lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.

org/access_use#pd-google

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

18, N. Y.
INC.

S9

pe. 1.2 Cathode Rays. 1.3 The Electron Gun. 1.4 Defect-

l A'ects the Beam. 1.6 Sensitivity. 1.7 Cathode Ray

Sweep Voltage Nature and Source. 2.3 Sweep and Sig-

17

2 Sylvania Oscilloscope Type 131. 3.3 Sylvania Oscil-

H THE OSCILLOSCOPE 29

Voltmeter. 4.2 Voltage Measurement Principle. 4.3 DC

nating Voltage Measurement. 4.5 Sensitivity of Oscil-

on of Oscilloscope as Voltmeter. 4.7 Gain Control Cal-

ct Input. 4.9 Calibration of Horizontal Plates. 4.10

RADIO RECEIVER SERVICING 35

ng AM Signal Generator. 5.2 AM Receiver Alignment

Aligning F lat-Topped High-Fidelity Receivers. 5.4 Ad-

r Alignment. 5.5 FM Receiver Alignment. 5.6 AFC

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

ction. 5.8 Establishing Marker Points. 5.9 Finding

pe Patterns. 5.10 Signal Tracing and Trouble-Shooting

g AM Superhets. 5.12 Testing FM Receivers.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER TESTING 48

Single Amplier Stage. 6.2 Measurement of Voltage

tortion Measurements with Sine Waves. 6.5 Distortion

ves. 6.6 Checking Frequency Response. 6.7 Signal Trac-

TRANSMITTER TESTING 56

Wave Patterns. 7.2 Modulation Checking with Trape-

um and Noise on Carrier. 7.4 Checking Class-C Linearity.

tern. 8.2 Frequency Checking with Sine-

th Other Patterns. 8.4 Frequency Checking

of Fine Frequency Control. 8.6 Checking

Inverter Action. 8.8 Current Measurement with

nt. 8.10 AC Power Supply Tests. 8.11 Checking

hecking Peak Current in Rectiers. 8.13

DC Generator Ripple. 8.15 Use of Oscillo-

f Oscilloscope as Zero Beat Indicator. 8.17

8 Demonstration of Speech Waveforms. 8.19

xplain in a practical manner the opera-

hode ray oscilloscope. This is not an engi-

t our readers will be radio and amplier

erators, students and technicians.

ss for all kinds of radio work, the oscillo-

h more widely than it is now. We believe

lected the oscilloscope more because of a

e it than for any other single reason. This

he steps to follow in using an oscilloscope

dio ampliers and transmitters. All theo-

condensed and sifted again. Only abso-

which we believe will be of real value to

ained. We have tried to keep the language

ve complete and technically accurate ex-

ictorial material to aid in a better under-

oscilloscope.

y is limited. There has not been room

of applications of the oscilloscope. We

lanation those applications which are most

ce to our readers. If we have been able, in

vicemen time and trouble and make their

yable through better understanding and

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

ill consider our job not so badly done.

illoscope Type 131 and on the right,

e 132. Use of these instruments in servic-

other applications is described in de-

most useful single

More than any other

sswork from radio

akes it possible to get

Now moderately

xceptional advantage

nalyze the actual signal

s are in operation.

hroughout the

s of a receiver.

nel is adjusted.

de signal voltages,

noise.

eristics of receiver

udio ampliers

patterns on its

nd ampliers and

esponse curves,

e operation,

int plotting.

hooting job on a

with a dc

ter, such as the

scillator, such

a signal genera-

16.

y of adjusting

paratus, such

broad-band

requency

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

frequency con-

THODE RAYS

cathode ray oscillo-

ther than electrical oc-

nges which may be con-

ge or current varia-

cilloscope-as, for

rformance or the be,

cilloscope will oc-

his book, it seems

cathode rays them-

foundation of all

re of cathode rays,

acuum tube of the

ch end of an evacuated

entical at metallic

extending through

ach other. If one of

nnected to the negative

he electron

bright dot,

nt surface

sc0pe tube

men, emis-

cathode,

-2.

electron

end of the

hode ray

e where the

wing screen.

gement of

gure 1-3.

e as might

1-3. A de-

cial form of

electrons

t in a cloud

but are

de (also

cathode.

he small hole

hey emerge

m, as shown

cessively

accelerating

ectrode which

he second ac-

etimes both

ng anode are

merges

center of

f control

s does the

number of

the end disc

n adjustable

de No. 1,

ive voltage

electrode

her positive

odes give the

trate the

een at the

the voltages

f a large

ng halo.

the spot may

ce, Anodes

xed high

sting the

Brightness

he value of

Remember that inside

e connected, to high

nic circuits are at low

ssis, normally cold

at 700 V. in the

at -1500 V. in the

ts except the gun

re 1-3, the beam would

enter and would produce

ht be focused. Such a

tests and measure-

nd and move the spot

en deecting plates are

tes within a typical

gure 1-5. These metal-

with one pair at

t the electron beam

n both pairs on its way

en and so come under

arge applied to the

nd H2) is arranged to

m side to side. The

the beam vertically,

nd view of a typical

m the viewing screen

e two pairs of de-

he electron beam.

ve charge of high

eam and a positive

can understand how

ates work. Referring

ages are applied to

the beam will travel

d will produce a single

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

pattern will then cor-

tive with respect to

be attracted toward

ed upward away from

CAL OSCIL-

igure 1-7(B). If verti-

with respect to V2, the

as in Figure 1-7(C).

C) assume that there

l deecting plates

ed at zero voltage,

positive with respect

d toward H1, and the

n the screen, as shown

horizontal plate H,

H1, the spot will be

n, as shown in Figure

he spot is moved

voltage) position is

ied voltage. If equal

vertical plate V1 and

will be attracted both

forces. The result is

ARIOUS VOLTAGES ON THE DEFLECTMG PLATES

ages. But

t serves to

plied to the

d also that

moved away

tion of the

tion in

indicates

ow that

ect voltages

only in

ct, there-

the deect-

mber of

es through its

now consider

o vertical

be moved

cles will

en, upward

les will shift

k to center.

depend

e positive

cement of

tude of the

ages, unless

sitive side

s sort is ap-

spot is

the center

ement of

be too

what is

al line will

ed a trace

ltage ap-

izontal

alternating

N/A

tical plate

site side

tical-hori-

ntal de-

ode ray

ual vertical

ssume a

tal, as shown

ages are

e will be on

e of the

portional

e angle of

(.l) de-

ode Ray Tube used in

131.

he applied signal is

he Sylvania Type

nia Oscilloscope Type

ne inch peak to peak

e 17 volts rms on an

a trace which meas-

e positive peak to

k on a 3AP1 tube

size according to the

ens. Thus, the three

hode Ray Tube used in

132.

ng screen, the seven

r screen, etc.

blems involved show

ters to be the most

ope tube sizes for

op applications. These

es large enough to be

good sensitivity. Figures

pular oscilloscope tubes

hows the Sylvania

ure 1-10 shows the

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

tube, used in the Syl-

the pat-

applied to

be. The

er, in observa-

e of alter-

measured

measured

sine wave

square wave

age level

xis and time

creen, it

screen hori-

e that the

ly by the

more in

y, a com-

eam must

the vertical

o see one

ave signal

nd a left-to-

o the hori-

the voltage

gnal voltage.

ll be at the

cond, at the

of the negative

e zero line

etween these

int along the

o give in-

m.

zontally in

p voltage

ro to a posi-

o the extreme

ust fall sud-

s, the

oltage will

Figure

applied to

straight line

ormal time

able feature

ro to a high

eturn to zero.

eep volt-

sawtooth-

venly from

d to shift

en) and

SHIFT

SCREEN\

VOLTAGE

E1. The sharp drop

mall fraction of the

n of one cycle of the

rtical plates.

ay be generated by

circuits. However, the

loscopes is a relaxa-

or. The circuits of the

d in the Sylvania

31 is shown in Figure

he Type 132 seven-

eform is generated

e of the capacitors

ubsequent discharge of

884 gaseous triode.

ed in this manner:

dc power source into

ge across the capacitor

mbing sides of the

apacitor voltage

e res, quickly dis-

charge causes the

y, as indicated by the

ve in Figure 2-2. The

e capacitor voltage falls

the tube. The capaci-

0-volt source, and

requency of the saw-

the capacitance of the

tance setting of the

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

capacitor sets the fre-

d R2 may be set to se-

hin this range. Because

ed the COARSE FRE-

ometer R2, the

in the Sylvania

25 pfd capacitor which

requency range. With

ometer R2 accordingly is

The frequency range of

ntained in the Sylvania

from 15 to 40,000 cycles

a range of approxi-

second.

he plate circuit of

to the horizontal input

Since this output volt-

ctive, and since the

ted from the rest of

e amplier (not shown

en the sweep oscillator

ates. This amplier

S AS VIEWED 0N OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN

ver, if it

he screen,

s the signal

own on the

equency of

e synchro-

requencies

from drift-

voltage is

tube.

to the ver-

to the grid

TOR

N-

allows

he screen.

a separate

ermost

al signal

r synchro-

When

ENCY)

from the

ency as that

e SYNC

locks the

en. Advanc-

the pattern

e same

ltage, it has

of signal

rn is shown

cy is one-

a chance to

ep trace

. The cor-

B). If the

ency, the

of the posi-

en swings

nd starts

s the negative

ositive half,

ency equal

h three com-

ure 24(D).

y proper

ols the

es of signal

e waves

mplicity, use

wave signals.

hose of more

plain how an oscillo-

bout the cathode ray

s if this tube were all

measurements, how-

ion to a power supply

escribed, several other

ete oscilloscope, such

-Inch and the Type

strument of many

e likewise available.

ed simply of a cathode

h an oscilloscope is

provision is made in

r signal amplication.

ope was designed pri-

meter for radiophone

ittle else. It has vir-

g.

mplete oscilloscope

ram shows the ar-

ols, switches, and cir-

ete instrument, and

ach other. These sec-

iscussed separately

gain broad-band

ase the signal voltage

g plates. Without this

ould not be examined,

tical trace on the

vertical amplier is

order that the service-

amplication. Setting

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

erns the height of the

r is coupled to the

gh a xed ca-

tect the instrument

the signal under

s the single-pole,

re 3-1. When this

HORIZONTAL scam Focusmo wrsusrrv

NTROL CONTROL CONTROL

EEP "

signal is

plates. A

equency

ndled in

er position,

before going

er switch,

nput switch.

plier,

purpose of

e applied to

his ampli-

utput volt-

not produce

reen. Like

ier is

ed through

NTAL

ete os-

ntly has

me base

ngle-pole,

works in the

, 5,. That is,

s lower

to the hori-

being ap-

this in-

wtooth wave

2.2 and

t-hand

or SYNC

ment,

f which

n detail in

main func-

een so that it

m as it oc-

p oscillator

ns and other

in this

set to its

upled from

to the hori-

n to its up-

or output

circuit.

weep switch

Y con-

s moved to

s eliminated.

y con-

hode ray

the hori-

ECT, the

orizontal

eep voltage

d then ap-

he width

he width

y be adjusted

ol in the

AMP.

the cathode ray tube,

tubes and sweep

tages come from one

windings on the power

supply of an oscillo-

wer stage of a radio

est instrument. The

signed to have a low-

n order to prevent

screen. Iron-core choke

output lter for the

e capacitance lters

oth out the output

y must include a high

de the high dc volt-

y tube anodes. A lower

the anode and screen

vertical amplier

put terminal

receives the low-

svertical, horizontal

n terminal simplies

oscilloscopes provide

ls for the vertical and

e synchronizing volt-

e necessary to insert

erminal post.

YPE 131

c complete oscillo-

s is the wiring dia-

three-inch instrument.

scilloscope appears in

the frontispiece of

rs. In this instru-

tal amplier tubes

are Type 7C7 Lock-In

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orresponding vertical

ntrolsor height and

ate ground terminals

e Type 131 for both

puts, instead of the

n in Figure 3-1. Either

may be used in con-

minals or with the

r Switches. S-103

vertical and horizontal

switches are thrown

gnals are applied

of the Type 3AP1

n they are thrown to

and horizontal sig-

esponding ampliers

he vertical amplier

e vertical gain control,

tomatically to its

he vertical gain

t-hand (OFF) posi-

witch, S-104, is at-

ntrol, R-115, and is

osition automatically

l is set to its extreme

linear sweep oscil-

s built around the

,0 :: V-l06 " IA

v4

ums mo

ERWISE NOTED

/A OSCILLOSCOPE TYPE /3/

TOL % PART NO.

r 0.25 uf., 400V +30 Pc. 13103

r 0.004 uf., 400 V. +20 P0. 13740

r 0.1 uf., 400 V. +30 Pc. 12796

r 0.01 uf., 400 V. +30 Pc. 13098

ctrolytic 10-10-10/20 uf. Pc. 12784

r 1.0 uf., 1000 V. Pc. 12785

500 V. 110 Pc. 13095

r 0.25 uf., 400 V. i20 Pc. 13100

r 0.04 uf., 400 V. $20 Pc. 13099

r 0.008 uf., 400 V. i20 Pc. 13101

uf., 500 V. ilO Pc. 13097

uuf., 500 V. 110 Pc. 13315

e Pc. 2422

net S-47 6-8 V., 0.15 A. Pc. 2828

000 ohms, % W. i10 Pc. 1020

aper 1 meg., 1/3 W. i20 Pc. 12791

0 ohms, X W. iIO Pc. 936

meg., X W. i10 Pc. 1080

aper 3 meg., 1/3 W 20 Pc. 12792

5 meg., K W. i10 Pc. 1031

meg., X W. i10 Pc. 1024

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

per 0.15 meg., 1/3 W. i20 Pc. 12790

000 ohms, K W. i10 Pc. 1017

per 35,000 ohms, 1/3W i20 Pc. 12788

0 ohms, X W. i 5 Pc. 935

000 ohms, 1 W. i10 Pc. 1244

000 ohms. 2 W. 110 Pc. 1513

00 ohms, 10 W. i 5 Pc. 12787

000 ohms, K W. i10 Pc. 999

aper 50,000 ohms, X W. i20 Pc. 12789

ohms, X W. $10 Pc. 877

0 ohms, K W. $10 Pc. 922

aper 4 meg., 1/3 W. i20 Pc. 12941

9 meg., K W. i10 Pc. 1048

meg., K W. $10 Pc. 1066

wound 400 ohms i 5 Pc. 11925

Non-shorting Pc. 12650

on-shorting Pc. 12515

Mounting S.P. 2T

Mounting S.P. 2T

Mounting 2P S.T.

GT/G

or test

be run

nput

scope at the

may also

a signal

line fre-

3 volt

fore may be

ther instru-

clipper-type

ls and

f the Syl-

m centering,

intensity

c amplitude,

lector, ex-

al, horizon-

o ground

ntrols or

measure-

al and verti-

is provided

n vertical

131 screen

th each fth

also pro-

glare on

ertical

ain control

pedance

nnection

0 ohms and

er is 1

llS is ad-

hen switch

he horizontal

ppf.

ical and

b from 10

iciently wide

plications.

pe is

ms will give a

een: and

to the de-

nch peak-

ly varia-

ycles. The

e oscillo-

ing dia-

h instru-

complicated

escribed in

s oscillo-

view may be

sections of

d in the

Type

ntal ampli-

s swncu S-tOl

NTROL

_,

0v :-

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

punss swnca 5-102 R426 _ 2,5

v. Q-SV.

aaz a-ms a-mk

DE " __ exl c428 cqzag ,\ Ic'llo 0

_c-_|2_sg____, I

T NO.

, 1000V. +28 Pc._14987

f., 400V. +23 Pc. 16163

400V. +30 Pc. 12800

10/20 mfn450/25V. Pc. 16378

400V. +30 Pc. 12796

, 400v. +30 Pc. 12794

, 2000V. +30 Pc. 16424

200V. +38 Pc. 16377

., 1500V. +20 Pc. 16172

600V. +20 Pc. 16168

, 400V. +30 Pc. 12798

f., 500V. i10 Pc. 16161

, 400V. $10 Pc. 16169

f., 400V. $10 Pc. 16982

f., 400V. $10 Pc. 16164

10 Pc. 15401

10 Pc. 16162

., 2000V. +20 Pc. 16873

0-10-10 mf., 450 Pc. 16173

-8V., 0.15 A. Pc. 2828

meg., % W. 120 Pc. 16391

W. $10 Pc. 936

, 1 W. :10 Pc. 1272

W. $10 P6. 1041

W. $10 Pc. 1066

, % W. i 5 Pc. 1005

% W. $10 Pc. 1090

4 meg., % W. $20 Pc. 16393

W. 110 Pc. 1321

h OSCILLOSCOPE TYPE 132

TOL % PART NO.

000 ohms, % W. i10 Pc. 1010

2 meg., % W. 110 Pc. 1038

8 meg., % W. $10 Pc- 1034

aper 0.4 meg., 2 W. i10 Pc. 16157

meg., % W. i 5 Pc. 1043

aper 50,000 ohms, 1/3 W. i20 PC- 16155

aper 50,000 ohms, % W. i20 PC- 16390

000 ohms, % W. $10 Pc. 999

meg., K W. i 5 Pc. 1076

0 ohms, % W. i10 Pc. 922

taper 4 meg., % W. 120 PC- 16392

1 meg., % W. i 5 PC. 1054

00 ohms, 10 W. i 5 Pc. 12787

000 ohms, 2 W. 110 PC- 1513

000 ohms, l W. iIO Pc. 1244

0 ohms, % W. i 5 Pc. 935

aper 400 ohms, l W. ilo Pc. 16154

6429

n-shorting Pc. 16810

on-shorting Pc. 12515

. 15011

NIA 7-1'nch OSCILLOSCOPE TYPE 132

TERNAL) position,

ined through series

nal voltage which is ap-

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plates. Applying the

rtical plates and sync

tion. When S-103 is

) position, synchro-

one leg of the sweep

as the same frequency

n S-103 is thrown to

a synchronizing

gh coupling capacitor

r (or other suitable

SYNC INPUT ter-

as been mentioned

ency control is the

ve on positions it

es of capacitance (C-122

quency range of the

ges are 15-90 cycles,

s, 2.5-10 kilocycles, and

eled on the front panel.

tentiometer R-139

regulates the fre-

within each of the ve

requency control. For

y switch is set to 15-90,

hen permit selection

ycles and 90 cycles.

tentiometer R-135

otating this control

de of the synchroniz-

Inch Oscilloscope Type 131. Note large metal shield around neck of tube.

mounted below 3AP1 tube. Power transformer (lower left) is mounted as far as

ation of electron beam.

-Inch Oscilloscope Type 132. Construction is similar to that at Type 131 three-

e components and larger tubes are necessary. Circuit is also more complicated.

PLATES _

TA; 'i-

nia Seven-Inch Oscilloscope Type 132. This panel contains the horizontal and vertical

ks tor the detlecting plates and intensity modulations. (See Figure 3-9 tor a graphic

switches.)

ositive voltage on the

ube.

meter R-l3-l (see

rol. It varies the nega-

he cathode ray tube.

r line switch is the

ed 3-105 on the circuit

p jack is available

e instrument (see

cing an externally-

dulate the control grid

ube. This type of

ss of the spot on the

ith the modulation,

nk out undesired por-

ployed also to provide

h of a wave under

hods of using intensity

a later chapter.

ltage power supply

composed of rectier

-108 (Type 7Y4)

apacitance ripple lter.

-inch oscilloscope

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erminals on its front

horizontal beam cen-

ontrol, vertical gain,

, coarse frequency,

xternal sync terminal,

d terminals, pilot light

he power line. The rear

PE /32 SHOW/1V6 P/M/AOKS AND SWITCHES

ANIA TYPE 7GP! OSCILLOSCOPE TUBE

ut to the

y modula-

amplier

urements

scope Type

y disc ruled

nes. There

h each tenth

y glass.

ertical

d 26 ppf. In-

witch, S-101,

ical deflect-

and 20 uuf

nd chassis

er

nput im-

ch, S-102,

zontal de-

ms and 20

al and chassis

ical ampli-

from 10

not more

down not

zontal

ence) from

more than

n not more

pe is such

rms sine

ection on

cal ampli-

e required

e screen.

ms sine-

k deection;

olts rms

h peak-to-

ly varia-

The sweep

ge-operated device,

beam is accomplished

n many of its applica-

functions as a highly

eter, although we may

terms. Both horizon-

roportional to the

al and vertical signal

age values may be de-

gth of the traces they

screen is calibrated.

iewing screen (or

reen distance) in-

ltagcha distinct ad-

oscilloscope also has

which keeps at a

it under test. Unlike

ter, which can indicate

recommended set of

scope can show wave-

ve and negative ampli-

waveform or distor-

as to frequency.

laboratories strongly

oscope in ac voltage

arious sorts in which

d into voltage varia-

ments, the oscilloscope

measurements, it is

meter. For example,

repairman would

asuring the heater volt-

eter were available.

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

oscilloscope if a test

uring instrument have

sensitivity, and better

voltmeter of the am-

nstitutes an excellent

oltmeter in most in-

ble.

various voltage

ade with an oscillo-

advantages of using a

h case. The applica-

y suggest many others

mans own specific

ent.

ng screen patterns

the spot is deflected

sition to various loca-

dc voltages to the de-

own from G to J in

ht-line traces obtained

ack and forth under

ages applied to the

th the linear sweep

h the pattern shown

f the sweep voltage

present at the vertical

D TO

POT

to follow on

generally be

tead of an

preferably

y high input

er.

ied to

plates. But

reserved

our discus-

ments by

set of

e viewing

ay be placed

ng controls.

garded as

al of a dc

vertical de-

upling capaci-

mmon ter-

ther vertical

e), the spot

ure 4-1(B).

es away

onal to the

here. A suf-

t off the

e will shift

ch. If a

ertical de-

nward, as

center

ge.

nd nega-

to the verti-

placements

orded, the

ges. Since

, however,

k point ordi-

p to this

of the

d that 15

xactly one

shift of

ws 10 volts,

graduated

s of disc

spot moves

of this disc

l plates,

vision. A

NI'G

TING VOLTAGE ON SPOT

dingly will show 9

etc.

1 are obtained

a battery or an excel-

ny ripple is present

voltage results. The

ages are shown in

ause the spot to move

center zero position,

ositive voltage pro-

from center, as shown

ve pulsating voltage

ding downward from

C). The length of the

se to the peak value

ative half-cycle), and

may be calibrated to

anner just described

h of the entire trace

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

of the voltage pulsa-

corresponds to the

ee Figure 4-3(D) is

g plates; the spot is

rom the center of the

ative half-cycles, re-

age is applied to the

s rapid movement of

e, as shown in Figure

ve and below the

pper half of the line,

e top, indicates the

cycle of the applied

of the lower half of

r to the lower tip, in-

egative half-cycle of

ating voltage is ap-

a linear sweep voltage

ecting plates, the pat-

ape of a single cycle

sweep frequency is

(E)

ERN OBTAINED WITH LINEAR SWEEP VOLT-

his pattern

le trace

own in

d negative

s well. Addi-

the latter

and nega-

at is, whether

e voltage is

hether the

ncy.

sine-wave

in this

g when sine-

he vertical

d to the hori-

ne-wave

sweep volt-

he horizontal

er of

ates the

is is the dis-

asured down

n) indicates

e. Distance

re indicates

e half-cycle,

alf and in-

alf-cycle.

e pattern

oltage. A

indicate the

-cycle.

4-4 assume

e having

ery often,

sting are not

e of this con-

oticeably

ugh the

and the

as in Figure

values are less

ges of the

lity to show

r study.

o have such

ncrease the

e vertical

ned with the

voltmeter.

lt rms will

on the screen

ype 131

hen the am-

ed for the

plier in-

de ray tube,

e-inch

the Sylvania

he vertical

volts rms

n the ampli-

R (SYLVANIA POLYMETER)/

GE CALIBRATION OF OSCILLOSCOPE

reduced when the

own. However, this

ontrol to act as an in-

multiplier), permit-

ed to the oscilloscope

tion of the gain con-

4.7.

COPE

gement for calibrat-

e oscilloscope in terms

voltage to the two

elect various fractions

tical input terminals

the potentiometer, R.

indicated continu-

tmeter, such as the

oltage may be sup-

lator, such as the Syl-

, set to any frequency

or by the 6.3-volt

mer operated from the

t in which a Variac

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

ter is shown in Figure

UIT FOR VOLTAGE CALIBRATION

nded for

Set

elec-

er

lity.

riac

tal

ve

nt

olt-

d-

nts

ltiply

e corre-

gain con-

ogressively

Calibration of

an input

he com-

s 131 and

ical scale

owing

ion 4.6.

m (10

wer

lt-

s of

op, the oscilloscope

ment in such dynamic

uit is in operation) as

formance, tracing sig-

citors, and resistors;

on, oscillation, and

ng overloading and

e-shooting. The vari-

described, step by

signal generator is

nment of a radio re-

an alignment peak

vertical input ter-

onnected across the

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

n in Figure 5-1. Ac-

E RODYNE RECEIVER ARRANGED FOR OSC/LLOSCOP/C AL lG/VME N 7'

his arrange-

be fol-

receiver.

f most sets.

g tem-

is

i-

n-

tch-

at

IN

rn

uld

as

tor

ad

gain

of

1/2

to

er

tting

d-

and

e-

ent is completed. If

umper instead from

receiver dial away

nals of oscilloscope

al of oscilloscope to

rol slightly. Do not

settings.

al of signal genera-

cilloscope.

erator to 31; high

ed lead for latter con-

nd set FM sweep width

6. Transfer high

C3 and C,. One of the

ll be seen on the

creen, adjust sync

mage. Figure 5-3(A)

ood circuit operation.

s neither too sharp

dicated by Figure

is the flat-topped

m staggeringthat

to opposite sides of

igure 5-3(E), indi-

nd usually is the pat-

ers are adjusted.

d to 1, set signal

1500 kc, and adjust

ator sections on tuning

rn of type shown in

eceiver dials to 600

sting oscillator pad-

or and if trimmers,

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

tuned rf' or super-

ploy broadly-tuned

e manner outlined in

sired alignment pattern

idth of the pattern

may be determined

sweep width control

d. Section 5.8 describes

idth when the genera-

th control. The width,

spond to that recom-

er.

nt, necessary to in-

s to obtain a curve

and horizontal as pos-

ned without too much

h as illustrated by

receiver, the verti-

oscope are connected

plained in Section 5.2.

mploys a power detector

most always is the case

the high vertical

pe must be connected

plate load resistor.

lloscope is connected

S FOR /FAL/CNMENT//V FM RECEIVER

trimming

1. These

lugs for in-

ment of

s outlined in

instead of

ector, if and

not already

ront end

g of the band

sively to fre-

h wave band,

c were used

nment of if

ed only once.

c set

e is inter-

d 5.2) by

porarily from

ac re-

nt 15 to

pe to a

signals,

neration or

cause

the screen.

vertical

stubborn

0.000- to

al input lead

tact in the

nals

ONNECT/0N5 FOR D/SCR/M/NATOF? AL/GNME N 7'

harp curve of Figure

o detector grid of

s point 3 in Figure

mmers for peak height

mers for close

transfer vertical

scriminator load re-

5-5. Generator output

grid of converter stage.

emble Figure 5-8 when

cy is same as line f re-

wice line frequency.

former must be ad-

or E and C, equal

r line (B or F). Also,

to bring B and F equal

C and CE will inter-

e horizontal line when

nt of primary trim-

er controls distance of

ontal center line;

er controls position of

to horizontal center

and F.

zed at line fre-

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

alue, and signal genera-

ency, the dual pattern

n on screen during dis-

ator transformer trim-

case, to bring points

tances from hori-

and E equal dis-

al distances from C'.

he if amplier of

o detector must be

the if section of a dis-

n 6.5), except that the

cilloscope must be

ector load resistor

ment of the if ampli-

mary of the ratio

detector trans-

erminal of oscillo-

) and adjust sec-

en on oscilloscope

onizing frequency.

be seen when signal

frequency both are

n shown in Figure 5-9

same as line frequency

t value.

symmetry of pat-

ction 5.5.

rtical input ter-

S FOR RAT/O DETECTOR ALIGNMENT

th primary

mer.

ot have

e 5-6, but

al input of

on of two

stors. These

r nal ad-

t be removed

FM re-

st detector-

other super-

will cover

42-50 Mc

me as de-

d 10 in

ator is set

d to 88 Mc

ONNECTIONS FOR RAT/0

RA TIO

OR RA TIO

ploy automatic fre-

s system is a discrimi-

discriminator shown

ignment of an afc

re 5-10. Before under-

must be disconnected

he receiver inter-

ary jumper from

er half of the dis-

rcuited, as shown in

l generator should

uency of the receiver

d. Sync voltage output

connected to the sync

inator will yield

gures 5-8 and 5-9.

tructions on discrimi-

ept simple tuned rf

ative sets, has an avc

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

e, the avc circuit must

uits have been ad-

tance dc voltmeter, the

ope lies in the ability

distortion as well as

The following 7-step

complete scheme for

ving known good

ER

TAGE SOURCE

E'NEE'R

NNECT/0N5 FOR A F0 D/SCR/M/IVATOR ALIGNMENT

TEST

ter-

ycles.

ch

Ad-

or

en.

du-

up

be

m as

ent

ally, it is

idth of the

)) in kilo-

d from the

requency-

RMER

P FOR PRODUCING MARKER P/PS ON SELECT/V/TY CURVE

with an FM signal

er control grid, apply

e same grid from a

nerator set to the inter-

5-13) .

generator is tuned

ate frequency, the

e curve pattern,

hand slope of the

on the right-hand

e corresponding fre-

dial settings of the

, if the pip is at point

is tuned to 10.6 Me

rator is tuned to 10.8

rizontal reference line

s.

he intensity modula-

a Oscilloscope Type

own in Figure 5-14.

is connected to the

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

of the receiver or to

hether if selectivity

served.

is connected to the

inal of the Type 132

ould deliver sharp,

inuously variable repe-

rower these pulses,

e marker points ob-

2 volts should be

For best stability at

enerator may be syn-

lator.

nment pattern)

btained from a pulse

15. A similar pattern,

re blanked out by

hown in Figure 5-16.

paration of the marker

ve, it is necessary only

quency from the dial

tion rate is

art along

the fore-

ete (over-

to if curves.

alignment,

lts in receiver

ope an ideal

o occur

igure 5-17.

es. A, B, E,

set for sine-

minals con-

amplitude-

a and

-wave audio

audio

pattern

the receiver

signal levels

n in Figure

cate hum.

correct it

ction 6.3,

w over-

be due to

isolating

ection 7.7 and

correction

amplifiers

an FM

, as outlined

be smooth,

eceiver is

proper. A

n Figure

outside sig-

lation. Two

merge into

ating in the

sed by con-

generator to

by shorten-

s to the

5-3 (B),

text ac-

l modula-

ircuit trou-

ese distor-

orms given

nd local-

eman to

n this respect,

hooting tool.

e a closer ad-

L.

halfway.

trol until hori-

most of screen

rols for clear,

n as explained in

ntrol as ex-

the signal genera-

provided with series

event damage to the

nected into dc circuits.

ircuit with a

wn in Figure 5-18.

nstruments will be

been numbered. The

ended for making the

ts dial away from

uce settings

o.

al generator to

nals of oscillo-

ertical gain

al straight-

e becomes

r noise is

/or V6) . Some

with the best

pplies do not

ever, this

onable

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

ver not more

ylvania Type

more than

illoscope,

s set to

and 19. If

on, several

screen. Set

controls to

cles. Set verti-

ht of about

o oscillator (if

. Advance verti-

restore pat-

ut on cali-

urrent con-

e of pattern,

e, indicates

. Loss or distor-

ve tube V,.

. Loss of pattern

a coupling

. Slowly advance

-wave pattern

s gain control

UQG .QSQIm. UEXQOQMRMItMQbm. .0? Q? Wmbbt

mporary

gnal to 12.

ecessary, to

pattern at this

section in

nts in 2nd de-

and adjust

eak height

ates defective

Advance

nd readjust

icates de-

ect tube volt-

apacitors in

Adjust trim-

height of

ttern indi-

,. If tops of

n out, indicat-

output of

gain control,

Readjust T,

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

n control if

ates defective

e voltages;

mponents; or

5.

l to 7. Tune

eight at 1000

ective de-

l to 6. In-

es voltage

tern indicates

orrect tube

cuit com-

l to 5. In-

es step-up

of pattern

T2.

l to 3. In-

es voltage

ern indicates

orrect tube

uit com-

l to 1. In-

es step-up

mer T,. Loss

ansformer T1.

ected to point

o oscilla-

ted by an

and output

rviceman can

n. Also, dis-

d by hum,

) may be de-

he basis of

n later in

of the trans-

er is work-

st is shown

d with an

e 145, having

acitor, C1.

lded oscilla-

utput trans-

Both oscil-

may be

uick con-

(1)

ns by setting

cycles, sync

ol to one-

give long

UT

SS/O/V 7557 //V S/NGLE AUD/O AMPL/F/Ef? STAGE

and vertical gain con-

cycles. Set oscilla-

n Figure 6-1, to

so to point 2.

ntrol slightly to

ol (and oscillator

til sine wave pattern

ivisions. Set frequency

nd sync amplitude

o point 3. Pattern

ng voltage gain of

ome distorted.

o point 4. Loss of

r C.

oint 4, transfer

tern indicates open

point 1, vertical

k and forth between

pattern height indi-

stage. If oscilloscope

have been calibrated

esponding gain may be

een input (point 1)

ld the waveform of

ifferent from the sine-

change of the wave-

missioneither dis-

n is discussed in Sec-

n 7.3.

be repeated at

500 and 10,000 cycles.

making a similar

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

her than a single

6-2.

E GAIN

voltage gain measure-

e oscilloscope offers

mpedance, good fre-

range, and the ability

mplitude of a voltage.

in a single amplier

ulti-stage amplier.

, use the same ap-

6-1 or 6-2, and prepare

e instructions given in

the vertical gain con-

as outlined in Section

of a Single Stage:

cal input ter-

1 (see Figure

oscillator out-

ntrol for sine-

t of about 2

tude control

d voltage, read

n and vertical

it as E.

oint 4.

by taller image

llo-

ula:

uencies

, for either

the formula:

i-stage am-

the ampli-

of the am-

ally to

um voltages

due to de-

ort circuits,

and some-

ctive power

nd are in

um with

ed and tested

cing in audio

will be found

nd ne

tant

ill

eed

r-

ype

fre-

nd

ce

nt)

igh

grid

li-

um

scil-

C 3RD HARMONIC

ION PAT TE RNS OBTAINED IN AUDIO AMPLIFIER TE 5 TING

similar distortion

t to which the output

sine-wave input signal

stortion tests may be

tages or upon a com-

be concerned with

sent at all, and to what

pair operations. When

udio frequency, un-

d into the amplier

of the output voltage

cilIOscope set for sta-

connected to the am-

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

f the output patterns

distortion are given in

3 (B to K) are

ered when a sine-

d into the amplier

plier work, the 2nd,

are the only distortion

erviceman. The old

uce symmetrical dis-

both positive and

hat one is a mirror

H, J and K in Figure

etc.), on the other

metrically, so that one

erent from the other,

ure 6-3.

s resembling those

ained in audio ampli-

less exaggerated than

ore or less distortion

in Figure 6-3. Also,

pon the signal and its

h the amplier under

omewhat from the

ral, the patterns given

mmon and, when

onsiderable service to

TS

STING OF AUDIO AMPLIFIER

5,

requen-

ain

fre-

nc

ntal

6_6 CHECKING FREQUENCY RESPONSE

cillo_ In amplier testing, especially 1n the absence of a

re wave generator, it often is desirable to check

output the overall frequency response or a Single amplier

na. stage or of a complete amplier. Instruments required

et for this test are (l) a good-grade variable-frequency

am- sine-wave audio oscillator, such as the Sylvania Type

les 145, and (2) a complete oscilloscope. The apparatus

d setup is shown in Figure 6-6. The test procedure is to

Y LOW-FREQUENCY CUTOFF.

NS OBTAINED IN SQUARE-WAVE TESTING OF

oltage at a number of

io-frequency range

voltage. The oscilla-

and the oscilloscope

t and output voltages.

switching of the high

ut to output of the

ltages. If the oscillator

tage output a quick,

ut the changeover switch

equency band observ-

the trace. To make a

ng procedure is sug-

vertical

d 4.7),

ximately

or long hori-

to 1/2 maxi-

ero.

its gain control

o center or

sition A. Ad-

d oscilloscope

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

height of

sition B and

convenient

cillator out-

cal gain con-

height and

ycles.

w changeover

scillator out-

n height.

sition B and

cope screen,

200, 250, 300,

000, 2000, 5000

frequency,

division ampli-

witch to posi-

utput con-

against corre-

esponse curve.

several re-

cy response of

e control and

n control.

OD

(CHANNEL ANALYZING) IN

dynamic test in

receiver testing. The

e indicating device in

shows not only pres-

each amplier stage,

he amplitude and

er signal tracing

audio amplier cir-

ment, there are two

he amplier. The rst

y connecting the verti-

oscope to the ampli-

in Figure 6-7, and

sively to the various

output stage and work-

second method con-

cillator permanently

and connecting the

scilloscope succes-

starting at the input

gressively to the out-

mplish the same result

superior to the other.

e, however, we have

quently, the audio

provided with a

of which the audio

rious numbered cir-

are the oscilloscope

ven in Step 1 in Sec-

lator to 1000 cycles.

n in Figure 6-7 and al-

. Adjust oscilla-

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gain control

creen divisions

l to lock

ndicates de-

ern indicates

sformer T2.

distortion

ube V,, loss

ages or defec-

distortion

ube V., loss of

s, or defective

ed pattern

f transformer

ndicates step-

es l-to-I ratio.

to study its

ates shorted

ive trans-

n control

ly useful

percentage

In this ap-

modulation

nce the elec-

ulation

eur trans-

y may be

wave pat-

ern (see

ecking

Figure 7-1.

mployed. Do

not pass

ly. The

0 cycles, sync

ol is set

ence of an

ync ampli-

modulation

on pat-

ulation, and

method of

om wave pat-

ave audio

he trans-

tained note

d trans-

ng by means

eceding

on of the

vertical am-

hed-o' and

r-modula-

on are

FOR WAVE -TYPE MODULATION PATTERNS

ND ON

ER TANK

2 ----- - -+ DIRECT AMP XCAPAGITANCE VALUE DEPENDS UPON

NNECTIONS TO TRANSMITTER FOR TRAPEZO/DAL MODULATION PATTERNS

OO%

ON MODULATION MODULATION

OR MODULAIION CHECKING

THAN OVERMODULATION IOO%MODULATION

ATION

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

ULATION PATTERNS

ASURED IN INCHES,CENTIMETERS,OR SIMPLY

TION PERCENTAGE FROM OSCILLOSCOPE

ON IN R F STAGE, LOW GRID BIAS IN R F

OUTPUT OR STAGE, LOW EXCITATION,

R BOTH.

N, Low BIAS, "DRIvEN" PARASITICS IN

MU MODULATED R F STAGE.

GAT/NG VARIOUS TRANSMITTER FAULTS

N NOISE MODULATION

N R F CARR/ER

B) gives the method

om trapezoidal pat-

nly-encountered trape-

cating transmitter

be detected on the

mitter by means of

n in Figure 7-1.

s, free of burn or

s of the carrier only

at, sharp and

es a sine-wave ripple

om edges (Figure 7-7

Noise, usually arising

produced by leaky

ent opens or shorts

auses a ragged modu-

bottom edges of the

RITY

utput amplier in

linear plate charac-

oltage of this stage

e likewise should be

h an oscilloscope

plier determined.

n in Figure 7-1. A

or the unmodulated

sure the height of

e the dc plate volt-

r and measure the new

y, the second height

ING

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

ING TO

GE

MEASURED IN INCHES, CENTIMETERS, OR

LINEAR/TY 0F CLASS-C R F AMPLIFIER FROM

frequency

ccuracy for

. Connection

ments are

n the screen

nown fre-

audio oscil-

the

trols are set

d to the

cillator is

ls. When

nknown fre-

e appears on

pattern is

read di-

ency rela-

own in

patterns,

plied to the

near sweep

gle sta-

quency con-

d before-

ad at this

cy control.

e frequency

ill be

not offer

n Sections

system are

sweep oscil-

accuracy and

scillator.

ontrol, neces-

dvertently

or.

described

known and

nting the loops

uce inac-

patterns

amined.

and pro-

ENCY BY MEANS OF CIRCULAR

RTICAL PLATES)

2Fz

ENCY(HORIZONTAL PLATES)

KS OBTAINED IN FREQUENCY CHECK, USINC APPARATUS

E 8"!

oys gear-wheel pat-

84. Here, the operator

cles, or gear teeth, in

whereby the known

ultiplied to equal the

comparing frequen-

tterns are given in

oscillator of the oscil-

est. The external ca-

se-splitting network

rn on the screen

plied to the circuit),

ce equals the 5000-ohm

other reactance-resist-

nknown signal is ap-

s up into cycles or

the toothed ellipse,

w toothed circles.

8'3) is employed

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

known signal fre-

s applied, and the

sted to obtain a sta-

he unknown fre-

d by multiplying the

ber of teeth in the

s too great for con-

oscillator frequency.

ARING FREQUENCIES BY MEANS OF

MPARISON PATTERNS OBTAINED WITH CIRCUIT

requencies

spot-wheel

pattern (see

unknown

the known

ber of spots

wheel.

method is

scillator of

loscope must

the elec-

e 132 has

ulation in-

ent.

le or

known signal

e reactance

he 5000-ohm

l other re-

he unknown

oken up

the wave-

m intensity

r to empha-

It is very

ltage ap-

v peak.

ultiply the

ts or lines

If the

ccurate

k the wheel

to obtain a

n method

t to calibrate

I'II:' 9 i / N E L

RN OBTAINED WITH CIRCUIT SHOWN IN FIGURE 85

e oscilloscope for each

control.

y means of an exter-

cillator connected to the

scilloscope. The sync

ync amplitude con-

horizontal gain con-

h setting of the coarse

uency control must be

ial readings and the

g the audio oscillator

ary cycle is seen on

eep oscillator (ne

ay be determined by

oscillator dial. A

the frequencies corre-

ne frequency and

NSHIPS

tages which have

simultaneously to the

g plates of the cathode

he screen will show the

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

two voltages. The twa

eparate devices, such

be taken from separate

angement of the

this application do not

ical amplier, since

oduce some phase

and vertical inputs.

during this test.

ns seen on the screen

red. When both signals

patterns are symmetri-

if the signal applied

er of the two, the pat-

o bottom. Similarly,

ontal plates is the

ill be stretched from

e inverter circuit in

A, B, and C labeled

e. The phase inverter

ansformer in the am-

FFERENCE DIFFERENCE

PA TTERNS

NECTIONS FOR OSCILLOSCOPE

T MEASUREMENT

OR

OHMS

BOX

NCE MEASUREMENT

rectly, the grids of

180 out of phase,

n a signal is applied

mplier. To check

D) input ter-

minal to point

to point B.

CT input to

o not use

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

s.

n oscilloscope.

000 cycles) to

note pattern

king correctly,

e 8-8(E)

rcuit for oscillo-

ing current (milli-

application, the oscil-

ter to check the voltage

uctive resistor, R, by

R TESTING POWER SUPPLY

nt (I)

by the

E. When

tts, up to

oscope screen

ed for volt-

Sections 4.6

s employed,

om the oscil-

etting.

urements

ent arrange-

ly of such

voice coils,

of resistance,

d with a

s resistor

sistance

wave pat-

The oscillo-

tronic ac

the unknown

s in position

he switch is

the two

hangeover

ng made of

trol and

ttern of

he change-

noting

ifts, throw

or to a new

ut changing

vertical gain

itions A and

usting the

pattern

orth. At that

impedance,

rectly from

e checked

e of the audio

beforehand

lar advan-

their im-

e others are

measuring

c power sup-

er supply

pe arranged

ell as peak

up.

e pattern

) or for

d vertical

(see Sec-

dc blocking

cilloscope

st prod for

it points.

TOR WAVE F ORMS,AS OBSERVED ON OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN

apacitors may be

NT

t in lter capacitors

hich must be checked

supply behavior. The

ent to use for checking

shows not only the

wave shape of the

ons which must be

and oscilloscope in

urrent. Connect a

n series with each

ct the vertical input

ross the resistor, as

voltage measure-

as described in Sec-

er of the oscilloscope

ge drop across the re-

), by means of the

and vertical gain con-

this peak voltage

sistance of R1 or R2.

m, no division is re-

0.05 v across resistor

.05 ampere (50 milli-

citor C2. Similarly, a

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resistor R1 indicates a

hrough lter capaci-

may be checked in

Section 8.11, except

onnected in series with

efore attempting to

rnal 0.5-pf capacitor

al input terminals of

nstrument from the

oltage calibration of

tical gain control with

ch capacitor must be

OR CHECKING RIPPL E OF DC GE NE RA TOR

PPLE

NS

SCOPE AS BRIDGE NULL DETECTOR

MINALS

OR FREQUENCY COMPARISON

plied to the rectier

THE METAL

R ANY SWITCH

TTACHED TO

STS

nables the radio

io vibrators while they

e observations, to de-

st, the vertical in-

e must be connected

auto radio power

operation, that is,

s set for sine-wave

INTERNAL, and sync

ock image on screen.

are set to give a single

patterns observed with

n in Figure 8-14.

veform for a tube-

operating in the re-

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Waveform (1) in gure

on each half-cycle

fer capacitance. Wave-

esents the same

ll a capacitor, but

oved. Waveform (3)

n resulting from a

bounce and chatter

or studying the

nd lter action in do

and ltration are

esent in the output

s the actual ripple am-

for generator ripple

s connected to the ver-

f the oscilloscope

or rated at twice the

MRISON PATTERNS

TAL

IGNAL TRACING

e is adjusted

e patterns.

nerator out-

aight hori-

(A). When

e peaks will

amplitudes,

severe

(value)

, provided

cording to the

nsitive null

type. This

active and

acy. Connec-

r are shown

shown in

internal

cal gain con-

e horizontal

n the bridge

in Figure

n. One

he null

l point. As

pleted, the

as shown

nce of the

to form a

e 8-18(D) .

are to

may be em-

t indicator,

e of this

equency of

oscillator

ison are

from the

o the control

utput cir-

cal amplier

the fre-

om that of

s set up,

n similar

by adjusting one of

ne pattern.

the oscilloscope in

cy controls to ap-

L.

at about 1/2 maxi-

or long straight-

desired pattern

(Figure

used to trace a radio-

o receiver circuit,

er probe must be used

Figure 8-21 shows the

be which is satisfactory

well into the ultra-

the components of

into the handle of a

nd oscilloscope, ap-

antenna and ground

test. Prepare the oscil-

and set the coarse and

eep frequency equal

lating frequency.

attached to the

the prod tip is touched

utput terminals of each

eiver from antenna to

pear as a string of

e signal at any point

y a reduction to the

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on is indicated by

ay be shown directly

this purpose, a micro-

vania Type 132 Seven-

vertical amplier gain

rns directly when a

one is connected to

er oscilloscopes may

ystal microphones,

-amplication is in-

may be connected in

22. For reproduction

dio receiver, connect

minals across the loud-

ce or music wave-

ch in the oscilloscope

e control to about

ator frequency to about

in control for long,

hile observing wave-

de control to prevent

screen, and set the

ired pattern height.

iew two or more

s simultaneously on the

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