Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TECHNOLOGIES
2003, v.1, 1
I N T E R N A T I O N A L
MARITIME
DEFENCE
SHOW
ORGANIZED BY
Russian
Shipbuilding Agency
SUPPORTED BY
Administration of
St. Petersburg
Russian Defence
Ministry
IMDS
2003
IMDS SECTIONS
SECTIONS of EXHIBITION
EXHIBITION
CONFERENCES AND SEMINARS
DEMONSTRATION OF SHIPS AND
WEAPONS
FORUM OF WORLDS SHIPBUILDING LEADERS
VIP-NEGOTIATIONS
VISITS TO SHIPYARDS AND LABORATORIES
HISTORY OF NAVY AND SHIPBUILDING
CELEBRATION OF THE 300th ANNIVERSARY
OF ST. PETERSBURG
ARMS
TASS
ITAR
TASS
www.navalshow.ru
Russian
Minitary/Technical
Cooperation Committee
ROSOBORONEXPORT
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
C
Mikhail DMITRIEV
Nikolai NOVICHKOV
Boris KURAKIN
TRENDS IN EVOLUTION OF TANK TECHNOLOGY
Gennady KIREYEV
FIELD WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES: CURRENT STATE,
CAPABILITIES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Anatolii SOKOLOV
KORD, FIRE WITHOUT FAILURE ..........................12
Alexander SARKISIYAN
RUSSIAN EW EQUIPMENT AGAINST AIRBORNE
RECONNAISSANCE/ARMAMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS ..34
Daima TIMERGALIYEVA
NOTHING CAN STOP Ataka ATGM ........................14
Mikhail RASTOPSHIN
PRECISION STRIKE WEAPONS
IN FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM ..........................22
Nikolai NOVICHKOV
BATTLE EXPERIENCE AND KNOWHOW OF LOCAL WARS
IN NEW DEVELOPMENTS OF MINOTORSERVICE ......24
Daima TIMERGALIYEVA
DEFENSE SYSTEMS' CUTTINGEDGE TECHNOLOGIES ..26
Grigory Orlov
ELECTRONIC GUIDANCE SYSTEMS
FOR ANTISHIP MISSILES ................................39
Anatoly GRIGORIYEV
SPETZRADIO TODAY:
RELIABILITY, EFFECTIVENESS, QUALITY ................40
Viktor YASENOVENKO
ANTISHIP MISSILE MAIN NAVAL WEAPON ............42
Anatoly SOKOLOV
UPGRADING ARMY AD SYSTEMS: ENHANCED
CAPABILITIES AT LOWER COSTS..........................29
Vladimir NIKOLTSEV,
Grigory KORZHAVIN,
Yuri PODOPLEKIN
TsNII GRANIT:
LEADER IN DEVELOPMENT
OF NAVAL WEAPON CONTROL SYSTEMS ................44
Anatolii SOKOLOV
A NEW LIFE FOR THE PECHORA ..........................32
Nikolai NOVICHKOV
TACTICAL MISSILE WEAPONS FROM ZVEZDASTRELA ..46
1
N E W S
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
DEFENSE
TECHNOLOGIES
2003, v.1, 1
Dear readers!
You are holding the first in 2003 issue of the magazine Defense
Technologies. This is one of the periodic English-Russian analytical publications of the ARMS-TASS News Agency established within Russia's ITAR-TASS
News Agency and specializing in information related to military technology and
aerospace research.
The magazine is primarily concerned with presentation of Russia's and the
Executive Director
Dr. Nikolai Novichkov
novik@itartass.com
nnovichkov@mail.ru
Marketing Director
Andrei Svetlichny
novik@itartass.com
Translators
Valery Mishakin
Valery Sherbakov
Abroad representations:
ITARTASS News Agency Bureaux in 76 countries
Defense Technologies
arms@itartass.com
EditorinChief
Dr. Nikolai Novichkov
novik@itartass.com
nnovichkov@mail.ru
Deputy EditorinChief
Vladimir Shvarev
rntinews@itartass.com
Executive Editor
Dr. Anatoly Sokolov
arms@itartass.com
Editors
Daima Timergaliyeva
daima@itartass.com
Lyubov Milovanova
rntinews@itartass.com
Alevtina Volkova
rntinews@itartass.com
Computer design and prepress
Publishing Center IPK ITARTASS
Printed in Abu Dhabi
Circulation 12,000
bitions and military shows. This issue has been prepared specifically for the 6th
Emirates) which is known for a vast display of high technology products offered
by the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian military-industrial complexes.
The demand for such products in the Middle East gives every reason to
believe that the military technical cooperation of Russia and the CIS members
with the Middle East nations will keep growing on a mutually beneficial basis.
Along with the information supply and analysis magazines like Aerospace
Complex and Arms Markets published in Russian and English, the new publication will keep in the spotlight the issues of the military-industrial complex and
exporting politics of Russia and the CIS, the military technical cooperation with
foreign countries, the current state and growth of the world's arms markets as
well as positions of the CIS partners in those markets and their regional sectors.
All above said magazines are presented in the Internet at the ARMS-TASS
News Agency's site (www.arms-tass.ru). They are distributed via subscription
and direct shipments to representatives of the higher military and political management and business circles of Russia and foreign countries. The magazines
are distributed abroad via 80 foreign divisions and bureaus of the ITAR-TASS
News Agency accredited in 76 countries world-wide. In Russia and throughout
the CIS, the magazines are distributed via 71 representative offices of the ITARTASS in Russia's regions, via central and regional distribution agencies as well
as through embassies of foreign countries, representations of foreign companies, and bureaus of western mass media accredited in Russia and the CIS.
Additionally, the magazines are distributed at all major defense exhibitions and
military shows.
Defense Technologies
Address:
ARMSTASS NEWS AGENCY
1012, Tverskoy blvd.,
Moscow 125993, RUSSIA
Tel:(+7095) 2028366; 2905052; 2296520
Fax:(+7095) 2028366; 2033049
Email: arms@itartass.com
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
Editor-in-Chief
of the ARMS-TASS News Agency
Nikolai Novichkov
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Mikhail DMITRIEV
Mikhail Dmitriev,
Chairman of the RF Committee on the Military and
Technical Cooperation with Foreign Countries
Over the previous year Russia has taken
another step in strengthening its position in the
world arms market. Its total defense exports in
2002 amounted to US$ 4.8 billion, with currency
receipts reaching US$ 4.5 billion. Thus, the figures have for the first time in recent years topped
their targets, with target deliveries being exceeded by US$ 1 billion. This has been made possible
through teamwork of all involved in the process of
the military and technical cooperation (MTC).
Of Russia's total arms exports in 2002, US$
350 million worth of defense products were delivered in settlement of the state debt.
The available book of orders and their structure suggest that the Russian arms exports in
2003 will remain at a level of a target figure of
US$ 4.3 billion for 2002.
The company Rosoboronexport accounts
for 83% of the defense deliveries, whereas the
rest Russian special exporters provide 17%. The
export deliveries made through Rosoboronexport in 2002 amounted to US$ 4.0 billion and
the currency receipts - US$ 4.3 billion.
Among the exporting enterprises, the KBP
Instrument Design Bureau of Tula, the Russian
aircraft corporation MiG and the KBM
Engineering Design Bureau of Kolomna were the
most successful. MiG's exports totaled US$ 370
million, which is less than its target but tops other
exporters' figures. KBP has exceeded its target
more than twice and carried out US$ 350 million
worth of deliveries. KBM has met target figures
making US$ 50 million worth of deliveries.
There are currently five special exporters in
Russia having a right to sell their finished products abroad. Later, following reorganization of
the domestic defense industry, another several
major industrial holdings could join them. The
Committee will press for their smooth entrance to
the market and ensure that there is no unhealthy
competition among the special exporters in the
market.
Russia's export order book in the field of
defense deliveries has substantially increased in
2002. On the whole, there is a favorable situation
to build up the rate of Russian arms deliveries.
Among the factors that contributed to this was a
reform of the MTC system that was realized in
accordance with RF President Vladimir Putin's
decree. The measures taken have markedly cut
a period of document preparation, agreeing and
3
N E W S
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
TorM1 SP SAM system
NEWGENERATION OF
EO SYSTEMS
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Nikolai NOVICHKOV
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
KhrizantemaS multirole mobile missile system
According to Vladimir Kuroyedov, the development of the Russian Navy envisions the construction and introduction into service of multirole combat ships. Featuring a relatively small
displacement, such ships have a powerful defensive and offensive armament and are capable to
effectively perform not only in a near sea but also
in a distant ocean area.
A second multi-role Project 20380 corvette
will be laid down in autumn this year. Also this
year, the Command will finally work out the concept of the frigate of the 21st century and
approve its design. The type frigate will be laid
down in 2004.
The fulfillment of the NDO depends largely
on the state the Russian military-industrial complex (MIC) is in. The current workload provided
by the National Defense Order for the defense
industry companies utilizes roughly one fourth of
their capacity. Says Aleksei Moskovskiy "Today
the National Defense Order accounts for 20% to
25% of the defense industry's workload. Another
30% to 35% of the industry is engaged in work
under contracts with foreign customers. Thus the
companies of the Russian MIC run at roughly half
of their capacity. Considering the financial constraints of the country the load of its ordnance
factories looks fairly high. But since the bulk of
work done by the factories is paid for by foreign
customers, such a situation in this segment of
our economy is hardly acceptable to us".
It is Aleksey Moskovskiy's opinion that over
the last two years, in spite of difficulties in the
national economy, the NDO has become rather
stable. "The stability today is evident. The
National Arms Procurement Program approved
by the President for implementation till 2010 outlines the spread of work till 2015. This provides
grounds for confidence. The realization of the
comprehensive program for re-equipping the
Russian Armed Forces is underway and there is
every reason to believe that next year it will be
fully funded," he said.
N E W S
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Boris KURAKIN
TECHNOLOGY
T80U MBT
Hostilities
Front (km)
Depth (km)
Duration
Number of tanks
Korea
(19501953)
350400
300
3 years
1,800
ArabIsraeli
(1956, 1967, 1973)
400
400
300
300
5 days
6 days
350
3,000
500
70
17 days
6,700
IranIraq
(19801988)
600
120
8 years
over 4,000
Persian Gulf
(1991)
500600
240
34 days
over 9,000
ARZAMAS
MACHINE-BUILDING
PLANT
Arzamas machinebuilding plant JSC
2, 9th May str., Arzamas 607220,
Nizhni Novgorod region, RUSSIA
Phone: +78314796750, 96778
Fax: +78314743140, 44833
Email: ovs@arsamas.nnov.ru
http://www.amr.nnov.ru
WE ARE
PROUD OF OUR WORLD-FAMOUS
ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIERS!
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
10
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
T72 MBT
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
11
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Anatolii SOKOLOV
12
Caliber, mm....................................12.7
Firing rate, rounds per minute........not less than 600
Bullet muzzle velocity, m/s ............820860
Aimed firing range, m ....................up to 2,000
Machine gun weight, kg ................25
Machine gun weight
on mount 6T19, kg ........................31
Barrel weight, kg ............................9.25
Loaded magazine weight, kg ..........11.1
50 cartridges belt weight, kg..........7.7
Machine gun length in combat
configuration, mm..........................1980
Machine gun width
(bipod support scope), mm ..........450
Machine gun height
(with sight), mm ............................500
Machine gun traverse angle
relative to fixed bipod .................... 15
Grouping (R50)
at 100 m range, mm ......................not more than 300
Technical endurance, shots............10,000
Armor piercing capability
at 100 m, mm ................................up to 20
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
KORD machine gun effective combat performance and ease of maintenance. It differs from its
counterpart in:
high reliability of operation at environment temperature of +500 C, in dusty conditions, after
immersion in water, without cleaning and lubricating for a number of days, in case of icing and
in other adverse operating conditions;
the trouble-free operation and the capability to
conduct intense fire without additional cooling of
the barrel and with retention of aiming accuracy;
consistent grouping, accuracy and rate of fire
throughout the entire service life of the
weapon;
ease of maintenance and the capability to rectify faults by the crew in course of combat
employment with the aid of individual SPTA;
high reparability of the machine gun at troops'
facilities.
The KORD machine gun's attractive feature
to the troops is the similarity of its weight, size
and connection parameters with those of the
Utyos (Rock) machine gun. This allows to
replace the latter without adjustment in all
machine gun complexes. It's worth noting that in
terms of main characteristics the KORD
exceeds by far its predecessor.
Around 22 countries manufacture now
12.7x99 mm NATO cartridges. On this basis, the
KORD machine gun has been developed in all
above described variants using those cartridges. The performance and maintenance
specifications of the machine gun did not
change despite changes in the design decisions
of the barrel and feeding mechanism.
OJSC "V.A. Degtyarev Plant" is one of
Russia's leading companies specializing in manufacture of arms. It has to its credit the many year
expertise and remarkable achievements. It possesses the required scientific and engineering
potential for production of modern highly effective
weapons and invites all interested companies and
customers to mutually beneficial cooperation.
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Daima TIMERGALIYEVA
Ataka ATGM
14
The Ataka supersonic ECM-immune radioguided ATGM was adopted in the early 1990s
and is available in two versions, 9M120 and
9M120F, differing in a type of warhead. It can be
employed as part of the Shturm-V missile system
installed on helicopters like Mi-24V, Mi-28, Mi8AMTSh and the Shturm-S missile system
mounted on the 9P149 combat vehicle. By 2005
it is planned to develop an Ataka version for
installation on new-generation armored vehicles.
The 9M120 ATGM is fitted with a shapedcharge warhead and is intended to destroy all
types of tanks, including those outfitted explosive
reactive armor. Its armor piercing capability
against ERA-protected homogenous steel armor
is no less than 800 mm (at normal). Today the
missile is among a few of production and the
most reliable heliborne ATGMs (according to the
Russian MoD's statistics data, as few as ten failures in 5,000 launches were recorded over last
three years).
There are well enough helicopters that can
carry the missile. To date, 22 countries worldwide, whose armies operate around 1,500 Mi24s, have already expressed interest in equipping them with the missile. KBM has developed
versions of the missile for installation onto the Mi17 and Mi-8 helicopters, should the latter be
used as a combat ones.
The 9M120F ATGM carries a HE thermobaric warhead and is designed to neutralize firing
points and destroy defensive installations, light
armored and soft-skinned vehicles and covered
manpower. Its explosion has an explosive power
equivalent to 9.5 kg of TNT. The missile has a
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
130
1,830
50
1,000 to 5,800
550
8(16)
12
0 to 4,000
50C
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
9M333 SAM
16
Kashtan
submachine
gun
Caliber, mm
120
Missile length, mm
2,223
Wing span, mm
360
Aimed range, m
up to 100
Missile mass, kg
41
Firing mode
singleshort, continuous
72
20 and 30
Warhead mass, kg
Cartridge type
9 18 mm PM
Explosive mass, kg
2.6
8001,200 to 5,000
550
355x55190
Target altitude, m
10 to 3,500
500C.
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Gennady KIREYEV
Table 1
Facilities
18
Down to 7.0
25.0
50.0
Down to 150
200.0
15.0
Down to 20
34
3.0
515
Down to 120
72120
1015
Down to 15
1.0
1.5
23
2.0
2.0
34
2
4
3
5
Purification
1.0
2.0
0.3
9.5
Weight,
ton
0.2
2.0
18.05
67.5
87.4
2003
CZECH REPUBLIC
BRNO 28. - 30.4.
7th International Exhibition
of Defence and Security Technologies
and Special Information Systems
UNION
LE S
ON
TI
I NT E R N
ES
DES FO
AOP
AFCEA
www
idet.cz
bvv.cz/idet
BVV
VeLetrhy
Brno
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Table 2
Purifying and
desalinating systems
NF45m Portable filter
VFS2,5 Filtering plant
MAFS3 Filtering plant
VFS10 Filtering plant
PVU300 Portable waterpurifying plant
SKO03s Integrated water treatment plant
SKO8s Integrated water treatment plant
OPS Desalinating plant
OPS5 Desalinating plant
Capacity
2045 l/h
2,5 cu. m/h
78 cu. m/h
10 cu. m/h
0.3 cu. m/h
0.3 cu. m/h
8 cu. m/h
1.82.2 cu. m/h
1.86.0 cu. m/h
20
Time, min
Deployment
4
30
90150
90120
12
12
12
90360
12
Crew
Closure
4
15
6090
42
12
12
12
30
60
1
3
5
4
2
2
4
3
4
Mass of
a set, t
0,008
2.8
10.7
14.4
0,087
0,08
4.4
27.3
21.6
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Mikhail RASTOPSHIN
PRECISIONSTRIKE WEAPONS
MetisM ATGW
KornetE missile
Table 1
Weapon system
Krasnopol
Developer
KrasnopolM
Kitolov2
Kitolov2M
Kitolov2M precision munition
Tulabased KBP
Munition
30F39
KrasnopolM
Kitolov2
Caliber, mm
152/155
152/155
120
122
Projectile weight, kg
5050,8
4345
25
2728
Projectile length, mm
1,300
955960
1,225
1,225
Warhead
Kitolov2M
HE/Fragmentation
Warhead weight, kg
19.720.5
1920
10
1212.5
Explosive weight, kg
6.36.5
5.56.5
5.5
Range, km
320
17
912
1214
Guidance system
Artillery system
Laser designator
2S9, 2S23
2S1
Table 2
Weapon system
1K113 Smelchak
SmelchakM SantimeterM
Developer
AMETEKH
Munition
3F5
30F38
SmelchakM SantimeterM
AMETEKH
Caliber, mm
240
152
240
152
Projectile weight, kg
134.2
49.5
134
48
1,195
1,600
1,100
Warhead
HE
HE/Fragmentation
HE
HE/Fragmentation
Explosive weight, kg
21
5.8
26
6.5
Range, km
3.6 9.2
3.012.0
1.59.5
0.515.0
Artillery system
M240, 2S4
D20
M240, 2S4
Laser designator
1D15, 1D22
1D15, 1D22
1D15, 1D22
1D15, 1D22M
Guidance system
22
2K24 Santimeter
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
ATGW KonkursM
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
KhrizantemaS ATGW
Table 3
ATGM
ShturmV
Ataka
Vikhr
Mass, kg:
missile
31.4
transporting/launching 46
container with a missile
40
57
47
59
Missile length, mm
1,836
1,832
2,696
Missile diameter, mm
130
130
152
Range, m
5,000
7,000
8,000
Guidance system
Warhead types
Thermobaric,
tandem HEAT
Thermobaric,
Tandem HEAT,
tandem HEAT, rod HEAT/fragmentation
Warhead mass, kg
5.3
7.4
Beamrider
Table 4
Munition
KAB500L
400
3,050
534
460
KAB1500L 580
4,600
1,560
1,180
20
KAB500KR 350
3,050
560
360
Kh25ML
4,225
300
86
10
275
units. Unlike their initial purpose, a range of targets to be destroyed by today's ATGWs has substantially increased. In addition to tanks, they can
be successfully used against soft-skinned and
light armored combat vehicles, fortified defensive
installations, and diverse objectives in the populated areas. These additional capabilities were
attained by applying various types of warheads.
The Russian ATGWs are divided into portable,
mobile and mixed systems. The portable weapons
include light-weight systems (Metis-M, Fagot-M),
mobile - systems carried by self-propelled chassis, helicopters, tanks, etc. and launched from the
platforms (Khrizantema, Ataka). Mixed-application (portable/mobile) ATGWs can be used,
depending on the situation, both from the carrier
and as portable weapons (Kornet). It should be
noted that, in terms of range and effectiveness,
the Kornet ATGW can replace a heavy gun, with
conversion of such an ATGW into a portable
weapon taking a mere several minutes.
The high effectiveness of anti-tank missiles is
achieved due to equipping them with a HEAT
warhead providing assured destruction of protected and buried targets. Also, the Kornet,
Metis-M, Shturm, Ataka and other ATGMs can be
fitted with FAE type (thermobaric) warheads.
Fragmentation effect of various munitions is
known to decrease against targets shielded by
obstacles or terrain. In this case a FAE warhead
creates an aerosol cloud in the air leaking into
shelters and other structures, and its detonation
produces a shock wave that effectively kills personnel. Adding the thermobaric warheads to the
existing range of ATGW warheads increases
combat capabilities of these weapons.
The Shturm ATGM, whose combat use in
Afghanistan and Chechnya has demonstrated
high firing accuracy and effectiveness, deserves
attention. The missile is the first production
model flying with a supersonic speed, resulting in
its high fire rate and a reduced time for an enemy
to apply jamming. The Shturm-V system is
installed on the Mi-24, Mi-28, Ka-29 helicopters,
and the Shturm-S - on the MT-LB light armored
amphibious tractor. The Ataka ATGW has derived
from the Shturm. Unlike ATGMs relying on a laser
guidance system, theses weapons use a radio
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
23
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Nikolai NOVICHKOV
24
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
arms and military equipment supplied by the former Soviet Union in the 70s and 80s.
In particular, the company repairs chassis for
the Tunguska gun and missile air defense selfpropelled system (GM-352), Buk SAM system
(GM-569, -577,-579), Kub SAM (GM-568, 578), Shilka ZSU-23-4 (self-propelled air
defense system) (GM-575), and Tor SAM system
(GM-355). In Minsk there is a base for repair of
Krug SAM system (facilities 123 and 124) and
Strela-10 SAM system (MTLB facility).
The company has optimized the program of
upgrading Shilka ZSU-23-4 to the M4, M5, and
BTR-50PK standard (armored personnel carrier).
Based on the combat experience of land
forces in Afghanistan, Yugoslavia and Chechnya,
the Byelorussian company has built on its own initiative a Mule vehicle. This is designed for hostilities in areas (zones) that require a better protection of the personnel and cargo being conveyed.
Also, a radically new, in-depth reconnaissance, armored vehicle, Stalker 2T, and a fast
transport tracked vehicle, 3T, have been developed and are now undergoing trials.
The design of those new vehicles utilizes the
results of research and development carried out
in such areas as advanced prototype development of military hardware, modernization of inservice weapon types, protection of equipment
against means of detection and destruction, provision of stealth for combat systems, development of advanced propulsion systems for dedicated equipment, automation of control for combat vehicle chassis, protection of combat vehicles' crews, development and manufacture of
combat equipment simulators.
The 50PKM armored personnel carrier is a
light type of amphibious tracked vehicle with an
assault troop compartment. This is built based on
the modernized BTR-50PK in order to extend its
service life. In addition, the modernization pro-
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
of the APC to 20.7 hp and the maximum speed
over highway and dirt road up to 60 and 45 km/h,
respectively. The new engine is much more cost
effective. The modernized APC consumes on the
average 8% less fuel and 53% less oil.
As per the competent source, Jane's Defence
Weekly, the BTR-50PK modernization project
drew attention of the Defense Ministry of Egypt
that signed a contract with Minotor-Service.
Among the new developments of MinotorService worth of special note is the Stalker BM2T
fast, high mobility, tracked vehicle for in-depth
reconnaissance role. The all-purpose armament
suite and powerful armor reliably protect a crew
of three in hostile firing engagements. The
design of the vehicle provides stealth capability
in radar, IR and optical frequency bands.
The armament of the 2T combat vehicle is
comprised of a 30mm cannon with a 7.62mm
twin barrel machine gun, two retractable launching units with two Ataka (Attack) anti-tank or Igla
(Needle) anti-aircraft missiles on each, and a 30
mm automatic grenade launcher.
Installed on the 2T combat vehicle is a radically new passive, multi-channel, optic-electronic system that ensures day and night detection, automatic selection and tracking of moving targets as
well as target range finding in laser and optic frequency bands. The transmission of intelligence to
the command post proceeds automatically.
The vehicle is equipped with a laser radiation
warning and protection system plus a driver's TV
observation device.
The equipment and armament of the combat vehicle are based on a highly mobile tracked
chassis. This provides the 27.4 ton vehicle with
the maximum speed of 95 km/h and a road
range 1,000 km.
The vehicle measures 7.7 m in length, 3.38
m in width, 2.5 m in height. The ammunition
reserve onboard and the supply of water and
food provide for a protracted self-sufficient operation of the combat vehicle and its crew away
from supply bases.
The Mule front-line transport vehicle (TMPK)
has been built based on the combat experience
of land forces in recent local conflicts. This is
designed for delivery of ammunition, fuels and
lubricants and other technical materials to the
first echelon troops' positions. Also, this is for use
in areas (zones) that require added protection of
the materiel and manpower being conveyed.
BTR50PKM armored personnel carrier
25
N E W S
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Daima TIMERGALIEVA
DEFENSE SYSTEMS'
CUTTING-EDGE
TECHNOLOGIES
26
It has a multi-echelon structure that is determined by the customer's requirements. The sys
tem's first echelon provides surveillance of surface objects and low-flying aircraft at a range up
to 40 km and up to 100 km from the coastline,
respectively. It includes coastal technical observation posts equipped with air/sea surveillance
radars, EO devices, as well as data acquisition,
processing and transfer means.
The second echelon consists of ships at sea
equipped with the same means that carry out
control at a range up to 100 km and beyond.
Surface ships of any type can be used for patrol
missions. The company is ready to install on
them Russian-made radars or fit the customer's
radar with special operator's positions that provide data transfer to a coastal observation post
and the ship's navigation using the Navigator100P electronic mapping system.
The third echelon of air/sea observation and
ecological monitoring at a range of up to 600
km and further is provided by patrol planes or
helicopters. The plane (helicopter) carries the
Sea Serpent search system that can acquire
surface and air targets within 320 km and 90
km respectively and track up to 30 targets and
more at once. With this system, the planes can
control surface, ground and air situation and
provide information to coastal control posts, as
well as designation for appropriate suppression forces.
The search system incorporates radar and
EO systems, emission monitoring system, a con-
Phora2 SAM
The upgraded
Phora-2 SAM system
will be effective against
low flying and smallsized air targets under
any types of electronic
countermeasures. The
upgrade will enable
extending service life of
the basic system and
cutting its maintenance
and repair costs.
CNCK Bot
Despite its low weight (a mere
800g), the Bot kit provides for calculation of whereabouts, storage of a
large amount of positions in the
memory, and, above all, integration
with practically all existing means of
communication. Being pressed for
time in adverse operational conditions, the soldiers may have difficulty
in using the kit. That is why the software does all functions concerning
terrain orientation.
governmental agreement
tary hardware.
these states.
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Bot compact navigation/communications kit
trol computer system, a navigation support system, communications and data transmission
means.
The fourth echelon provides for earth remote
sensing from space and aerial vehicles.
So, the TAASS ensures a reliable and allweather control of the whole region. The information
acquired
comes
to
area
surveillance/control posts where it is generalized
and furnished to customers, which could include
various departments and the whole states. One
area surveillance post can handle information
from 8 to 10 sources and convey data to 4 to 6
interacting higher posts.
The length of the controlled section of a border may reach 800 km, and the number of simultaneously tracked objects - up to 200. The
regional observation center can control up to
2,400 km of a border and track up to 300 objects
at once.
As radar aids, the system may include the
following:
Nayada-5MR coast centimeter (X-band) radar
for sea surveillance;
Baltika-B coast millimeter (Ka-band) radar for
acquisition of point targets. It can be supplied
completed with video and IR imaging aids;
Mys-M1 coast centimeter (X-band) radar for
Tropa compact navigation/communication kit
28
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Anatoly SOKOLOV
Table 1
Main performance data
Upgraded version
Engagement range, km
1.5 to 910 km
1.5 to 1314 km
Target tracking in
a passive mode
Warhead lethality
CV automatic control
Yes
Identification
friendorfoe system
CV's stealthiness
is ensured by
No
29
N E W S
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Table 2
Characteristics
30
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
firing SP vehicle and an automated control system (instead of the Krab ACS). If so, radar support of the upgraded Kub could be carried out by
the Buk-M1-2's organic target acquisition radar
or the P-15 (19), P-12 (18), P-40, and PRV-9
type radars.
Upgrading the Kub to the full will double its fire
rate, increase its kill envelope in range and altitude
1.7 and 3.5 times respectively, and significantly
expand the number of types of targets being
engaged ranging from fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft to tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles,
and other aerial vehicles and surface targets.
Besides, the upgraded Kub will have an increased
functional reliability and survivability under enemy
mass fire and electronic suppression conditions
and will be able to identify a class of the targets
being tracked. Its components will feature
improved technical and operating characteristics
and an objective function monitoring system will be
integrated. The system's service life will be extended until its components serve out their life in full.
The upgrade program provides for the
development of a target complex and the conversion of the ZM9-type faulty SAMs or ones
having their service lives served-out into air target simulators. In this case the missile's warhead
is replaced with a special compartment that
accommodates a flight control system (up to
seven possible trajectories can be implemented), an IR decoy dispenser, a self-destruction
system and a pulsed responder.
The target complex (Table 3) can simulate
piloted and unmanned air threats, including precision weapon components at low and extremely low altitudes in radar and infrared wave bands.
It can be used in firing exercises that involve such
SAM systems as Igla, Stinger, Mistral, Blowpipe,
RBS-70, Starstreak, Javelin; SP air defense systems like Shilka, Tunguska-M1, Tor, Kvadrat, Osa,
Buk, Hawk, Roland, Crotale, Rapire, and ADATS.
There are also no signs indicating the erosion of interest in SAM systems that provide
direct coverage to army units. It is believed that
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Kub SP launcher at a firing position
Table 3
Main characteristics
Type of a launcher
2P25
Type of ATS
RM M20
Flight range, km
Up to 25
Flight altitude, km
0.5 to 5
200 to 650
Flight time, s
Up to 40
Up to 8
0.3 to 0.7
Weight, kg
600
precisely these SAM systems employing IRguided missiles had caused most of the allied
aviation losses in Operation 'Desert Storm' in Iraq
and had forced NATO aircraft to limit their minimum operational altitude at 3,000 meters in
Yugoslavia. Despite the use of airborne precision
weapons, NATO Command gave up using its aircraft if clouds did not provided a visual contact
with targets from the above altitudes.
The Strela-10 SAM system (NATO: SA-13,
'Gopher') has been widely popular since 1976
and has been operational with more than twelve
countries. The system, along with other army AD
aids, has been undergoing planned upgrades.
Its latest upgrade version, the Strela-10M
('Giurza'), is equipped with a passive air search
electro-optical (EO) station and a digital computing system. New acquisition and automation
means have ensured its round-the-clock capability and a high survivability under fire and electronic
suppression conditions, increased its target
acquisition/tracking range, cut a response time,
enabled data exchange and command and control over six Giurza CVs, etc. Combined with a new
SAM, this has greatly improved the system's capabilities in countering diverse types of air targets,
particularly low-flying cruise missiles and UAVs.
Man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) occupy a prominent place among modern
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
31
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Anatolii Sokolov
32
Another important reason why the Pechora altitudes, and enhances the stability of SAM
system needs modernization is the aggravating functioning during intense active and passive
problem of spares and its maintenance in operable jamming, among reflections caused by meteorocondition. The systems transition to new compo- logical disturbances and underlying surface. The
automation of operation and the transition of the
nents also resolves, among others, this problem.
Considering the results of operational use of component package to up-to-date elements
the system in Iraq (1991) and Yugoslavia (1999) enhance the system reliability and performance.
and the arising interest in it, the companies of the In addition, this improves the crew training aids,
Russian military-industrial complex (MIC) have reduces the amount of scheduled servicing, its
developed and proposed two upgrade packages frequency and the power consumed while
for the S-125 Pechora SAM system. With either increasing the functional reliability and service life
of them implemented, the system acquires a new of the system.
The upgraded Pechora-2A SAM system
potential that ensures anti-air defense of administrative, industrial, and military facilities against includes:
fixed and rotary wing aircraft and cruise missiles, SNR-125M-2A missile guidance station comprised of the upgraded control cabin (UNKincluding those with a stealth capability, that fly at
M2A), antenna post (UNV) with the upgraded
low altitudes in plain or sophisticated jamming
unit (UV-40) and mobile repair workshop (PRM);
environment.
The first upgrade package (the S-125-2A, missile battery that can be comprised of up to
Pechora-2A) has been proposed by
Antenna post of the upgraded S125 Pechora2A SAM system
the A.A.Raspletin OAO NPO Almaz
(research and production public limited company named after Raspletin).
It envisions the replacement of 60% of
instruments of the UNK cabin,
enhancement of resistance to all
types of active and passive jamming,
expansion of engagement area and
increase of the systems overall efficiency, as well as continued in-depth
modernization of the SAM jointly with
the Customer and with due regard to
his requirements.
This improves the target kill probability, including for those flying at low
Characteristics
Engaged targets minimum effective area of dispersion, m2
Impact zone, km: in range
in elevation
in ground range
Maximum speed of engaged targets, m/s
Time to acquire target for automatic tracking, s
Resistance to active interference jamming, w/m Hz
Interference suppression ratio, dB
Simultaneous suppression of passive jamming and
reflections from objects on locality
Cost of modernization in conventional units (without missiles)
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
Pechora
0.5
3.5 25
0.02 18
16
560
up to 8
100
33
Pechora2A
0.5
3.5 28
0.02 20
24
700
2.5 3
2000
42
No
1.0
Yes
0.8 1.5
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
4 quadrupled launchers (5P73) and up to 8
transportation and loading vehicles (PR-14AM)
equipped with anti-aircraft guided missiles of
5V27U and 5V27D types);
SAM electric power supply system comprising
the distribution and conversion cabin (RKU-N),
tions. The target covered by powerful active jamming (4 kw/MHz, which is equivalent to interference generated by jamming aircraft at a range of
100 km) was destroyed in an assured fashion.
The error in homing the missile on to the target
did not exceed 2 m.
Table 2.
0.96 0.98
3
0.5
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
33
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Alexander SARKISIYAN
RUSSIAN EW EQUIPMENT
AGAINST AIRBORNE
RECONNAISSANCE/ARMAMENT
CONTROL SYSTEMS
34
The large-scale application of radio-electronic aids is one of the reasons for the rise and
rapid development of novel warfare forms and
methods. This is especially typical of the developed nations whose armed forces actively
employ a variety of electronic reconnaissance,
armament control and communications systems.
In this context, electronic warfare (EW) aids
are currently crucial in diminishing enemy troops'
capabilities to the point of a complete disruption
of their missions. An experience in their application during recent local conflicts confirms this.
According to specialists, EW equipment's contribution to reduction of an enemy group's combat
potential reached 20% to 30% and was comparable to that of weapons.
Employment of EW aids plays currently a key
role in opposing reconnaissance/strike air threats.
For their effective use, the Russian defense industry has developed a concept of highly effective systems that calls for a combined use of EW and air
defense (AD) means. It relies on the great capabilities of domestic EW equipment that is highly competitive with its best foreign counterparts. This is
confirmed by a wide range of EW products and the
possibility to both deliver separate EW models and
create their sets within a unified automated control
system; an established engineering and technological base to support EW equipment service and
upgrade; and a possibility for tailoring EW aids to
meet customers' requirements.
Electronic warfare against air targets is a set
of measures incorporating several major components: radar reconnaissance, jamming of airborne radars, including AWACS (Hawkeye) type
radar detection and control systems, radar
deception, reduction in radar signature and simulated covered installations.
The recent combat experience points out to
a steadily increasing role of electronic intelligence (radar reconnaissance) in a total set of air
electronic warfare (AEW) measures. This is due
to its long acquisition range for radio-emitting
targets, a possibility of determining their coordinates, their identification, subsequent tracking
and some other features.
Of special importance in today's conditions
is a problem concerning an improvement in survivability of air acquisition radars that is tackled
largely by cutting their transmission time. This,
however, diminishes their capabilities to timely
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
85V6V passive electronic reconnaissance station
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
35
ARM
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DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
MKT3LR camouflage sheet
38
1.530
301,700
20018,000
Reconnaissance
range, km
Bearing mean
square error, deg.
23
23
Frequency accuracy,
kHz
0.1
1,000
Capability for
frequencyhopping
signal intercept
Exists
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Grigory ORLOV
The ARGS54E
active radar
seeker.
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
39
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Anatoly GRIGORIYEV
SPETZRADIO
TODAY:
RELIABILITY, EFFECTIVENESS, QUALITY
Orion mobile automated electronic reconnaissance station.
40
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Viktor YASENOVENKO
ANTISHIP MISSILE
42
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
transports. The Kh-35 ASM (SS-N-25
Switchblade) uses an inertial navigation system
(INS) for mid-course and an active ECCM-capable radar seeker for terminal guidance. The missile carries a penetration warhead. An extremely
low sea-skimming flight altitude and the missile's
low radar cross section ensure covertness and
surprise of the attack.
Coastal mobile missile systems like the
Redut (with the P-35 ASM) or the Progress and
SSC-X-5 Bastion (with the standardized Yakhont
fire-and-forget ASM) offer impressive capabilities for destroying large and medium surface
ships, transports and landing transport ships.
The mobile Bastion's deployment time is 5 minutes, alert time in deployment areas - 30 days.
The stationary Bastion has its ASMs housed in
protected launchers. The fully equipped system
controls an area of 280,000 km2. The missile
warm-up time is within four minutes. The number
of missiles in a salvo can be as high as 36.
The Bal coastal mobile missile system with a
standardized ASM, the Kh-35, is designed to kill
surface ships, boats, landing ships in approaches to coast, in strait, island and skerry areas
under heavy enemy ECM. With its maximum road
speed of 60 km, the Bal has a fuel range within
800 km. The system can fire missiles both individually and in salvo. Application of a wheeled
cross-country chassis with night vision devices
and navigation equipment enables the Bal to
rapidly move to a new region round-the-clock in
any weather conditions.
Compared to its foreign counterparts (like
the Harpoon), the Bal carries more missiles on
the launcher, can fire them in salvo and provides
a higher rate of fire. This ensures a high saturation of ASMs approaching a perimeter of enemy
surface groups' air defense weapons and significantly enhances its fire effectiveness.
The coastal missile system Rubezh
equipped with the fire-and-forget Termit-P ASM,
too, offers wide capabilities for engagement of
surface ships, landing ships and fast small boats.
The Russian specialists emphasized also
on the development of air-launched ASMs. In
1960 the Russian Air Force adopted the KS10S ASM, which incorporated a command
guidance system for mid-course and a homing
system for terminal guidance. Its further derivative, the Kh-15S, was a wingless solid-propellant supersonic missile. It featured a supersonic
speed (up to Mach 5) in a final dive attack following the target lock-on. The Kh-65SE airlaunched subsonic ASM is designed to destroy
major surface ships. The missile flies most of its
trajectory at the altitude of 40-110 m and in the
vicinity of a target it climbs, locks onto and
homes onto the target descending to low altitudes and performing a maneuver in horizontal
and vertical planes.
Another achievement of the Russian ASM
developers is the Alfa, a versatile two-stage
cruise missile designed to destroy sea and land
targets. The first stage's turbojet gives the missile
a speed of 220-240 m/s and a range up to 200
km. At 20 km from a target, the second stage's
solid-propellant booster ignites accelerating the
ASM to 700 m/s (over Mach 2.0). Contrast targets are destroyed by direct hit, others - with
errors within 20-30 meters. The missile warm-up
time doesn't exceed two minutes.
Missile
Range, km
Flight altitude, m
Launching weight
Warhead weight , kg
Guidance system
40
Flight speed,
Mach
0.9
P15,
P15U
300
2,116
450
P15M
Termit
8 80
1.6
60
2,500
513
Ametist
70
0.95
60
4,400
500
Malakhit
120
0.9
5,400
500
3M80E
Moskit
10 120
2.02.5
7 20
4,000
300
Kh35
Uran
7 130
0.9
35 1015
600
145
P35
25 300
1.3
100;4,000;
7,000
4,200
500
TV + active radar
seeker
P6
250 350
1.3
100 7,000
5,600
1,000
TV + active radar
seeker
Bazalt
550
2.0
6,200
TV + active radar
seeker
Granit
500
2.5
7,000
750
Onyx/
Yakhont
Up to 300
2.02.5
515 14,000
3,000
200
Alfa
Up to 300
2.53
Up to 20,000
Progress
25 300
1.3
2040; 4,000;
7,000
4,200
TV + active radar
seeker
Kh65 SE
250280
0.480.77
40110
1,250
410
Kh15 S
150
5.0
40,000
1,200
150
N E W S
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
43
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Vladimir NIKOLTSEV, Grigory KORZHAVIN, Yuri PODOPLEKIN
TsNII Granit:
LEADER IN DEVELOPMENT
OF NAVAL WEAPON
CONTROL SYSTEMS
The central research institute (TsNII) Granit
dates back to 18 July 1921 when the Specialized
Technical Bureau on Special-Purpose Military
Inventions was set up.
In pre-war years the institute developed for the
Soviet Navy 450- and 530-mm radio-guided torpedoes, aircraft torpedoes, shipborne jam-resistant VHF radio communications facilities, radioguided unmanned torpedo boats, target drone aircraft (prototypes of cruise missiles), submarines
and bombs. Precisely at that time its specialists laid
the foundation for hydroacoustics and gyroscopy.
After WWII Granit started developing new
types of equipment relying on the available scientific and engineering experience. These
included: submarine surveillance radars, shipand shore-based target position radars, shipborne torpedo/missile weapons control systems
and onboard control systems for antiship missiles (ASM). Virtually all post-war built ships,
including 'Peter the Greatest', 'Admiral of the
USSR Fleet Kuznetzov', 'Admiral Chabanenko',
carry Granit-developed weapon systems.
Today, strengthening its traditions, the institute continues to develop electronic weapons
control systems for the Russian Navy's ships. It
focuses on the creation of an integrated control
system, so called a 'reconnaissance/strike loop'
that unites a target designation system, shipboard and onboard missile control systems. This
ensures an optimal solution to a task in each part
of the loop.
44
Typical workstation
w w w . a r m s - t a s s . r u
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
institute
developed
onboard control systems for the P-6,
Ametist, Bazalt, Vulkan,
Granit and Yakhont
ASMs.
In parallel, shipborne torpedo/bomb
weapons control systems like Leningrad,
Brest, Akkord and
Purga were developed.
One of Granit's latest developments in the
field of radio detection
and ranging is the
Garpun-Bal active/passive radar complex used
in the Uran and Club
antiship missile systems
that
are
delivered
abroad. The complex
offers a great power in
an active mode ensuring over-the-horizon acquisition of ships. Currently the institute is engaged in
the active development of surveillance systems for
fourth-generation submarines and target designation systems for missile weapons that could
accomplish missions using information from air
and space reconnaissance aids.
A major attraction of Granit's products is
wide application of up-to-date electronics, network structure and standardized interfaces. This
enabled creating an integrated instrumentation
suite for a ship's command complex. The institute is currently developing a main command
post for an advanced frigate. The post includes:
workstations for a ship commander, its senior
assistant, gunnery/missiles and torpedo officers,
radio officer, ASW/missile operator and ECM
operator. It provides centralized control over
strike missile and torpedo systems, indication of
their status and operation phases, target data,
the ship's recommended course and speed for
its taking a firing position, etc.
Granit's multi-year experience and established extensive network of cooperating enterprises together with the newest technical solutions and technologies have contributed to
entrance of its products to the world market.
Over seven last years alone the institute has
delivered a great number of the Uran's shipborne
automated ASM control systems, Garpun-Bal
radar systems, Purga systems and other auxiliary
equipment to a variety of countries.
Today the institute is among the leading
instrument-building enterprises in Russia, fulfils
the Ministry of Defense's and export orders, and
actively implements a dual technology concept
in the commercial market. Its highly qualified and
talented researchers and engineers ensure competitiveness of its products. With its high research
and technological capabilities, Granit invites all
domestic and foreign enterprises and organizations to fruitful cooperation.
Federal state unitary enterprise
TsNII Granit
3, Gospitalnaya St.
St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
Tel.: (812) 2716756,
Fax: (812) 2746339,
Email: crigranit@peterlink.ru
N E W S
A G E N C Y
A R M S - T A S S
45
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
Nikolai NOVICHKOV
46