PRJCT Be Scba

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Portland cement concrete is and will remain a major construction material of choice in
Civil Engineering construction. Portland cement is the most important constituent of
concrete. Unfortunately, cement manufacturing consumes large amount of energy about
7.36x106 kJ per tonne of cement. Also, approximately 1 tonne of CO2 is released into the
atmosphere during the production of 1 tonne of cement. Thus partial replacement of
Portland cement by mineral byproducts such as fly ash, slag, silica fume can significantly
reduce CO2 emission. Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction
material throughout the world. Researchers all over the world today are focusing on ways
of utilizing either industrial or agricultural waste, as a source of raw materials for industry.
This waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also result in foreign
exchange earnings and environmental pollution control. Industrial wastes, such as blast
furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement replacement
materials. Currently, there has been an attempt to utilize the large amount of SCBA, the
residue from an in-line sugar industry and the bagasse-biomass fuel in electric generation
industry. A few studies have been carried out on the ashes obtained directly from the
industry to study pozzolanic activity and their suitability as binders, partially replacing
cement.
The obtained SCBA causes a great disposal problem. Using waste SCBA as a
pozzolanic material to replace cement can reduce the consumption of cement and reduce
landfill area requirements. This in turn helps solve environmental issue caused by cement
production, decreasing both energy based and CO2 emissions. Cement production
processes contributes 5% in global warming. It is well known that CO 2 is a major
contributor to the greenhouse effect and the global warming of the earth. Ordinary
Portland cement is recognized as the major construction material throughout the world.
When pozzolanic materials are added to cement, the silica (SiO 2) present in these
materials reacts with free lime released during the hydration of cement and forms
additional calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) as new hydration products which improve the
mechanical properties of concrete formulation. SCBA is one of an agricultural waste from
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sugar manufacturing. When this waste is burned under controlled conditions, it also gives
ash having amorphous silica, which has pozzolanic properties. Therefore, it is possible to
use SCBA as cement replacement material to improve quality and reduce the cost of
construction materials such as mortar, concrete pavers, concrete roof tiles and soil cement
interlocking block.
The present study was carried out on SCBA obtained by controlled combustion of
sugarcane bagasse, which was procured from the Maharashtra province in India.
Sugarcane production in India is over 300 million tons/year leaving about 10 million tons
of as unutilized and, hence wastes material. Our project analyzes the effect of SCBA in
concrete by partial replacement of cement at the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by
weight.
The experimental study examines the compressive strength of hardened concrete.
The main ingredients consist of Portland cement, SCBA, river sand, coarse aggregate and
water. After mixing, concrete specimens were casted and subsequently all test specimens
were cured in water.
Figure 1.1 Raw SCBA
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1.2 Review of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA)

The Sugarcane is one of the major crops grown in over 110 countries and its total
production is over 1500 million tons. In India sugarcane production is over 300 million
tons/year that cause around 10 million tons of SCBA as an un-utilized and waste material.
After the extraction of all economical sugar from sugarcane, about 40-45 percent fibrous
residue is obtained, which is reused in the same industry as fuel in boilers for heat or
power generation leaving behind 8 -10 percent ash as waste, known as SCBA
Bagasse is fibrous matter remains after sugar cane stalks crushed to extract their juice.
It is used as a biofuel and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials. SCBA i.e.
Sugar Cane SCBA is obtained by controlled combustion of sugarcane bagasse. There are a
number of siliceous and argillaceous materials which are used as pozzolona in various
parts of the world. Fly ash, cinders (as from locomotives), ashes from volcanoes etc. are
used to obtain hydraulic binders whereas clays of different mineralogical origins on
calcination produce pozzolans of various grades. Recently rice husk ash has also been
recognized as a good pozzolanic material. In India, as well as elsewhere, bagasse obtained
after extraction of sugar juice from sugarcane is used as a source of heat energy to produce
sugar, jiggery and other related products. The ashes obtained from such industries are
generally used for filling uneven land and are not put to any other use at present. The
projected quantity of SCBA may be linked to be production of sugar which was about 120
lakh tonnes in the year 1990-1991. The quantity of bagasse was estimated to be about
30% of sugarcane. The sugar content averaged at 10%. About 40% of sugarcane is utilized
by the sugar industry whereas 60% of sugarcane is used in rural areas for jaggery and
allied products. For seed purposes 10% of sugarcane is kept aside. The ash content of
bagasse on calcination is found to be around 3% on dry basis and may thus be around 2
million tonnes per annum. Therefore, it was thought worthwhile to study this ashes from
a number of industries, big or small, for their pozzolanic properties and to utilize them as
a component building materials.
Bagasse was collected from Kadwa co-operative sugar factory limited. Rajaram nagar,
materwadi, Tal- Dindori, Dist.- Nashik.
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1.2.1
Uses of SCBA
Theoretically, there should be little loss of the elements of fertility from the soil in
the production of sugar, the final product being a pure carbohydrate consisting
solely of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that the sugarcane has obtained from the
unlimited supplies in the atmosphere. That is the reason why all the waste product
of the sugar factory needs to be composted and send back to fields otherwise there
will be loss of soil fertility and unnecessary expense on fertilizer in the cane farms
for that bagasse if composted will be of more value as a fertilizer rather than
SCBA.
In Mauritius coal and SCBAes has been extensively used as a farm fertilizers. So
far SCBA has been normally used as fertilizer in the field.

The reutilization of biomass ashes in agriculture is important to create nutrient
cycles. The fertilizing effect of ashes was comparable to that of highly soluble
fertilizers such as triple superphosphate. Therefore factories which are adding
phosphoric acid to bring up the P2O5 content of juice may reduce this expense by
fertilizing the field wish SCBAe. The ashes could also be effectively used for low
fertility soils.
Boiler ash was rich in micronutrients like Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and also contained
sufficient amount of Ca, Mg, Na, S, K, and P. Total porosity of soil available P, S,
and K, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu content in soil, increase with the level of boiler ash
application but basal dose of NPK, 120, 90 and 60 kg/ha respectively, also needs to
be applied with boiler ash.

Composted sugarcane processing by-products (SPB) like bagasse, filter cake and
boiler ash as soil amendments and horticultural growing media is not only good
but also increases the water retention capacity of soils therefore reducing water
requirement of cane fields.

Another way of utilizing SCBA is to make economical and green bricks to
maintain environmental balance and avoid problem of ash disposal.

SCBA is mixed with fly ash and lime quarry dust and bricks are formed having the
following properties. SCBA could be used for preparing lime ash (pozzolona)
mixture for local use as a mortar and other low cost building materials, such as
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blocks and bricks, especially in the sugar production areas where its availability is
high.
1.2.2 Properties of SCBA
The sugarcane bagasse consists of approximately 50% of cellulose, 25% of

hemicellulose and 25% of lignin.
Each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26% of bagasse (at a moisture

content of 50%) and 0.62% of residual ash.
The residue after combustion presents a chemical composition dominates by

silicon dioxide (SiO2).
Table 1.1: Chemical composition of Bagasse
Component
SiO2
Al2 O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO3
Loss of ignition
Mass %
68
3.05
3.71
5.01
1.15
0.67
4.5
Table. 1.2: Physical Properties of SCBA
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1.3
Properties
Values
Specific Gravity
2.20
Colour
Black
Density (gm/cm3)
1.20
Moisture content
6.28%
Objectives of work
The present study of compression character of M30 grade concrete aims at
1. To examine the effect of replacement of cement by SCBA (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%
&20%) respectively on strength of concrete (M30).
2. To find out the optimum percentage of SCBA that can effectively replace the
cement by weight without any adverse effect on properties of hardened concrete.
3. To evaluate the cost variations of conventional concrete and partially replaced
concrete ( SCBA).
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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2.1 Introduction
Theoretical and experimental work done and some of the experimental studies
performed in this field are presented in following literatures:
2.2 Literature review
Mini Vishwakarma, R.K. Grover, Study On The Strength And Cost Analysis
OF Concrete With Sugarcane Bagasse Ash they carried out experimental studies on
strength of cement mortar with partial replacement of Ordinary Portland cement by
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBCA). Cement mortar paste were prepared with various percent
of SCBA as partial replacement of OPC in range 5%, to 20 % by weight of cement. The
compressive strength test was carried out as per relevant Indian standard codes. The test
results show that replacement of cement to the extent of approximately 10% by weight of
cement was found to give the optimum results for the 28 days strength. [1]
Mahavir Singh Rawat, A Case Study on Waste Utilization of sugar cane bagasse
ash in Concrete Mix his main objective was to investigate the effect on the fresh and
harden mechanical properties of self-compacted concrete, when OPC is partially replaced
by 10 % of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA). Experimental test are performed with
different locally available material to check the quality of SCC. The fresh concrete
properties (filling ability and passing ability) and harden mechanical properties
(compressive strength and split tensile strength) were obtained by conducting respective
tests as per Indian Standards. The average of three samples was used as representative
strength. On the basis of experimental results it may also conclude that with increasing the
percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash the fresh and harden properties of concrete get
affected. [2]
Mahavir Singh Rawat, Self Compacting Concrete Made with Partial
Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in his research utilization of sugar cane bagasse
ash in cement concrete was done. The sugar cane bagasse ash waste product is used as a
partial replacement to cement. It deals with M25 grade concrete and the production
(extent) to which bagasse ash can be used. For this three trail mixes with varying
proportions of sugar cane bagasse ash has been choose and the strength results of cubes
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after 1 day,7day and 28days cylinders strength after 28 days and the prisms strength after
28 days have been reported and presented graphically.[3]
Jayminkumar A. Patel, Experimental study on compressive strength of concrete

by partially replacement of cement with sugar cane bagasse ash examined impact of
sugar cane bagasse ash in concrete. In this experimental work sugar cane bagasse ash
which is taken from Maroli sugar mill, Navsari, Gujarat, INDIA is partially replace with
cement at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight in concrete. The grade of concrete is
M25 and w/c ratio is 0.49 taken as a reference. 150x150x150 mm cubes are casted and
tested for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. Compressive strength result shows that up to 10%
replacement of sugar cane bagasse ash in concrete gives comparable result with normal
concrete without any admixture, but 5% replacement give maximum compressive
strength. Also the amount of sugar cane bagasse ash increase, workability of concrete
increases. [4]
M. S. Chennakesava Rao, N. V. N. Prabath, Green Concrete Using Agro
Industrial Waste (Sugarcane Bagasse Ash) observed that, the Bagasse ash has been
chemically and physically characterized, and partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%,
10%, 15% and 25% by the weight of cement in concrete. The bagasse ash was then
ground until the particles passing the 90 m sieve size reach about 85% and the specific
surface area about 4716 cm2/gm. Ordinary Portland cement was replaced by ground
bagasse ash at different percentage ratios. The compressive strengths of different mortars
with bagasse ash addition were also investigated. M25 concrete mixes with bagasse ash
replacements of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of the Ordinary Portland cement
were prepared with water-cement ratio of 0.42 and cement content of 378 kg/m3 for the
control mix. They test fresh concrete tests like slump cone test where under taken as well
as hardened concrete test like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength
at the age of 7days, 28 days and 90 days was obtained. The test results indicated that up to
10% replacement of cement by bagasse ash results in better or similar concrete properties
and further environmental and economic advantages can also be exploited by using
bagasse ash as a partial cement replacement material.[5]
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Kennedy Aburili, Dr. G.W. Waswa , Dr. R. O. Onchiri, Characterization Of

Compressive Strength Of Concrete Blended With Sugarcane Bagasse Ash their main
objective was to characterize the compressive strengths of concrete by varying the SCBA
and (Ordinary Portland Cement) OPC contents. The SCBA used for this research was
sampled from Nzoia Sugar Company (NSC), one of the key players in Kenyas Sugar
Industry. The two variables; cement and SCBA content were applied to establish the
concretes workability and compression strength at different curing periods (7, 14 and 28
days). Non-probability technique of sampling, specifically purposive sampling was
applied in selecting the units that was included in all the samples. The research concluded
that SCBA grain size of < 0.075mm and optimum SCBA content of 10% would provide
the highest workability and compressive strength in SCBA blended concrete.[6]
K Meeravali, K V G D Balaji, T. Santhosh Kumar, Partial Replacement of

Cement in Concrete with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash behavior In HCl Solution they replaced
cement by sugarcane bagasse up to 25% in regular intervals of 5%. To analyze the
behavior of SCBA concrete in HCl the casted specimens are cured in 5% HCl solution for
7, 28 and 60 days. The water binder ratio adopted is 0.4. The use of blending materials in
concrete reduces the heat of hydration and increases the life of structure. When calcium
hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid gives out ettringite (and CaCl 2) possessing a
crystal type of structure which makes the concrete porous and allows the external chloride
ions to penetrate into concrete leading in the loss of weight and strength of concrete. In
this paper an attempt is made to prove that SCBA helps to restrict this attack of HCl on
concrete. [7]
A. Bahurudeen, Manu Santhanam, Performance Evaluation of Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash-Based Cement for Durable Concrete In their literature Sugarcane bagasse
ash (SCBA) was obtained as a by-product from cogeneration combustion boilers in sugar
industries. Bagasse ash is mainly composed of reactive silica and can be used as
pozzolanic material in concrete. Previous studies have reported that the utilization of
SCBA as pozzolanic material in concrete can significantly improve its performance. A
comprehensive investigation of durability performance of bagasse ash in concrete is not
available in existing literature. In all previous studies, raw bagasse ash was ground to
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cement fineness and directly used in the concrete for the performance evaluation, without
suitable characterization. Development of SCBA-based Portland Pozzolona cement and its
influence on the durability performance of concrete are discussed in this article. Durability
performance was investigated by five different methods in this study. The methods used
were rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT), chloride conductivity test, water absorptivity
test, and Torrent air permeability test. The results from this study show that use of SCBA
in concrete significantly enhances its durability performance. [8]
Sadiqul Hasan, Nafisa Tamanna, Mohamed Slah Talha, Md.Saiful Islam,

Properties Of Concrete By Using Bagasse Ash And Recycle Aggregate, observed that,
objective was to investigate the concrete properties by using recycle aggregate as a
replacement of coarse aggregate and bagasse ash as the partial replacement of cement. It
was observed that significant decrease of concrete strength with the addition of recycle
aggregate, and effective increment of concrete strength by using optimum percentage of
bagasse ash might be possible. Finally, it was concluded that recycle aggregate and
bagasse ash with optimum percentage can be used to make recycle concrete and
sustainable structures. [9]
Nasir Shafiq, Asma Abd Elhameed, Muhd Fadhil Nuruddi, Effect Of Sugar
Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) On Sulphate Resistance Of Concrete they carried out
experimental work to determine the effect of sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) on the
durability of concrete to sulphate attack when utilized as cement replacement material, the
cement was replaced with 0 50% The sulphate resistance was assessed by measuring the
weight loss and compressive strength loss. It was obtained that inclusion of SCBA in
concrete regardless the replacement percentage significantly improved the resistance to
sulphate ingress and reduced the weight loss and compressive strength loss; the minimum
weight loss and strength loss obtained were 1.2% and 2.2% respectively at 15% SCBA.
[10]
T.Shafana, R.Venkatasubramani, A Study On The Mechanical Properties Of
Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Fine Aggregate With Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
examined that the possibility of using sugarcane bagasse ash as replacement of fine
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aggregate in concrete. They partially replaced 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of natural
sand with SCBA. They compared compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural
strength with those of concrete made with natural fine aggregate. They also studied
chemical properties of SCBA. The test results indicate that it is possible to manufacture
concrete containing sugarcane bagasse ash with characteristics similar to those of natural
river sand aggregate concrete, provided that the percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash as
fine aggregate is limited to 10 percent. [11]
Shanjida Sultana, Aminur Rahman, Characterization of Calcined Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash and Sugarcane Waste Ash for Industrial Use, In their literature study of
sugarcane bagasse ash and sugarcane waste were calcined at 4000 0C, 60000C, 80000C and
100000C temperature for 2 hours.These samples has been chemically and physically
characterized in order to evaluate the possibility of their use in metallurgical and materials
industry. XRF analysis for chemical composition of the samples, XRD analysis for
determination of composition and presence of crystalline material as well as physical
properties has been studied. Carbon content has been determined by elemental analyzer.
Bagasse ash is an industrial waste that mainly consists of high amount of silica (SiO2) and
carbon materials. Calcium, magnesium and potassium oxide presents as main minor
compound. As temperature increases, the sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and sugarcane
waste ash (SCWA) color changes from black to grey and white which indicates that the
carbon content present in the SCBA and SCWA were reasonably reduced. The ignition
loss of SCBA and SCWA was significantly reduced with increasing temperature. Particle
size analysis indicates sample fineness was improved with increasing temperature. [12]
Mrs.U.R.Kawade, Mr.V.R.Rathi, Miss Vaishali D. Girge, Effect of use of
Bagasse Ash on Strength of Concrete, characterized SCBA chemically and physically
and partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight of
cement in concrete. The properties for fresh concrete are tested like slump cone test and
for hardened concrete compressive strength at the age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. The test
result indicate that the strength of concrete increase up to 15% SCBA replacement with
cement. [13]
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M. Sivakumar, Dr. N. Mahendran, Experimental Studies of Strength and Cost

Analysis of Concrete Using Bagasse ASH, conducted tests on using materials such as
Bagasse ash for the physical and chemical properties such as fineness, specific gravity,
initial & final setting time. Various moulds were casted for the different properties of
bagasse ash and Cement concrete i.e. replacement of cement with various percentage of
Bagasse ash. The various specimens were tested for the compressive strength and the most
optimum value was found out. Cost analysis was done on the account of optimum
replacement of the account of optimum replacement of the cement. The tests reveal the
cost to be lesser than the initial cost. Use of Bagasse ash also contributes to the reduction
of waste disposal by the industries which reveal that the environmental hazards from the
waste materials. [14]
Lavanya M.R, Sugumaran.B , Pradeep.T, An Experimental study on the
compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse
ash In their literature feasibility of using sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), a finely ground
waste product from the sugarcane industry, as partial replacement for cement in
conventional concrete was examined. The tests were conducted as per Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) codes to evaluate the suitability of SBA for partial replacements up to
30% of cement with varying water cement (w/c) ratio .The physical properties of SBA
were studied. Compressive strengths (7, 14 and 28 days) were determined. The results
showed that the addition of sugarcane bagasse ash improves the strengths in all cases. The
maximum strength increase happens at 15% with 0.35 w/c ratio. [15]
R.Srinivasan, K.Sathiya, Experimental Study on Bagasse Ash in Concrete , In
their paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, and partially
replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% by weight of cement in concrete. Fresh
concrete tests like compaction factor test and slump cone test were undertaken was well as
hardened concrete tests like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength
and modulus of elasticity at the age of seven and 28 days was obtained. The result shows
that the strength of concrete increased as percentage of bagasse ash replacement increased.
[16]
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2.3 Remark on literature review

From above literature study it was found that many researches were carried out
considering physical and chemical properties of Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). Various
% of SCBA are used to replace the cement content in concrete. Behavior of concrete is
determined by performing various tests like compressive strength, Split tensile strength,
Flexural Strength etc. The construction of modern structures calls for materials with
increasingly improved properties like strength, toughness, ductility and last but not least
durability. Durability of concrete depends on strength of concrete also. Strength is defined
as ability of concrete to carry load.
CHAPTER 3
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MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
The present research work is experimental oriented and requires
preliminary investigation in a systematic way. The effect of partial replacement of cement
by industrial waste sugarcane bagasse ash on behavior of concrete is studied. In this
project, mix design is done as per the bureau of Indian standards, IS 10262- 2009 for M30
grade concrete with good degree of quality control. From the studies, optimum results are
found out and compared with the conventional concrete.
3.2Problem statement
Portland cement concrete is and will remain a major construction material of
choice in Civil Engineering construction. Portland cement is the most important
constituent of concrete. Unfortunately, cement manufacturing consumes large amount of
energy about 7.36x106
kJ
per tonne of cement. Also, approximately 1 tonne of CO 2 is
released into the atmosphere during the production of 1 tonne of cement. Thus partial
replacement of Portland cement by mineral byproducts such as fly ash, slag, silica fume
can significantly reduce CO2 emission. Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major
construction material throughout the world. Researchers all over the world today are
focusing on ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural waste, as a source of raw
materials for industry. This waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also
result in foreign exchange earnings and environmental pollution control. Industrial wastes,
such as blast furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement
replacement materials. In this study there has been an attempt to utilize the sugarcane
bagasse ash, the residue from sugar industry as a supplementary replacement material for
cement.
3.3. Materials
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3.3.1 Cement
The most common OPC 53 grade Cement was used with fineness 6% and
standard consistency 32%.Out of the total production, ordinary Portland cement accounts
for about 80-90 percent. Ordinary portland cement of grade 53 was used for casting all the
specimens confirming to IS 12269: 1989. Ordinary Portland cement can be produced
either by grinding together Portland cement clinker and pozzolona with addition of
gypsum or calcium sulphate, or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement and
fine pozzolona. Ordinary portland cement produces less heat of hydration and offers
greater resistance to the attack of aggressive waters than normal Portland cement.
Moreover, it reduces the leaching of calcium hydroxide liberated during setting and
hydration of cement. Specific gravity and fineness modulus of the cement is 3.15 and 7.5
respectively. Many tests were conducted to cement some of them are consistency tests,
setting tests, soundness tests, etc.
Table 3.1: Physical properties of cement
Property
Average value of OPC used
in present investigation
Specific Gravity
3.15
Consistency (%)
31.5
Initial Setting Time(min)
91
Final Setting Time (min)
211
Soundness (mm)
2.8
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
3 Days
28.2
7 Days
39.93
28 Days
55.4
Standard value of OPC

>30
<600
<10
>27
>37
>53
3.3.2 Fine aggregate

Locally available river sand conforming to Grading zone II of IS: 383 1970. Clean
and dry river sand available locally and free of debris and nearly riverbed sand is used as
fine aggregate. The river sand passing through 4.75 mm sieve and retained on 600 m
sieve, conforming to Zone II as per IS: 383-1970 was used as fine aggregate in the present
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study. The sand is free from clay, silt and organic impurities. The aggregate was tested for
its physical requirements such as Gradation, Fineness modulus, and Specific Gravity and
Bulk modulus in accordance with IS: 2386-1963. The size of fine aggregate is less than
4.75mm. The most important function of fine aggregate is to assist in producing
workability and uniformity.
The sand particles should also pack to give minimum void ratio, higher voids content
leads to requirement of more mixing water. The specific gravity of sand is 2.68 and the
bulk density of fine aggregate (loose state) is 1393.16kg/m3 and rodded state is
1606.84kg/m3.
3.3.3 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate passing through 20 mm sieve and retained on 12.5 mm sieve as
given in IS 383 1970 was used for all the specimens The crushed aggregates used were
10mm and 20mm nominal size and are tested as per Indian standards and results are
within the permissible limit. The specific gravity and bulk density of 10 mm and 20mm
aggregate are 2.8 and 2.85 and 1687 kg/ m3 and 1792.31kg/m3 respectively and fineness
modulus is 6.260 and 6.734. 02 kg
In addition to cement paste- aggregate ratio, aggregate type has a great influence on
concrete dimensional stability. Specific gravity and fineness modulus are 2.60 and 5.96
respectively. Several investigations concluded that maximum size of coarse aggregate
should be restricted in strength of the composite.
Table.3.2: Physical properties of Fine and Coarse aggregate

Properties
Specific Gravity
Fineness Modulus
Bulk Density
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Coarse Aggregate
20mm
10mm
2.8
2.85
6.26
6.734
1687
1792.31
Page 16
Fine Aggregate
2.6
3.35
1593.16
(Kg/m3)
3.3.4 Water
It is a famous saying, Water fit for drinking is also safe for making concrete. The
water used in this research in making concrete was free from oils, acids, alkalis, and other
organic and inorganic properties. In this project, casting and curing of specimens were
done using potable water free from deleterious materials. Water plays an important role in
concrete production (mix). It starts the reaction between the cement and aggregates. It
helps in hydration of the mix. Water available in the site campus conforming to the
requirements of water for concreting and curing as per IS: 456-2000.
3.3.5 Sugarcane bagasse ash
Sugarcane is one of the major crops grown in over 110 countries and its total
production is over 1500 million tons. In India production is over 300 million tons/year that
cause around 10 million tons of SCBA as an un-utilized and waste material. After the
extraction of all economical sugar from , about 40-45 percent fibrous residue is obtained,
which is reused in the same industry as fuel in boilers for heat or power generation leaving
behind 8 -10 percent ash as waste, known as SCBA (SCBA). The sugarcane bagasse
consists of approximately 50% of cellulose, 25% of hemicelluloses and 25% of lignin.
Each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26% of bagasse (at a moisture content of
50%) and 0.62% of residual ash. The residue after combustion presents a chemical
composition dominates by silicon dioxide (SiO2). In spite of being a material of hard
degradation and that presents few nutrients, the ash is used on the farms as a fertilizer in
the sugarcane harvests. In this SCBA was collected during the cleaning operation of a
boiler operating in the KADWA Sugar Factory, located in the village of Dindori (Nashik),
Maharashtra.
Treatment on SCBA
Before using SCBA is dried in oven at temperature of 3000C and it is
sieved through the IS Sieve of size 90 m so as to achieve same particle size of
ash.
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Figure 3.1 Oven dried SCBA

Table 3.3: Comparison of Chemical Properties of OPC and SCBA
Oxide Composition
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
K2O
Na2O
OPC
20.68
4.12
5.44
60.36
0.83
0.27
0.23
SCBA
75.67
1.52
2.29
6.62
1.87
9.59
0.12
3.4 Tests on materials

3.4.1 Standard consistency
Theory
For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of cement, and
strength a parameter known as standard consistency has to be used. The standard
consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a Vicat
plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm
from the top of the mould.
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Apparatus
Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc.
Procedure
1. The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat
mould
2. Initially a cement sample of about 300 g is taken in a tray and is mixed with a known
percentage of water by weight of cement, say starting from 26% and then it is increased
by every 2% until the normal consistency is achieved.
3. Prepare a paste of 300 g of Cement with a weighed quantity of potable or distilled
water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, nor more than 5 min,
and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting occurs. The gauging time
shall be counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill
the mould.
4. Fill the Vicat mould (E) with this paste, the mould resting upon a non-porous plate.
After completely filling the mould, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with
the top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air.
5. Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the
rod bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block,
and quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste. This operation shall be carried out
immediately after filling the mould.
6. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above until
the amount of
water necessary for making up the standard consistency as defined in Step 1 is found.
Observations
Weight of water= w1= 130 gm.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 19
Weight of cement= w2= 400 gm.

Penetration of needle from top 31mm
Standard consistency = [100 X w1/w2] =32.5%
Result
Standard consistency of cement is 32.5%
Conclusion
Generally for OPC standard consistency ranges between 26 and 33 %. Here standard
consistency is 32.5%.i.e. satisfactory.
3.4.2 Initial and final setting time of cement
Theory
For convenience, initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed between the moments
that the water is added to the cement, to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity.
The final setting time is the time elapsed between the moment the water is added to the
cement, and the time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained
sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure.
Apparatus
Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc.
Procedure
1. Preparation of Test Block - Prepare a neat 300 gms cement paste by gauging the cement
with 0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable or
distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 20
2. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. Fill the Vicat mould
with a cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill the
mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of
the mould.
3. Immediately after moulding, place the test block in the moist closet or moist room and
allow it to remain there except when determinations of time of setting are being made.
4. Determination of Initial Setting Time - Place the test block confined in the mould and
resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle ( C ); lower the needle
gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release,
allowing it to penetrate into the test block
5. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and
released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 0.5 mm measured from
the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.
6. Determination of Final Setting Time - Replace the needle (C) of the Vicat apparatus by
the needle with an annular attachment (F).
7. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applyimgthe needle gently to
the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression there on, while fails to do so.
8. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at
which the needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block while the
attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 21
Figure 3.2 Vicats Apparatus

Observations
Weight of cement=w1=400gm
Weight of water=w2=28 gm
Initial setting time=T1=51 min
Final setting time=T2=408 min
Results
Initial & final setting time is 51 & 408 minutes resp.
Conclusion
Generally for OPC initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes and final setting
time should not be greater than 600 minutes.
3.4.3 Crushing value of aggregate
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 22
Theory
The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. With aggregate of aggregate
crushing value 30 or higher, the result may be anomalous, and in such cases the ten
percent fines value should be determined instead.
Apparatus
A 15-cm diameter open-ended steel cylinder, with plunger and base-plate, of the general
form and dimensions shown in Fig., A straight metal tamping rod, A balance of capacity 3
kg, readable and accurate to one gram, IS Sieves of sizes 12.5, 10 and 2.36 mm, For
measuring the sample, cylindrical metal measure of sufficient rigidity to retain its form
under rough usage and of the following internal dimensions: Diameter 11.5 cm and Height
18.0 cm.
Procedure
1. The material for the standard test shall consist of aggregate passing a 12.5 mm IS Sieve
and retained on a 10 mm IS Sieve, and shall be thoroughly separated on these sieves
before testing.
2. The aggregate shall be tested in a surface-dry condition. If dried by heating, the period
of drying shall not exceed four hours, the temperature shall be 100 to 110C and the
aggregate shall be cooled to room temperature before testing.
3. The appropriate quantity may be found conveniently by filling the cylindrical measure
in three layers of approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped 25 times with the
rounded end of the tamping rod and finally leveled off, using the tamping rod as a
straight-edge.
4. The weight of material comprising the test sample shall be determined (Weight A) and
the same weight of sample shall be taken for the repeat test.
5. The apparatus, with the test sample and plunger in position, shall then be placed
between the platens of the testing machine and loaded at as uniform a rate as possible so
that the total load is reached in 10 minutes. The total load shall be 400 kN.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 23
6. The load shall be released and the whole of the material removed from the cylinder and
sieved on a 2.36 mm IS Sieve for the standard test. The fraction passing the sieve shall be
weighed (Weight B).
Observations
Weight of dry sample= w1 = 2620 gm
Weight of sample passing through 2.36mm IS sieve= w2 =670gm
Crushing value= [w2/w1 X 100] = 25.57%.
Result
Crushing value is 25.57%
Conclusion
Generally crushing value of aggregate should be less than 30%. Therefore test results are
satisfactory.
3.4.4 Impact value

Theory
The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slow
compressive load.
Apparatus
An impact testing machine of the general form shown in Fig. 2 and complying with the
following:
1. A cylindrical steel cup of internal dimensions: Diameter 102 mm, Depth 50 mm and not
less than 6.3 mm thick
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 24
2. A metal hammer weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg, the lower end of which shall be cylindrical
in shape, 100.0 mm in diameter and 5 cm long, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge,
and case-hardened. The hammer shall slide freely between vertical guides so arranged that
the lower (cylindrical) part of the hammer is above and concentric with the cup.
3. Means for raising the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between the vertical guides
from a height of 380.0 mm on to the test sample in the cup, and means for adjusting the
height of fall within 5 mm.
Sieves-The IS Sieves of sizes 12.5, 10 and 2.36 mm, Tamping Rod, balance of capacity
not less than 500 g, Oven etc.
Procedure
1. The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a 12.5 mm IS
Sieve and is retained on a 10 mm IS Sieve. The aggregate comprising the test sample shall
be dried in an oven for a period of four hours at a temperature of 100 to 110C and cooled.
2. The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamped with 25
strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod. The net weight of aggregate in the measure
shall be determined to the nearest gram (Weight A)
3. The impact machine shall rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate, block
or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.
4. The cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of
the test sample placed in it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the
tamping rod.
5. The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of
the aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate. The test sample
shall be subjected to a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval of not less
than one second.
6. The crushed aggregate shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved on
the 2.36 mm IS Sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute. The
fraction passing the sieve shall be weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (Weight. B).
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 25
7. The fraction retained on the sieve shall also be weighed (Weight C) and, if the total
weight (C+B) is less than the initial weight (Weight A) by more than one gram, the result
shall be discarded and a fresh test made. Two tests shall be made.
Observations
Weight of sample=w1= 600 gm
Weight of sample passing through 2.36mm IS sieve=w2=35.5gm
Impact value=w2/w1 X 100=5.95% (exceptionally strong).
Result
Impact value is 5.95%.
Conclusion
The aggregate impact value should not be more than 45 per cent for aggregate
used for concrete other than for wearing surfaces. Here results shows impact value of
5.95% which is satisfactory.
3.4.5 Specific gravity of fine aggregate
Apparatus
Pycnometer, A 1000 ml measuring cylinder, well-ventilated oven, Taping rod, Filter
papers and funnel, etc.
Procedure
1. A sample of about 500 g shall be placed in the tray and covered with distilled water at a
temperature of 22 to 32C. Soon after immersion, air entrapped in or bubbles on the
surface of the aggregate shall be removed by gentle agitation with a rod. The sample shall
remain immersed for 24 l/2 hours.
2. The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample, by decantation through a
filter paper, any material retained being return& to the sample. The fine aggregate
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 26
including any solid matter retained on the filter paper shall be exposed to a gentle current
of warm air to evaporate surface moisture and the material just attains a free-running
condition. The saturated and surface-dry sample shall be weighed (weight A).
3. The aggregate shall then be placed in the pycnometer which shall be filled with distilled
water. Any trapped air shall be eliminated by rotating the pycnometer on its side, the hole
in the apex of the cone being covered with a finger. The pycnometer shall be dried on the
outside and weighed (weight B).
4. The contents of the pycnometer shall be emptied into the tray, care being taken to
ensure that all the aggregate is transferred. The pycnometer shall be refilled with distilled
water to the same level as before, dried on the outside and weighed (weight C).
5. The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample by decantation through a
filter paper and any material retained returned to the sample. The sample shall be placed in
the oven in the tray at a temperature of 100 to 110C for 24 f l/2 hours, during which
period it shall be stirred occasionally to facilitate drying. It shall be cooled in the air-tight
container and weighed (weight D).
Figure 3.3 Pycnometer

Observations
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 27
Sr No
1
2
3
4
Calculations
Determination
Pycnometer (M1)
Pycnometer + sand (half of bottle)(M2)
Pycnometer+ sand + full of water (M3)
Pycnometer + full of water (M4)
Gm
640
1040
1630
1460
Specific gravity = [(M2-M1)]/[(M2-M1)-(M3-M4)]

G = (1040-640)/[(1040-640)-(1630-1460)] = 3.05
Result
Specific gravity is 3.05.
Conclusion
General value of OPC is 3.15. A test result shows the result as 3.05 which are
nearer to the general value i.e. satisfactory.
3.4.6 Sieve analysis

Fineness modulus of fine and coarse aggregate is determined.
By using IS Sieves.
For fine aggregate: 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
For coarse aggregate: 80mm, 40mm, 16mm, 10mm and 4.75mm.
3.4.6.1 Fine aggregate
Apparatus
Test Sieves conforing to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600
micron, 300 micron, 150 micron, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 28
Procedure
1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. The
air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting
with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use.
2. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right,
circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is
kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material,
if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
4. Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron and 75micron IS Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and blinding of apertures.
5. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any
material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.
Observation
Quantity of sand = 1 Kg
Time of sieving = 15 minutes
Table 3.4: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
Sr
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sieve size
40mm
20mm
10mm
4.75
2.36
1.18
600micron
300micron
150micron
MCOERC, Nashik
Weight
%of weight
Cumulative %
Cumulative %
retained
0
0
0
0
98
60
188
397
221
retained
0
0
0
0
9.8
6
18.8
39.7
22.1
retained
0
0
0
0
9.8
15.8
34.6
74.3
96.4
passing
100
100
100
100
90.2
84.2
65.4
25.7
3.6
Page 29
10
11
90micron
L.p
Fineness modulus =
21.5
19.5
309.4
100
2.15
1.95
98.5
100
1.45
0
= 3.09%
Result
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is 3.09%.
3.4.6.2 Coarse aggregate

Apparatus
Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc.
Procedure
1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. This
may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of
100 to 110C. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are
clean before use.
2. Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace
passes, but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall be
done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and
anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the
sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material,
if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
MCOERC, Nashik
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4. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any
material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.
Observation
Quantity of materials = 4 kg
Time of sieving = 15 minutes
Table 3.5: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

Sr
Sieve
no
size
1 40mm
2 20mm
3 10mm
4 4.75mm
5 2.40mm
6 1.18mm
7 600m
8 300m
9 150m
Weight
%weight
retained(gm)
0
585.0
3260
155
0
0
0
0
0
retained
0
14.625
81.5
3.875
0
0
0
0
0
Fineness modulus =
710.77
100
Cumulative % weight Cumulative %weight

retained
0
14.65
96.12
100
100
100
100
100
100
710.77
= 7.10%
Result
Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate is 7.10%.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 31
passing
100
85.375
3.88
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.4.6.3 SCBA
Table 3.6: Sieve analysis of SCBA
Sr
Sieve
Weight
%weight
Cumulative % weight
Cumulative
No
1
2
retained(gm)
30
60
retained
3
6
retained
3
9
%weight passing
97
91
size
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600
110
11
20
80
300
300
30
50
50
150
450
45
95
90
40
99
Pan
10
100
376
Fineness modulus=
376
100
3.76%
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 32
3.5 Flow chart of project
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 33
Compressive
Strength, Split
Tensile Strength,
Flexural Strength
Tests
Collection Of
Materials
Concrete Mix
Design
Casting Of
Specimen
Testing Of
Specimen
M30 Mix Design
Cubes
Cylinders
Beams Casting
Compressive
Strength On 7
Days Curing
Testing Of Fine
& Coarse
Aggregate
Casting Of
Concrete With
Replacement As
5% SCBA
Compressive
Strength On 28
Days Curing
Mould
preparation
Casting Of
Concrete With
Replacement As
10% SCBA
Presenting Result
On Graph
Testing On
Cement
Casting Of
Concrete With
Replacement As
15% SCBA
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 34
Casting Of
Concrete With
Replacement As
20% SCBA
3.6 Mix design of M30

3.6.1 Mix design principles
To achieve the required combination of properties in concrete mixes:
1. Basic considerations Design involves determination of the proportions of the given
constituents namely cement, water, coarse and fine aggregates and admixtures.
This would produce concrete possessing specified properties both in the fresh and
hardened states with the maximum overall economy. Workability is specified as
the important property of concrete in the fresh state.
2. For hardened state compressive strength and durability are important.
Proportioning of the ingredients of concrete is an important phase as it ensures the
quality. Design of plastic concrete of medium strength can be based on following
assumptions:
1) Compressive strength is governed by W/C ratio.
2) Workability of concrete is governed by water content.
3. For mass construction low heat portland cement is used. Cement content in
concrete varies inversely with the strength of cement used in preparation of
concrete, i.e. higher the strength lesser will be the cement content. Fineness of
cement increases workability by reducing friction between aggregates.
4. Durability of concrete is the resistance to deteriorating influences which may
reside inside the concrete itself, or to the aggressive environments. Durability are
achieved by restricting the minimum water cement content and the maximum
water cement ratio and the type of cement.
Mix design for concrete was made using the properties of constituents of concrete.
Grade of concrete was taken as M30 and the mix design was done as per IS: 10262-1982
and IS: 456-2000. The water cement ratio was taken as 0.45 which should be the
maximum for M30 grade under mild exposure condition.
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3.6.2 Mix design
Design Stipulations for Proportioning
a) Grade designation: M30

b) Type of cement: OPC 53 grade
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregates: 20 mm
d) Minimum cement content: 320 kg/m3
e) Maximum water cement ratio: 0.45
f) Workability: 60 mm (slump)
g) Exposure condition: Severe (for reinforced concrete)
h) Method of concrete placing: mannual
i) Degree of supervision: Good
j) Type of aggregate: Crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum cement content: 450 kg/m3
Test Data for Materials
a) Cement used: OPC 53 grade confirming to IS 8112

b) Specific gravity of cement: 3.15
c) Specific gravity of
Coarse aggregate: 2.74
Fine aggregate: 2.74
d) Water absorption
Coarse aggregate: 0.5 percent
Fine aggregate: 1.0 percent
e) Free (surface) moisture
Coarse aggregate: Nil (absorbed moisture also nil)
Fine aggregate: Nil
f) Sieve analysis
Coarse aggregate: Conforming to Table 2 of IS: 383
Fine aggregate: Conforming to Zone I of IS: 383
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 36
Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

f ck = [fck + 1.65 s]
Where
f ck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days,
s= Standard deviation
From Table 1 standard deviation, s = 4.5 N/mm2
Therefore target strength = 30 + 1.65 x 5 = 38.25 N/mm2
Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
From Table 5 of IS:456-2000, maximum water-cement ratio = 0.5
Based on experience adopt water-cement ratio as 0.45
0.45 < 0.5, hence ok
Selection of Water Content
From Table-2,
Maximum water content = 186 kg
(For 25mm 50mm slump range and for 20 mm aggregates)
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump
186+
6
x 186=204.6 liters
60
Calculation of Cement Content

Water cement ratio = 0.45
Cement content
204.6
0.45
= 454.67 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS: 456, minimum cement content for severe exposure condition =
320 kg/m3
454.67 kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3, hence OK
Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate Content
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 37
From Table 3, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size

aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone I) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 =0.60
In the present case w /c = 0.45.
The volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased to decrease the fine
aggregate content. As w/c ratio is lower by 0.10, increase the coarse aggregate
volume by 0.02 ( at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every +/- 0.05 change in water cement
ratio).
Therefore corrected volume of coarse aggregate for w/c of 0.40 =0.62
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1- 0.62 = 0.38
Mix Calculations
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
mass of cement
X
( Specific
gravity )
b) Volume of cement =
c) Volume of water
][ ]
454.67
1
x
3.15
1000
mas of water
X
( Specific
gravity )
103
= 0.144 m3
103 m3
][ ]
204.6
1
x
=0.2046 m 3
1
1000
d) Volume of all in aggregates (e) = a (b + c)

= 1 (0.144 + 0.2046 ) = 0.6514 m3
e) Volume of coarse aggregates = d x Volume of CA x specific gravity of CA
= 0.6514 x 0.62 x 2.74 x 1000 = 1106.59 kg
f) Volume of fine aggregates = d x Volume of FA x specific gravity of FA
= 0.6514 x 0.38 x 2.74 x 1000 = 701.14 kg
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 38
Determination of Cement Content

Water cement ratio = 0.45
Water = 204.6
Cement = 204.6/0.45 = 454.67 Kg/m3
Fine Aggregate= 678.23 Kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate= 1106.59 Kg/m3
The mix proportions then becomes
Water : Cement : Fine aggregate : Coarse aggregate
204.6: 454.67kg: 678.23 : 1106.59 kg
or
0.45 : 1 : 1.49: 2.43
Water
Cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
204.6
454.6 kg
678.23 kg
1106.59 kg
0.45
1.49
2.43
.3.7 Casting
3.7.1 Workability of concrete by slump cone test
Theory
Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of
concrete which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is not a suitable
method for very wet or very dry concrete. It does not measure all factors contributing to
workability, nor is it always representative of the placability of the concrete.The pattern of
slump is shown in Fig. It indicates the characteristic of concrete in addition to the slump
value. If the concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If one half of the cone slides
down, it is called shear slump. In case of a shear slump, the slump value is measured as
the difference in height between the height of the mould and the average value of the
subsidence.
Apparatus
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 39
The Slump Cone apparatus for conducting the slump test essentially consists of a
metallic mould in the form of a frustum of a cone having the internal dimensions as under:
Bottom diameter : 20 cm, Top diameter : 10 cm, Height : 30 cm and the thickness of the
metallic sheet for the mould should not be thinner than 1.6 mm
Weights and weighing device, Tamper ( 16 mm in diameter and 600 mm length), Ruler,
Tools and containers for mixing, or concrete mixer etc.
Procedure
1. Dampen the mold and place it on a flat, moist, nonabsorbent (rigid) surface. It shall be
held firmly in place during filling by the operator standing on the two foot pieces.
Immediately fill the mold in three layers, each approximately one third the volume of the
mold.
2. Rod each layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod. Uniformly distribute the strokes
over the cross section of each layer.
3. In filling and rodding the top layer, heap the concrete above the mold before rodding
start. If the rodding operation results in subsidence of the concrete below the top edge of
the mold, add additional concrete to keep an excess of concrete above the top of the mold
at all time.
4. After the top layer has been rodded, strike off the surface of the concrete by means of
screeding and rolling motion of the tamping rod.
5. Remove the mold immediately from the concrete by raising it carefully in the vertical
direction. Raise the mold a distance of 300 mm in 5 2 sec by a steady upward lift with
no lateral or torsional motion.
6. Immediately measure the slump by determining the vertical difference between top of
the mold and the displaces original center of the top surface of the specimen. Complete
the entire test from the start of the filling through removal of the mold without interruption
and complete it within 2 min.
MCOERC, Nashik
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7. If a decided falling away or shearing off of concrete from one side or portion of the
mass occurs, disregard the test and make a new test on another portion of the sample. If
two consecutive tests on a sample of concrete show a falling away or shearing off of a
portion of concrete from the mass of specimen, the concrete lacks necessary plasticity and
cohesiveness for the slump test to be applicable.
8. After completion of the test, the sample may be used for casting of the specimens for
the future testing.
Figure 3.4 Slump cone test

Slump cone test
Nominal values of slump for different degree of workability
Table 3.7 Degree of workability

Sr.no.
1
2
3
4
Slump in mm
0-25
25-50
50-100
100-175
Degree of workability
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Table 3.8 Observation table

Sr.no.
MCOERC, Nashik
Slump in mm
Slump in mm
Page 41
Degree of workability
1
2
3
4
5
PCC
5%SCBA
10%SCBA
15%SCBA
20%SCBA
90
115
150
175
190
Medium
High
High
High
High
3.7.2 Preparation and Curing of specimen

In this experimental work, the standard size of cube 150mm150mm150mm for
determining compressive strength were casted. While standard cylinder of size 300mm
height and 150 mm diameter casted for determining split tensile test. Standard beams
of size 700mm150mm150mm casted for determining flexural strength. The freshly
mixed concrete was filled into the mould and vibrated with a vibrating table. The
samples were left in the open air for 24 hours before demoulding at a temperature of
27 +/- 2C and cured by complete immersion in water tank
Mix proportions
Five concrete mixes with SCBA were produced, replacing 0 %( reference
mixture), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%,Cement, in terms of weight. The concrete mix
proportion for M30 grade was designed in accordance with I.S. code
3.7.3 Casting of concrete

Machine oil was smeared on the inner surfaces of the cast iron mould. Quantity of
ingredients is taken by weighing them on weighing balance. Material of concrete is
thoroughly mixed so as to achieve homogeneous mix. Filling of the moulds with concrete
was done in three layers and it is compacted by tamping rods and the moulds were
vibrated on a vibrating table for 2 min to achieve thorough compaction. The top surface
was finished by means of a trowel. After 24hours of casting, the specimens were demoulded and kept in curing tanks filled with water.
For preparing replacement cement, SCBA is added with different percentage in
replacement of cement i.e. 5% & 10% by weight of cement. SCBA is sieved before adding
to achieve particles of same size. All constituents were mixed in cement mixer till uniform
thoroughly consistency is achieved.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 42
Figure 3.5 : Casting of concrete
3.7.3 Testing of specimen

3.7.3.1 Compressive strength of concrete
The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important properties of
concrete. Concrete is strong in compression and in construction also concrete is mainly
used in compression. Higher the compressive strength better is the durability and bond
strength. Resistance to abrasion and volume stability improve with the compressive
strength which is very important in quality control of concrete. The compressive strength
of concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% replacement of cement by sugarcane
bagasse ash were determined three number of 150 x 150 x 150 mm cubes are cast for each
mix and cured in water for 7 and 28 days. In accordance with IS 10086- 1982. Then the
concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength after 7 and 28 days. The
compressive strength was determined by dividing the ultimate applied load by the crosssectional area of the cube. The type of fracture of the specimen and the compressive
strength was also recorded and compared with conventional concrete.
MCOERC, Nashik
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Among various strengths of concrete, compressive strength has received a large

amount of attention, because, the concrete is primarily meant to withstand compressive
stress. The procedure is executed as per the IS 516- 1959, using the universal testing
machine. The load is applied gradually, till the failure for the specimen.
Compressive strength, C =P/A
where,
P= load in Newton
A= area of cross section of cube in mm
Figure 3.6: Compression strength test under CTM

3.7.3.2 Split tensile strength of concrete
The tensile strength is one of the basic and important properties of the concrete. The
concrete is not usually expected to resist the direct tension because of its low tensile
strength and brittle nature. However, the determination of tensile strength of concrete is
necessary to determine the load at which the concrete members may crack. The cracking
is a form of tension failure
Splitting tests is well known indirect tests used for determining the tensile strength
of concrete. The test consists of applying compressive line loads along the opposite
generators of a concrete cylinder placed with its axis horizontal between the patterns. Due
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 44
to the applied line loading a fairly uniform tensile stress is induced over nearly two third
of loaded diameter. Due to this tensile stress, the specimen fails finally by splitting along
the loaded diameter.
The splitting tensile strength of the concrete specimens was tested at 7 and 28
days. The size of cylinders 300 mm length and 150 mm diameter are placed in the
machine such that load is applied on the opposite side of the cylinder are casted. Align
carefully and load is applied, till the specimen breaks.
The splitting tensile strength can be obtained from the following equations:
Split tensile strength = 2P/ dl
Where, T = splitting tensile strength (MPa)
P = maximum applied load (N)
l = length (in mm)
d = diameter (in mm)
3.7.3.3 Shear strength of concrete

Shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or
structural failure where the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force
that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the
direction of the force. In structural or mechanical engineering, the shear strength of a
component is important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the
manufacture or construction of the component (e.g. beams, plates or bolts ).
The Shear strength is calculated by the formula = (P/2) / (bd)
Where,
= Shear strength, MPa or N/mm2
b = measured width in mm of the specimen,
d = measured depth in mm of the specimen at the point of failure,
p = maximum load in N applied to the specimen.
After 7 curing, the specimens were taken out from the curing tank. Specimens
were allowed to dry for one day and then these specimens are tested in compression
testing machine and universal testing machine for compressive strength, split tensile
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 45
strength and flexural strength test were conducted. The test results were plotted as graph
for replacement of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%& 20%. Same procedure was followed for testing
after 28 days curing.
Figure 3.7: Testing of Beam under UTM
CHAPTER 4
MCOERC, Nashik
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results
Table 4.1 Compressive Strength 28 Days
Average Compressive
Percentage
0%
37.77
39.93
39.15
38.95
5%
40.67
41.92
42.07
41.55
10%
43.12
44.38
43.98
43.82
15%
36.54
37.02
36.69
36.75
20%
33.95
35.23
35.53
34.90
Strength (MPa)
For normal M30 grade concrete the strength for 28 days is 38.95 MPa and after
mixing 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% SCBA the strength obtained are 41.55, 43.82, 36.75 &
34.90 MPa respectively.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 47
Compressive Stength
50
45
40
41.55
43.82
38.95
36.75
35
34.9
30
Compressive Strength (MPa) 25

20
15
10
5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
SCBA %
Graph 1: Graphical representation of Compressive strength

Remark
Graph 1 shows change in compressive strength for 28 days. It can be observed
that strength has been increased with curing age. This observation shows that SCBA
replacement of 5% can give higher strength than conventional concrete and further
increase for 10% SCBA at all curing ages. But for further increase in % of SCBA strength
decreases i.e. for 15% & 20% replacement.
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Table 4.2 Split Tensile Strength 28 Days
Mean
% Bagasse Ash
0%
3.12
3.09
3.07
3.09
5%
3.52
3.47
3.42
3.47
10%
3.69
3.63
3.68
3.66
15%
2.84
3.11
2.99
2.98
20%
2.65
2.71
2.88
2.74
Tensile Strength (MPa)
For normal M30 grade concrete the strength for 28 days is 3.09 MPa and after mixing
5%, 10%, 15% and 20% SCBA the strength obtained are 3.47, 3.66, 2.98 & 2.74 MPa
respectively.
4
3.47
3.5
3.66
3.09
2.98
2.74
2.5
Split Tensile Strength (MPa)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.05
0.1
SCBA %
Graph 2: Graphical representation of Split tensile strength
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 49
0.15
0.2
Remark
Graph 2 shows change in split tensile strength for 28 days. It can be observed that
strength increases with curing age. This observation shows that SCBA replacement of 5%
gives higher strength than conventional concrete and further increase for 10% SCBA at all
curing ages. But for further increase in % of SCBA strength decreases i.e. for 15% & 20%
replacement.
Table 4.3 Shear Strength 28 Days
% Bagasse
Mean
0%
4.12
3.82
4.01
3.98
5%
4.53
4.31
4.35
4.39
10%
4.67
4.59
4.74
4.66
15%
4.02
3.77
3. 87
3.88
20%
3.35
3.596
3.42
3.45
Ash
Shear Strength (MPa)
For normal M30 grade concrete the strength for 28 days is 3.98 MPa and after
mixing 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% SCBA the strength obtained are 4.39, 4.66, 3.88 &
3.45 MPa respectively.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 50

5
4.5
4
4.39
4.66
3.98
3.88
3.45
3.5
3
Flexural Strength (MPa) 2.5

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
SCBA %
Graph 3: Graphical representation of Shear Strength
Remark
Graph 3 shows change in shear strength for 28 days. It can be observed that
strength increases with curing age. This observation shows that SCBA replacement of 5%
gives higher strength than conventional concrete and further increase for 10% SCBA at all
curing ages. But for further increase in % of SCBA strength decreases i.e. for 15% & 20%
replacement.
MCOERC, Nashik
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4.2 Cost comparison

Cost comparison between conventional (PCC) method and modified method for 1m 3
M30 grade of concrete
Table 4.4: Plain cement concrete

Quantity
Material
1.Cement
2.Sand
3.Coarse aggregate
Rate(Rs.)
(For 1m3)
9.093 bags
300
3
0.282 m
1973
3
0.46 m
727
Cost of concrete per m3
Per
Bag
m3
m3
Amount
(Rs.)
2727.9
556.39
334.42
3618.70
Table 4.5: Replacement of cement by 10% SCBA

Material
1.Cement
2.Sand
3.Coarse aggregate
4.Ash
Quantity
Rate(Rs.)
(For 1m3)
8.184 bags
300
0.282 m3
1973
0.46 m3
727
45.467 kg
0.018
Cost of concrete per m3
Per
Bag
m3
m3
kg
Amount
(Rs.)
2455.2
556.38
334.42
0.82
3346.82
Remark
The difference between the total amounts of concrete per m 3 is about 7.51%
hence the modified method is more economical than conventional method. So the
replacement of cement by 10% SCBA is practically feasible.
CHAPTER 5
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 52
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained in this study the following conclusions were drawn
1. It is found that the compressive strength of the cube casted with 10%SCBA gives
maximum compressive strength i.e. 43.75N/mm2 as compare to conventional and
modified replacement proportion of concrete.
2. With the addition of 10% SCBA gives greater split tensile strength i.e.3.495N/mm 2
as compare to conventional and modified replacement proportion of concrete.
3. The slump of concrete increases with addition of SCBA.
4. Modified replacement proportion 10% SCBA gives workable concrete and it is
good in compression as well as in tension as compare to conventional method.
5. Therefore the optimum percentage of SCBA that can effectively replaces the
cement.
6. Modified replacement proportion 10% SCBA is 7.51% economical as compare to
conventional proportion of concrete.
7. The cost of cement increases day by day so replacing cement will help to reduce
the cost of the construction.
Hence, it is proved that modified replacement proportion 10% SCBA is beneficial
to use in practice as it gives workable concrete with more compressive and tensile
strength.
Limitations
1. Accurate calculations are required and the mixing should be done in a proper
proportion.
2. The sugarcane bagasse is not available throughout the year, it is available only its
seasonal period.
3. The bagasse is not readily available it to be dried before use as it contains moisture
in it and it also requires sieving.
4. This modified method is time consuming in preparation of material.
Future scope
Many researches have been carried out till date on sugarcane bagasse ash. But it
promises a great scope for future studies. Following aspects related to strength
characteristics of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) need further study.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 53
Grade and percentage replacement is possible for further study. We can findout
optimum percentage of replacement equivalent to conventional concrete
properties.
Fine aggregate can also be replaced by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash.
REFERENCES
1. Mini Vishwakarma, R.K. Grover , Study On The Strength And Cost Analysis
OF Concrete With Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Vol 3, Issue 4, July-Aug 2015.
2. Mahavir Singh Rawat ,A Case Study on Waste Utilization of sugar cane
bagasse ash in Concrete Mix, Vol 25, N0.3, July 2015.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 54
3. Mahavir Singh Rawat ,Self Compacting Concrete Made with Partial

Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Apr 2015.
4. Jayminkumar A. Patel, Experimental study on compressive strength of
concrete by partially replacement of cement with sugar cane bagasse ash ,
Vol 5, Issue 4, Apr 2015.
5. M. S. Chennakesava Rao, N. V. N. Prabath ,Green Concrete Using Agro
Industrial Waste (Sugarcane Bagasse Ash), Vol 5, Issue 1, Mar 2015.
6. Kennedy Aburili, Dr. G.W. Waswa , Dr. R. O. Onchiri, Characterization Of
Compressive Strength Of Concrete Blended With Sugarcane Bagasse Ash,
Vol 1, Issue 2, Oct 2014.
7. K Meeravali, K V G D Balaji, T. Santhosh Kumar, Partial Replacement of
Cement in Concrete with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash behavior In HCl Solution,
Vol 3, Issue 7, July 2014.
8. Bahurudeen , Manu Santhanam, Performance Evaluation of Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash-Based Cement for Durable Concrete, July 2014.
9. Sadiqul Hasan, Nafisa Tamanna, Mohamed Slah Talha, Md. Saiful Islam,
Properties Of Concrete By Using Bagasse Ash And Recycle Aggregate, Vol.5
(2) June 2014.
10. Nasir Shafiq, Asma Abd Elhameed, Muhd Fadhil Nuruddi, Effect Of Sugar
Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) On Sulphate Resistance Of Concrete, Vol 3, Issue
4, Apr 2014.
11. T.Shafana, R.Venkatasubramani,A Study On The Mechanical Properties Of
Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Fine Aggregate With Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash, Vol 3, Jan 2014.
12. Shanjida Sultana, Aminur Rahman, Characterization of Calcined Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash and Sugarcane Waste Ash for Industrial Use, Nov 2013.
13. Mrs.U.R.Kawade, Mr.V.R.Rathi, Miss Vaishali D. Girge, Effect of use of
Bagasse Ash on Strength of Concrete, Vol 2, Issue 7, July 2013.
14. M. Sivakumar, Dr. N. Mahendran, Experimental Studies of Strength and Cost
Analysis of Concrete Using Bagasse ASH, Vol 2, Issue 4, Apr 2013.
15. Lavanya M.R, Sugumaran.B , Pradeep.T, An Experimental study on the
compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement with
sugarcane bagasse ash, Vol 1, Issue 11, Dec 2012.
16. R.Srinivasan, K.Sathiya, Experimental Study on Bagasse Ash in Concrete,
Vol 5, No.2, Feb 2010.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. IS 10262:2009,, Indian Standard ,recommended guidelines for concrete designs ,
,Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
2. IS 456:2000, , Indian Standard ,Plane and reinforced concrete Code of practice ,,
Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi 2000.
3. IS 383-1970 , Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources
for Concrete , , Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi. Bureau of Indian
Standard(BIS).(1987). ,Specification for 53 grades ordinary mid cement , IS 12262,
BIS, New Delhi, India.
4. Bureau of Indian Standard(BIS).(1959). , Recommended guidelines of concrete
mix design , IS 102.62(2009),BIS, New Delhi, India.
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 56
5. Bureau of Indian Standard(BIS).(2000). , Plane and reinforced concrete , IS

456(2000), BIS, New Delhi, India.
ANNEXURE-I
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 57
Figure 1: SCBA cylinders
Figure 2: Table Vibrator
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 58
Figure 3: Cracks develop due to compressive stress
Figure 4 : Casting of Beams
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 59
Figure 5 : Split Tensile Strength
Figure 6: Tamping of material
MCOERC, Nashik
Page 60

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EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Figure 1.1 Raw SCBA

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

1.2 Review of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA)

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

far SCBA has been normally used as fertilizer in the field.

be applied with boiler ash.

requirement of cane fields.

maintain environmental balance and avoid problem of ash disposal.

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

The sugarcane bagasse consists of approximately 50% of cellulose, 25% of

Each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26% of bagasse (at a moisture

The residue after combustion presents a chemical composition dominates by

Table. 1.2: Physical Properties of SCBA

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Jayminkumar A. Patel, Experimental study on compressive strength of concrete

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Kennedy Aburili, Dr. G.W. Waswa , Dr. R. O. Onchiri, Characterization Of

K Meeravali, K V G D Balaji, T. Santhosh Kumar, Partial Replacement of

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Sadiqul Hasan, Nafisa Tamanna, Mohamed Slah Talha, Md.Saiful Islam,

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

M. Sivakumar, Dr. N. Mahendran, Experimental Studies of Strength and Cost

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

2.3 Remark on literature review

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY

per tonne of cement. Also, approximately 1 tonne of CO 2 is

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Average value of OPC used

Standard value of OPC

3.3.2 Fine aggregate

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Table.3.2: Physical properties of Fine and Coarse aggregate

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Figure 3.1 Oven dried SCBA

3.4 Tests on materials

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Weight of cement= w2= 400 gm.

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Figure 3.2 Vicats Apparatus

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

3.4.4 Impact value

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Figure 3.3 Pycnometer

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Specific gravity = [(M2-M1)]/[(M2-M1)-(M3-M4)]

3.4.6 Sieve analysis

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

3.4.6.2 Coarse aggregate

EFFECT OF USE OF SCBA ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Table 3.5: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate