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in washwater systems
ause equipment failures
pressure drop and lower heat transfer. These dry salts are
not considered as very corrosive. When an intermittent
'.
, ,
88
air cooler i s to get an even distribufluid and the washwater through each air
e. To accomplish this goal, these design guidelines
water i
89
cant. There is
injection point.
If Theory 1is true, the calculated NH4HS concentra-
In a survey, about N of the data points indicated maximum corrosion a t 320For above, but about 96 indicate
maximum corrosion at 225OF or less. In addition, there
are reported failuresjust upstream of the separator drum,
which would have a much lower NH4HS concentration
than upstream of the air cooler if Theory 1is true.
If Theory 2 is accepted, is the "percent aqueous solution rule" invalid? Empirical evidence shows if all of the
water is vaporized, the point where water first condenses
will be very corrosive. However, this corrosion may not be
caused by NH4HS, but by NH4Cl and other salts in solution. Hydrochloric acid is much more soluble in water than
H2S,so the very first condensed liquid could be very high
in NH4Cl concentration. Because only a small amount of
chlorides are present in hydroprocessing effluent streams,
very little water is needed to drive the NH4HS concentration down to nil, making the NH4HS corrosion controlling. Probably, significantly less than 20% aqueous
water would meet this requirement; however, the 20%calculated aqueous water guideline is probably a good rule.
Future unit expansion or different heat exchanger profiles can very quickly consume this 20% safety margin.
In addition, once enough water has been injected to satu-
Process conditions
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Hot sep.
present ?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y, 500F
Y,500F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y,500F
Y, 500F
Y, 5OO0F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y,5OO0F
Cold sep.
pressure
psig
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
500
500
900
900
1,800
1,800
500
500
500
900
900
900
900
900
900
Process
temp.,
OF
400
300
500
400
300
500
400
300
500
400
300
400
300
400
300
400
300
400
300
400
400
400
400
500
500
400
300
500
400
300
washwater
temp.,
"F
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Sep. vapor
recycle rate,
scffbbl
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
. 1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1.000
500
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
Recycle
rate,
2,000-1,000
scflbbl
Recycle
rate,
1.000600
scflbbl
gpmf
1,000 bpd
1.7
0.7
3.0
1.6
0.6
2.2
1.1
0.4
1.7
0.8
0.3.
1.2
0.4
0.8
0.3
1.5
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Water inj
Proc temp.,
5oO-400
temp.
2W10O0F
"F
1.06
1.03
1.88
Proc temp.,
400300
"F
2.48
1.34
1.43
1.62
2.80
psis
1.36
1.47
1.30
1.40
1.48
2.00
Pressure,
900-1,800
1.40
1.41
2.1 5
2.96
2.68
1.48
1.55
2.82
1.62
1.08
1.06
1.62
2.05
1.32
2.03
1-60
1.64
I
I
arrangements with
major customers
Please write us for our full color
brochure, comprehensively
describing KEMCO's capabilities
and recently completed heat
transfer euuipment
93
Circle 112
94
F:
b&l
deposition chart1 modified to reflect unit
&rs such as configuration, operating pressure,
ratio, etc., for a particular unit. These assump-
aversfon factor can be derived to account for chlo,the make-up gas and fresh feed. This chart was
id based on process simulations and spreadsheet
~ o n for
s the various cases. A similar chart could
pared for NH4HS deposition.
ater remaining aqueous. This nomograph
prepared to explain the interaction between the
&r remaining aqueous and washwater rate and
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Based on a paper originally presented at the 1997 Gulf Publishing Co.lHydrocarbonProcessing Process Optimization Conference
and Exhibit, April 8-10,1997, Houston, Texas.
'
LlTERATURE CITED
NH.,HS Deposition Chart, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 406,1937, p. 56.
NH&l Deposition Chart. Journal of Chemistry and Physics, 1944. p. 318.
Piehl, R L., "Survey of Corrosion in Hydmracker Emuent Air Coolers,"Maferials
Performance, January 1975, p. 15.
Sheri-er, C. and M. Dumue, m a t e and Resid Hydmproeessing: Copingwith Corrosion
yith High Concentrationsof Ammonium Bisulfide in the Pmcess Water,"MaterialsPerformance, November 1980, p. 25.
Damin, D. G..and J. D,McCoy, %vention of Corrosion in Hydrodesulfurizer Air Coolers and Condensers,"M a t e d Performance, December 1978, p. 23.
Pie& R L."Camsion by SuUide-Containing Condensate in Hydrmacker EffluentCoolem." API 33rd Midyear Meeting, May 1968.
Alvarez, A M. and C. A Robertson, "Mataials and Design Considerationsin High Pressure HDS Effluent Caolem,"Materials Performance, May 1993, p. 16.
Shargay. C. A, A J. B a g d e a n , J. W. Coombs and W. KJenkins, "Corrosion in
Hydmpmeessing Units," Corrosion in the Oil Refining Industry, Eds. L. Kaley, J. E.
Feather, N.Coble, R. Strong, Houston, NACE 1996).pp. 1011-10118.
The author
'operating pressure, recycle rate, effluent distillas involved in design of new or revamped units
on of existing unitsshould have a basic underdesign guidelines relating to the waterwash
APPENDIX
partial pressure of each component, i, can be cal)y taking the moles of the component in the vapor
hided by the total moles in the vapor phase mulby the absolute pressure in the process.
2'.
@ ~is the
i
(3)
$peposition temperature.
g,pet
reactor yield can be calculated from the
trogen level &d the percent denitrification. If a
or catahst vendor is involved,. they- wili normally
@,thereactor net yields.
m3
where: molar flow HC= molar flow of Hz and hydrocarbon in the vapor phase a t injection point.
PSm S m =Absolute pressure of saturated
HYDROCARBON PROCESSING1 JUNE 1997
95
Operating pressure,
psig
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
Fc
= 10,375 rnolelhr
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
(I mole1hr)
9,108 scfd
vapor rate
wt%NH4HS in solution =
511 14 xWf x FN x CN ~ ~ 1 0 0
100 x 100 x WWR x 500
5% g~
(1 - 7811,015)
:
;
(5)
In this example, the water rate is set by the &
concentration mideline.
-?d
3
where:
x 670,000 x 0.05 X