1-Law

Ethical levels
-Definition of law
-Historical development of the law

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3-

-The different between law and ethics

Law: a set of general rules that do not belong to a particular

person, which govern the behavior of individuals within the
community and the consequent failure to implement the sanction
of the public authority.
General: do not differentiate between people.

The historical development of the law

the emergence of the law began, and distinguish it from morality,
when it began to take shape political power within the group in
the form of elders who enforced respect for moral norms
prevailing, with the signing of the penalty on the violator. The
concept of law has emerged, first, as a kind of moral custom
unacceptable. Thus began the emergence of law as part of ethics,
as represented by the prevailing customs and traditions. Thus, the
law began in the form of rationing mores stable and acceptable.
After a period of stability of the power to rule in the group, it
began featuring rulers who do not just apply inherited norms of
due respect and even issuing commands like custom rules stable
layer. Thus, the ruling orders take the rule of traditions and
customs in the need to undergo it began.
With the emergence of the modern state, especially with the
development of industrial societies, it can no longer be limited to
the customs and traditions to meet the needs of life under the
speed of developments and the changing social and economic
conditions. Thus the need for the organization to new situations
through orders and legislation emerged. Finally came the popular
revolts demanding Judging by people's representatives in the

parliamentary assemblies and where the laws issued by the

legislation of these elected councils.
Thus began the law, riding for custom rules and customs are no
longer attached to them, but it has become a tool in the
implementation of government policies, and legislation has
become the main source of law. With this development in the
form of law, the society continued through Ethics in playing its
role as a principal Secretary to the ideals.
The difference between law and morality
The relationship between the two documents. Perhaps the
concept of law itself was born from the womb of ethics, and
before that develops and acquires for himself some independence
but remains closely related to morality. It can not be that the law
is immoral or hostile to morality or calling the vice, as well as the
law does not work alone in the community, but there is a moral to
his side, and each has its field. How?
Both law and ethics aims to put controls on the social behavior of
individuals and ensuring not to endanger the rights and interests
of others and feelings of hurt or harm. If the "morality" ideal goal,
the "law" realistic tendency Looking for achieving the possible,
not necessarily the ideal. The difference between the law and
morality also ended up with the historical development of the
communities is that breaking the law include sanction material on
the offender by the state or power, while the violation of the rules
of ethics based on moral sanction in the form of contempt for the
community with a consequent sense of shame the actor about the
same in the face of community members of the family or tribe or
neighborhood, friends and acquaintances. Also, because the law
applied by the authority, it does not usually exposed to the
intentions and internal sensations and cares only including shows
from acts or omissions as and when required to do. The ethics it
means foreign deeds are also interested in the internal intentions
and purposes. Human feels guilty just because the bad feelings or
non-precious intentions.
Although both law and morality seek to achieve the proper
behavior in society, the law does not mean that all aspects of

proper behavior is only limited to matters relevant to the

community that could disturb the stability and social progress.
Also, the law, which aims to protect public freedoms, it is also
protect the sanctity of the private life of the individual as long as
it does not entail inconvenience to others.
imagine how difficult life becomes whether to impose a penalty on
every lie law intervention no matter how small. Ask your friend
not to attend at a date agreed upon, he sayed that he was ill or
that he sent you an apology. And know that it is a liar, though you
might lose a part of your respect. This is the legal position. But
imagine what happens if the law enters criminalize this act? If
your in this case the police and the prosecution request to
investigate the veracity of his claim. This makes it very difficult
life.
If the field of law, joining with the field of ethics in many aspects
of social behavior, the law have other important areas in the
community do not recognize morality. The law regulates the
economic and political life of the community, which lays down
rules for the passage to walk on the right to organize the traffic
process without it can be said that the traffic on the right is more
moral to walk on the left. But what is required is that the rules of
acceptable and respectable put everyone to walk. Similarly, the
practice of professions are regulated by law and regulation to deal
in the form of official documents or legal documents or direct
economic activity, institutions or competence management style,
and so on. These are all essential to the advancement of civil life
without having to be directly related to morality .
Indispensable for any healthy society for law and ethics together,
and one of them is not a substitute for the other, they can not do
without either. The law puts the state and sponsored for the
safety of society, while morality is a function of community and
responsibility for the advancement of the individual and the
Prince.
Similarities: regulate the conduct of individuals.
Difference: violation of the law entails physical box.

second level:
Organization: A group of individuals have a particular goal,
using a road or more to reach him. For example, there are
humanitarian organizations, environmental organizations ......
researchers in this field efforts towards identifying what
distinguishes the moral of the Organization for the opposite of
organizations, some have pointed out that the ethical
organizations are organizations that have distinct characteristics
are as follows
1. retaining a clear vision for honesty towards third parties.
2. The adoption and implementation of that vision by senior
management over time.
3. Reward systems are determined in accordance with the
organization to see the integrity of the organization.
4. is determined policies and practices of the organization in
accordance with the strategic vision.
5. prevail organized a state of understanding, which is that
important administrative decisions including ethical dimensions.
6. Everyone in the organization is expected to do exercises in the
framework of conflict among individuals resulting from the
difference in the values held by the participants existence of the
organization.
At the same direction indicated (Pastin) to the three basic
principles moral of the organization, which is (Pastin, 1986, 135):
1. It's quiet in their interaction internally and with the
participants, but the basic rule for this type of organizations are
doing to implement all that is good for those parties as part of the
special quality that you own.
2. focusing on the fundamental issue is that the benefit of others
like them are benefiting from others.
3. responsibility where the individual, not collective, and
established a mandate for individuals and individual responsibility

for their work, and is the fundamental basis for this type of
organization in this field in the legitimacy of the individuals
responsible for themselves.
Clear from the foregoing that the moral organizations have the
features and characteristics that distinguishes it from other
organizations, organizations are relevant specified above
characteristics can be described as immoral, while we find that
organizations that lack those characteristics or some of them
must seek to be transformed into an organization morality by
finding the appropriate means of transformation processes.
Here, the researcher finds that the description put forward by (Daft,
2003) in his book (Management) could be considered an effective
means t the transformation process, becoming the organization
later in the ranks of ethical organizations as they focus on ensuring
the dimensions of ethical principles in the various aspects of the
construction, as evidenced so in the following manner:

First. Individual Ethics

The managers main category of constituent individuals for the
first of the grounds of ethical organization, and here it must be
pointed out the importance of these individuals characterized by
honesty and integrity and that those traits are reflected in their
decisions and behavior, to the confidence of the rest of the
individuals from both inside and outside the organization
Managers of being a tool for the implementation of ethical
standards, the transaction sincere and they Okhalagiwn in fair
dealings with others, and they who are making efforts to reach a
sophisticated moral ranges, it follows them identify ways to focus
attention on the moral values within the organization, and
creating organizational environment that encourages and guides
and supports ethical behavior for all employees, and for that
managers need to have to work to find ethical business climate
appropriate to exercise the other business, which includes five
key aspects are (Daft, 2003, 162):
1. individuals: by selecting what is best for individuals inside and
outside the organization.
2. Legal aspects: and includes emphasis on obedience to the laws
and professional standards and not violate longer as morally
important in the organization.
3. sticking to rules:, it refers to track down those rules, procedures
and organizational policies.
4. Focus on the financial aspects and Organizational Performance:
through that individuals make efforts to achieve the organization
and results which benefit.
5. independence of individuals, including individuals personal
guide in the organization to decide for themselves what is the
right to follow what is wrong and avoided.
While both (Did Jones shows) that the organization's quest to be
an appropriate moral climate through three steps are creating (Do
and Jones, 1998):

1. Senior management must use its leadership position to

embody the ethical dimension within the values that are focused
on them.
2. They must also moral values represented in the organization's
mission.
3. They must activate and direct the moral values in the process,
since they have to carry out the recruitment and dismissal and
the distribution of incentives and rewards operations through a
commitment to ethical values.
4. As that managers need to be able to think consciously about
the ethical implications of their decisions taken in the organization
as a way to build ethical organization.

Second. Ethics Leadership

Produced a study of the policies and ethical practices in many
successful organizations and the fact that the role played by the
leaders of these organizations in the area identified vital. In one of
the surveys that were made secretarial magazine readers it found
that workers genuinely unaware of the ethical lapses of their
leaders, and organizations rapidly contribute to the spread
Contact sites the way that managers determine which way the
moral act (Badaracco & Webb, 1995, 14).
Although the initial path chosen by the commander determines
the moral codes of the organization is through deeds and actions
undertaken by, or reverse those values in practice. If people did
not listen to the moral values prescribed for them by their
leaders, it indicates that the ideas they bring revolves around the
lack of importance of moral values in the organization (Daft,
2003, 156).
Some argue that the process of drafting or weave the moral
values of the organization are in the context of organizational
culture and in the continuity of its work to renew or update ethical
values are not fixed, and that the workers are individuals who
support those core values within the framework of actions and
behaviors that they practice. The evaluation and reward systems
adopted in the organization could lead to the discovery of the link

in how they carried out by both managers and employees come

into contact with values in their actions and their behavior daily.
The use of reward systems, performance and review effectively
can be a pathway actor adopted by managers in the inferred
impact of the Ethics in Business Organization, and ethical
behavior reward and punish behaviors contrary At all levels of the
organization is one of the critical ingredients for building moralists
leaders in business organizations (Linda & Katherine, 1999.267).

Thirdly. Systems and organizational

structures
, This group includes the following (Daft, 2003)
organizational culture
Organizational culture is described as one of the fundamental
forces contribute to the formation or build ethical organization,
and in this regard referred to through the two-way \ are: (Anzi and
Saadi, 2002.111)

a. The essence of culture: a trend that focuses on the culture

through intellectual dimensions of intangible beliefs and
assumptions, philosophy and ideology and shared expectations
and attitudes that bind the members of the organization.
B. Manifestations of culture: a trend that focuses on the culture
through its manifestations, such as symbols, rituals and patterns
of behavior, buildings, structures, systems or behaviors.
ethical codes
And tend those moral codes to be in two forms:
a. Ethical codes based on principles.
B. Ethical codes based policies.
moral codes as well as can contribute to determining the values
expected and unexpected behaviors that arise due to behaviors
and actions carried out by the departments in organizations.

As a result of the importance of ethical codes in organizations, we

find that the departments of organizations that qualify as moral
resorting to strengthen and support those moral codes by
rewarding committed individuals and to punish violators of
individuals, when it can be used ethical codes in the ethical
climate in the organization to upgrade, and this would be
achieved through the use of appropriate behavior and the way to
improve the moral climate, so when you stress the implications of
this behavior represented as follows (Carolyn, 1995, 25):
1. Honesty: between members of the organization and with their
customers, and their communities, and processors, and
participants in general.
2. integrity: in word and the meanings and promises.
3. Respect: in negotiation, communication and relationships.
4. trust / Secretariat: at the individual level and at the working
level.
5. Responsibility for the right and wrong deeds.
6. Citizenship: an issue that must be achieved for the purposes of
compliance with national laws, under which are doing business.
Ethical committees: It is a group of department managers
involved in examining ethics in the organization, and the main
tasks of these committees as you select the appropriate
provisions of the questions raised about the ethical issues in the
organization, also These committees appreciated the
responsibility of offenses committed and the responsibility of the
accounting it, and is there these committees necessary,
especially for organizations that want to conduct an immediate
amendment to the behavior of individuals (Daft, 2003, 158).
Ethical committees in organizations, which includes in its
membership mentors internal and external, and aims of these
committees to what is known and include the basic functions of
these committees as it comes :
1. organize meetings for the purpose of discussing the ethical
issues.

2. Dealing with the gray area which is witnessing an

encroachment on the ethical standards.
3. inform the ethical codes for each member of the organization.
4. strengthen ethical codes or put it into practice.
5. reward ethical behavior and punish ethical violations occurring.
6. Review and update the ethical codes.
7. written report on the Committee's recommendations and
present it to senior management.
Ethical offices: a procedure carried out by some organizations
and is allocating ethical offices in the framework of the
organizational structure and the level and allocation of staff
working full-time in these offices, and summed up the mission of
this office to make sure of the extent of the integration of ethical
standards with different organizational processes (Daft, 2003,
158). The office is headed by the President of the ethics office to
pursue inspections and supervision of the ethical dimensions and
cases of compliance with laws and regulations, which include the
establishment of transparent communications standards, and
conduct ethical training that deal with expectations or problems
and then advise senior management on a mechanism to deal with
ethical issues when making decisions (Yuspeh, 2000.21).
Moral Training: In this area organizations emphasizes the need
for the passage of its members working in the hour of ethics
training at least annually, and it comes originally from
impressionist role achieved by those training hours in the
definition of workers
Ethical codes in written form, as well as its role in the formulation
of solutions to ethical problems that arise during the extensive
have discussions, The hours of ethics training as well as to guide
personnel to how they manage through which to develop possible
solutions to situations arising out of the conflict between the
values (Daft, 2003, 158).
To become moral training process useful, it should be emphasized
the need to identify ethical training requirements are consistent

and linked to local of implications in the country in which the

moral training - be it in cases of international organizations - with
emphasis on the need for training programs to develop in
proportion to the country or region in cooperation with the
organization's central offices, and requires access to effective and
ethical training programs which local experts (to situations of
internal training) ethical training foreign experiences available
anywhere in the world (Revan, 2004, 78).
Reporting mechanisms: means by which to carry individuals to
disclose all illegal and immoral and irrational practices in their
actions and behavior (Daft, 2003, 158). In this case, some
emphasize that the organization will suffer from the absence of
confidence behavioral codes and ethical structures in which to
reduce those unwanted behaviors (Miceli & Mear, 1984, 698). In
the context of the adoption of the reporting mechanisms of the
Organization should identify individuals who reveal aspects of
illegal and dangerous activities unethical and subjecting them to
the reporting mechanisms that result in the reporting of the
reports to determine the actions and behaviors of erroneous and
displayed in front of third parties, including the interested
agencies,
The boards of the House of Representatives and editors
journalists. Under that many organizations have resorted to the
creation of innovative programs and opening hotlines reliable to
encourage and support the reporting processes within the
organization to be the organization that has sought to identify
protective factors against immoral behavior (Garaventa, 1994,
373).