Review of Ch. 5 The Nature and
perties of So!
© Solutions are classified as electrolytes (ionic, acids, bases) if they conduct an electric current or
nonelectrolytes (molecular) if they do not conduct.
1. Classify each compound as an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte when dissolved in water.
lonje mefece lor acid base.
a) salt water b) ‘ammonia ©) vinegar @) drain cleaner
electrolyte ronelecholyfe electrolgte electrolyte
Ionic compounds dissociate into positive and negative ions when dissolved in water while acids
ionize into H’ and a negative ion. Molecular substances disperse and become aqueous if they have
high solubility but do not break up into ions!
2. Write dissociation, ionization or dispersal equations for the ae substances.
8) aluminium suttte Af (Q,), 7. > RA at 2 egy
(Cog)
) phosphoric acid As POjcogy 7 3 ie + jig)
oO
©) sucrose Cr 4, O, “a Cr A uw cp
d) sulfuric acid 4, $04 tag) —? BH gg + S04 tag)
€) ammonium hydrogen phosphate (NA,), He jy > 2NAy A, la MOjy
Aqueous entities are used to represent substances present in a water environment and can be listed
using the guidelines below:
> ionic compounds (including bases) with high solubility are represented as ions while those with
low solubility are listed as solid compounds
> molecular substances with high solubility are listed as aqueous compounds while those with
low solubility (fuels) are listed with their original states of matter
> strong acids are listed in their ionized form while weak acids retain their molecular form
> elements (except chlorine) retain their original formulas and states of matter 3. List the chemical formulas for the major entities present in water for the following substances.
a) lead d) ammonia
Psy > He Ns cop» 42)
b) perchloric acid e) oxalic ey ma 0
Doce boy
Hes Chey, Me) ep 0°?)
c) sodium nitrate ) calcium hydroxide
.
Noa fog) N25i5) > Go ACPD > 4%@
© The concentration of a solution is defined as the ratio of the quantity of solute to the quantity of
the solution. Concentration can be calculated and reported using the following methods:
percentage
= by volume. % VV
= mass by volume ww
by mass o6WiW
parts per million a ppm
tio
amount —— mol/L
alii
4, Calculate the percentage weight by volume concentration of an intravenous dextrose sugar
solution that contains 50 g of dextrose in a 1.00 L bag.
= 50 = yw
eet 5, °'%
5, Determine the amount concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving 10.0 g of sodium
hydroxide in water to make 2.00 L of solution
C2 °Yo.00 ofyeg 2 OLS mo,
Pook
© An unknown quantity of solute or quantity of solution can be determined by using a given
concentration ratio as a conversion factor.
6. What volume of apple juice with a 12% W/V sugar concentration would contain 9.0 g of sugar?
Viz %0gx L0omk = 5 mb
(24 ‘© 2-step amount concentration calculations involve a mole ~ mass conversion as well as using the .
amount concentration relationship.
Co, Gays
7. Calculate the amount concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving 8.75 g of
cobalt (II]) sulfate in 500 mL of distilled water.
ne > BISB = O,02)8.. met
40L.07 Hiner
mek = 0.04%] ad,
A EB
cr4e+ O-ons'
v O:S00L
¢ Ton concentrations in a solution can be determined by using the mole ratio between the compound
and the ion from the dissociation equation.
8. Write a dissociation equation and calculate the amount concentration of the cations and anions
ina 0.50 mol/L solution of aluminium sulfate.
3H
Al, CDs, —P 2AM eg, + 3 Sheegs
0.50 mot f/y 180 204,
ES
© Standard solutions are solutions whose Concentrations are stable and known precisely. They can
be prepared using 2 different methods:
i) Using n= cv and m=nM to determine the mass of a solid chemical to be dissolved in a
volumetric flask
ii) Using cj vi = cr Vr to determine the volume of concentrated stock solution (Vi) to be diluted in
a volumetric flask.
9. Determine the mass of potassium hydrogen tartrate, KHCsHOx(s), needed to prepare a
100.0 mL standard solution with an amount concentration of 0.150 mol/L.
NV = CAD MAYO sol = OS met
mM» nih = QDMA E19 Hy) = 2%? 4
10. Ifa lab technician needs to prepare 2.00 L of 2.50 mol/L ammonia solution, what volume of
14.8 mol/L concentrated ammonia would be required?
smth Yom). oa
/4.8 moth or
338 mL Review of Ch. G6 Acids and Bases
© Conversions between pH ofa solution and [H30"] are carried out using these relationshiy
* remember sig digs *
[H30*] = 10-P# and
11. Determine the pH of lemon juice with a hydronium ion concentration of 7.5 x 10° moW/L,
pits “ley IKI? = QID
12, Calculate the [H30" of a cleaning solution whose pH is measured to be 11.562.
Tio] > 10 ATH KIO? mall,
© Conversions between pOH of a solution and [OH] are carried out using these relationships:
[OH-]= 10-P°# and pOH = —log[OH™] * remember sig digs *
13. Determine the hydroxide ion concentration of a cleaning solution whose pOH is measured to be
12.17.
sald oe
Lot] = (0 = 6.8x10 nok)
14. Calculate the pOH of a drain cleaner with a hydroxide ion concentration of 4x 10”? mol/L.
pons leg 4x0 = 1.4
© The colors produced when solution samples are tested with several acid
used to determine the unknown pH of the solution.
15. Separate samples of an unknown solution turned both methyl orange and bromothymol blue
indicators to yellow and turned bromocresol green indicator to blue. Estimate the pH of the
unknown solution and calculate the hydronium ion concentration.
meal eronge = yellows —> p> 44 eshineled pH
bromothy mo? blue yellow —> ph < 60 > re befween sy
bromocresol gren-> blue > pH > 54 ad 60 (£7)
edinded LH0']= (0° "> 2x10 noGh, © Modified Arrhenius Theory can be used to theoretically define acids and bases.
i) Acids react with water to produce hydronjum ions.
ii) Bases either dissociate hydroxide ion directly or react with water to produce hydroxide ion.
16, Write a modified Arrhenius equation to explain why sulfurous acid turns litmus red.
H, 0.
stag t+ Oey > 450s,
f
) 3 ces) t 450 ag)
17, Write a modified Arrhenius equation to explain why ammonia turns litmus blue.
e -
NA cay : 49, a NH ay + ayy
© Polyprotie acids and bases can react with water more than once to produce hydronium or
hydroxide ions but each successive reaction is weaker than the previous.
18. Show all steps in the reaction of carbonic acid with water to turn litmus red.
<5oh
A, cag) t +A 4 Ay HCO sey a A Orgs
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