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Dead Loads
An engineered design approach involves calculating
a demand due to loads, and comparing the demand
with the capacity of the member or element under
consideration.
o Gravity (dead) loads are a natural starting point
dead load is an ever-present load
o
Dead Loads
Weights of all materials permanently attached to the
structure including the following:
o weight of the roof or wood floor system
o sheathing
o framing
o insulation
o ceiling
o piping, automatic fire sprinkler, ducts
o fixed equipment
o etc.
D in psf
6.5
Reroofing
2.5
1.5
2.9
Insulation
0.5
1.0
Roof dead load D 14.9 ~ 15.0 psf
12.5
3.4
Framing (4 x 12 @ 4 o.c.)
2.5
0.6
2.5
Floor dead load D 21.5 ~ 22.0 psf
Live Loads
o
Concentrated Load
Description
KPa
KN
2.9
9.0
4.8
9.0
Offices
2.4
9.02
3.8
9.0
Press rooms
7.2
11.02
4.8
9.02
1.9
06
Exterior balconies
2.94
Decks
1.94
Storage
1.9
Use or Occupancy
Category
13. Office
15. Residential8
Vertical
Load (kPa)
Lateral
Load (kPa)
Walkway
7.2
Canopy
7.2
1.75
Catwalks
1.9
2.4
Over stages
1.0
0.5
Category
1. Construction, public access at site (live load)
2. Grandstands, reviewing, stands bleachers, and
folding and telescoping seating (live load0
3. Stage accessories (live load)
Description
Tributary Area, AT
o
Two times the tributary area for a beam, equal to the panel
area for a two-way slab
Tributary Area
KLLAT (ft2)
Joist J1
2 x 12 = 24
2 x 24 = 48
Joist J2
2 x 14 = 28
2 x 28 = 56
Girder G1
2 x 260 = 520
Girder G2
2 x 312 = 624
Interior col. C1
4 x 286 = 1144
Exterior col. C2
4 x 132 = 528
Corner col. C3
(14/2)(20/2) = 70
4 x 70 = 280
= 0.25 + 4.57
Ai = Influence area, m2
L = reduced design live load per square meter of
area supported by the member
Lo = unreduced design live load per square meter of
area supported by the member (Table 205-1)
Note: The reduced live load shall not be less than 50% of the unit live load for
members receiving load from one level only, nor less that 40 percent of the
unit live load for other members.
Seatwork
Determine the following:
(a) tributary and influence areas are for J1, J2, G1, G2, C1 and C2
(b) axial force required for the design of the interior column C1
due to a dead load of 0.2 kPa and a floor live load L = 1.9 kPa.
The standard roof live load for small tributary areas on flat
roofs is 20 psf (1 kPa)
and 12 20
200 2
1
1 = 1.2 0.001 200 < < 600 2
0.6
600 2
4
1
2 = 1.2 0.05 4 < < 12
12
0.6
AT = tributary area supported by structural member, ft2
F = the number of inches or rise per foot for a sloped roof
Lo = minimum uniform live load per ASCE 7-10 Table 4-1
Method 2
ROOF SLOPE
0 to 20
20 to 60
> 60
Uniform
Load
(kPa)
Rate of
Reduction,
r
Maximum
Reduction R
(percentage)
1.00
0.75
0.60
1.00
0.08
40
0.75
0.70
0.60
0.75
0.06
25
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
No reduction permitted
Example Problem
Determine
the
uniformly
distributed roof loads (including
dead load and roof live load) for
the purlins and girders in the
building shown.
Also determine the total load on
column C1.
Assume that the roof is flat
(except for a minimum slope of
in/ft for drainage).
Roof dead load D = 0.38 kPa.
6.10 m
4.88 m
4.88 m
1.22 m
6.10 m
Example Problem
Determine
the
uniformly
distributed roof loads (including
dead load and roof live load) for
the purlins and girders in the
building shown.
Also determine the total load on
column C1.
Assume that the roof is flat
(except for a minimum slope of
in/ft for drainage).
Roof dead load D = 8 psf.
L2
Horizontal
Roof D along
roof slope
1
+
2
= +
2
1
Example Problem
The building is a standard
residential
occupancy.
The
rafters are sloped at 6 in./ft, and
the roof covering consists of
cement asbestos shingles.
Determine the shear and
moment for the rafters under
dead plus live load if they are
spaced 4 ft o.c.
Roof dead load D has been
estimated as 14 psf along the
roof surface.
Lr = 62 psf
18
18
12
6
D = 14 psf
Rafters @ 4 o.c.
Ridge beam
Other Loads
o
Other Loads
o
Other Loads
o
o
o
Other Loads
o
Method 1 conditions
(NSCP 207.4.1.1)
Method 1 conditions
(NSCP 207.4.1.1)
building is regular
has no unusual geometrical irregularity in spatial form
Method 1 conditions
(NSCP 207.4.1.1)
has a flat roof or a gable or hip roof with slope less than or
equal to 45 degrees (12 in 12 pitch)
Method 1 conditions
(NSCP 207.4.1.1)
NSCP 207.4.2.1
For the design of MWFRS the basic formula for calculating
design wind pressure ps is :
= 9
= 9
Exposure
B
4.5
1.00
1.21
1.47
6.0
1.00
1.29
1.55
7.5
1.00
1.35
1.61
9.0
1.00
1.40
1.66
11.0
1.05
1.45
1.70
12.0
1.09
1.49
1.74
13.7
1.12
1.53
1.78
15.2
1.16
1.56
1.81
16.8
1.19
1.59
1.84
18.0
1.22
1.62
1.87
150
Roof
Angle
(o)
Load
Case
0 to 5
Overhangs
Eoh
Goh
0.66
-0.34
0.44
-0.21
-0.79
-0.45
-0.55
-0.35
-1.11
-0.87
10
0.75
-0.31
0.50
-0.18
-0.79
-0.48
-0.55
-0.37
-1.11
-0.87
15
0.83
-0.28
0.55
-0.16
-0.79
-0.52
-0.55
-0.40
-1.11
-0.87
20
0.92
-0.24
0.61
-0.13
-0.79
-0.55
-0.55
-0.42
-1.11
-0.87
0.83
0.13
0.60
0.14
-0.37
-0.50
-0.27
-0.40
-0.69
-0.59
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.14
-0.27
-0.04
-0.18
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.51
0.59
0.41
0.06
-0.45
0.02
-0.39
-0.26
-0.30
0.74
-0.08
0.59
0.41
0.29
-0.22
0.25
-0.16
-0.26
-0.30
25
30 to 45
vertical pressures are net design wind pressure for Exposure B at h = 9 m and Iw = 1.0 from Figure 207-3 kPa
200
Roof
Angle
(o)
Load
Case
0 to 5
Overhangs
Eoh
Goh
1.18
-0.62
0.79
-0.36
-1.42
-0.81
-0.99
-0.63
-2.00
-1.57
10
1.34
-0.56
0.89
-0.32
-1.42
-0.87
-0.99
-0.67
-2.00
-1.57
15
1.49
-0.49
0.99
-0.28
-1.42
-0.93
-0.99
-0.71
-2.00
-1.57
20
1.64
-0.43
1.10
-0.24
-1.42
-0.99
-0.99
-0.75
-2.00
-1.57
1.48
0.24
1.08
0.24
-0.66
-0.90
-0.48
-0.72
-1.23
-1.05
-0.25
-0.49
-0.07
-0.31
1.34
0.91
1.06
0.73
0.11
-0.81
0.04
-0.69
-0.47
-0.54
1.34
0.91
1.06
0.73
0.51
-0.40
0.45
-0.29
-0.47
-0.54
25
30 to 45
vertical pressures are net design wind pressure for Exposure B at h = 9 m and Iw = 1.0 from Figure 207-3 kPa
250
Roof
Angle
(o)
Load
Case
0 to 5
Overhangs
Eoh
Goh
1.84
-0.95
1.22
-0.57
-2.21
-1.26
-1.54
-0.97
-3.09
-2.42
10
2.07
-0.86
1.38
-0.50
-2.21
-1.35
-1.54
-1.04
-3.09
-2.42
15
2.31
-0.77
1.54
-0.44
-2.21
-1.44
-1.54
-1.10
-3.09
-2.42
20
2.54
-0.67
1.70
-0.37
-2.21
-1.54
-1.54
-1.17
-3.09
-2.42
2.31
0.37
1.67
0.38
-1.03
-1.40
-0.74
-1.12
-1.91
-1.63
-0.39
-0.76
-0.11
-0.49
2.07
1.41
1.65
1.13
0.16
-1.26
0.05
-1.08
-0.73
-0.83
2.07
1.41
1.65
1.13
0.79
-0.62
0.69
-0.44
-0.73
-0.83
25
30 to 45
vertical pressures are net design wind pressure for Exposure B at h = 9 m and Iw = 1.0 from Figure 207-3 kPa
Notes
207.1.4.1. Main Wind-Force Resisting System
The wind load to be used in the design of the MWFRS for an
enclosed or partially enclosed building or other structure shall
not be less than 0.5 kPa multiplied by the area of the building or
structure projected onto a vertical plane normal to the assumed
wind direction.
207.4.2.1.1 Minimum pressures
The load effects of the design wind pressures from Section
207.4.2.1 shall not be less than the minimum load case from
Section 207.1.4.1 assuming the pressures, ps, for zones A, B, C
and D are all equal to +0.50 kPa, while assuming zones E, F, G
and H all equal to 0 kPa.
notes
o
Occupancy
Category2
Description
Iw
Essential
1.15
II
Hazardous
1.15
III
Special Occupancy
1.15
IV
Standard Occupancy
1.00
Miscellaneous
0.87
1see
= 1 + 1 2 3
Example Problem
Wind Forces for MWRFS
Determine the design wind pressures based
on the simplified method for the primary
Lateral Force Resisting System (LRFS).
This is a gable structure that uses a system
of diaphragms and shear walls for resisting
lateral forces.
The building is a standard occupancy
enclosed structure located in Zone 2.
Exposure C is to be used, Kzt is 1.0.
Wind forces for designing MWFRS are
obtained based on ps9 from NSCP. End zone
and interior zone locations to be considered
for horizontal pressures on the vertical
projection of the building surface
Example Problem
Wind Forces for MWRFS
Determine the design wind pressures based
on the simplified method for the primary
Lateral Force Resisting System (LRFS).
This is a gable structure that uses a system
of diaphragms and shear walls for resisting
lateral forces.
The building is a standard occupancy
enclosed structure located in Zone 2.
Exposure C is to be used, Kzt is 1.0.
Wind forces for designing MWFRS are
obtained based on ps9 from NSCP. End zone
and interior zone locations to be considered
for horizontal pressures on the vertical
projection of the building surface
44 /45
End zone
psG = -1.21 kPa
Interior zone
a = 2.56 m
2.2 m
3.6 m
Wind
Leeward
Windward
direction
psC = 1.34 kPa
12.8 m
a = 2.56 m
-1.73 kPa
-1.21 kPa
End zone
-1.21 kPa
-0.92 kPa
Interior zone
2.00 kPa
1.34 kPa
a = 2.56
m
2.2 m
Wind
direction
3.6 m
12.8 m