The Yoga of Herbs. Twin Lakes: Lotus
Press ,
2008
107.
3. Agarwal , OP. "Prevention of atheromatous heart disease". Angiology 1985
Aug;36(8):-: 485-492.
108.
4. Wu JH, Xu C, Shan CY, Tan RX, "Antioxidant properties and PC12 cell
protective effects of APS-1, a polysaccharide from Aloe vera var. chinensis". Life
Sci.2006 Jan : 622-630.
109.
5.. Bruneton,J. 1995. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medical Plants. .Paris
Lavoisier Publishing.
110.
6. Dal'Belo SE, Gaspar LR, Maia Campos PM., "Moisturizing effect of cosmetic
formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin
bioengineering techniques.". Skin Res Technol. 2006 Nov;: 241-246.
111.
7. Bradley,P.R.,1992.British Herbal Compendium.Vol.1.Dorset:British Herbal
Medicine Association

112.
8. Davis,R.H.et.al.1994.Mannose-6-Phosphate:Anti-inflammatory and wound
healing activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera.J.Appl.Hort.,2(1):10-14
113.
9. Danhof,I. 1991.Potential Benefits from Orally ingested Internal Aloe vera Gel.
Irving, Texas: International Aloe Science Council 10th Annual Aloe Scientific Seminar
114.
10.. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, Vol 79, Issue 11 559562, Copyright 1989 by American Podiatric Medical Association
115.
11. Bhavaprakasa of Bhavamisra. Chwkhamba Krishnadas Academy
116.
12. "HerbMed". Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. 03.29.10
<www.herbmed.org>.
117.
118.
Ashwagandha, winter cherry, "Indian Ginseng", also known as Physalis
somnifera
119.
120.
Regional Names
121.
122.
Sanskrit- Turangi-gandha; Hindi- Punir, Asgandh; BengaliAshvaganda; Marathi- Askandha tilli; Gujarati- Ghodakun, Ghoda, Asoda,
Asan; Telugu- Pulivendram, Panneru-gadda, Panneru; Tamil- Amukkura,
Amkulang, Amukkuram-kilangu, Amulang-kalung, Aswagandhi; KannadaViremaddlinagadde, Pannaeru, Aswagandhi, Kiremallinagida, PunjabiAsgand, Isgand
123.
124.
Other names
125.
126.
Achuvagandi, Ajagandha Alkekengi,Amikkira-gadday, Amukkirakilzhangu, Amukran-kizhangu, Asagandha, Asundha, Bladder Cherry, Chinese
Lantern Plant, Fatarfoda, Hirimaddina-gadday, Hirre- gadday, Pevette,
Physalis, Sogade-beru, Withania, Kanaje, Samm Al Ferakh.
127.
128.
Etymology
129.
130.
The Sanskrit name, Ashwagandha, comes from the unusual smell of its
root, which is similar to that of a sweaty horse. Ashua= horse Gundha=smell.
131.
The species name somnifera means "sleep-bearing" in Latin, indicating
it was considered a sedative.
132.
133.
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Asteridae
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Withania
Species: Wilthamnia Somnifera
134.
135.
Ecologic Status

136.
137.
Ashwagandha is native to the dry regions of south central Asia, and
thrives in a Mediterranean-type climate such as Southern California. It grows
prolifically in India,Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is
commercially cultivated in Madhya Pradesh (a state in India).
138.
139.
Here is a list of where it is found natively140.
AFRICA
Macaronesia: Cape Verde; Spain - Canary Islands
Northern Africa: Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia
Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan
East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda
West Tropical Africa: Liberia; Mali; Nigeria
South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Southern Africa: Botswana; Lesotho; Namibia; South Africa - Cape Province,
Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal; Swaziland
Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius
141.
ASIA-TEMPERATE
Arabian Peninsula: Arabia
Western Asia: Afghanistan; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey
142.
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: India; Pakistan; Sri Lanka
143.
EUROPE
Southeastern Europe: Greece; Italy - Sardinia, Sicily
Southwestern Europe: Spain
144.

145.

Plant Parts Used

146.
Dried roots are used in Ayurveda in various formulations. Powdered roots are also
used for its nutritive properties.
147.
Ethnobotany
148.
149.
Ashwagandha root has been used in India for at least between 3,0005,000 years, to enhance libido and sexual vitality, improve fertility and overall
reproductive health, and to reduce stress. In ancient times it was drunk in
buffalo milk.

150.
Robin Lane Fox, an English scholar, mentioned Ashwagandha in his biography
about Alexander The Great. According to the biography in the time of Alexander, wine
prepared from Ashwagandha was in wide use. He and his army use to prepare this wine
to gain energy and get rid of various ailments.
151.
According to Anne Van Arsdall, a scolar of Medieval herbal remedies,
Ashwagandha was called apollinaris and also glofwyrt in The Old English Herbarium,
and had a legend that Apollo found it first and gave it to the healer Aesculapius.
152.
Ayurvedic Herbal Energetics
153.
154.
Rasa: Madhura tikta, kashaya
Guna: Laghu, Snigdha
155.
Vipaka: madhura
Virya: ushna
Karma: medhya, nidrajanana, stanyajanana, vedanasthapana, balya,
vajikarana, rasayana, Vatakaphahara
156.
157.
Preparation
158.
159.
Ashwagandha was traditionally available as powder that was made
after crushing roots of the plant thoroughly and then sieving it through a very
fine cloth. Various other preparations were being made using this powder that
is mentioned below. In today's global market Ashwagandha is available in
powder, capsules, syrups and tablet forms. It is readily available.

160.
161.

Ayurvedic classical preparations

162.
163.
Ashwagandharista -a decoction preparation that is being prepared with
Ashwagandha as a main ingredient.
164.
Ashwagandhaghrta - an Ashwagandha preparation in which it is processed in the
ghee.
165.
Ashwagandha churna- a powdered preparation of Ashwagandha
root.
166.
Ashwagandhavaleha -a classical preparation in which Ashwagandha
along with other herbs are processed to make it in a paste texture that can be
licked.

167.
Saubhagyasunthipaka - a preparation in which Ashwagandha and
sunthi (dried ginger) are taken in major proportion with other herbs taken in
smaller amounts.
168.
Sukumaraghrta - an Ashwagandha preparation made in ghee. It is
generally prepared for children.
169.
Maharasnadi yoga - a Ashwagandha preparation that is widely used
as pain killer by ayurvedic practitioners.
170.

171.

Dosage

172.

Dosage of various forms of Ashwagandha is given below

considering a person of normal weight and height. These can
vary from person to person.
173.
Churna (powder) - 3 to 6 grams
174.
Arisht (decoction) - 15 to 20 ml
175.
Ghrit (ghee) -3 to 5 ml
176.
Capsules -(350 to 400 mg) - 1 or 2
177.
Syrups -5 to 10 ml
178.
Avleha (paste) - 3 to 6 grams
179.
180.
Indications
181.
ADD/ADHD, Anorexia, anti-oxidant, asthma, bronchitis, cancer, consumption,
cough, leucoderma, edema, asthenia, anemia, exhaustion, aging, immune
dysfunction, impotence, infertility, insomnia, repeated miscarriage, paralysis,
memory loss, multiple sclerosis, neurological diseases rheumatism, arthritis,
lumbago.
182.
183.
Contraindications
184.
185.
Caution should be used with clients on anticonvulsants, and
barbiturates.Ashwagandha is traditionally avoided in lymphatic congestion,
during colds and flu, or symptoms of ama.
186.
Ayurvedic Uses
187.
-It is used in formulations for its excellent anti inflammatory & pain
relieving properties.
188.
-Application of soft paste or poultice made of leaves or roots or both of
Ashwagandha is indicated in cases of goiter & glandular inflammations.
189.
-Oil prepared with infusion from roots of Ashwagandha is
recommended in 'Daurbalya' (general weakness) to rejuvenate muscles & to
strengthen joints and associated tissues and in Vata related disorders.
190.
-It is a rasayana herb & is used for rejuvenation and revitalization of
musculo-skeletal system.
191.
-It is used in circulatory disorders for its hypotensive, brady-cardiac &
depressant properties. It helps to control cardiac inflammation.

192.
-It helps in congestion & helps in breathing difficulty. Widely used in
Ayurvedic formulations for asthma, chronic cough, allergic cough.
193.
-Ashwagandha has excellent diuretic properties. In females it is used in
formulations for uterine inflammation, leucorrhea and menstrual disorders.
194.
-Ashwagandha is widely used in Ayurvedic formulations as a tonic for
stimulating male genital system and in conditions such as loss of libido,
erectile dysfunction, oligospermia & impotence.
195.
-It has sedative & mild hypnotic properties.

196.
-Root and bitter leaves are used as a hypnotic in alcoholism and emphysematous
dyspnea.
197.
-Root is used in doses of about 30 grains in consumption, emaciation of children,
senile debility, rheumatism, in all cases of general debility, nervous exhaustion, brain-fag,
low of memory, loss of muscular energy and spermator rhoea. It infuses fresh energy and
vigor in a system worn out owing to any constitutional disease like syphilis, rheumatic
fever etc., or from over-work and thus prevents premature decay.
198.

-Leaves are used as an anthelmintic and as an application to carbuncles.

199.
-Fruits or seeds are used as diuretic, and to coagulate milk.
-Root is used as an application in obstinate ulcers and rheumatic swellings.
200.
-Ashwagandha is an ingredient in chyavanaprash. Chyavanaprash is
used as a treatment for kasa (cough), svasa (dyspnea), kshaya
(consumption), svarabheda (voice problems) and hrdroga (heart problems). It
is also used in a special type of rasayana therapy called kutipraveshika,
employed after pancha karma, whereby the patient is housed in a specially
constructed hut and consumes nothing except Chyavanaprash, rice, ghee for
a specified period of time.
201.
Ashwagandha is frequently a constituent of Ayurvedic formulas,
including shilajit.

202.
203.

204.

Specific Ayurvedic Remedies

205.
206.
-A decoction of Ashwagandha root is useful as nutrient and health restorative to
pregnant and elderly people. You can also take its powder with milk as an alternative.

207.
-Ashwagandha Ghrita promotes the nutrition and strength of children. For
improving the nutrition of weak children, give for two weeks.
-For curing the sterility of women, Ayurveda practitioners often prescribe a boiled down
decoction of Ashwagandha, milk and ghee. Take this for a few days, soon after the
menstrual period.
208.
-For involuntary loss of semen, and loss of strength, a powder consisting of
Ashwagandha, sugar, ghee, honey and long pepper is often given daily, with a milk and
rice diet.
209.
-Ashwagandha root taken with milk or clarified butter acts as an aphrodisiac and
restorative to old men. Ashwagandha - Vidari Combination is a herbal remedy for this
condition.
210.
-The powder of Ashwagandha and rock candy, in ghee is often prescribed for
lumbago, pains in the loins or small of the back.
-Fresh green root of Ashwagandha reduced to paste with cow's urine or with water heated
applied to the parts affected is useful for glandular swellings.
-Narayana Taila, an Ayurvedic herbal remedy containing Ashwagandha, is useful for
consumption, emaciation of children and rheumatism and as an enema in dysentery and
anal fistulae.
211.
-A ghrita prepared with a decoction and paste of Ashwagandha root is used
internally and an oil prepared with a decoction of the root and a number of aromatic
substances in the form of a paste is used externally for rheumatism.
212.

-For skin diseases apply Ashwagandha powder well mixed with oil to the skin.

213.
-Also for skin diseases make a paste of 1 tsp Ashwagandha, 1/2 tsp
Manjistha, and 1/2 tsp Turmeric. Apply to Scaly eczema, psoriasis, and
dermatitis.

214.
-For improving eyesight take a mixture of Ashwagandha powder, licorice powder
and juice of amla.
215.
-Apply drops into the nose in deafness, and as an ointment over the body in
hemiplegia, tetanus, rheumatism, and lumbago.
-Use a decoction of the roots of Ashwagandha, and licorice, with cow's milk to promote
lactation.
216.
-For vitiligo mix 1 tsp Ashwagandha and tsp Red Sandalwood. Take
internally + externally.

217.
-For Tuberculosis make a Yakshma, 1 tsp Ashwagandha boiled with
goats milk, 1/16 tsp pippali
218.
Take 1 cup goat's milk, add 1 cup water, put 1 tsp Ashwagandha +
1/16 tsp pippali, boil milk back to one cup. Give 1 cup morning + evening
219.
220.
221.
Medical research
222.
223.
-Adaptogen:
224.
Researchers found that rats treated with an extract of Ashwagandha
showed better stress tolerance in cold water swimming tests, a classic
experimental model of adaptogenic activity (Archana and Namasivayam
1999).
225.
-Anti-inflammatory:
226.
An extract of the aerial parts of Ashwagndha had excellent antiinflammatory effects in rats subjected to having cotton-pellets surgically
implanted under their skin (al-Hindawi et al 1992). An extract composed 80%
of Ashwagandha displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity on rats that
were exposed to a substance called carrageenan which is used to induce paw
swelling (al-Hindawi 1989).
227.
-Antioxidant:
228.
A root extract of Ashwagandha prevented the rise of experimentally
induced free radical build-up in rabbits and mice (Dhuley 1998a). In tests
conducted on rats' brains with an extract taken from Ashwagandha root, it
was found that there was significant increase in three natural anti - oxidants.
The natural antioxidants found were glutathione peroxidase, catalase and
superoxide dismutase. This ratio was constant in various repeated tests
conducted. (Bhattacharya et al 1997).
229.
-Cancer:
230.
The administration of Ashwagandha rasayana (an Ayurvedic
formulation containing Ashwagandha) significantly reduced the lung tumor
nodule formation by 55.6% in experimental animals (Menon et al. 1997). An
alcoholic extract of the dried roots showed significant antitumor and radiosensitizing effects in experimental tumors in Chinese hamster cells, without
any noticeable systemic toxicity (Devi 1996). Ashwagandha displayed
significant antitumor and radio-sensitizing effects, inhibiting tumor growth
and increasing survival in Swiss mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma, a specific type of cancer (Devi et al 1995; Sharad et al 1996). The
administration of an extract of Ashwagandha was found to significantly
reduce induced leucopenia in lab animals, indicating its usefulness in cancer
therapy (Davis and Kuttan 1998).
231.
-Central Nervous system:
232.
Isolated constituents of Ashwagandha increased neuron receptor
capacity, partly explaining the cognition-enhancing and memory-improving
effects traditionally attributed to Ashwagandha (Schliebs et al 1997). A
commercial root extract of Ashwagandha used repeatedly over nine days

lessened the development of tolerance to the pain-killing effect of morphine

and suppressed morphine-withdrawal jumps (Kulkarni and Ninan 1997).
233.
-Diabetes:
234.
The hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effects of roots of
Ashwagandha were assessed in six patients with mild Non-Insulin-Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus and six patients with mild hypercholesterolemia. The
treatment consisted of the powder of roots over a 30 day period. At the end
of the study, researchers noted a decrease in blood glucose comparable to
that of an oral hypoglycemic drug, and a significant increase in urine sodium
and urine volume, coupled with a decrease in serum cholesterol,
triglycerides, LDL (low density lipoproteins) and VLDL (very low density
lipoproteins) cholesterol, with no adverse effects noted (Andallu and Radhika
2000).
235.
-Immunity:
236.
Myelosuppressed mice (those with decreased production of red blood
cells) treated with an extract of Ashwagandha showed a significant increase
in hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, white blood cell count,
platelet count and body weight as compared to control groups. (Ziauddin et al
1996). Mice infected intravenously with Aspergillus fumigatus (a fungus which
causes strong allergic reactions) and treated for 7 consecutive days with an
oral preparation of an extract of Ashwagandha displayed increased white
blood cell activity and prolonged survival time (Dhuley 1998). The antifungal
activity of Ashwagandha has been confirmed elsewhere, attributed to a
component it contains known as withanolides (Choudhary et al 1995).
237.
-Musculo-skeletal:
238.
A formulation containing roots of Ashwagandha, the stem of Boswellia
serrata (Indian frankincense), rhizomes of Curcuma longa (Turmeric ) and a
zinc complex (Articulin-F), was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind,
placebo controlled, cross-over study in clients with osteoarthritis. The results
produced a significant drop in severity of pain and disability, although
radiological assessment did not show any significant changes. Side effects
were minimal and did not necessitate the withdrawal of treatment. (Kulkarni
et al 1991)

239.
240.

Classical References

241.
242.

Bhavaprakasa, Karsyadhikara, 40-9

243.
244.

Bhavaprakasa, Karsyadhikara, 40

245.
246.

Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Guducyadi vara, 190

247.
248.

Bhavaprakasa, Rasayanadhikara, 73-13

249.
250.

Bhavaprakasa, Snayukarogadhikara 57-8

251.
252.

Bhavaprakasa, Yonirogadhikara 70-26

253.
254.

Cakradatta

255.
256.

Cakradatta, Rasayanadhikara, 16

257.
258.

Cakradatta, Vatavyadhi cikitsa, 22-90

259.
260.

Cakradatta Vatavyadhi cikitsa, 22/141-145

261.
262.

Cakradatta, Yonivyapata cikitsa 26

263.
264.

Caraka Samhita, cikitsa 17-117

265.
266.

Caraka Samhita, cikitsa 27

267.
268.

Caraka Samhita, Siddhi 10-3

269.
270.

Caraka Samhita, Sutra 3-7, 8, Vimana 8-144 etc. Cikitsa 2-1, 34 etc. Siddhi, 3-37 etc.

271.
272.

Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Osadha varga, 1045-1047

273.
274.

Raja Nihantu, Satahvadi varga, 112

275.
276.
277.
278.

Raja Martanda

279.

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283.

Abraham, A., I. Kirson, E. Glotter and D. Lavie.1968. A chemotaxonomic study

of Withania somnifera (L) Dunal . Phytochemistry, 7: 957-62.

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Al-Hindawi, M.K., I.H. Al-Deen, M.H. Nabi, and M.H. Ismail. 1989. Antiinflammatory activity of some Iraqi plants using intact rats. J Ethnopharmacol. Sep;
26(2):163-8
286.
Andallu B, Radhika B. 2000. Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic
effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian J Exp Biol.
Jun;38(6):607-9
287.
Aphale A.A., A.D. Chhibba, N.R. Kumbhakarna, M. Mateenuddin and S.H.
Dahat. 1998. Subacute toxicity study of the combination of ginseng (Panax ginseng)
and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in rats: a safety assessment. Indian J
Physiol Pharmacol Apr; 42(2):299-302
288.
Archana, R. and A. Namasivayam. 1999. Antistressor effect of Withania
somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol. Jan; 64(1):91-3
289.
Atal, C.K. and Schwarting, A.E., 1961. Ashwagandha - An ancient Indian
drug. Economic Botany, 15: 256-263.

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Bhattacharya, S.K., K.S. Satyan and S. Ghosal. 1997. Antioxidant activity of

glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Indian J Exp Biol. Mar; 35(3):236-9
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Choudhary, M.I., Dur-e-Shahwar, Z. Parveen, A. Jabbar , I. Ali, Atta-ur-Rahman.
1995. Antifungal steroidal lactones from Withania
coagulance. Phytochemistry Nov; 40(4):1243-6
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Dash, Bhagwan. 1991. Materia Medica of Ayurveda. New Delhi: B. Jain
Publishers.

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Davis, L. and G. Kuttan. 1999. Effect of Withania somnifera on cytokine

production in normal and cyclophosphamide treated mice. Immunopharmacol
Immunotoxicol Nov; 21(4):695-703
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Davis L. and G. Kuttan. 1998. Suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide-induced
toxicity byWithania somnifera extract in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. Oct; 62(3):20914
Devi, P.U. 1996. Withania somnifera Dunal (Ashwagandha): potential plant source
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Devi, P.U., A.C. Sharada, and F.E. Solomon. 1995. In vivo growth inhibitory and
radiosensitizing effects of withaferin A on mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Cancer
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Dhuley, J.N. 1998. Effect of Ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stressinduced animals. J Ethnopharmacol. Mar; 60(2):173-8
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Dhuley, J.N. 1998b. Therapeutic efficacy of Ashwagandha against
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20(1):191-8
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Kulkarni, S.K. and I. Ninan. 1997. Inhibition of morphine tolerance and

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Kuttan, G. 1996. Use of Withania somnifera Dunal as an adjuvant during
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Mehta, A.K., P. Binkley, S.S. Gandhi, and M.K. Ticku. 1991. Pharmacological
effects of Withania somnifera root extract on GABAA receptor complex. Indian J
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317.
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ntroduction
Gotu Kola has been called "a pharmacy in one herb". It is classified as one of the
Brahmi herbs for its brain enhancing and anti-aging, longevity-producing properties. It is
also known as the elixir of life. This plant retains "doctrine of signature" status ("like
cures like")[6] as the leaf looks like the cerebellum and is used for intellectual promoting
properties and the roots which are used for numerous ailments throughout the body
resemble the torso of the human body.
323.
In addition to a reputation as a brain and nerve tonic, Gotu Kola is also used for
chronic and degenerative diseases and to treat numerous ailments such as tuberculosis,
arthritis, leprosy and other skin conditions. Textual reference and outcomes of
experienced-based use support the medicinal and rejuvenative claims of this amazing
herb.
321.
322.

324.
325.
326.

Research Process
Information on Gotu Kola is prevalent as it has been used for centuries throughout
India and its availability and medicinal properties are also well known in Chinese
medicine.[13] Classical texts document its use as a meditation aide and healing
remedy. Contemporary peer-reviewed articles and research support the importance of
this herb in the modern-day herbal pharmacy. However, since Ayurvedic medicine treats
individuals through the interaction of the organs of digestion, the tissues and the carrying
channels, in addition to how the herbs are grown, harvested and prepared, the subtle
results recognized from traditional use may be hard to replicate in dissected clinical
studies. Therefore, attempt has been made to substantiate the beneficial claims of Gotu
Kola through information gathered from classical texts: Caraka Samhita, Astanga
Hrdayam, Susruta Samhita, and Textbook of Dravyaguna. In addition, other modern-day
resources were consulted such as Ayurvedic Medicine by Sebastian Pole and internet
research of several referenced websites, including peer-reviewed articles quoting modern
clinical studies.

327.
328.
329.

Botany and Ethnobotany

The Latin name for Gotu Kola is Centella Asiatica-Folium (Apiaceae). There are
numerous plants that resemble Gotu Kola due to their similar habitat, leaf formation and
ground-covering nature and although they may have medicinal benefits of their own, they
fall short of its claims, lacking all the qualities of this particular medicinal
champion. Gotu Kola is also commonly confused with Bacopa Monnieri (Linn.)
Pennell. Though the physical characteristics are noticeably different, it is also a swampy
ground creeper and used interchangeably for some ailments. The Ayurvedic energetics
are slightly different however, and the confusion possibly stems from both being used as
brain tonics and both commonly known as Brahmi.

330.
331.

Adding to the confusion, as with many plants, are the aliases used in
reference. Though the most common Sanskrit name is Brahmi, it is also known as
Manduka-parni (referring to its leaf shape resembling the webbed feet of a frog),
Brahamamanduki, Divya, Jalneem, Thankuni and several other variations. Some of
the English synonyms are: Asian Pennywort (the leaves also resemble the shape of a
penny or coin), Asiatic Coinwort, Asiatic Pennywort, Horse-hoof, Indian Ginseng, Indian

Pennywort, Indian Water Navelwort, Marsh Penny, Marsh Pennywort, Pennyweed,

Sheep-rot, Spadeleaf, Thick-leaved Pennywort, Water Pennywort, and White rot. As a
point of interest, it is commonly known as Gotu kola in Chinese.
332.
333.

Gotu Kola does well in sun or shade and is a tropical perennial which is also
grown as an annual in temperate zones. It is difficult to start from seed as the seeds can
remain dormant for decades until conditions are conducive to germination.[7] However,
as it creeps along the ground in marshy, swampy soil, it continually re-roots itself at
nodes (leaf intersections) creating an ever increasing mat of ground cover. When grown
in greenhouses, the plants sneak down and root under the benches where the water drains
from the plants above. In cooler climates, plants can be potted and brought inside to a
sunny window in the fall and then sent back outside when warmer weather returns. Gotu
Kola bears a small oval fruit and delicate pink, white or light blue flowers can be found
hidden beneath the leaves. The leaves have culinary uses and are often eaten as a
"preventative" food source in salads or side dishes. The entire plant is used for medicinal
purposes. It is essential to identify the source of plants used for curative purposes
because it is harvested where it grows (along ditches) and is susceptible to absorbing
water contaminants.

334.
335.
336.
337.
338.
339.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.

Plant Nomenclature [8]

Latin name: Centella Asiatica-Folium; Synonym: Hydrocotyle Asiatica L.
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Apiales
Family: Mackinlayaceae (Umbelliferae)
Subfamily: Mackinlayaceae of family Apiaceae
Genus: Centella
Species: C. Asiatica

Ecological Status
Gotu Kola is a native plant of warmer areas of Africa, Asia, northern Australia,
Central America, India, and even the southern United States. It has a long history of use
as a folk medicinal herb, especially in India and China.

346.
347.

The entire plant is used for medicinal purposes. The whole plant, including the
root can be dried and powdered and taken orally or used as a topical ointment. Also,
juice can be extracted from the aerial parts of the plant and the leaves can be eaten whole.

348.
349.

Throughout history, Gotu Kola has been referred to as a rasayana (rasayana =

rejuvenative measures that impart biological sustenance to bodily tissues) used to
revitalize brain and nervous system function and combat the effects of aging. Several
folklore legends give Gotu Kola partial credit for claims of longevity and stamina. One
famous one involves Li Ching-Yun, who is recorded to have lived to the unbelievable age
of 256).[6] Though these claims seem farfetched and are difficult to convincingly prove,
the existence of these stories does demon-strate the fact that this herb has been in use as a
medicinal rejuvenative throughout history.

350.

Ayurvedic Herbal Energetics[9][5]

Rasa:
Madhura, Katu, Tikta, Kasaya
Guna:
Laghu, Sara
Virya:
Shita
Vipaka: Madura
Karma: Balya, Dipana, Hrdya, Kaphapittahara, Medhya, Varnya, Visaghna,
Svarya,
Rasayana, Ayuya, Smrtiprada
357.
Dosha:
-KP -V(when taken in proper dose with other Vata reducing
herbs)
358.
Dhatu (tissues): Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Majja
359.
Srotas (channels): Nervous, Circulatory, Digestive
351.
352.
353.
354.
355.
356.

360.
361.
362.

Ayurvedic Use
In India, Gotu Kola has been used as a Medhya Rasayana. Medhya Rasayana
slows brain aging and regenerates neural tissues in addition to providing anti-stress,
adaptogenic and memory enhancing properties. [12] Gotu Kola has also been used for
leprosy and other skin conditions, lupus, varicose ulcers, urinary conditions and female
genital issues.

363.
364.
365.

Below are quotes from Classic Texts:

The twenty-eighth Chapter of the Cikitsita-Sthna in the Suruta Sahit deals
with elixirs and remedial agents for improving the memory and intellect and increasing
longevity.
366.
Verse 4: Manduka-parni: Prepare by stirring the expressed juice of Mandukaparni with milk and recite the proper Mantras over it a thousand times. A portion can be
drunk immediately. This drink and a special diet should be continued for three
successive months. "This will ensure a long life of a hundred years in the full vigor of
retentive memory and intellectual faculties, and would impart a god-like effulgence to the
complexion."
367.
368.

Verse 5: Brami Rasayana: Taking the expressed juice of Brami as

instructed. "Continuous use for one week improves memory, intellect and "imparts a
celestial glow to the complexion". Taking for a second week revives old forgotten
memories and increases the ability to write books. Continuing to take the juice for a third
week, allows one to repeat from memory up to one hundred words if heard or read in a
single sitting. In addition, this continued use for twenty-one days "removes all
inauspicious features whether of the body or of the mind, the goddess of learning appears
in an embodied form to the (mind of the) user, and all kinds of knowledge comes rushing
into his memory. A single hearing is enough to make him reproduce (verbatim from
memory a discourse however lengthy)", oh and by the way, he is enabled to live for five
hundred years.

369.
370.

Verse 6: Brahmi Ghrta: Two Prastha measures of the expressed juice of Brahmi
and one Prastha measure of Ghee cooked with one Kudava measure of Vidanga seeds,
two Pala weight of each of Vaca and Trivrt, and twelve (in number) of each Haritaki,
Amalaka and Bibhitaka well pounded and mixed together and cooked into a Ghrta. "This

preparation would give a favorable turn to one's fortune; impart a lotus-like bloom (to the
cheeks) with perpetual youth, unparalleled intellectual faculties and a life that would
cover a period of three centuries of song and sunshine. This Rasayana affects
cutaneous diseases (Kustha), chronic fever, epilepsy, insanity, effects of poisons and evil
spirits and all other dangerous diseases.
371.
372.

The first chapter of Caraka-Samhita, Chikitsasthanam 1:30-31 states, "The use of

juice of mandukaparni," ... "- these rasayana drugs are life-promoting, disease-alleviating,
promoters of strength, agni, complexion, voice and are intellect-promoting. ... {Thus are
the intellect-promoting rasayana drugs}."[1]

373.
374.
375.

Folk Use
Isabell Shipard, How Can I Use Herbs in my Daily Life? has identified 104 uses
for Gotu Kola.[6]

376.
Attention Deficit Disorder
Stress
Low Thyroid
Menopausal Problems
Venereal Diseases
High Blood Pressure
Muscular Atrophy
Schizophrenia
Respiratory Ailments
Food Poisoning
Baldness
Nervous Breakdown
Retinal Detachment
Increase Energy
Premenstrual Pain
Mycosis Fungoides
Periodontal Disease
Vomiting Blood
Prickly Heat Rash
Atherosclerosis
Urinary Tract Infection
Mental Retardation
Fibrocystic Breasts
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Abscesses
Stomach Upsets
Herpes
Lupus
Hepatitis
Convulsions
Joint Mobility
Hardening of Arteries
Bladder
High Blood Pressure
Leprosy

Peptic Ulcers
Gynecological Disorders
Neuritis
Eczema
Cirrhosis
Laryngitis
Fatigue
Thrombosis
Influenza
Vaginitis
Wounds
Poor Circulation
Dysentery
Epilepsy
Hair Loss
Dementia
Colds
Senility
Measles
Depression
Candida
Sexual Debility
Gastric
Skin Ulcers
Mouth Ulcers
Bruises
Cramps
Bowel Disorders
Swollen Glands
Surgical Wounds
Bowel Disorders
Tingling in Legs
Kidneys
Lower Serum Cholesterol Levels
Arthritis

Auto-immune Diseases
Asthma
Male Tonic
Scrofula
Diarrhea
Stomach Ache
Sore Throat
Brain Tonic
Blood Purifier
Diabetes
Age Spots
Insomnia
Liver Problems
Pleurisy
Blood Disorders
Infections
Coughing Blood
Hemorrhoids
Poor Appetite
Skin Ulcers
Tuberculosis
Elephantitis
Hypochondria
Failing Eyesight
Impotence
Scleroderma
Exam Tonic
Fluid Retention
Intestinal Worms
Dermatitis
Anemia
Stimulate the Liver
Central Nervous System
Immune System

377.
378.
379.

Modern Clinical Use[11]

Gotu Kola is mainly used for leprosy, venous insufficiency and studies suggest it
may be beneficial in regression of inflammatory infiltration of the liver in cirrhosis,
though it is cautioned that further testing is needed.

380.
381.

Kartnig[16:4] has compiled a list of clinical applications with references. The three
categories highlighted are:
382.
1. Diseases of Skin - Healing of skin wounds, burns, surgical scars, chronic skin
lesions such as ulcers and leprosy wounds.[16:6]
383.
2. Diseases of Veins (Venous Insufficiency) - Scientific studies of patients with
venous hypertension and diabetic microcirculation showed significant difference in
capillary filtration rate, decrease in ankle circumference and ankle edema and other
symptoms.
384.
3. Diseases of Liver
385.
386.
387.

Additionally, several clinical trials are quoted for:

1. Mental Abilities - Developmentally disabled children exhibited better overall
adjustment, attentiveness and concentration on assigned tasks.[14:3] Testing of adult
acoustic startle response showed statistically significant lower results after ingestion of
Gotu Kola which supports anxiolytic activity.[14:1]
388.
2. Anticancer - Gotu Kola destroyed cultured cancer tumor cells with no toxic
effects detected in normal human lymphocytes.
389.
3. Anti-anxiety/Anti-stress/Sedative - Studies on mice and rats have show Gotu
Kola to have tranquilizing, anti-stress and anti-anxiety qualities.[17-3]
390.
391.
392.

Gotu Kola is recorded to have the following properties:[8]

Adaptogen (increases the body's resistance to stress, trauma, anxiety and
fatigue)
393.
Anti-viral (inhibit development of viruses)
394.
Antibacterial (antiseptic that acts against bacteria)
395.
Anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation)
396.
Anxiolytic (treat anxiety)
397.
Diuretic (increases rate of urination)
398.
In addition to:[6]
399.
Antipyretic
400.
Antifungal
401.
Sedative
402.
Antispasmodic
403.
Antioxidant
404.
Tonic
405.
Digestive
406.
Vulnerary
407.
Antibiotic

408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.

Nervine
Blood Purifier
Adrenal Strengthener

Major Chemical Constituents[14]

"The major principles in Herba Centellae are the triterpenes asiatic acid and
madecassic acid, and their derived triterpene ester glycosides, asiaticoside and
madecassoside."
414.

This leaf of this plant is used as a salad green to retain youthfulness and as a quick
pick me up. It is common to eat two to three leaves each day as a preventative. Juice of
Gotu Kola leaves is also used as a general tonic and to relieve hypertension. Poultice of
leaves can be used to treat open sores as it reduces inflammation and scar tissue
development.

415.

416.
417.

Modern cautions suggest Gotu Kola not be given to children and to elderly only at
a lower dosage. Side effects are reported as rare but skin rash and liver reaction are
cautioned. At high doses, headache, stomach upset, nausea, dizziness and drowsiness
have been mentioned. Because Gotu Kola's medicinal benefits are similar to those
anticipated from some prescription and nonprescription drugs, medications should be
screened for possible interaction. Some to consider are: cholesterol-lowering drugs,
diuretics and sedatives (see Constituent section of this paper).

418.
419.
420.
421.

Constituents[8][11]
Triterpenoids: Asiatic Acid, Madecassic Acid (connective tissue modulationcollagen and other tissue proteins in vein and venous wall.)
422.
Asiaticoside (Triterpene Glycoside) - Antibiotic (wound healing, leprosy,
tuberculosis)
423.
Brahmoside and Brahmioside (Saporin Glycosides) - Diuretic and Sedative in
large doses
424.
Madecassoside (Glycoside) - Anti-inflammatory
425.
Gamma-amniobutyric acid(GABA) - Anxiolytic, anti-stress, depressant on
central nervous system by increase of GABA in brain[17-3]
426.
Vitamin K, Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, Chromium, Cobalt, Phosphorus,
Potassium, Selenium, Silca, Zinc
427.
Unrelated to Kola nut and does not contain caffeine

428.
429.
430.
431.
432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.

In Addition to:[11]
Volatile Oil Containing Vallerin
Cineole
Terpene Acetate
Germacrene-D
P-Cymol
Methanol
Flavonoids
Resin
hydrocotyline
438.
Asiatic
439.
Brahmic
440.
Isobrahmic
441.
Quercetin
442.
Sugar
443.
Oxyasiaticoside
444.
Braminoside
445.
Madecassoside
446.
Bitters
447.
Pectin

Camphor
N-dodecane
Tran-B Farnesene
B-Caryophyllene
A-Pinene
Ally/mustard oil
Kaempferol
Alkaloid
Betulic
Centellinic
Madecassic acid
Tannin
Asiaticoside
Brahmoside
Centellaside
Thunkuniside
Sterols
B-sitosterol

448.
449.
450.

Conclusion
Enough evidence exists to validate the benefits of Gotu Kola are
widespread. Though many claims have yet to be accepted by modern science, many
foretold in classic text and seen from current use provide enough substance to accept this
herb as a stable Rasayana in every Ayurvedic Pharmacy. As far as the longevity claims of
a long healthy life of at least 100 years, I'm halfway there, I think I'll fix myself a nice
cup of Gotu Kola tea.

451.
452.
453.
454.
455.
456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.

Research References
[1]

Caraka Samhita

[2]

Astanga Hrdayam

[3]

Susruta Samhita

[4]

Textbook of Dravyaguna, Dr. K. Nishteswar

[5]

Ayurvedic Medicine, by Sebastian Pole

[6]

How Can I Use Herbs in My Daily Life? By Isabell Shipard www.HerbsAreSpecial.com

[7]

www.horizonherbs.com

[8]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotu_Kola

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica

[9]
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, Gov of India)
463.
[10]
http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=e0498803-7f62-4563-8d475fe33da65dd4&chunkiid=21763#ref3
464.
Sponsored by iHerb.Com

465.

[11]

http://www.vitaminherbuniversity.com/topic.asp?categoryid=4&topicid=1062

466.
467.

[12]

http://www.springerlink.com/content/2332013065101357/fulltext.pdf

[13]
hong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. Chemical components of Centella asiatica and their bioactivities, Zheng, CJ,
Quin LP, 2007 May;5(3):34851, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical
University, Shanghai 200433, China, PMID:
17498500 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
468.
[14]
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1999/9241545178.pdf

469.
470.
471.
472.
473.

Scientific Studies Reference

[14] Mental - Learning, Memory

1. Bradwejn J, Zhou Y, Koszycki D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:680-684.
474.
2. Nalini K, Aroor AR, Karanth KS, et al. Effect of Centella asiatica fresh leaf aqueous extract on learning and memory
and biogenic amine turnover in albino rats. Fitoterapia. 1992;63:232-237.
475.
3. Appa Rao MVR, Srinivas K, Koteshwar Rao T. "The effect of Mandookaparni (Centella asiatica) on the general
mental ability (medhya) of mentally retarded children". J. Res Indian Med. 1973;8:9-16.
476.
4. Mohandas Rao KG, Muddanna Rao S., Gurumadhya Rao S. Enhancement of Amygdaloid Neuronal Dendritic
Arborization by Fresh Leaf Juice of Centella asiatica (Linn) During Growth Spurt Period in Rats. Melaka Manipal Medical College,
Manipal 576 104, India. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009 Jun;6(2):203-10. Epub 2007 Aug 13.
477.
5. Ram Harsh Singh K. Narsimhamurthy Girish Singh, Neuronutrient impact of Ayurvedic
Rasayana therapy in brain aging Received: 2 April 2008 / Accepted: 26 September 2008 / Published online:
18 October 2008, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 200

478.

6. Singh RH, Narsimhamurthy K, Singh G. Neuronutrient impact of Ayurvedic Rasayanatherapy in brain

aging. Biogerontology. 2008 Dec;9(6):369-74. Epub 2008 Oct 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 18931935.

479.
480.
481.
482.

[15] Venous Insufficiency

1. Belcaro GV, Grimaldi R, Guidi G. Improvement of capillary permeability in patients with venous hypertension after
treatment with TTFCA. Angiology. 1990;41: 533-540.
483.
2. Belcaro GV, Rulo A, Grimaldi R. Capillary filtration and ankle edema in patients with venous hypertension treated
with TTFCA. Angiology. 1990;41:12-18.
484.
3. Cesarone MR, Laurora G, De Sactis MT, et al. The microcirculatory activity of Centella asiatica in venous
insufficiency. A double-blind study [translated from Italian]. Minerva Cardioangiol. 1994;42:299-304.
485.
4. Pointel JP, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, et al. Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous
insufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology. 1987;38:46-50.

486.
487.
488.

[16] Skin Ailments and Wound Healing

492.

5.

1. Shukla A, Rasik AM, Jain GK, et al. In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella
asiatica.J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;65:1-11.
489.
2. Bradwejn J, Zhou Y, Koszycki D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:680-684.
490.
3. Klovekorn W, Tepe A, Danesch U. A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, half-side comparison with an
herbal ointment containing Mahonia aquifolium, Viola tricolor, and Centella asiatica for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic
dermatitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther.2007;45:583-591.
491.
4. Kartnig T. Clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L.). Herbs Spices Med Plants. 1988;3:146-173. (Scar Tissue)
Bosse JP, Papillon J, Frenette G, et al. Clinical study of a new antikeloid agent. Ann Plast Surg. 1979;3:13-21. (Scar

Tissue)

493.

6. Bonte F et al. Influence of asiatic acid, madecassic acid, and asiaticoside on human collagen I
synthesis.Planta medica, 1994, 60:133-135.

Methi is one of the oldest medicinal plants in history; a description of this

plant was found on the Ebers Papyrus 1550 BC Egypt, one of the two
oldest maintained medical documents (Brier, 1998).Methi has, through the
times, been used for a variety of health conditions such as diabetes, fever,
anorexia, cough, bronchitis, swellings, burns, abscesses, ulcers, sprue and
other digestive issues. Addtionally, methi has been used to treat
menopausal symptoms, inducing childbirth and stimulation of milk

production in breastfeeding women. This paper discusses the western and

ayurvedic botanical nomenclature, ethnobotany and research trials
supporting the health benefits of methi.

Research process
Methi has been around for thousands of years and used as a medicine,
spice, and food for both humans and animals. A wealth of information is
available and numerous studies have been made on its therapeutic
effects. The research process for this monograph began by diving in to the
ayurvedic text ofBhavaprakasha and the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The
exploration continued online and with a discerning attitude, scholarly
articles and acknowledged references have been chosen to give as much
of an authentic presentation as possible.

Plant Nomenclature

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Papilionaceae - the Legume, Bean, Pulse
or Pea Family)
Genus: Trigonella
Species: T. foenum-graecum Linn.

Botany and Ecology

Latin Name
Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn., foenum-graecum means Greek hay (Kowalchik,
1998). Methi possibly got this name based upon its use as a fodder crop prior to the discovery of

its medicinal values in ancient Egypt (Kowalchik, 1998).

Katzer, an Austrian chemist, has collected information from various etymological
dictionaries and explains that the word Trigonella comes from Greektrigonon (triangle) which is
composed of treis (three) and gony (angle). Trigonella foenum-graecum L. has flowers which are
somewhat triangular shaped and three leaflets which may be what trigonon refers to.

Germanic languages are closely related in their names forTrigonella

foenum-graecum L., for example in German it is called Bockshornklee, in
DanishBukkehornsklver, SwedishBockhornsklver and
NorwegianBukkehornklver which all mean buck horn's clover. The
pods are long and pointed and were likely compared with the horns of a
Billy goat (refer to the picture on the right of the pods).

Common Names

Fenugreek, Bird's Foot, Greek Clover, Greek Hay, Greek Hay Seed
(NMCD). The following names of methi used in different languages have
been collected by Katzer:

Arabic: Hulba, Hilbeh

Bulgarian: Sminduh, Sminduh grutski, Tilchets, Chimen

Burmese: Penantazi

Chinese (Cantonese): Wuh louh ba

Chinese (Mandarin): Hu lu ba

Danish: Bukkehornsklver, Bukkehornsfr

Dutch: Fenegriek

Egyptian: Hemayt (Nunn, 1996)

Esperanto: Fenugreko

Farsi: Shanbalile

Finnish: Sarviapila

French: Fenugrec, Snegr, Trigonelle

German: Bockshornklee, Griechisch Heu

Greek (old): Telis

Hindi: Kasuri methi, Methi, Sag methi

Hebrew: Hilbeh

Indonesian: Kelabet, Klabat, Kelabat

Italian: Fieno greco

Japanese: Koruha, Fenu-guriku

Kannada: Mente, Mentya

Korean: Horopa, Penigurik

Nepali: Methi

Polish: Kozieradka pospolita; Nasiona kozieradki

Portuguese: Feno-grego, Alfarva, Alforba, Fenacho

Romanian: Molotru, Molotru comun, Schinduf

Russian: Pazhitnik grecheski, Shambala, Pazhitnik cennoj

Spanish: Alholva, Fenogreco

Swahili: Uwatu

Swedish: Bockhornsklver

Tamil: Meti, Vendayam, Vetani

Telugu: Mentikura, Mentulu

Thai: Luk sat

Ukrainian: Hunba sinna

Urdu: Methi, Shanbalid; Kasuri methi

The Fabaceae family is one of the most important plant families both
ecologically and economically. The plants of this family increase soil
nitrogen and provide sources of vegetable protein for domestic and wild

animals as well as human beings (Lavin, 2001). Especially the wild variety
of methi is useful for horses (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).

Appearance
Methi is an aromatic plant resembling a large clover that reaches from 3060 cm (1-2 ft.) (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).

FLOWERS
The flower of Methi is white or yellowish white, axillary, and has 5 petals
which make up what is referred to as banner, wing and keel. The banner is
the largest upper petal and has two lobes, which is why it appears as
being two petals fused together. Two smaller petals form the wings, and
the last two are usually fused together and make up the keel below the
wings (Elpel, 2008; Bhavaprakasha, 2006).

LEAVES
A distinct characteristic of the Fabaceae family are the pinnate and
trifoliate compound leaves. They are deciduous during the dry season in
the tropics or during the winter in temperate regions (Lavin, 2001). The
leaflets are toothed (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).

SEEDS

Methi dana (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The flowers produce seed pods that are six inches (15 cm) long and
resemble string beans, but Methi fruits grow upright. Each pod contains
10 to 20 dull yellow, smooth, hard, and elongated seeds. They are shaped
like a rhomboid and have a deep groove running obliquely from one side
which divides each seed into two parts; a larger .2-.5 cm long and
smaller .15-.35 cm. The seeds become mucilaginous when soaked in water
(ayurvedic pharmacopeia, 1999), contain high amounts fiber and
protein, and are collected in the fall (Turner, 2005). The fruit pods are 2-3 inches
(5-7 cm) long with long persistent beak.

Habitat, ecosystems and geographic range where found

Methi is a hardy and fast growing plant that grows on field edges,
uncultivated land, hillsides and dry grasslands. It grows in just about any
type of soil but requires sunlight (Huxley, Fern, 1997).
Methi is native to southeastern Europe, northern Africa, and
western Asia, and is widely cultivated in other parts of the world (Turner,
2005). It grows abundantly throughout India, but especially in the north
western state Rajasthan, where it is used as a food and spice in many
traditional families (Mathur, 2009). India occupies 70-80% of the world's
export share, and Rajasthan delivers 83-90% of this share (Pruthi, 2001;
Agarwal, 2001).

Phenology (time of growth, flowering and fruiting)

Methi is an annual plant that lives for only four to seven months
(Petropoulos, 2002).
The flowering period is in the summer (from June to August), and the
seeds are ripe from August to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite
(have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by insects (Fern,
1997).

Ecologic Status (widespread, uncommon, weed)

Fabaceae, the Pea family (including beans and peanuts), is the third
largest of plants after the Orchid and Aster families; there are 600 genera
and 13.000 species (Elpel, 2008). According to Halevy (1989), there are
about 130 species of Trigonella, of which, the following are the most
known:

Trigonella arabica (Delile), Trigonella caerulea (L.) blue

fenugreek,Trigonella calliceras (Fisch.), Trigonella corniculata (L.)
cultivated fenugreek, Trigonella cretica (L.), Trigonella foenumgraecum (L.) sicklefruit fenugreek, Trigonella gladiata (Steven ex M.
Bieb.), Trigonella hamosa (L.) branched fenugreek, Trigonella
monantha (C.A. Meyer), Trigonella monspeliaca (L.) star-fruited
fenugreek, Trigonella orthoceras (Kar. & Kir.),Trigonella
polycerata (L.), Trigonella procumbens (Bess. Reichenb.) trailing
fenugreek, Trigonella purpurascens (Lam.) birdsfoot fenugreek.

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. has been classified in several ways

(Petropoulos, 2002). Serpukova (1934) classified the seeds according to
shape, size and color while Sinskaya (1961) made his categories based
upon growing period, habits and morphological characters.

Plant Parts
Methi leaves and seeds are used in cooking and medicinally. The seeds
have great therapeutic value and the powdered dried seeds are an
important medicine in Ayurveda. Besides its medicinal appreciation, the
seeds are used in varieties of ways throughout the world. They have a
maple smell and flavor which make them a unique spice in foods,
beverages and confections. Seeds are sprouted and eaten raw in salads
along with the fresh green leaves or cooked into curries, soups, breads
and many other recipes (Turner, 2005). Refer to the appendixes at the end
of this paper for recipes using methi.

Sprouts: Soak 1-2 tsp seeds in water overnight. Pour that water off the
next day and rinse seeds with clear water. Place the seeds in a sprouter
and rinse with water daily. The sprouting process takes about five days
(Bonyata).

In Egypt and Ethiopia, the seeds are used in sweets and as a supplement
to wheat and maize flour for making bread (Al-Habori, 1998). Armenians
use the seeds with garlic paste and chile pepper in a spice called chemen,
Yemenite Jews use them in a seasoning called zhug, and in the United
States, seeds are used in bean soups, chutneys, spice blends, icing and
meat seasoning (Uhl, 2000). In Greece, the seeds are boiled and eaten
with honey, and in Africa they are soaked and used as legume. The dry

seeds are also roasted and used as a coffee substitute (Pruthi, 2001; AKA,
2000).

Other ways the seeds are used:

Tea: 1 tsp whole methi seeds steeped in boiling water for 15 minutes.
Drink three or more times a day (Bonyata).
Poultice: Steep several ounces of seeds in about a cup of water. Let them
cool and mash. Place the paste on a clean cloth and use (Bonyata).
Facial Scrub: Soak 2 Tbsp seeds in 1 Tbsp plain live yogurt for an hour,
then blend coarsely to a paste. Gently rub this on to the face and neck
using circular movements and wash off after 15 minutes (India
Abroad, 2002).

The seeds are also used as veterinary medicine. They are mixed with
cottonseed and given to cattle to enhance milk production. In rural areas
of the state Bihar, they are applied over swellings and wounds in cattle
and given to ruminants and poultry with diarrhea. The seeds are
considered useful in ruminants after calving and are sold as nutritional
supplements for horses and cattle (Jha, 1992; IIRR, 1994).
Extracts nowadays are used in maple syrup imitations and cosmetic
products, and due to its antifungal and antibacterial properties, the seeds
have shown to be suitable as packaging paper to preserve foods; in 2002,
a high school student from Maryland won an award for this invention
(Turner, 2005).

Ethnobotany

During the time of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, the king of Syria from 175 BC.
until 164 BC., a mixture of methi, cinnamon, spikenard, saffron, amaracus
and lilies are said to have been used as perfume (Leyel, 1987).
In ancient Egypt, methi was used in embalming processes and for
incense (Marcolina, 2004). At the Royal Botanical Gardens in
London, methiwas discovered to be among the supplies placed in
the Egyptian boy-kingTutankhamen's tomb by his subjects to ensure he
did not suffer from hunger in the afterlife. (Chicago Sun-Times, 1988).
Egyptians also roasted methi seeds as a coffee and ate the sprouting
seeds as vegetables (Stuart, 1986).

Methi was a favorite of the Arabs. It was studied at the School of

Salerno by Arab physicians and had great importance in Hadith. According
to Qasim Bin Abdul Rehman, Rasulullah said, "Seek cure by (using)
fenugreek," and Hadith Rasulullah, "If my followers (Ummat) know the
importance of the fenugreek then they will buy it by gold of equal weight"
(Ghaznavi, 1991).
Methi is mentioned in the Mishna, the 'Oral Torah' which was the
first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions, as an herb used
as offering (Jerusalem Post, 1995). Methi was also used during the final
attacks of the Romans on Jotapata in Galilee when Josephus
commanded methi to be boiled and poured over the siege ramps to make
the Romans slip and fall; the mucilage content of methi produces a
slippery paste (Jacob, 1993).
During the 1st century in Rome, Asclepiades, physician and originator
of massage and friction, used methi as a general remedy (Thompson,
1897).
Benedictine monks are said to have introduced methi to central
Europe (Stuart, 1986), and hunting tribes used methi in fishing. Due to its
content of saponins, which is toxic to fish, large quatities of methi would
be placed in lakes or stream to slow down or kill the fish. Saponins are not
absorbed well in the human body and thus do not cause harm in people
(Fern, 1997).

Ayurvedic Properties
In the ayurvedic pharmacopeia (1999), the following energetics are given
formethi seed:

Rasa (taste): tikta (bitter)

Virya: ushna (heating)
Vipaka (post digestive effect): katu (pungent)
Guna (quality): snigdha (unctuous)
Karma (actions): diipana (digestive), rucya, vaatahara (pacifies vata)
andkaphahara (pacifies kapha)

Bhavaprakasha (2006) is in agreement with the ayurvedic pharmacopeia

thatmethi seeds reduce vata and kapha, however, the textbook
of dravyagunaclaims the following properties and actions (Nichteswar,
2007):

Rasa (taste): katu (pungent)

Virya: ushna (heating)
Vipaka (post digestive effect): katu (pungent)
Guna (quality): laghu (light), snigdha (unctuous)
Karma (actions): diipana (digestive), vaatahara (pacifies vata)
and raktapittawhen entered into the prakopa stage of samprapti (disease
process).

Note the different rasa, vipaka, guna and karma.

According to Lad (1988), methi acts on the following dhatus (bodily

tissues):rasa (plasma), rakta (blood), majja (marrow and
nerve), shukra and artava(reproductive), and the following srotas (bodily
systems): anna (digestive),
prana (respiratory), mutra (urinary), shukra and artava (reproductive).

Pharmacological properties
Antipyretic, astringent, aphrodisiac, carminative, demulcent, diuretic,
emmenagogue, emollient, expectorant, ionic neutral, galactagogue,
restorative, spermicidal, stomachic, tonic, vermifugal (Duke, 1986), and
anabolic (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).

Constituents
Knowing the chemical constituents of a plant is important in order to
determine specific health effects. During a study of observing different
varieties of methi genotypes, it was discovered that methi plants can vary
in chemical constituents (saponins, fibre, protein, amino acids and fatty

acid contents) as well as in morphology, growth habit and seed production

capability. However, the research results show that the variability for
important traits in methi have a genetic base, which allows for improved
levels of possible traits (Acharya, 2006).

Alkaloids: Trigonelline, choline (Al-Habori, 1998)

Amino acids: 4-Hydroxyisoleucine, lysine, histidine, tryptophan, cystine,
tyrosine (Al-Habori, 1998)
Carbohydrates: sucrose, glucose, fructose, myoinositol, galactose,
raffinose, verbascose, digalactosylmyoinositol, galactomannan, xylose,
arabinose (Aboutabl, 1999)
Coumarins: Trimentyl coumarin, methyl coumarin, trigocumarin (Khurana,
1982; Raj, 1999)
Flavonoids: orientin, quercetin, vitexin, luteolin, isoorientin, isovitexin,
saponaretin, vicenin-1, kaempferol, lilyn, tricin 7-O-D glucopyranoside,
naringenin, (Han, 2001; Sood, 1976)
Saponins: Diosgenin, hederagin, tigonenin, neotigogenin, yuccagenin,
gitogenin, smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, yamogenin along with the
glycosides foenugracin, trigonoesides, fenugrin (Taylor, 2000; Yoshikawa,
1998; Yoshikawa, 1998; Gupta, 1984, 1985, 1986).
Others: vitamin A, calcium, iron, potassium, folic acid, ascorbic acid,
nicotinic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, fixed oil, traces of essential oil
(Al-Habori, 1998; Aboutabl, 1999; Leonard, 2001; Gopalan, 2004)

In addition, Barnes (2002), DerMarderosian (1999) and Newall (1998)

added the following:

Alkaloids: carpaine, trigonelline yields nicotinic acid with roasting

Amino acids: arginine
Fiber: Gum (mucilage), neutral detergent fiber

Based upon an isotope dilution technique, it has been concluded

that methicontains about 2-25 ppm sotolonen which is the dominant flavor
compound (ACS, 1997).

Therapeutic Indications
Methi is an ancient plant and has been used throughout the world as a
medicine, food and spice. In Ayurveda, there are two different traditions
to consider which can be referred to as the Father lineage; the medicinal
aspect based upon scriptures, sutras and the traditions of the vaidyas,
and the Mother lineage; cooking and home remedies passed on from
grandmothers to daughters through generations. These traditions have,
and still do today, serve all beings (Alakananda).

Father Lineage

Medicinally, methi has been indicated internally in many conditions such

as diabetes, high cholesterol, digestive problems, cancers, fevers,
impotence, asthma, and externally for mastitis, swellings, and burns.

Diabetes

In bhavaprakasha (2006), it is stated that methi seeds are useful in treating diabetes, and based
upon the following human studies, this health claim has been documented. Amin (1987)
demonstrated that the hypoglycemic effects of methi are due to stimulation of glucose-dependent
insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells as well as by inhibition of the activities of alpha
amylase and sucrase, the intestinal enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion.
Sharma (1990) conducted a randomized study in patients with type 2 diabetes for 10
days. 15 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients were randomly, in a cross over design, given
diets with or without 100 g of defatted methi seed powder each. By incorporating methi, there
was a significant fall in fasting blood glucose levels, and the insulin responses were significantly
reduced. There was a 64% reduction in 24 hr. urinary glucose excretion with significant
alterations in serum lipid profile, and the serum total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol and
triglyceride levels decreased without any alteration in HDL cholesterol fraction.
Gupta (2001) tested 25 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes who all had
similar weight and clinical test results. They were randomly divided into two equal groups, and
for two months Group 1 received 1 g hydroalcoholic extract ofmethi seeds daily, and Group 2
received placebo capsules. At the end of the two months, the fasting blood glucose and 2-hr.
post-glucose blood glucose were not different among the two groups; however, there was a
decrease in the beta-cell secretion and increase in the insulin sensitivity in Group 1 as compared

to Group 2. The serum triglycerides also decreased and HDL cholesterol increased significantly
in Group 1 as compared to Group 2.
In another study, 69 patients, whose blood glucose levels were not optimally
controlled by oral sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drugs, were randomly assigned: 46 in an
experimental group who were given methi saponins (TFGs), and 23 in the control group
receiving placebo 3 times per day, 6 pills each time for 12 weeks. The patients continued taking
their regular hypoglycemic drugs. The combined therapy of TFGs with sulfonylureas
hypoglycemic drugs lowered the blood glucose level and improved clinical symptoms (Fu-rong,
2008).
Cholesterol
Sharma (1991) conducted a study of 10 healthy, non-obese people with serum cholesterol levels
above 240 mg/dL. Each person was assigned to receive a control diet and an experimental diet,
which was supplemented with defatted methi seed powder over two successive time periods,
each lasting 20 days. During the experimental period, 100 g of defatted methi powder was
divided into two equal parts and incorporated into chapatti for lunch and dinner. For the control
period, the chapatti contained no methi. After ingestion of the methi diet, eight of the 10 subjects
experienced a 25% reduction in serum cholesterol; methi significantly reduced the LDL and
VLDL fractions without altering the HDL levels. After 20 days of the control diet, the serum
cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unchanged from baseline.
In 1996, Sharma performed a long-term study with 60 diabetic patients, 40 of whom
were taking one or more anti-diabetic medications. Each person was initially placed on a control
diet for seven days, followed by placement on an experimental diet for 24 weeks. During this
experimental diet, 25 g of methi seed powder was divided into two equal parts and consumed in
soup 15 minutes prior to lunch and dinner. Blood tests were drawn and after 24 weeks of the
study; the total cholesterol level decreased 14% from baseline; a significant result.
Digestion
Methi seeds are useful in digestive complaints such as gastritis and
gastric ulcers. In 2002, a study revealed that an aqueous solution and a
gel fraction derived from methi seeds have anti-ulcer effects equivalent to
Omeprazole, an over-the-counter medication for dyspepsia, peptic ulcers
and gastroesophageal reflux. The researchers found that
the methi extracts protect the gastric mucosa from injury as well as
reduces the secretion of gastric acid (Pandian). According to the Ayurvedic
Pharmacopeia (1999),methi seed powder is indicated for grahanii (sprue
or malabsorption syndrome) with dosage of 3-6 g. In the Textbook of
Dravyaguna (2007), 1-3 g of methi seed powder soaked in fresh made
yoghurt relieves pravahika(gassy, cramping and burning diarrhea or
bloody diarrhea, Bhishagratna, 2002). Due to the content of fiber and
mucilage in methi seeds, they also act as a laxative, the dosage -1 tsp.

of freshly powdered herb per one cup of water, followed by an additional

cup of water, can be taken 1-3 times daily (Turner, 2005).
Antioxidant

Studies demonstrate that a polyphenol-rich aqueous methanolic extract

frommethi seeds have antioxidant properties and protect cellular
structures from oxidative damage (Kaviarasan, 2004, 2005; Farrukh,
2006).

Cancer

Trigonelline, the alkaloid constituent, in methi seeds has shown potential

for use in cancer therapy (Phillips, 1990). In an in vitro study, the extract
FE frommethi seeds was demonstrated to have toxic effect on cancer cells
but not normal cells. Treatment with 10-15 [micro]g/mL of FE for 72 hours
turned out to be growth inhibitory to breast, pancreatic and prostate
cancer cells, and it was discovered that "death of cancer cells occurs
despite growth stimulatory pathways being simultaneously upregulated
by FE" (Shabbeer, 2009).
Other in vivo studies disclose that diosgenin, an extract of methi,
hinders tumor growths by inhibiting Akt signaling. After treatment with
diosgenin, the incidence of breast hyperplasia decreased and toxicity was
almost gone in breast epithelial cells (Amin, 2005; Srinivasan, 2009).
Diosgenin and ethanol extracts show to prevent colon cancer by inducing
apoptosis (Raju, 2004; Sebastian, 2007).

Galatagogue

In Bhavaprakasha (2006), it is stated that methi "seeds are anabolic and

galactagogue and are used in children and mothers." A study in Indonesia
supports this statement when methi was shown to be effective in 75
lactating women (Damanik, 2004).
In 1945, an Egyptian researcher reported that methi stimulates
breast milk production; it was found that its use was associated with
increases in milk production of as much as 900% (Fleiss).
In the Warli tribe, the largest in the Dahanu area in Maharasthra,
India (about 120 km from Mumbai), a small amount of methi seeds are

powdered and mixed in rice porridge and taken daily, first thing in the
morning to increase lactation in nursing mothers (Sayed, 2007).
During 1992, in Sudan, during interviews with several grandmothers,
it was discovered that they recommend methi for lactating mothers
(Ahfad, 1995). Methi seeds contain flavonoids, phytoestrogen, which
regulates the hormones and aids the mammary glands to produce milk (as
a consequence to the stimulation of the secretion of prolactin) in nursing
mothers (Sayed, 2007). In addition, Rima Jensen, MD, (1992) suggests
that methi affects the milk production because methi stimulates sweat
production and the breast is a modified sweat gland. Jensen (1992) has
worked with at least 1200 women who have taken methi to increase
breast milk and most mothers did not need any other interventions to
develop sufficient milk. Generally within 24 to 72 hours after taking 2-3
capsules methi seed powder three times a day, the mothers would
experience a difference, and most of them found that they could
discontinue taking methi when the milk production was stimulated to an
appropriate level (Jensen, 1992).
Kathleen Huggins, the director of the breastfeeding clinic at San Luis
Obispo General Hospital, CA, uses methi for relactation and for mothers
who are pumping for non-nursing babies.

Other Uses

Methi is an ally for both male and female concerns. In China, methi is used
to treat male impotence, premature ejaculation and low libido (Ody, 1993;
Willard, 1991; Bensky, 1993). Egyptian women used methi to ease
menstrual pain (Ody, 1993). According to Depp, the leaves are helpful in
anemia because they are rich in iron. A poultice or plaster of the seeds
and/or leaves can be applied for engorged breasts or mastitis to help with
let-down and to reduce swellings and inflammation (Bonyata; Shah,
2007). Methi is also helpful in the induction of childbirth due to its
stimulating effect on uterine contractions (Turner, 2005).
In bhavaprakasha (2006), it is stated that methi is useful in fevers
and that a paste of methi leaves applied over the eyes relieves
conjunctivitis. A poultice of the leaves is also used for burns (Warrier,
2002), and the leaves are given internally for other conditions of pitta
(Warrier, 2002).
In traditional Chinese medicine, methi seeds are used as a
treatment for weakness and edema of the legs (Yoshikawa, 1997).
Gargling with warm methi tea is said to soothe sore throats
(Castleman, 1991; Hoffmann). For asthma, the Jewish, Spanish born,
physician Moses Maimonides, who lived in 1100, advised an enema with
sap of linseed andmethi, oil, chicken fat and beet juice (Muntner, 1963).

The saponins in methiseeds have been extracted for use in various other
pharmaceutical products (Phillips, 1990), and in the development of oral
contraceptives and sex hormones, diosgenin is an important substance in
the experiments (Rosengarten, 1969).

Preparations
In the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia (1999), methi is an ingredient in
the important formulations mustakaarista and mrtasanjiivanii
suraa. Aristha is an herbal wine prepared by boiling
(Sarngadhara). Sura means Aasava (Bharat, 2010) which is an herbal wine
made from cold water without boiling
(Aarngadhara).Mrtasanjiivanii suraa is the drug of choice for kapha jvara,
sannipata jvara(tridoshic fever), daurbalya (weakness and
debility), krushuta (emaciation),svasa (dyspnoea) and kasa (cough); it
penetrates deep into the lungs and thus helps to clear the air passages
(Bharat, 2010).

Ingredients of mustakaaristha (Bharat, 2010)

Mustaka

Jaggary (gud)

Maricha (black pepper)

Dhatki (flower)

Methika (fenugreek)

Jirak (cumin)

Dry Ginger (sunthi)

Chitrak

Lauang (clove)

Ajwain

Ingredients of mrutsanjivanii suraa (Bharat, 2010)

Very old Jaggery (Gud)

Cinnamon

Pomegranate

Lajjalu

Ashvagandha

Devadaru

Bilva

Shyonak

Gokshura

Shalparni

Prasnaparni

Aruna

Patla

Moca

Brihati

Kantakari

Indravaruni

Badari

Chitrak

Punarnava

Svyangupta

Dhustura

Poog

Lotus

Chandan (sandalwood)

Ushir

Shatpushpi

Maricha (black pepper)

Ajwain

Krishna Jirak (black cumin)

Sariva

Cardamom

Jathiphal

Mustaka

Granthparni

Shunthi (dry ginger)

Methika

Shati

Methi is also part of the formula caturbiji, which

contains chandrashura(Lepidium sativum - gardencress
pepperweed), krishna jiraka (Nigella sativa - black cumin)
and yavani (ajwain) (Pole, 2006). Caturbija powder treats conditions
caused by vata dosha such as indigestion, bloating, spasms, and thoracic
and pelvic pain (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).

Mother Lineage

The use of methi as a spice in cooking is a known tradition in many

cultures throughout the world. In Rajasthan, the largest state in India,
methi is an important ingredient in the common spice combination of
cumin seeds, onion, garlic paste, turmeric powder, red chili powder,
coriander powder, besan flour, jaggery, tamarind or lime and salt (Mathur,
2009). When making Rajasthanicurries, the methi seeds are usually boiled
until soft, the cooking water is discarded to remove any bitterness and
then the seeds are seasoned with oil and other spices. Methi ladoo is a
traditional sweet in Rajasthan prepared from roasted methi seed flour

with added jaggery and ghee. This sweet is mostly consumed during the
winter for joint pains, arthritis and rheumatism

(Mathur, 2009). Another Rajasthani preparation is methi raita which is

made with fresh yoghurt and sprouted seeds eaten as such or seasoned
with spices (Mathur, 2009).
Home remedies date far back and there are many different ways on
how to use methi. For sinuses, simmer 2 tablespoons of
crushed methi seeds in 2 cups of water for 30 minutes. Strain and add 1
tablespoon each of lemon and onion juice. Drink several cups a day
(Williams, 2005, p. 146).
To build blood, add 1 teaspoon each of methi seeds, dried comfrey
and dandelion in 2 cups of boiling water. Steep for 10 minutes, strain and
add honey as sweetener. Drink after meals (Williams, 2005, p. 183).
For lung and sinus congestion, blend 1 tablespoon each of methi,
slippery elm, thyme, and comfrey. Place powder in capsules and take 2
capsules every 2 hours for 3 days. When symptoms are relieved take 2
capsules daily (Williams, 2005, p. 221).
As a tonic for good health in both humans and animals, add 2
teaspoons of methi seeds in 1 cup of boiling water. Steep for 15 minutes,
strain and add at least once a week to the drinking water (Williams,
2005, p. 250).
To get relief from a sore throat, boil 3 tablespoon methi seeds, a
handful of mint leaves and 4 cups of water for 15 minutes, strain and cool.
Gargle with this decoction regularly until soreness disappears
(Sanmugam, 2007, p. 84).
Ramadoss Prabhakaran (2010) from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India,
shares that his mother used to take, and give the family, a teaspoon
of methipowder every day with 1 glass of water during the summer to
keep the body cool. She would take methi to relieve stomach pain due to
the heat, and a teaspoon of methi every day to prevent diabetes.
Yemenites Jews also consume methi seeds. They soak, boil and liquefy the
seeds in soups, sauces and vegetable shakes (Goulart, 1995).
Methi seeds contain mucilage and to keep skin soft, the seeds are
soaked in water to extract the mucilage, which is then applied to the skin
(Shah, 2007). To enhance a clear complexion, soak 2 Tbsp. methi seeds in
water for 30 minutes, then drain the water. Blend the seeds with 2 Tbsp.
dried methi leaves and cup coconut milk. Then add 1 Tbsp. chickpea
flour and stir until paste is free from lumps. Apply a thin layer of the paste
on a clean and dry face and neck. Leave the mask on for 15 minutes or

until it is dry, then rinse it off with lukewarm water and pat dry with a
towel (Sanmugam, 2007, p. 85).
Methi also promotes hair growth, and Dr. Smitha Yavagal, an Indian
beautician, suggests the following home remedies for hair growth and
dandruff:

Soak methi seeds in coconut oil under direct sunrays for seven days.
Then apply to scalp.

Make a paste using methi powder and coconut milk. Rub this paste
on scalp briskly and cover with a plastic cap, leave it on for 30 minutes
and wash the hair with mild shampoo.

Take 1 part Bengal gram (chana dal), 1 part green gram (green
chana) and part methi seeds. Powder them coarsely. This mixture
can be used to wash your hair. It does not remove the natural oil from
the hair and thus prevents dryness of hair.

For dandruff soak 2 Tbsp. methi seeds overnight in water, in the

morning grind the seeds into a fine paste. Apply the paste throughout
the scalp and leave it on for hour. Then wash the hair thoroughly.

To make hair silky and glossy, soak 2 tablespoons of methi seeds in water
for 30 minutes. Drain the water and blend with 2 tablespoons dried methi
leaves and cup milk or coconut milk into a paste. Apply onto pre-washed
scalp and hair and leave in for 20 minutes. Rinse off and shampoo as usual
(Sanmugam, 2007, p. 83).

To increase volume of hair, soak 3 tablespoons of methi seeds in

cup water for 6 hours. Grind the seeds into a paste with the water and
slowly stir in 3 tablespoons soap nut powder, mix well. Rub paste into
scalp and leave it in for about 30 minutes, then rinse off and shampoo as
usual (Sanmugam, 2007, p. 169).

Herb-Drug Interaction & Contraindications

Methi is safe when used in moderation for its intended use; it is listed on
theGenerally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) list of the U.S. Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) (CFR). Yet, as with most medications and herbs, side
effects have been noted.
Caution should be taken when taking Warfarin or other
anticoagulant drugs such as Heparin used to stop blood from clotting. Due
to the coumarin content in methi, it can enhance the anticoagulant
activity and in combination with Warfarin or Heparin, the international
normalized ratio (INR) may increase and cause bleeding (Lambert, 2001).
Since methi can lower blood sugar, it is important to monitor blood
sugar levels when taking Insulin, Glipizide or other anti-diabetic drugs.
Dosage adjustment of anti-diabetic drugs may be necessary when
takingmethi on a regular basis (Fetrow, 1999).
Due to the amine content in methi, the effect of Monoamine oxidase
inhibitors (MAOIs) may be enhanced (Fetrow, 1999), and in
theory, methi may impair absorption of oral medications due to its high
content of mucilaginous fiber (Fetrow, 1999).
If taken in large amounts, methi can cause contractions of the
uterus. Thus, women who are pregnant should avoid therapeutic doses
(Bown;Chevallier, 1996). However, a study of pregnant rats fed with 75
mg/kg p.o. (a dose equal to therapeutic doses for diabetes) trigonelline,
extract of methi, showed no significant difference in the implants or
numbers of offspring to that of the control group; the litters all survived
and were normal growth (Shah, 2006). It is therefore controversial
if methi can cause abortions.
Since methi is in the same family as peanuts and
chickpeas, methishould be used with caution or avoided if there is a
history of peanut or chickpea allergy (Patil 1997; Ohnuma 1998; Lawrence,
1999).
If taking larger doses (more than 100 g per day) adverse reactions
such as nausea or diarrhea can occur, or even more severe pitta
provocation such as bleeding, bruising or hypoglycemia. If there is
excessive topical use, skin irritation can happen, and inhalation of the
powder may cause asthma or allergic reactions such as swelling,
numbness or wheezing (Fetrow, 1999).
The safety is not well-documented for use in small children or
persons with liver or kidney disease (Turner, 2005). Depending on the dose
used,methi may cause a maple syrup odor in sweat and urine (Turner,
2005).

Conclusion

For thousands of years, methi seeds and leaves have been used as incense, perfume, food and
medicine for human beings as well as animals. It is mentioned in ancient texts such as Ebers
Papyrus and Bhavaprakasha for its medicinal values. Methi lowersvata and kapha dosha as well
as raktapitta in the prakopa stage of samprapti. Many researchers have studied the therapeutic
effects of methi seeds and have established the fact that methi lowers cholesterol and blood sugar
due to its saponin content, stimulating effect on glucose-dependent insulin secretion from
pancreatic beta cells, and by inhibiting the activities of alpha amylase and sucrase. Methi protects
the gastric mucosa and can help digestive complaints such as gastritis and gastric ulcers. The
polyphenol-rich extract has antioxidant properties and prevents oxidative damage, and
trigonelline, diosgenin and ethanol extracts have been found useful in the cure of breast,
pancreatic, prostate and colon cancer by hindering tumor growth. Methi is a galactagogue due to
its content of flavonoids and phytoestrogen and is used by nursing mothers around the world.
While considered safe for most uses, precaution is warranted for some applications of methi. Yet
its far reaching effects make methi an herb with substantial benefits to those who use it as
intended.

References

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